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allenai
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scifact_entailment

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0	0-dimensional biomaterials lack inductive properties.	31,715,818	New opportunities: the use of nanotechnologies to manipulate and track stem cells.	[ "Nanotechnologies are emerging platforms that could be useful in measuring, understanding, and manipulating stem cells.", "Examples include magnetic nanoparticles and quantum dots for stem cell labeling and in vivo tracking; nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and polyplexes for the intracellular delivery of genes/oligonucleotides and protein/peptides; and engineered nanometer-scale scaffolds for stem cell differentiation and transplantation.", "This review examines the use of nanotechnologies for stem cell tracking, differentiation, and transplantation.", "We further discuss their utility and the potential concerns regarding their cytotoxicity." ]	NEI	[]
2	1 in 5 million in UK have abnormal PrP positivity.	13,734,012	Prevalent abnormal prion protein in human appendixes after bovine spongiform encephalopathy epizootic: large scale survey	[ "OBJECTIVES To carry out a further survey of archived appendix samples to understand better the differences between existing estimates of the prevalence of subclinical infection with prions after the bovine spongiform encephalopathy epizootic and to see whether a broader birth cohort was affected, and to understand better the implications for the management of blood and blood products and for the handling of surgical instruments.", "DESIGN Irreversibly unlinked and anonymised large scale survey of archived appendix samples.", "SETTING Archived appendix samples from the pathology departments of 41 UK hospitals participating in the earlier survey, and additional hospitals in regions with lower levels of participation in that survey.", "SAMPLE 32,441 archived appendix samples fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin and tested for the presence of abnormal prion protein (PrP).", "RESULTS Of the 32,441 appendix samples 16 were positive for abnormal PrP, indicating an overall prevalence of 493 per million population (95% confidence interval 282 to 801 per million).", "The prevalence in those born in 1941-60 (733 per million, 269 to 1596 per million) did not differ significantly from those born between 1961 and 1985 (412 per million, 198 to 758 per million) and was similar in both sexes and across the three broad geographical areas sampled.", "Genetic testing of the positive specimens for the genotype at PRNP codon 129 revealed a high proportion that were valine homozygous compared with the frequency in the normal population, and in stark contrast with confirmed clinical cases of vCJD, all of which were methionine homozygous at PRNP codon 129.", "CONCLUSIONS This study corroborates previous studies and suggests a high prevalence of infection with abnormal PrP, indicating vCJD carrier status in the population compared with the 177 vCJD cases to date.", "These findings have important implications for the management of blood and blood products and for the handling of surgical instruments." ]	CONTRADICT	[ 4 ]
4	1-1% of colorectal cancer patients are diagnosed with regional or distant metastases.	22,942,787	Relation between Medicare screening reimbursement and stage at diagnosis for older patients with colon cancer.	[ "CONTEXT Medicare's reimbursement policy was changed in 1998 to provide coverage for screening colonoscopies for patients with increased colon cancer risk, and expanded further in 2001 to cover screening colonoscopies for all individuals.", "OBJECTIVE To determine whether the Medicare reimbursement policy changes were associated with an increase in either colonoscopy use or early stage colon cancer diagnosis.", "DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Patients in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Medicare linked database who were 67 years of age and older and had a primary diagnosis of colon cancer during 1992-2002, as well as a group of Medicare beneficiaries who resided in Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results areas but who were not diagnosed with cancer.", "MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Trends in colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy use among Medicare beneficiaries without cancer were assessed using multivariate Poisson regression.", "Among the patients with cancer, stage was classified as early (stage I) vs all other (stages II-IV).", "Time was categorized as period 1 (no screening coverage, 1992-1997), period 2 (limited coverage, January 1998-June 2001), and period 3 (universal coverage, July 2001-December 2002).", "A multivariate logistic regression (outcome = early stage) was used to assess temporal trends in stage at diagnosis; an interaction term between tumor site and time was included.", "RESULTS Colonoscopy use increased from an average rate of 285/100,000 per quarter in period 1 to 889 and 1919/100,000 per quarter in periods 2 (P<.001) and 3 (P vs 2<.001), respectively.", "During the study period, 44,924 eligible patients were diagnosed with colorectal cancer.", "The proportion of patients diagnosed at an early stage increased from 22.5% in period 1 to 25.5% in period 2 and 26.3% in period 3 (P<.001 for each pairwise comparison).", "The changes in Medicare coverage were strongly associated with early stage at diagnosis for patients with proximal colon lesions (adjusted relative risk period 2 vs 1, 1.19; 95% confidence interval, 1.13-1.26; adjusted relative risk period 3 vs 2, 1.10; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.17) but weakly associated, if at all, for patients with distal colon lesions (adjusted relative risk period 2 vs 1, 1.07; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.13; adjusted relative risk period 3 vs 2, 0.97; 95% confidence interval, 0.90-1.05).", "CONCLUSIONS Expansion of Medicare reimbursement to cover colon cancer screening was associated with an increased use of colonoscopy for Medicare beneficiaries, and for those who were diagnosed with colon cancer, an increased probability of being diagnosed at an early stage.", "The selective effect of the coverage change on proximal colon lesions suggests that increased use of whole-colon screening modalities such as colonoscopy may have played a pivotal role." ]	NEI	[]
6	10% of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) deaths happen in newborns aged less than 6 months.	2,613,775	Sudden infant death syndrome.	[ "Despite declines in prevalence during the past two decades, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) continues to be the leading cause of death for infants aged between 1 month and 1 year in developed countries.", "Behavioural risk factors identified in epidemiological studies include prone and side positions for infant sleep, smoke exposure, soft bedding and sleep surfaces, and overheating.", "Evidence also suggests that pacifier use at sleep time and room sharing without bed sharing are associated with decreased risk of SIDS.", "Although the cause of SIDS is unknown, immature cardiorespiratory autonomic control and failure of arousal responsiveness from sleep are important factors.", "Gene polymorphisms relating to serotonin transport and autonomic nervous system development might make affected infants more vulnerable to SIDS.", "Campaigns for risk reduction have helped to reduce SIDS incidence by 50-90%.", "However, to reduce the incidence even further, greater strides must be made in reducing prenatal smoke exposure and implementing other recommended infant care practices.", "Continued research is needed to identify the pathophysiological basis of SIDS." ]	NEI	[]
9	32% of liver transplantation programs required patients to discontinue methadone treatment in 2001.	44,265,107	Liver transplantation and opioid dependence.	[ "ContextChronic hepatitis C is the leading cause for liver transplantation in the United States.", "Intravenous drug use, the major risk factor, accounts for approximately 60% of hepatitis C virus transmission.", "Information from the United Network of Organ Sharing (UNOS) does not address substance use among liver transplantation patients.", "ObjectiveTo identify addiction-related criteria for admission to the UNOS liver transplantation waiting list and posttransplantation problems experienced by patients who are prescribed maintenance methadone.", "Design, Setting, and ParticipantsMail survey of all 97 adult US liver transplantation programs (belonging to UNOS) in March 2000 with telephone follow-up conducted in May and June 2000.Main Outcome MeasuresPrograms' acceptance and management of patients with past or present substance use disorder.", "ResultsOf the 97 programs surveyed, 87 (90%) responded.", "All accept applicants with a history of alcoholism or other addictions, including heroin dependence.", "Eighty-eight percent of the responding programs require at least 6 months of abstinence from alcohol; 83% from illicit drugs.", "Ninety-four percent have addiction treatment requirements.", "Consultations from substance abuse specialists are obtained by 86%.", "Patients receiving methadone maintenance are accepted by 56% of the responding programs.", "Approximately 180 patients receiving methadone maintenance are reported to have undergone liver transplantation.", "ConclusionsMost liver transplantation programs have established policies for patients with substance use disorders.", "Opiate-dependent patients receiving opiate replacement therapy seem underrepresented in transplantation programs.", "Little anecdotal evidence for negative impact of opiate replacement therapy on liver transplantation outcome was found.", "Policies requiring discontinuation of methadone in 32% of all programs contradict the evidence base for efficacy of long-term replacement therapies and potentially result in relapse of previously stable patients." ]	SUPPORT	[ 15 ]
10	4-PBA treatment decreases endoplasmic reticulum stress in response to general endoplasmic reticulum stress markers.	32,587,939	Wolfram syndrome 1 and adenylyl cyclase 8 interact at the plasma membrane to regulate insulin production and secretion	[ "Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress causes pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and contributes to β-cell loss and the progression of type 2 diabetes.", "Wolfram syndrome 1 (WFS1) has been shown to be an important regulator of the ER stress signalling pathway; however, its role in β-cell function remains unclear.", "Here we provide evidence that WFS1 is essential for glucose- and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)-stimulated cyclic AMP production and regulation of insulin biosynthesis and secretion.", "Stimulation with glucose causes WFS1 translocation from the ER to the plasma membrane, where it forms a complex with adenylyl cyclase 8 (AC8), an essential cAMP-generating enzyme in the β-cell that integrates glucose and GLP-1 signalling.", "ER stress and mutant WFS1 inhibit complex formation and activation of AC8, reducing cAMP synthesis and insulin secretion.", "These findings reveal that an ER-stress-related protein has a distinct role outside the ER regulating both insulin biosynthesis and secretion.", "The reduction of WFS1 protein on the plasma membrane during ER stress is a contributing factor for β-cell dysfunction and progression of type 2 diabetes." ]	NEI	[]
11	4-PBA treatment raises endoplasmic reticulum stress in response to general endoplasmic reticulum stress markers.	32,587,939	Wolfram syndrome 1 and adenylyl cyclase 8 interact at the plasma membrane to regulate insulin production and secretion	[ "Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress causes pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and contributes to β-cell loss and the progression of type 2 diabetes.", "Wolfram syndrome 1 (WFS1) has been shown to be an important regulator of the ER stress signalling pathway; however, its role in β-cell function remains unclear.", "Here we provide evidence that WFS1 is essential for glucose- and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)-stimulated cyclic AMP production and regulation of insulin biosynthesis and secretion.", "Stimulation with glucose causes WFS1 translocation from the ER to the plasma membrane, where it forms a complex with adenylyl cyclase 8 (AC8), an essential cAMP-generating enzyme in the β-cell that integrates glucose and GLP-1 signalling.", "ER stress and mutant WFS1 inhibit complex formation and activation of AC8, reducing cAMP synthesis and insulin secretion.", "These findings reveal that an ER-stress-related protein has a distinct role outside the ER regulating both insulin biosynthesis and secretion.", "The reduction of WFS1 protein on the plasma membrane during ER stress is a contributing factor for β-cell dysfunction and progression of type 2 diabetes." ]	NEI	[]
12	40mg/day dosage of folic acid and 2mg/day dosage of vitamin B12 does not affect chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression.	33,409,100	Effect of homocysteine lowering on mortality and vascular disease in advanced chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease: a randomized controlled trial.	[ "CONTEXT High plasma homocysteine levels are a risk factor for mortality and vascular disease in observational studies of patients with chronic kidney disease.", "Folic acid and B vitamins decrease homocysteine levels in this population but whether they lower mortality is unknown.", "OBJECTIVE To determine whether high doses of folic acid and B vitamins administered daily reduce mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease.", "DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Double-blind randomized controlled trial (2001-2006) in 36 US Department of Veterans Affairs medical centers.", "Median follow-up was 3.2 years for 2056 participants aged 21 years or older with advanced chronic kidney disease (estimated creatinine clearance < or =30 mL/min) (n = 1305) or end-stage renal disease (n = 751) and high homocysteine levels (> or = 15 micromol/L).", "INTERVENTION Participants received a daily capsule containing 40 mg of folic acid, 100 mg of pyridoxine hydrochloride (vitamin B6), and 2 mg of cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) or a placebo.", "MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was all-cause mortality.", "Secondary outcomes included myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, amputation of all or part of a lower extremity, a composite of these 3 plus all-cause mortality, time to initiation of dialysis, and time to thrombosis of arteriovenous access in hemodialysis patients.", "RESULTS Mean baseline homocysteine level was 24.0 micromol/L in the vitamin group and 24.2 micromol/L in the placebo group.", "It was lowered 6.3 micromol/L (25.8%; P < .001) in the vitamin group and 0.4 micromol/L (1.7%; P = .14) in the placebo group at 3 months, but there was no significant effect on mortality (448 vitamin group deaths vs 436 placebo group deaths) (hazard ratio [HR], 1.04; 95% CI, 0.91-1.18).", "No significant effects were demonstrated for secondary outcomes or adverse events: there were 129 MIs in the vitamin group vs 150 for placebo (HR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.67-1.08), 37 strokes in the vitamin group vs 41 for placebo (HR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.58-1.40), and 60 amputations in the vitamin group vs 53 for placebo (HR, 1.14; 95% CI, 0.79-1.64).", "In addition, the composite of MI, stroke, and amputations plus mortality (P = .85), time to dialysis (P = .38), and time to thrombosis in hemodialysis patients (P = .97) did not differ between the vitamin and placebo groups.", "CONCLUSION Treatment with high doses of folic acid and B vitamins did not improve survival or reduce the incidence of vascular disease in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease or end-stage renal disease.", "TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00032435." ]	SUPPORT	[ 8, 12 ]
14	5'-nucleotidase metabolizes 6MP.	641,786	Relapse specific mutations in NT5C2 in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia	[ "Relapsed childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) carries a poor prognosis, despite intensive retreatment, owing to intrinsic drug resistance.", "The biological pathways that mediate resistance are unknown.", "Here, we report the transcriptome profiles of matched diagnosis and relapse bone marrow specimens from ten individuals with pediatric B-lymphoblastic leukemia using RNA sequencing.", "Transcriptome sequencing identified 20 newly acquired, novel nonsynonymous mutations not present at initial diagnosis, with 2 individuals harboring relapse-specific mutations in the same gene, NT5C2, encoding a 5'-nucleotidase.", "Full-exon sequencing of NT5C2 was completed in 61 further relapse specimens, identifying additional mutations in 5 cases.", "Enzymatic analysis of mutant proteins showed that base substitutions conferred increased enzymatic activity and resistance to treatment with nucleoside analog therapies.", "Clinically, all individuals who harbored NT5C2 mutations relapsed early, within 36 months of initial diagnosis (P = 0.03).", "These results suggest that mutations in NT5C2 are associated with the outgrowth of drug-resistant clones in ALL." ]	NEI	[]
15	50% of patients exposed to radiation have activated markers of mesenchymal stem cells.	22,080,671	KLF4-dependent phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle cells has a key role in atherosclerotic plaque pathogenesis	[ "Previous studies investigating the role of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and macrophages in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis have provided controversial results owing to the use of unreliable methods for clearly identifying each of these cell types.", "Here, using Myh11-CreERT2 ROSA floxed STOP eYFP Apoe−/− mice to perform SMC lineage tracing, we find that traditional methods for detecting SMCs based on immunostaining for SMC markers fail to detect >80% of SMC-derived cells within advanced atherosclerotic lesions.", "These unidentified SMC-derived cells exhibit phenotypes of other cell lineages, including macrophages and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).", "SMC-specific conditional knockout of Krüppel-like factor 4 (Klf4) resulted in reduced numbers of SMC-derived MSC- and macrophage-like cells, a marked reduction in lesion size, and increases in multiple indices of plaque stability, including an increase in fibrous cap thickness as compared to wild-type controls.", "On the basis of in vivo KLF4 chromatin immunoprecipitation–sequencing (ChIP-seq) analyses and studies of cholesterol-treated cultured SMCs, we identified >800 KLF4 target genes, including many that regulate pro-inflammatory responses of SMCs.", "Our findings indicate that the contribution of SMCs to atherosclerotic plaques has been greatly underestimated, and that KLF4-dependent transitions in SMC phenotype are critical in lesion pathogenesis." ]	NEI	[]
17	53% of perinatal mortality is due to low birth weight.	1,606,628	Estimates of global prevalence of childhood underweight in 1990 and 2015.	[ "CONTEXT One key target of the United Nations Millennium Development goals is to reduce the prevalence of underweight among children younger than 5 years by half between 1990 and 2015.", "OBJECTIVE To estimate trends in childhood underweight by geographic regions of the world.", "DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Time series study of prevalence of underweight, defined as weight 2 SDs below the mean weight for age of the National Center for Health Statistics and World Health Organization (WHO) reference population.", "National prevalence rates derived from the WHO Global Database on Child Growth and Malnutrition, which includes data on approximately 31 million children younger than 5 years who participated in 419 national nutritional surveys in 139 countries from 1965 through 2002.", "MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Linear mixed-effects modeling was used to estimate prevalence rates and numbers of underweight children by region in 1990 and 2015 and to calculate the changes (ie, increase or decrease) to these values between 1990 and 2015.", "RESULTS Worldwide, underweight prevalence was projected to decline from 26.5% in 1990 to 17.6% in 2015, a change of -34% (95% confidence interval [CI], -43% to -23%).", "In developed countries, the prevalence was estimated to decrease from 1.6% to 0.9%, a change of -41% (95% CI, -92% to 343%).", "In developing regions, the prevalence was forecasted to decline from 30.2% to 19.3%, a change of -36% (95% CI, -45% to -26%).", "In Africa, the prevalence of underweight was forecasted to increase from 24.0% to 26.8%, a change of 12% (95% CI, 8%-16%).", "In Asia, the prevalence was estimated to decrease from 35.1% to 18.5%, a change of -47% (95% CI, -58% to -34%).", "Worldwide, the number of underweight children was projected to decline from 163.8 million in 1990 to 113.4 million in 2015, a change of -31% (95% CI, -40% to -20%).", "Numbers are projected to decrease in all subregions except the subregions of sub-Saharan, Eastern, Middle, and Western Africa, which are expected to experience substantial increases in the number of underweight children.", "CONCLUSIONS An overall improvement in the global situation is anticipated; however, neither the world as a whole, nor the developing regions, are expected to achieve the Millennium Development goals.", "This is largely due to the deteriorating situation in Africa where all subregions, except Northern Africa, are expected to fail to meet the goal." ]	NEI	[]
18	61% of colorectal cancer patients are diagnosed with regional or distant metastases.	22,942,787	Relation between Medicare screening reimbursement and stage at diagnosis for older patients with colon cancer.	[ "CONTEXT Medicare's reimbursement policy was changed in 1998 to provide coverage for screening colonoscopies for patients with increased colon cancer risk, and expanded further in 2001 to cover screening colonoscopies for all individuals.", "OBJECTIVE To determine whether the Medicare reimbursement policy changes were associated with an increase in either colonoscopy use or early stage colon cancer diagnosis.", "DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Patients in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Medicare linked database who were 67 years of age and older and had a primary diagnosis of colon cancer during 1992-2002, as well as a group of Medicare beneficiaries who resided in Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results areas but who were not diagnosed with cancer.", "MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Trends in colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy use among Medicare beneficiaries without cancer were assessed using multivariate Poisson regression.", "Among the patients with cancer, stage was classified as early (stage I) vs all other (stages II-IV).", "Time was categorized as period 1 (no screening coverage, 1992-1997), period 2 (limited coverage, January 1998-June 2001), and period 3 (universal coverage, July 2001-December 2002).", "A multivariate logistic regression (outcome = early stage) was used to assess temporal trends in stage at diagnosis; an interaction term between tumor site and time was included.", "RESULTS Colonoscopy use increased from an average rate of 285/100,000 per quarter in period 1 to 889 and 1919/100,000 per quarter in periods 2 (P<.001) and 3 (P vs 2<.001), respectively.", "During the study period, 44,924 eligible patients were diagnosed with colorectal cancer.", "The proportion of patients diagnosed at an early stage increased from 22.5% in period 1 to 25.5% in period 2 and 26.3% in period 3 (P<.001 for each pairwise comparison).", "The changes in Medicare coverage were strongly associated with early stage at diagnosis for patients with proximal colon lesions (adjusted relative risk period 2 vs 1, 1.19; 95% confidence interval, 1.13-1.26; adjusted relative risk period 3 vs 2, 1.10; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.17) but weakly associated, if at all, for patients with distal colon lesions (adjusted relative risk period 2 vs 1, 1.07; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.13; adjusted relative risk period 3 vs 2, 0.97; 95% confidence interval, 0.90-1.05).", "CONCLUSIONS Expansion of Medicare reimbursement to cover colon cancer screening was associated with an increased use of colonoscopy for Medicare beneficiaries, and for those who were diagnosed with colon cancer, an increased probability of being diagnosed at an early stage.", "The selective effect of the coverage change on proximal colon lesions suggests that increased use of whole-colon screening modalities such as colonoscopy may have played a pivotal role." ]	NEI	[]
19	7-day-old adult Caenorhabditis elegans exhibit approximately 5% of the learning capacity seen in 1-day old adults.	3,202,143	Insulin Signaling and Dietary Restriction Differentially Influence the Decline of Learning and Memory with Age	[ "Of all the age-related declines, memory loss is one of the most devastating.", "While conditions that increase longevity have been identified, the effects of these longevity-promoting factors on learning and memory are unknown.", "Here we show that the C. elegans Insulin/IGF-1 receptor mutant daf-2 improves memory performance early in adulthood and maintains learning ability better with age but, surprisingly, demonstrates no extension in long-term memory with age.", "By contrast, eat-2 mutants, a model of Dietary Restriction (DR), exhibit impaired long-term memory in young adulthood but maintain this level of memory longer with age.", "We find that crh-1, the C. elegans homolog of the CREB transcription factor, is required for long-term associative memory, but not for learning or short-term memory.", "The expression of crh-1 declines with age and differs in the longevity mutants, and CREB expression and activity correlate with memory performance.", "Our results suggest that specific longevity treatments have acute and long-term effects on cognitive functions that decline with age through their regulation of rate-limiting genes required for learning and memory." ]	NEI	[]
20	7-day-old adult Caenorhabditis elegans exhibit approximately 75% of the learning capacity seen in 1-day old adults.	3,202,143	Insulin Signaling and Dietary Restriction Differentially Influence the Decline of Learning and Memory with Age	[ "Of all the age-related declines, memory loss is one of the most devastating.", "While conditions that increase longevity have been identified, the effects of these longevity-promoting factors on learning and memory are unknown.", "Here we show that the C. elegans Insulin/IGF-1 receptor mutant daf-2 improves memory performance early in adulthood and maintains learning ability better with age but, surprisingly, demonstrates no extension in long-term memory with age.", "By contrast, eat-2 mutants, a model of Dietary Restriction (DR), exhibit impaired long-term memory in young adulthood but maintain this level of memory longer with age.", "We find that crh-1, the C. elegans homolog of the CREB transcription factor, is required for long-term associative memory, but not for learning or short-term memory.", "The expression of crh-1 declines with age and differs in the longevity mutants, and CREB expression and activity correlate with memory performance.", "Our results suggest that specific longevity treatments have acute and long-term effects on cognitive functions that decline with age through their regulation of rate-limiting genes required for learning and memory." ]	NEI	[]
21	70% of burn patients are admitted for hospitalization and further treatment after appearing at hospital emergency wards or outpatient clinics.	41,493,639	ABC of burns. Introduction.	[ "Burns are one of the most devastating conditions encountered in medicine.", "The injury represents an assault on all aspects of the patient, from the physical to the psychological.", "It affects all ages, from babies to elderly people, and is a problem in both the developed and developing world.", "All of us have experienced the severe pain that even a small burn can bring.", "However the pain and distress caused by a large burn are not limited to the immediate event.", "The visible physical and the invisible psychological scars are long lasting and often lead to chronic disability.", "Burn injuries represent a diverse and varied challenge to medical and paramedical staff.", "Correct management requires a skilled multidisciplinary approach that addresses all the problems facing a burn patient.", "This series provides an overview of the most important aspects of burn injuries for hospital and non-hospital healthcare workers.workers.", "Figure 1 Top: Child with 70% full thickness burns, which required resuscitation, intensive care support, and extensive debridement and skin grafting.", "Left: The same child one year later at a burns camp, having made a good recovery.", "A reasonable outcome is possible ..." ]	NEI	[]
22	76-85% of people with severe mental disorder receive no treatment in low and middle income countries.	6,490,571	Prevalence, severity, and unmet need for treatment of mental disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys.	[ "CONTEXT Little is known about the extent or severity of untreated mental disorders, especially in less-developed countries.", "OBJECTIVE To estimate prevalence, severity, and treatment of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) mental disorders in 14 countries (6 less developed, 8 developed) in the World Health Organization (WHO) World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative.", "DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Face-to-face household surveys of 60 463 community adults conducted from 2001-2003 in 14 countries in the Americas, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and Asia.", "MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The DSM-IV disorders, severity, and treatment were assessed with the WMH version of the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WMH-CIDI), a fully structured, lay-administered psychiatric diagnostic interview.", "RESULTS The prevalence of having any WMH-CIDI/DSM-IV disorder in the prior year varied widely, from 4.3% in Shanghai to 26.4% in the United States, with an interquartile range (IQR) of 9.1%-16.9%.", "Between 33.1% (Colombia) and 80.9% (Nigeria) of 12-month cases were mild (IQR, 40.2%-53.3%).", "Serious disorders were associated with substantial role disability.", "Although disorder severity was correlated with probability of treatment in almost all countries, 35.5% to 50.3% of serious cases in developed countries and 76.3% to 85.4% in less-developed countries received no treatment in the 12 months before the interview.", "Due to the high prevalence of mild and subthreshold cases, the number of those who received treatment far exceeds the number of untreated serious cases in every country.", "CONCLUSIONS Reallocation of treatment resources could substantially decrease the problem of unmet need for treatment of mental disorders among serious cases.", "Structural barriers exist to this reallocation.", "Careful consideration needs to be given to the value of treating some mild cases, especially those at risk for progressing to more serious disorders." ]	SUPPORT	[ 7 ]
24	90% of patients with melanoma and an objective response to PD-1 blockade will experience a progression in their melanoma.	3,471,191	Association of Pembrolizumab With Tumor Response and Survival Among Patients With Advanced Melanoma.	[ "IMPORTANCE The programmed death 1 (PD-1) pathway limits immune responses to melanoma and can be blocked with the humanized anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody pembrolizumab.", "OBJECTIVE To characterize the association of pembrolizumab with tumor response and overall survival among patients with advanced melanoma.", "DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS Open-label, multicohort, phase 1b clinical trials (enrollment, December 2011-September 2013).", "Median duration of follow-up was 21 months.", "The study was performed in academic medical centers in Australia, Canada, France, and the United States.", "Eligible patients were aged 18 years and older and had advanced or metastatic melanoma.", "Data were pooled from 655 enrolled patients (135 from a nonrandomized cohort [n = 87 ipilimumab naive; n = 48 ipilimumab treated] and 520 from randomized cohorts [n = 226 ipilimumab naive; n = 294 ipilimumab treated]).", "Cutoff dates were April 18, 2014, for safety analyses and October 18, 2014, for efficacy analyses.", "EXPOSURES Pembrolizumab 10 mg/kg every 2 weeks, 10 mg/kg every 3 weeks, or 2 mg/kg every 3 weeks continued until disease progression, intolerable toxicity, or investigator decision.", "MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary end point was confirmed objective response rate (best overall response of complete response or partial response) in patients with measurable disease at baseline per independent central review.", "Secondary end points included toxicity, duration of response, progression-free survival, and overall survival.", "RESULTS Among the 655 patients (median [range] age, 61 [18-94] years; 405 [62%] men), 581 had measurable disease at baseline.", "An objective response was reported in 194 of 581 patients (33% [95% CI, 30%-37%]) and in 60 of 133 treatment-naive patients (45% [95% CI, 36% to 54%]).", "Overall, 74% (152/205) of responses were ongoing at the time of data cutoff; 44% (90/205) of patients had response duration for at least 1 year and 79% (162/205) had response duration for at least 6 months.", "Twelve-month progression-free survival rates were 35% (95% CI, 31%-39%) in the total population and 52% (95% CI, 43%-60%) among treatment-naive patients.", "Median overall survival in the total population was 23 months (95% CI, 20-29) with a 12-month survival rate of 66% (95% CI, 62%-69%) and a 24-month survival rate of 49% (95% CI, 44%-53%).", "In treatment-naive patients, median overall survival was 31 months (95% CI, 24 to not reached) with a 12-month survival rate of 73% (95% CI, 65%-79%) and a 24-month survival rate of 60% (95% CI, 51%-68%).", "Ninety-two of 655 patients (14%) experienced at least 1 treatment-related grade 3 or 4 adverse event (AE) and 27 of 655 (4%) patients discontinued treatment because of a treatment-related AE.", "Treatment-related serious AEs were reported in 59 patients (9%).", "There were no drug-related deaths.", "CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among patients with advanced melanoma, pembrolizumab administration was associated with an overall objective response rate of 33%, 12-month progression-free survival rate of 35%, and median overall survival of 23 months; grade 3 or 4 treatment-related AEs occurred in 14%.", "TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01295827." ]	NEI	[]
25	90% of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) deaths happen in newborns aged less than 6 months.	2,613,775	Sudden infant death syndrome.	[ "Despite declines in prevalence during the past two decades, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) continues to be the leading cause of death for infants aged between 1 month and 1 year in developed countries.", "Behavioural risk factors identified in epidemiological studies include prone and side positions for infant sleep, smoke exposure, soft bedding and sleep surfaces, and overheating.", "Evidence also suggests that pacifier use at sleep time and room sharing without bed sharing are associated with decreased risk of SIDS.", "Although the cause of SIDS is unknown, immature cardiorespiratory autonomic control and failure of arousal responsiveness from sleep are important factors.", "Gene polymorphisms relating to serotonin transport and autonomic nervous system development might make affected infants more vulnerable to SIDS.", "Campaigns for risk reduction have helped to reduce SIDS incidence by 50-90%.", "However, to reduce the incidence even further, greater strides must be made in reducing prenatal smoke exposure and implementing other recommended infant care practices.", "Continued research is needed to identify the pathophysiological basis of SIDS." ]	NEI	[]
26	A 100g dose of chloroquine chemoprophylactic regimen results in retinal toxicity after 1 year of weekly intake.	32,390,525	Prevention of malaria in long-term travelers.	[ "CONTEXT Long-term travelers, defined here as those traveling for periods of 6 months or longer, face particular challenges regarding malaria prevention.", "Current guidelines for malaria prevention primarily address prevention of Plasmodium falciparum infections in short-term travelers.", "OBJECTIVES To examine the risk of malaria in long-term travelers, recent developments in personal protective measures, and the safety and tolerability of malaria chemoprophylaxis during long-term use and to consider prevention strategies including continuous chemoprophylaxis, stand-by emergency self-treatment, seasonal prophylaxis, and strategies to prevent primary infection and relapses from P vivax malaria.", "EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Comprehensive search of scientific publications including MEDLINE via both OVID and PubMED for relevant studies and articles with a cutoff date of July 2006, using the search terms long-term travel and malaria prevention, long-term malaria chemoprophylaxis, and insect repellent and malaria.", "Additional references were obtained from searching the bibliographies of the selected articles, from dissertations, and from the proceedings of relevant conferences on travel medicine.", "There were no language restrictions.", "EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Long-term travelers have a higher risk of malaria than short-term travelers.", "Long-term travelers underuse personal protective measures and adhere poorly to continuous chemoprophylaxis regimens.", "A number of strategies are used during long-term stays: discontinuation of chemoprophylaxis after the initial period, sequential regimens with different medications for chemoprophylaxis, stand-by emergency self-treatment, and seasonal chemoprophylaxis targeting high-incidence periods or locations.", "All strategies have advantages and drawbacks.", "Counterfeit drugs sold in countries endemic for malaria pose serious concern for long-term travelers who purchase their medications overseas.", "Vivax malaria causes significant illness in travelers, but relapses of vivax malaria are not prevented with the current first-line chemoprophylaxis regimens.", "Consensus guidelines are needed for prevention of malaria in long-term travelers.", "CONCLUSIONS Prevention of malaria in long-term travelers is a complex issue and requires expert advice from travel medicine specialists.", "Recommendations for prevention of malaria in long-term travelers must be individualized." ]	NEI	[]
27	A 100g dose of chloroquine chemoprophylactic regimen results in retinal toxicity after 5-6 years of weekly intake.	32,390,525	Prevention of malaria in long-term travelers.	[ "CONTEXT Long-term travelers, defined here as those traveling for periods of 6 months or longer, face particular challenges regarding malaria prevention.", "Current guidelines for malaria prevention primarily address prevention of Plasmodium falciparum infections in short-term travelers.", "OBJECTIVES To examine the risk of malaria in long-term travelers, recent developments in personal protective measures, and the safety and tolerability of malaria chemoprophylaxis during long-term use and to consider prevention strategies including continuous chemoprophylaxis, stand-by emergency self-treatment, seasonal prophylaxis, and strategies to prevent primary infection and relapses from P vivax malaria.", "EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Comprehensive search of scientific publications including MEDLINE via both OVID and PubMED for relevant studies and articles with a cutoff date of July 2006, using the search terms long-term travel and malaria prevention, long-term malaria chemoprophylaxis, and insect repellent and malaria.", "Additional references were obtained from searching the bibliographies of the selected articles, from dissertations, and from the proceedings of relevant conferences on travel medicine.", "There were no language restrictions.", "EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Long-term travelers have a higher risk of malaria than short-term travelers.", "Long-term travelers underuse personal protective measures and adhere poorly to continuous chemoprophylaxis regimens.", "A number of strategies are used during long-term stays: discontinuation of chemoprophylaxis after the initial period, sequential regimens with different medications for chemoprophylaxis, stand-by emergency self-treatment, and seasonal chemoprophylaxis targeting high-incidence periods or locations.", "All strategies have advantages and drawbacks.", "Counterfeit drugs sold in countries endemic for malaria pose serious concern for long-term travelers who purchase their medications overseas.", "Vivax malaria causes significant illness in travelers, but relapses of vivax malaria are not prevented with the current first-line chemoprophylaxis regimens.", "Consensus guidelines are needed for prevention of malaria in long-term travelers.", "CONCLUSIONS Prevention of malaria in long-term travelers is a complex issue and requires expert advice from travel medicine specialists.", "Recommendations for prevention of malaria in long-term travelers must be individualized." ]	NEI	[]
28	A T helper 2 cell (Th2) environment impedes disease development in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).	12,670,680	BASOPHILS AND THE T HELPER 2 ENVIRONMENT CAN PROMOTE THE DEVELOPMENT OF LUPUS NEPHRITIS	[ "In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), self-reactive antibodies can target the kidney (lupus nephritis), leading to functional failure and possible mortality.", "We report that activation of basophils by autoreactive IgE causes their homing to lymph nodes, promoting T helper type 2 (T(H)2) cell differentiation and enhancing the production of self-reactive antibodies that cause lupus-like nephritis in mice lacking the Src family protein tyrosine kinase Lyn (Lyn(-/-) mice).", "Individuals with SLE also have elevated serum IgE, self-reactive IgEs and activated basophils that express CD62 ligand (CD62L) and the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecule human leukocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR), parameters that are associated with increased disease activity and active lupus nephritis.", "Basophils were also present in the lymph nodes and spleen of subjects with SLE.", "Thus, in Lyn(-/-) mice, basophils and IgE autoantibodies amplify autoantibody production that leads to lupus nephritis, and in individuals with SLE IgE autoantibodies and activated basophils are factors associated with disease activity and nephritis." ]	CONTRADICT	[ 1, 2, 4 ]
30	A breast cancer patient's capacity to metabolize tamoxifen influences treatment outcome.	24,341,590	Association between CYP2D6 polymorphisms and outcomes among women with early stage breast cancer treated with tamoxifen.	[ "CONTEXT The growth inhibitory effect of tamoxifen, which is used for the treatment of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer, is mediated by its metabolites, 4-hydroxytamoxifen and endoxifen.", "The formation of active metabolites is catalyzed by the polymorphic cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) enzyme.", "OBJECTIVE To determine whether CYP2D6 variation is associated with clinical outcomes in women receiving adjuvant tamoxifen.", "DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS Retrospective analysis of German and US cohorts of patients treated with adjuvant tamoxifen for early stage breast cancer.", "The 1325 patients had diagnoses between 1986 and 2005 of stage I through III breast cancer and were mainly postmenopausal (95.4%).", "Last follow-up was in December 2008; inclusion criteria were hormone receptor positivity, no metastatic disease at diagnosis, adjuvant tamoxifen therapy, and no chemotherapy.", "DNA from tumor tissue or blood was genotyped for CYP2D6 variants associated with reduced (10, 41) or absent (3, 4, *5) enzyme activity.", "Women were classified as having an extensive (n=609), heterozygous extensive/intermediate (n=637), or poor (n=79) CYP2D6 metabolism.", "MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Time to recurrence, event-free survival, disease-free survival, and overall survival.", "RESULTS Median follow-up was 6.3 years.", "At 9 years of follow-up, the recurrence rates were 14.9% for extensive metabolizers, 20.9% for heterozygous extensive/intermediate metabolizers, and 29.0% for poor metabolizers, and all-cause mortality rates were 16.7%, 18.0%, and 22.8%, respectively.", "Compared with extensive metabolizers, there was a significantly increased risk of recurrence for heterozygous extensive/intermediate metabolizers (time to recurrence adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.40; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-1.90) and for poor metabolizers (time to recurrence HR, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.10-3.28).", "Compared with extensive metabolizers, those with decreased CYP2D6 activity (heterozygous extensive/intermediate and poor metabolism) had worse event-free survival (HR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.06-1.68) and disease-free survival (HR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.03-1.61), but there was no significant difference in overall survival (HR, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.88-1.51).", "CONCLUSION Among women with breast cancer treated with tamoxifen, there was an association between CYP2D6 variation and clinical outcomes, such that the presence of 2 functional CYP2D6 alleles was associated with better clinical outcomes and the presence of nonfunctional or reduced-function alleles with worse outcomes." ]	SUPPORT	[ 10, 11, 12, 13 ]
32	A country's Vaccine Alliance (GAVI) eligibility is not indictivate of accelerated adoption of the Hub vaccine.	12,428,497	Accelerating Policy Decisions to Adopt Haemophilus influenzae Type b Vaccine: A Global, Multivariable Analysis	[ "BACKGROUND Adoption of new and underutilized vaccines by national immunization programs is an essential step towards reducing child mortality.", "Policy decisions to adopt new vaccines in high mortality countries often lag behind decisions in high-income countries.", "Using the case of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine, this paper endeavors to explain these delays through the analysis of country-level economic, epidemiological, programmatic and policy-related factors, as well as the role of the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation (GAVI Alliance).", "METHODS AND FINDINGS Data for 147 countries from 1990 to 2007 were analyzed in accelerated failure time models to identify factors that are associated with the time to decision to adopt Hib vaccine.", "In multivariable models that control for Gross National Income, region, and burden of Hib disease, the receipt of GAVI support speeded the time to decision by a factor of 0.37 (95% CI 0.18-0.76), or 63%.", "The presence of two or more neighboring country adopters accelerated decisions to adopt by a factor of 0.50 (95% CI 0.33-0.75).", "For each 1% increase in vaccine price, decisions to adopt are delayed by a factor of 1.02 (95% CI 1.00-1.04).", "Global recommendations and local studies were not associated with time to decision.", "CONCLUSIONS This study substantiates previous findings related to vaccine price and presents new evidence to suggest that GAVI eligibility is associated with accelerated decisions to adopt Hib vaccine.", "The influence of neighboring country decisions was also highly significant, suggesting that approaches to support the adoption of new vaccines should consider supply- and demand-side factors." ]	CONTRADICT	[ 8 ]
34	A deficiency of folate increases blood levels of homocysteine.	11,705,328	Randomized trial of folic acid supplementation and serum homocysteine levels.	[ "BACKGROUND Lowering serum homocysteine levels with folic acid is expected to reduce mortality from ischemic heart disease.", "Homocysteine reduction is known to be maximal at a folic acid dosage of 1 mg/d, but the effect of lower doses (relevant to food fortification) is unclear.", "METHODS We randomized 151 patients with ischemic heart disease to 1 of 5 dosages of folic acid (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 mg/d) or placebo.", "Fasting blood samples for serum homocysteine and serum folate analysis were taken initially, after 3 months of supplementation, and 3 months after folic acid use was discontinued.", "RESULTS Median serum homocysteine level decreased with increasing folic acid dosage, to a maximum at 0.8 mg of folic acid per day, when the homocysteine reduction (placebo adjusted) was 2.7 micromol/L (23%), similar to the known effect of folic acid dosages of 1 mg/d and above.", "The higher a person's initial serum homocysteine level, the greater was the response to folic acid, but there were statistically significant reductions regardless of the initial level.", "Serum folate level increased approximately linearly (5.5 nmol/L for every 0.1 mg of folic acid).", "Within-person fluctuations over time in serum homocysteine levels, measured in the placebo group, were large compared with the effect of folic acid, indicating that monitoring of the reduction in an individual is impractical.", "CONCLUSIONS A dosage of folic acid of 0.8 mg/d appears necessary to achieve the maximum reduction in serum homocysteine level across the range of homocysteine levels in the population.", "Current US food fortification levels will achieve only a small proportion of the achievable homocysteine reduction." ]	SUPPORT	[ 4 ]
35	A deficiency of vitamin B12 decreases blood levels of homocysteine.	5,152,028	Folic acid improves endothelial function in coronary artery disease via mechanisms largely independent of homocysteine lowering.	[ "BACKGROUND Homocysteine is a risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD), although a causal relation remains to be proven.", "The importance of determining direct causality rests in the fact that plasma homocysteine can be safely and inexpensively reduced by 25% with folic acid.", "This reduction is maximally achieved by doses of 0.4 mg/d.", "High-dose folic acid (5 mg/d) improves endothelial function in CAD, although the mechanism is controversial.", "It has been proposed that improvement occurs through reduction in total (tHcy) or free (non-protein bound) homocysteine (fHcy).", "We investigated the effects of folic acid on endothelial function before a change in homocysteine in patients with CAD.", "METHODS AND RESULTS A randomized, placebo-controlled study of folic acid (5 mg/d) for 6 weeks was undertaken in 33 patients.", "Endothelial function, assessed by flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), was measured before, at 2 and 4 hours after the first dose of folic acid, and after 6 weeks of treatment.", "Plasma folate increased markedly by 1 hour (200 compared with 25.8 nmol/L; P<0.001).", "FMD improved at 2 hours (83 compared with 47 microm; P<0.001) and was largely complete by 4 hours (101 compared with 51 microm; P<0.001).", "tHcy did not significantly differ acutely (4-hour tHcy, 9.56 compared with 9.79 micromol/L; P=NS).", "fHcy did not differ at 3 hours but was slightly reduced at 4 hours (1.55 compared with 1.78 micromol/L; P=0.02).", "FMD improvement did not correlate with reductions in either fHcy or tHcy at any time.", "CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that folic acid improves endothelial function in CAD acutely by a mechanism largely independent of homocysteine." ]	NEI	[]
35	A deficiency of vitamin B12 decreases blood levels of homocysteine.	11,705,328	Randomized trial of folic acid supplementation and serum homocysteine levels.	[ "BACKGROUND Lowering serum homocysteine levels with folic acid is expected to reduce mortality from ischemic heart disease.", "Homocysteine reduction is known to be maximal at a folic acid dosage of 1 mg/d, but the effect of lower doses (relevant to food fortification) is unclear.", "METHODS We randomized 151 patients with ischemic heart disease to 1 of 5 dosages of folic acid (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 mg/d) or placebo.", "Fasting blood samples for serum homocysteine and serum folate analysis were taken initially, after 3 months of supplementation, and 3 months after folic acid use was discontinued.", "RESULTS Median serum homocysteine level decreased with increasing folic acid dosage, to a maximum at 0.8 mg of folic acid per day, when the homocysteine reduction (placebo adjusted) was 2.7 micromol/L (23%), similar to the known effect of folic acid dosages of 1 mg/d and above.", "The higher a person's initial serum homocysteine level, the greater was the response to folic acid, but there were statistically significant reductions regardless of the initial level.", "Serum folate level increased approximately linearly (5.5 nmol/L for every 0.1 mg of folic acid).", "Within-person fluctuations over time in serum homocysteine levels, measured in the placebo group, were large compared with the effect of folic acid, indicating that monitoring of the reduction in an individual is impractical.", "CONCLUSIONS A dosage of folic acid of 0.8 mg/d appears necessary to achieve the maximum reduction in serum homocysteine level across the range of homocysteine levels in the population.", "Current US food fortification levels will achieve only a small proportion of the achievable homocysteine reduction." ]	NEI	[]
37	A deficiency of vitamin B6 decreases blood levels of homocysteine.	5,152,028	Folic acid improves endothelial function in coronary artery disease via mechanisms largely independent of homocysteine lowering.	[ "BACKGROUND Homocysteine is a risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD), although a causal relation remains to be proven.", "The importance of determining direct causality rests in the fact that plasma homocysteine can be safely and inexpensively reduced by 25% with folic acid.", "This reduction is maximally achieved by doses of 0.4 mg/d.", "High-dose folic acid (5 mg/d) improves endothelial function in CAD, although the mechanism is controversial.", "It has been proposed that improvement occurs through reduction in total (tHcy) or free (non-protein bound) homocysteine (fHcy).", "We investigated the effects of folic acid on endothelial function before a change in homocysteine in patients with CAD.", "METHODS AND RESULTS A randomized, placebo-controlled study of folic acid (5 mg/d) for 6 weeks was undertaken in 33 patients.", "Endothelial function, assessed by flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), was measured before, at 2 and 4 hours after the first dose of folic acid, and after 6 weeks of treatment.", "Plasma folate increased markedly by 1 hour (200 compared with 25.8 nmol/L; P<0.001).", "FMD improved at 2 hours (83 compared with 47 microm; P<0.001) and was largely complete by 4 hours (101 compared with 51 microm; P<0.001).", "tHcy did not significantly differ acutely (4-hour tHcy, 9.56 compared with 9.79 micromol/L; P=NS).", "fHcy did not differ at 3 hours but was slightly reduced at 4 hours (1.55 compared with 1.78 micromol/L; P=0.02).", "FMD improvement did not correlate with reductions in either fHcy or tHcy at any time.", "CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that folic acid improves endothelial function in CAD acutely by a mechanism largely independent of homocysteine." ]	NEI	[]
37	A deficiency of vitamin B6 decreases blood levels of homocysteine.	11,705,328	Randomized trial of folic acid supplementation and serum homocysteine levels.	[ "BACKGROUND Lowering serum homocysteine levels with folic acid is expected to reduce mortality from ischemic heart disease.", "Homocysteine reduction is known to be maximal at a folic acid dosage of 1 mg/d, but the effect of lower doses (relevant to food fortification) is unclear.", "METHODS We randomized 151 patients with ischemic heart disease to 1 of 5 dosages of folic acid (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 mg/d) or placebo.", "Fasting blood samples for serum homocysteine and serum folate analysis were taken initially, after 3 months of supplementation, and 3 months after folic acid use was discontinued.", "RESULTS Median serum homocysteine level decreased with increasing folic acid dosage, to a maximum at 0.8 mg of folic acid per day, when the homocysteine reduction (placebo adjusted) was 2.7 micromol/L (23%), similar to the known effect of folic acid dosages of 1 mg/d and above.", "The higher a person's initial serum homocysteine level, the greater was the response to folic acid, but there were statistically significant reductions regardless of the initial level.", "Serum folate level increased approximately linearly (5.5 nmol/L for every 0.1 mg of folic acid).", "Within-person fluctuations over time in serum homocysteine levels, measured in the placebo group, were large compared with the effect of folic acid, indicating that monitoring of the reduction in an individual is impractical.", "CONCLUSIONS A dosage of folic acid of 0.8 mg/d appears necessary to achieve the maximum reduction in serum homocysteine level across the range of homocysteine levels in the population.", "Current US food fortification levels will achieve only a small proportion of the achievable homocysteine reduction." ]	NEI	[]
39	A diminished ovarian reserve does not solely indicate infertility in an a priori non-infertile population.	13,497,630	Association Between Biomarkers of Ovarian Reserve and Infertility Among Older Women of Reproductive Age	[ "Importance Despite lack of evidence of their utility, biomarkers of ovarian reserve are being promoted as potential markers of reproductive potential.", "Objective To determine the associations between biomarkers of ovarian reserve and reproductive potential among women of late reproductive age.", "Design, Setting, and Participants Prospective time-to-pregnancy cohort study (2008 to date of last follow-up in March 2016) of women (N = 981) aged 30 to 44 years without a history of infertility who had been trying to conceive for 3 months or less, recruited from the community in the Raleigh-Durham, North Carolina, area.", "Exposures Early-follicular-phase serum level of antimüllerian hormone (AMH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and inhibin B and urinary level of FSH.", "Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcomes were the cumulative probability of conception by 6 and 12 cycles of attempt and relative fecundability (probability of conception in a given menstrual cycle).", "Conception was defined as a positive pregnancy test result.", "Results A total of 750 women (mean age, 33.3 [SD, 3.2] years; 77% white; 36% overweight or obese) provided a blood and urine sample and were included in the analysis.", "After adjusting for age, body mass index, race, current smoking status, and recent hormonal contraceptive use, women with low AMH values (<0.7 ng/mL [n = 84]) did not have a significantly different predicted probability of conceiving by 6 cycles of attempt (65%; 95% CI, 50%-75%) compared with women (n = 579) with normal values (62%; 95% CI, 57%-66%) or by 12 cycles of attempt (84% [95% CI, 70%-91%] vs 75% [95% CI, 70%-79%], respectively).", "Women with high serum FSH values (>10 mIU/mL [n = 83]) did not have a significantly different predicted probability of conceiving after 6 cycles of attempt (63%; 95% CI, 50%-73%) compared with women (n = 654) with normal values (62%; 95% CI, 57%-66%) or after 12 cycles of attempt (82% [95% CI, 70%-89%] vs 75% [95% CI, 70%-78%], respectively).", "Women with high urinary FSH values (>11.5 mIU/mg creatinine [n = 69]) did not have a significantly different predicted probability of conceiving after 6 cycles of attempt (61%; 95% CI, 46%-74%) compared with women (n = 660) with normal values (62%; 95% CI, 58%-66%) or after 12 cycles of attempt (70% [95% CI, 54%-80%] vs 76% [95% CI, 72%-80%], respectively).", "Inhibin B levels (n = 737) were not associated with the probability of conceiving in a given cycle (hazard ratio per 1-pg/mL increase, 0.999; 95% CI, 0.997-1.001).", "Conclusions and Relevance Among women aged 30 to 44 years without a history of infertility who had been trying to conceive for 3 months or less, biomarkers indicating diminished ovarian reserve compared with normal ovarian reserve were not associated with reduced fertility.", "These findings do not support the use of urinary or blood follicle-stimulating hormone tests or antimüllerian hormone levels to assess natural fertility for women with these characteristics." ]	SUPPORT	[ 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 ]
40	A diminished ovarian reserve is a very strong indicator of infertility, even in an a priori non-infertile population.	13,497,630	Association Between Biomarkers of Ovarian Reserve and Infertility Among Older Women of Reproductive Age	[ "Importance Despite lack of evidence of their utility, biomarkers of ovarian reserve are being promoted as potential markers of reproductive potential.", "Objective To determine the associations between biomarkers of ovarian reserve and reproductive potential among women of late reproductive age.", "Design, Setting, and Participants Prospective time-to-pregnancy cohort study (2008 to date of last follow-up in March 2016) of women (N = 981) aged 30 to 44 years without a history of infertility who had been trying to conceive for 3 months or less, recruited from the community in the Raleigh-Durham, North Carolina, area.", "Exposures Early-follicular-phase serum level of antimüllerian hormone (AMH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and inhibin B and urinary level of FSH.", "Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcomes were the cumulative probability of conception by 6 and 12 cycles of attempt and relative fecundability (probability of conception in a given menstrual cycle).", "Conception was defined as a positive pregnancy test result.", "Results A total of 750 women (mean age, 33.3 [SD, 3.2] years; 77% white; 36% overweight or obese) provided a blood and urine sample and were included in the analysis.", "After adjusting for age, body mass index, race, current smoking status, and recent hormonal contraceptive use, women with low AMH values (<0.7 ng/mL [n = 84]) did not have a significantly different predicted probability of conceiving by 6 cycles of attempt (65%; 95% CI, 50%-75%) compared with women (n = 579) with normal values (62%; 95% CI, 57%-66%) or by 12 cycles of attempt (84% [95% CI, 70%-91%] vs 75% [95% CI, 70%-79%], respectively).", "Women with high serum FSH values (>10 mIU/mL [n = 83]) did not have a significantly different predicted probability of conceiving after 6 cycles of attempt (63%; 95% CI, 50%-73%) compared with women (n = 654) with normal values (62%; 95% CI, 57%-66%) or after 12 cycles of attempt (82% [95% CI, 70%-89%] vs 75% [95% CI, 70%-78%], respectively).", "Women with high urinary FSH values (>11.5 mIU/mg creatinine [n = 69]) did not have a significantly different predicted probability of conceiving after 6 cycles of attempt (61%; 95% CI, 46%-74%) compared with women (n = 660) with normal values (62%; 95% CI, 58%-66%) or after 12 cycles of attempt (70% [95% CI, 54%-80%] vs 76% [95% CI, 72%-80%], respectively).", "Inhibin B levels (n = 737) were not associated with the probability of conceiving in a given cycle (hazard ratio per 1-pg/mL increase, 0.999; 95% CI, 0.997-1.001).", "Conclusions and Relevance Among women aged 30 to 44 years without a history of infertility who had been trying to conceive for 3 months or less, biomarkers indicating diminished ovarian reserve compared with normal ovarian reserve were not associated with reduced fertility.", "These findings do not support the use of urinary or blood follicle-stimulating hormone tests or antimüllerian hormone levels to assess natural fertility for women with these characteristics." ]	CONTRADICT	[ 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 ]
41	A high microerythrocyte count protects against severe anemia in homozygous alpha (+)- thalassemia trait subjects.	18,174,210	Increased Microerythrocyte Count in Homozygous α+-Thalassaemia Contributes to Protection against Severe Malarial Anaemia	[ "BACKGROUND The heritable haemoglobinopathy alpha(+)-thalassaemia is caused by the reduced synthesis of alpha-globin chains that form part of normal adult haemoglobin (Hb).", "Individuals homozygous for alpha(+)-thalassaemia have microcytosis and an increased erythrocyte count.", "Alpha(+)-thalassaemia homozygosity confers considerable protection against severe malaria, including severe malarial anaemia (SMA) (Hb concentration < 50 g/l), but does not influence parasite count.", "We tested the hypothesis that the erythrocyte indices associated with alpha(+)-thalassaemia homozygosity provide a haematological benefit during acute malaria.", "METHODS AND FINDINGS Data from children living on the north coast of Papua New Guinea who had participated in a case-control study of the protection afforded by alpha(+)-thalassaemia against severe malaria were reanalysed to assess the genotype-specific reduction in erythrocyte count and Hb levels associated with acute malarial disease.", "We observed a reduction in median erythrocyte count of approximately 1.5 x 10(12)/l in all children with acute falciparum malaria relative to values in community children (p < 0.001).", "We developed a simple mathematical model of the linear relationship between Hb concentration and erythrocyte count.", "This model predicted that children homozygous for alpha(+)-thalassaemia lose less Hb than children of normal genotype for a reduction in erythrocyte count of >1.1 x 10(12)/l as a result of the reduced mean cell Hb in homozygous alpha(+)-thalassaemia.", "In addition, children homozygous for alpha(+)-thalassaemia require a 10% greater reduction in erythrocyte count than children of normal genotype (p = 0.02) for Hb concentration to fall to 50 g/l, the cutoff for SMA.", "We estimated that the haematological profile in children homozygous for alpha(+)-thalassaemia reduces the risk of SMA during acute malaria compared to children of normal genotype (relative risk 0.52; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.24-1.12, p = 0.09).", "CONCLUSIONS The increased erythrocyte count and microcytosis in children homozygous for alpha(+)-thalassaemia may contribute substantially to their protection against SMA.", "A lower concentration of Hb per erythrocyte and a larger population of erythrocytes may be a biologically advantageous strategy against the significant reduction in erythrocyte count that occurs during acute infection with the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum.", "This haematological profile may reduce the risk of anaemia by other Plasmodium species, as well as other causes of anaemia.", "Other host polymorphisms that induce an increased erythrocyte count and microcytosis may confer a similar advantage." ]	SUPPORT	[ 1, 9, 10 ]
43	A low percentage of hematopoietic progenitor cells are susceptible to HIV-1 infection ex vivo.	7,224,723	HIV–1 Infects Multipotent Progenitor Cells Causing Cell Death and Establishing Latent Cellular Reservoirs	[ "HIV causes a chronic infection characterized by depletion of CD4(+) T lymphocytes and the development of opportunistic infections.", "Despite drugs that inhibit viral spread, HIV infection has been difficult to cure because of uncharacterized reservoirs of infected cells that are resistant to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and the immune response.", "Here we used CD34(+) cells from infected people as well as in vitro studies of wild-type HIV to show infection and killing of CD34(+) multipotent hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs).", "In some HPCs, we detected latent infection that stably persisted in cell culture until viral gene expression was activated by differentiation factors.", "A unique reporter HIV that directly detects latently infected cells in vitro confirmed the presence of distinct populations of active and latently infected HPCs.", "These findings have major implications for understanding HIV bone marrow pathology and the mechanisms by which HIV causes persistent infection." ]	NEI	[]
44	A mutation in HNF4A leads to an increased risk of developing diabetes by the age of 14 years.	56,893,404	Macrosomia and Hyperinsulinaemic Hypoglycaemia in Patients with Heterozygous Mutations in the HNF4A Gene	[ "Background Macrosomia is associated with considerable neonatal and maternal morbidity.", "Factors that predict macrosomia are poorly understood.", "The increased rate of macrosomia in the offspring of pregnant women with diabetes and in congenital hyperinsulinaemia is mediated by increased foetal insulin secretion.", "We assessed the in utero and neonatal role of two key regulators of pancreatic insulin secretion by studying birthweight and the incidence of neonatal hypoglycaemia in patients with heterozygous mutations in the maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) genes HNF4A (encoding HNF-4α) and HNF1A/TCF1 (encoding HNF-1α), and the effect of pancreatic deletion of Hnf4a on foetal and neonatal insulin secretion in mice." ]	SUPPORT	[ 3 ]
45	A mutation in HNF4A leads to an increased risk of diabetes by the age of 14 years.	56,893,404	Macrosomia and Hyperinsulinaemic Hypoglycaemia in Patients with Heterozygous Mutations in the HNF4A Gene	[ "Background Macrosomia is associated with considerable neonatal and maternal morbidity.", "Factors that predict macrosomia are poorly understood.", "The increased rate of macrosomia in the offspring of pregnant women with diabetes and in congenital hyperinsulinaemia is mediated by increased foetal insulin secretion.", "We assessed the in utero and neonatal role of two key regulators of pancreatic insulin secretion by studying birthweight and the incidence of neonatal hypoglycaemia in patients with heterozygous mutations in the maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) genes HNF4A (encoding HNF-4α) and HNF1A/TCF1 (encoding HNF-1α), and the effect of pancreatic deletion of Hnf4a on foetal and neonatal insulin secretion in mice." ]	NEI	[]
46	A single nucleotide variant the gene DGKK is strongly associated with increased risk of hypospadias.	380,526	Common variants in DGKK are strongly associated with risk of hypospadias	[ "Hypospadias is a common congenital malformation of the male external genitalia.", "We performed a genome-wide association study using pooled DNA from 436 individuals with hypospadias (cases) and 494 controls of European descent and selected the highest ranked SNPs for individual genotyping in the discovery sample, an additional Dutch sample of 133 cases and their parents, and a Swedish series of 266 cases and 402 controls.", "Individual genotyping of two SNPs (rs1934179 and rs7063116) in DGKK, encoding diacylglycerol kinase κ, produced compelling evidence for association with hypospadias in the discovery sample (allele-specific odds ratio (OR) = 2.5, P = 2.5 × 10−11 and OR = 2.3, P = 2.9 × 10−9, respectively) and in the Dutch (OR = 3.9, P = 2.4 × 10−5 and OR = 3.8, P = 3.4 × 10−5) and Swedish (OR = 2.5, P = 2.6 × 10−8 and OR = 2.2, P = 2.7 × 10−6) replication samples.", "Expression studies showed expression of DGKK in preputial tissue of cases and controls, which was lower in carriers of the risk allele of rs1934179 (P = 0.047).", "We propose DGKK as a major risk gene for hypospadias." ]	SUPPORT	[ 2 ]
47	A strong bias in the phage genome locations where the spacers were derived has been observed in many CRISPR subtypes that confer the immunity to phage.	3,512,154	CRISPR adaptation biases explain preference for acquisition of foreign DNA	[ "CRISPR-Cas (clustered, regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats coupled with CRISPR-associated proteins) is a bacterial immunity system that protects against invading phages or plasmids.", "In the process of CRISPR adaptation, short pieces of DNA ('spacers') are acquired from foreign elements and integrated into the CRISPR array.", "So far, it has remained a mystery how spacers are preferentially acquired from the foreign DNA while the self chromosome is avoided.", "Here we show that spacer acquisition is replication-dependent, and that DNA breaks formed at stalled replication forks promote spacer acquisition.", "Chromosomal hotspots of spacer acquisition were confined by Chi sites, which are sequence octamers highly enriched on the bacterial chromosome, suggesting that these sites limit spacer acquisition from self DNA.", "We further show that the avoidance of self is mediated by the RecBCD double-stranded DNA break repair complex.", "Our results suggest that, in Escherichia coli, acquisition of new spacers largely depends on RecBCD-mediated processing of double-stranded DNA breaks occurring primarily at replication forks, and that the preference for foreign DNA is achieved through the higher density of Chi sites on the self chromosome, in combination with the higher number of forks on the foreign DNA.", "This model explains the strong preference to acquire spacers both from high copy plasmids and from phages." ]	NEI	[]
47	A strong bias in the phage genome locations where the spacers were derived has been observed in many CRISPR subtypes that confer the immunity to phage.	26,996,935	Strong bias in the bacterial CRISPR elements that confer immunity to phage.	[ "Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas systems provide adaptive immunity against phage via spacer-encoded CRISPR RNAs that are complementary to invasive nucleic acids.", "Here, we challenge Streptococcus thermophilus with a bacteriophage, and used PCR-based metagenomics to monitor phage-derived spacers daily for 15 days in two experiments.", "Spacers that target the host chromosome are infrequent and strongly selected against, suggesting autoimmunity is lethal.", "In experiments that recover over half a million spacers, we observe early dominance by a few spacer sub-populations and rapid oscillations in sub-population abundances.", "In two CRISPR systems and in replicate experiments, a few spacers account for the majority of spacer sequences.", "Nearly all phage locations targeted by the acquired spacers have a proto-spacer adjacent motif (PAM), indicating PAMs are involved in spacer acquisition.", "We detect a strong and reproducible bias in the phage genome locations from which spacers derive.", "This may reflect selection for specific spacers based on location and effectiveness." ]	SUPPORT	[ 6 ]
52	ALDH1 expression is associated with poorer prognosis for breast cancer primary tumors.	45,638,119	ALDH1 is a marker of normal and malignant human mammary stem cells and a predictor of poor clinical outcome.	[ "Application of stem cell biology to breast cancer research has been limited by the lack of simple methods for identification and isolation of normal and malignant stem cells.", "Utilizing in vitro and in vivo experimental systems, we show that normal and cancer human mammary epithelial cells with increased aldehyde dehydrogenase activity (ALDH) have stem/progenitor properties.", "These cells contain the subpopulation of normal breast epithelium with the broadest lineage differentiation potential and greatest growth capacity in a xenotransplant model.", "In breast carcinomas, high ALDH activity identifies the tumorigenic cell fraction, capable of self-renewal and of generating tumors that recapitulate the heterogeneity of the parental tumor.", "In a series of 577 breast carcinomas, expression of ALDH1 detected by immunostaining correlated with poor prognosis.", "These findings offer an important new tool for the study of normal and malignant breast stem cells and facilitate the clinical application of stem cell concepts." ]	SUPPORT	[ 4 ]
55	AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation reduces inflammation-related fibrosis in the lungs.	49,556,906	Metformin reverses established lung fibrosis in a bleomycin model	[ "Fibrosis is a pathological result of a dysfunctional repair response to tissue injury and occurs in a number of organs, including the lungs1.", "Cellular metabolism regulates tissue repair and remodelling responses to injury2-4.", "AMPK is a critical sensor of cellular bioenergetics and controls the switch from anabolic to catabolic metabolism5.", "However, the role of AMPK in fibrosis is not well understood.", "Here, we demonstrate that in humans with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and in an experimental mouse model of lung fibrosis, AMPK activity is lower in fibrotic regions associated with metabolically active and apoptosis-resistant myofibroblasts.", "Pharmacological activation of AMPK in myofibroblasts from lungs of humans with IPF display lower fibrotic activity, along with enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis and normalization of sensitivity to apoptosis.", "In a bleomycin model of lung fibrosis in mice, metformin therapeutically accelerates the resolution of well-established fibrosis in an AMPK-dependent manner.", "These studies implicate deficient AMPK activation in non-resolving, pathologic fibrotic processes, and support a role for metformin (or other AMPK activators) to reverse established fibrosis by facilitating deactivation and apoptosis of myofibroblasts." ]	SUPPORT	[ 5, 6, 7 ]
58	APOE4 expression in iPSC-derived neurons results in decreased tau phosphorylation.	4,709,641	Gain of toxic Apolipoprotein E4 effects in Human iPSC-Derived Neurons Is Ameliorated by a Small-Molecule Structure Corrector	[ "Efforts to develop drugs for Alzheimer's disease (AD) have shown promise in animal studies, only to fail in human trials, suggesting a pressing need to study AD in human model systems.", "Using human neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells that expressed apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4), a variant of the APOE gene product and the major genetic risk factor for AD, we demonstrated that ApoE4-expressing neurons had higher levels of tau phosphorylation, unrelated to their increased production of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides, and that they displayed GABAergic neuron degeneration.", "ApoE4 increased Aβ production in human, but not in mouse, neurons.", "Converting ApoE4 to ApoE3 by gene editing rescued these phenotypes, indicating the specific effects of ApoE4.", "Neurons that lacked APOE behaved similarly to those expressing ApoE3, and the introduction of ApoE4 expression recapitulated the pathological phenotypes, suggesting a gain of toxic effects from ApoE4.", "Treatment of ApoE4-expressing neurons with a small-molecule structure corrector ameliorated the detrimental effects, thus showing that correcting the pathogenic conformation of ApoE4 is a viable therapeutic approach for ApoE4-related AD." ]	CONTRADICT	[ 1 ]
60	ART has no effect on the infectiveness of HIV-positive people.	13,899,137	HIV Treatment as Prevention: Systematic Comparison of Mathematical Models of the Potential Impact of Antiretroviral Therapy on HIV Incidence in South Africa	[ "BACKGROUND Many mathematical models have investigated the impact of expanding access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) on new HIV infections.", "Comparing results and conclusions across models is challenging because models have addressed slightly different questions and have reported different outcome metrics.", "This study compares the predictions of several mathematical models simulating the same ART intervention programmes to determine the extent to which models agree about the epidemiological impact of expanded ART.", "METHODS AND FINDINGS Twelve independent mathematical models evaluated a set of standardised ART intervention scenarios in South Africa and reported a common set of outputs.", "Intervention scenarios systematically varied the CD4 count threshold for treatment eligibility, access to treatment, and programme retention.", "For a scenario in which 80% of HIV-infected individuals start treatment on average 1 y after their CD4 count drops below 350 cells/µl and 85% remain on treatment after 3 y, the models projected that HIV incidence would be 35% to 54% lower 8 y after the introduction of ART, compared to a counterfactual scenario in which there is no ART.", "More variation existed in the estimated long-term (38 y) reductions in incidence.", "The impact of optimistic interventions including immediate ART initiation varied widely across models, maintaining substantial uncertainty about the theoretical prospect for elimination of HIV from the population using ART alone over the next four decades.", "The number of person-years of ART per infection averted over 8 y ranged between 5.8 and 18.7.", "Considering the actual scale-up of ART in South Africa, seven models estimated that current HIV incidence is 17% to 32% lower than it would have been in the absence of ART.", "Differences between model assumptions about CD4 decline and HIV transmissibility over the course of infection explained only a modest amount of the variation in model results.", "CONCLUSIONS Mathematical models evaluating the impact of ART vary substantially in structure, complexity, and parameter choices, but all suggest that ART, at high levels of access and with high adherence, has the potential to substantially reduce new HIV infections.", "There was broad agreement regarding the short-term epidemiologic impact of ambitious treatment scale-up, but more variation in longer term projections and in the efficiency with which treatment can reduce new infections.", "Differences between model predictions could not be explained by differences in model structure or parameterization that were hypothesized to affect intervention impact." ]	CONTRADICT	[ 5, 9, 11 ]
60	ART has no effect on the infectiveness of HIV-positive people.	13,901,073	Elimination of HIV in South Africa through Expanded Access to Antiretroviral Therapy: A Model Comparison Study	[ "BACKGROUND Expanded access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) using universal test and treat (UTT) has been suggested as a strategy to eliminate HIV in South Africa within 7 y based on an influential mathematical modeling study.", "However, the underlying deterministic model was criticized widely, and other modeling studies did not always confirm the study's finding.", "The objective of our study is to better understand the implications of different model structures and assumptions, so as to arrive at the best possible predictions of the long-term impact of UTT and the possibility of elimination of HIV.", "METHODS AND FINDINGS We developed nine structurally different mathematical models of the South African HIV epidemic in a stepwise approach of increasing complexity and realism.", "The simplest model resembles the initial deterministic model, while the most comprehensive model is the stochastic microsimulation model STDSIM, which includes sexual networks and HIV stages with different degrees of infectiousness.", "We defined UTT as annual screening and immediate ART for all HIV-infected adults, starting at 13% in January 2012 and scaled up to 90% coverage by January 2019.", "All models predict elimination, yet those that capture more processes underlying the HIV transmission dynamics predict elimination at a later point in time, after 20 to 25 y. Importantly, the most comprehensive model predicts that the current strategy of ART at CD4 count ≤350 cells/µl will also lead to elimination, albeit 10 y later compared to UTT.", "Still, UTT remains cost-effective, as many additional life-years would be saved.", "The study's major limitations are that elimination was defined as incidence below 1/1,000 person-years rather than 0% prevalence, and drug resistance was not modeled.", "CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm previous predictions that the HIV epidemic in South Africa can be eliminated through universal testing and immediate treatment at 90% coverage.", "However, more realistic models show that elimination is likely to occur at a much later point in time than the initial model suggested.", "Also, UTT is a cost-effective intervention, but less cost-effective than previously predicted because the current South African ART treatment policy alone could already drive HIV into elimination.", "Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary." ]	NEI	[]
61	ART substantially reduces infectiveness of HIV-positive people.	13,899,137	HIV Treatment as Prevention: Systematic Comparison of Mathematical Models of the Potential Impact of Antiretroviral Therapy on HIV Incidence in South Africa	[ "BACKGROUND Many mathematical models have investigated the impact of expanding access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) on new HIV infections.", "Comparing results and conclusions across models is challenging because models have addressed slightly different questions and have reported different outcome metrics.", "This study compares the predictions of several mathematical models simulating the same ART intervention programmes to determine the extent to which models agree about the epidemiological impact of expanded ART.", "METHODS AND FINDINGS Twelve independent mathematical models evaluated a set of standardised ART intervention scenarios in South Africa and reported a common set of outputs.", "Intervention scenarios systematically varied the CD4 count threshold for treatment eligibility, access to treatment, and programme retention.", "For a scenario in which 80% of HIV-infected individuals start treatment on average 1 y after their CD4 count drops below 350 cells/µl and 85% remain on treatment after 3 y, the models projected that HIV incidence would be 35% to 54% lower 8 y after the introduction of ART, compared to a counterfactual scenario in which there is no ART.", "More variation existed in the estimated long-term (38 y) reductions in incidence.", "The impact of optimistic interventions including immediate ART initiation varied widely across models, maintaining substantial uncertainty about the theoretical prospect for elimination of HIV from the population using ART alone over the next four decades.", "The number of person-years of ART per infection averted over 8 y ranged between 5.8 and 18.7.", "Considering the actual scale-up of ART in South Africa, seven models estimated that current HIV incidence is 17% to 32% lower than it would have been in the absence of ART.", "Differences between model assumptions about CD4 decline and HIV transmissibility over the course of infection explained only a modest amount of the variation in model results.", "CONCLUSIONS Mathematical models evaluating the impact of ART vary substantially in structure, complexity, and parameter choices, but all suggest that ART, at high levels of access and with high adherence, has the potential to substantially reduce new HIV infections.", "There was broad agreement regarding the short-term epidemiologic impact of ambitious treatment scale-up, but more variation in longer term projections and in the efficiency with which treatment can reduce new infections.", "Differences between model predictions could not be explained by differences in model structure or parameterization that were hypothesized to affect intervention impact." ]	SUPPORT	[ 5, 9, 11 ]
61	ART substantially reduces infectiveness of HIV-positive people.	13,901,073	Elimination of HIV in South Africa through Expanded Access to Antiretroviral Therapy: A Model Comparison Study	[ "BACKGROUND Expanded access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) using universal test and treat (UTT) has been suggested as a strategy to eliminate HIV in South Africa within 7 y based on an influential mathematical modeling study.", "However, the underlying deterministic model was criticized widely, and other modeling studies did not always confirm the study's finding.", "The objective of our study is to better understand the implications of different model structures and assumptions, so as to arrive at the best possible predictions of the long-term impact of UTT and the possibility of elimination of HIV.", "METHODS AND FINDINGS We developed nine structurally different mathematical models of the South African HIV epidemic in a stepwise approach of increasing complexity and realism.", "The simplest model resembles the initial deterministic model, while the most comprehensive model is the stochastic microsimulation model STDSIM, which includes sexual networks and HIV stages with different degrees of infectiousness.", "We defined UTT as annual screening and immediate ART for all HIV-infected adults, starting at 13% in January 2012 and scaled up to 90% coverage by January 2019.", "All models predict elimination, yet those that capture more processes underlying the HIV transmission dynamics predict elimination at a later point in time, after 20 to 25 y. Importantly, the most comprehensive model predicts that the current strategy of ART at CD4 count ≤350 cells/µl will also lead to elimination, albeit 10 y later compared to UTT.", "Still, UTT remains cost-effective, as many additional life-years would be saved.", "The study's major limitations are that elimination was defined as incidence below 1/1,000 person-years rather than 0% prevalence, and drug resistance was not modeled.", "CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm previous predictions that the HIV epidemic in South Africa can be eliminated through universal testing and immediate treatment at 90% coverage.", "However, more realistic models show that elimination is likely to occur at a much later point in time than the initial model suggested.", "Also, UTT is a cost-effective intervention, but less cost-effective than previously predicted because the current South African ART treatment policy alone could already drive HIV into elimination.", "Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary." ]	NEI	[]
62	ATF4 is a general endoplasmic reticulum stress marker.	32,587,939	Wolfram syndrome 1 and adenylyl cyclase 8 interact at the plasma membrane to regulate insulin production and secretion	[ "Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress causes pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and contributes to β-cell loss and the progression of type 2 diabetes.", "Wolfram syndrome 1 (WFS1) has been shown to be an important regulator of the ER stress signalling pathway; however, its role in β-cell function remains unclear.", "Here we provide evidence that WFS1 is essential for glucose- and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)-stimulated cyclic AMP production and regulation of insulin biosynthesis and secretion.", "Stimulation with glucose causes WFS1 translocation from the ER to the plasma membrane, where it forms a complex with adenylyl cyclase 8 (AC8), an essential cAMP-generating enzyme in the β-cell that integrates glucose and GLP-1 signalling.", "ER stress and mutant WFS1 inhibit complex formation and activation of AC8, reducing cAMP synthesis and insulin secretion.", "These findings reveal that an ER-stress-related protein has a distinct role outside the ER regulating both insulin biosynthesis and secretion.", "The reduction of WFS1 protein on the plasma membrane during ER stress is a contributing factor for β-cell dysfunction and progression of type 2 diabetes." ]	NEI	[]
63	ATM and Rad3 related protein are critical for sensing DNA damage.	40,349,336	Deletion of the developmentally essential gene ATR in adult mice leads to age-related phenotypes and stem cell loss.	[ "Developmental abnormalities, cancer, and premature aging each have been linked to defects in the DNA damage response (DDR).", "Mutations in the ATR checkpoint regulator cause developmental defects in mice (pregastrulation lethality) and humans (Seckel syndrome).", "Here we show that eliminating ATR in adult mice leads to defects in tissue homeostasis and the rapid appearance of age-related phenotypes, such as hair graying, alopecia, kyphosis, osteoporosis, thymic involution, fibrosis, and other abnormalities.", "Histological and genetic analyses indicate that ATR deletion causes acute cellular loss in tissues in which continuous cell proliferation is required for maintenance.", "Importantly, thymic involution, alopecia, and hair graying in ATR knockout mice were associated with dramatic reductions in tissue-specific stem and progenitor cells and exhaustion of tissue renewal and homeostatic capacity.", "In aggregate, these studies suggest that reduced regenerative capacity in adults via deletion of a developmentally essential DDR gene is sufficient to cause the premature appearance of age-related phenotypes." ]	NEI	[]
64	ATM and Rad3 related protein have no role in sensing DNA damage.	40,349,336	Deletion of the developmentally essential gene ATR in adult mice leads to age-related phenotypes and stem cell loss.	[ "Developmental abnormalities, cancer, and premature aging each have been linked to defects in the DNA damage response (DDR).", "Mutations in the ATR checkpoint regulator cause developmental defects in mice (pregastrulation lethality) and humans (Seckel syndrome).", "Here we show that eliminating ATR in adult mice leads to defects in tissue homeostasis and the rapid appearance of age-related phenotypes, such as hair graying, alopecia, kyphosis, osteoporosis, thymic involution, fibrosis, and other abnormalities.", "Histological and genetic analyses indicate that ATR deletion causes acute cellular loss in tissues in which continuous cell proliferation is required for maintenance.", "Importantly, thymic involution, alopecia, and hair graying in ATR knockout mice were associated with dramatic reductions in tissue-specific stem and progenitor cells and exhaustion of tissue renewal and homeostatic capacity.", "In aggregate, these studies suggest that reduced regenerative capacity in adults via deletion of a developmentally essential DDR gene is sufficient to cause the premature appearance of age-related phenotypes." ]	NEI	[]
66	AZT given with ribavirin increases anemia.	14,806,256	Hepatotoxicity associated with antiretroviral therapy in adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus and the role of hepatitis C or B virus infection.	[ "CONTEXT Use of antiretroviral drugs, including protease inhibitors, for treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has been anecdotally associated with hepatotoxicity, particularly in persons coinfected with hepatitis C or B virus.", "OBJECTIVES To ascertain if incidence of severe hepatotoxicity during antiretroviral therapy is similar for all antiretroviral drug combinations, and to define the role of chronic viral hepatitis in its development.", "DESIGN Prospective cohort study.", "SETTING University-based urban HIV clinic.", "PATIENTS A total of 298 patients who were prescribed new antiretroviral therapies between January 1996 and January 1998, 211 (71%) of whom received protease inhibitors as part of combination therapy (median follow-up, 182 days) and 87 (29%) of whom received dual nucleoside analog regimens (median follow-up, 167 days).", "Chronic hepatitis C and B virus infection was present in 154 (52%) and 8 (2.7%) patients, respectively.", "MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Severe hepatotoxicity, defined as a grade 3 or 4 change in levels of serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, evaluated before and during therapy.", "RESULTS Severe hepatotoxicity was observed in 31 (10.4%) of 298 patients (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.2%-14.4%).", "Ritonavir use was associated with a higher incidence of toxicity (30%; 95% CI, 17.9% -44.6%).", "However, no significant difference was detected in hepatotoxicity incidence in other treatment groups, ie, nucleoside analogs (5.7%; 95% CI, 1.2%-12.9%), nelfinavir (5.9%; 95% CI, 1.2%-16.2%), saquinavir (5.9%; 95% CI, 0.15%-28.7%), and indinavir(6.8%; 95% CI, 3.0%-13.1 %).", "Although chronicviral hepatitis was associated with an increased risk of severe hepatotoxicity among patients prescribed nonritonavir regimens (relative risk, 3.7; 95% CI, 1.0-11.8), most patients with chronic hepatitis C or B virus infection (88%) did not experience significant toxic effects.", "Rate of severe toxicity with use of any protease inhibitor in patients with hepatitis C infection was 12.2% (13/107; 95% CI, 6.6%-19.9%).", "In multivariate logistic regression, only ritonavir (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 8.6; 95% CI, 3.0-24.6) and a CD4 cell count increase of more than 0.05 x 10(9)/L (AOR, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.0-12.9) were associated with severe hepatotoxicity.", "No irreversible outcomes were seen in patients with severe hepatotoxicity.", "CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that use of ritonavir may increase risk of severe hepatotoxicity.", "Although hepatotoxicity may be more common in persons with chronic viral hepatitis, these data do not support withholding protease inhibitor therapy from persons coinfected with hepatitis B or C virus." ]	NEI	[]
67	Activated Cdk5 phosphorylates the ATM protein in response to DNA damage.	21,295,300	Phosphorylation of ATM by Cdk5 mediates DNA damage signaling and regulates neuronal death	[ "The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-like kinase ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated) has a central role in coordinating DNA damage responses, including cell-cycle checkpoint control, DNA repair and apoptosis.", "Mutations of ATM cause a spectrum of defects ranging from neurodegeneration to cancer predisposition.", "However, the mechanism by which DNA damage activates ATM is poorly understood.", "Here we show that Cdk5 (cyclin-dependent kinase 5), activated by DNA damage, directly phosphorylates ATM at Ser 794 in post-mitotic neurons.", "Phosphorylation at Ser 794 precedes, and is required for, ATM autophosphorylation at Ser 1981, and activates ATM kinase activity.", "The Cdk5-ATM signal regulates phosphorylation and function of the ATM targets p53 and H2AX.", "Interruption of the Cdk5-ATM pathway attenuates DNA-damage-induced neuronal cell cycle re-entry and expression of the p53 targets PUMA and Bax, protecting neurons from death.", "Thus, activation of Cdk5 by DNA damage serves as a critical signal to initiate the ATM response and regulate ATM-dependent cellular processes." ]	SUPPORT	[ 3, 7 ]
68	Activated Cdk5 regulates DNA damage-induced neuronal death.	21,295,300	Phosphorylation of ATM by Cdk5 mediates DNA damage signaling and regulates neuronal death	[ "The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-like kinase ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated) has a central role in coordinating DNA damage responses, including cell-cycle checkpoint control, DNA repair and apoptosis.", "Mutations of ATM cause a spectrum of defects ranging from neurodegeneration to cancer predisposition.", "However, the mechanism by which DNA damage activates ATM is poorly understood.", "Here we show that Cdk5 (cyclin-dependent kinase 5), activated by DNA damage, directly phosphorylates ATM at Ser 794 in post-mitotic neurons.", "Phosphorylation at Ser 794 precedes, and is required for, ATM autophosphorylation at Ser 1981, and activates ATM kinase activity.", "The Cdk5-ATM signal regulates phosphorylation and function of the ATM targets p53 and H2AX.", "Interruption of the Cdk5-ATM pathway attenuates DNA-damage-induced neuronal cell cycle re-entry and expression of the p53 targets PUMA and Bax, protecting neurons from death.", "Thus, activation of Cdk5 by DNA damage serves as a critical signal to initiate the ATM response and regulate ATM-dependent cellular processes." ]	SUPPORT	[ 6 ]
69	Activation of PPM1D enhances p53 function.	5,956,380	Exome sequencing identifies somatic gain-of-function PPM1D mutations in brainstem gliomas	[ "Gliomas arising in the brainstem and thalamus are devastating tumors that are difficult to surgically resect.", "To determine the genetic and epigenetic landscape of these tumors, we performed exomic sequencing of 14 brainstem gliomas (BSGs) and 12 thalamic gliomas.", "We also performed targeted mutational analysis of an additional 24 such tumors and genome-wide methylation profiling of 45 gliomas.", "This study led to the discovery of tumor-specific mutations in PPM1D, encoding wild-type p53-induced protein phosphatase 1D (WIP1), in 37.5% of the BSGs that harbored hallmark H3F3A mutations encoding p.", "Lys27Met substitutions.", "PPM1D mutations were mutually exclusive with TP53 mutations in BSG and attenuated p53 activation in vitro.", "PPM1D mutations were truncating alterations in exon 6 that enhanced the ability of PPM1D to suppress the activation of the DNA damage response checkpoint protein CHK2.", "These results define PPM1D as a frequent target of somatic mutation and as a potential therapeutic target in brainstem gliomas." ]	CONTRADICT	[ 5, 6 ]
69	Activation of PPM1D enhances p53 function.	4,414,547	Mosaic PPM1D mutations are associated with predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer	[ "Improved sequencing technologies offer unprecedented opportunities for investigating the role of rare genetic variation in common disease.", "However, there are considerable challenges with respect to study design, data analysis and replication.", "Using pooled next-generation sequencing of 507 genes implicated in the repair of DNA in 1,150 samples, an analytical strategy focused on protein-truncating variants (PTVs) and a large-scale sequencing case–control replication experiment in 13,642 individuals, here we show that rare PTVs in the p53-inducible protein phosphatase PPM1D are associated with predisposition to breast cancer and ovarian cancer.", "PPM1D PTV mutations were present in 25 out of 7,781 cases versus 1 out of 5,861 controls (P = 1.12 × 10−5), including 18 mutations in 6,912 individuals with breast cancer (P = 2.42 × 10−4) and 12 mutations in 1,121 individuals with ovarian cancer (P = 3.10 × 10−9).", "Notably, all of the identified PPM1D PTVs were mosaic in lymphocyte DNA and clustered within a 370-base-pair region in the final exon of the gene, carboxy-terminal to the phosphatase catalytic domain.", "Functional studies demonstrate that the mutations result in enhanced suppression of p53 in response to ionizing radiation exposure, suggesting that the mutant alleles encode hyperactive PPM1D isoforms.", "Thus, although the mutations cause premature protein truncation, they do not result in the simple loss-of-function effect typically associated with this class of variant, but instead probably have a gain-of-function effect.", "Our results have implications for the detection and management of breast and ovarian cancer risk.", "More generally, these data provide new insights into the role of rare and of mosaic genetic variants in common conditions, and the use of sequencing in their identification." ]	CONTRADICT	[ 5 ]
71	Activation of the Rac1 homolog CED-10 kills viable cells in SRGP-1 mutant Caenorhabditis elegans.	1,127,562	Loss of the RhoGAP SRGP-1 promotes the clearance of dead and injured cells in Caenorhabditis elegans	[ "Multicellular animals rapidly clear dying cells from their bodies.", "Many of the pathways that mediate this cell removal are conserved through evolution.", "Here, we identify srgp-1 as a negative regulator of cell clearance in both Caenorhabditis elegans and mammalian cells.", "Loss of srgp-1 function results in improved engulfment of apoptotic cells, whereas srgp-1 overexpression inhibits apoptotic cell corpse removal.", "We show that SRGP-1 functions in engulfing cells and functions as a GTPase activating protein (GAP) for CED-10 (Rac1).", "Interestingly, loss of srgp-1 function promotes not only the clearance of already dead cells, but also the removal of cells that have been brought to the verge of death through sublethal apoptotic, necrotic or cytotoxic insults.", "In contrast, impaired engulfment allows damaged cells to escape clearance, which results in increased long-term survival.", "We propose that C. elegans uses the engulfment machinery as part of a primitive, but evolutionarily conserved, survey mechanism that identifies and removes unfit cells within a tissue." ]	SUPPORT	[ 4, 5 ]
73	Activator-inhibitor pairs are provided ventrally by Xrl-sizzled.	6,076,903	Regulation of ADMP and BMP2/4/7 at Opposite Embryonic Poles Generates a Self-Regulating Morphogenetic Field	[ "Embryos have the ability to self-regulate and regenerate normal structures after being sectioned in half.", "How is such a morphogenetic field established?", "We discovered that quadruple knockdown of ADMP and BMP2/4/7 in Xenopus embryos eliminates self-regulation, causing ubiquitous neural induction throughout the ectoderm.", "ADMP transcription in the Spemann organizer is activated at low BMP levels.", "When ventral BMP2/4/7 signals are depleted, Admp expression increases, allowing for self-regulation.", "ADMP has BMP-like activity and signals via the ALK-2 receptor.", "It is unable to signal dorsally because of inhibition by Chordin.", "The ventral BMP antagonists Sizzled and Bambi further refine the pattern.", "By transplanting dorsal or ventral wild-type grafts into ADMP/BMP2/4/7-depleted hosts, we demonstrate that both poles serve as signaling centers that can induce histotypic differentiation over considerable distances.", "We conclude that dorsal and ventral BMP signals and their extracellular antagonists expressed under opposing transcriptional regulation provide a molecular mechanism for embryonic self-regulation." ]	NEI	[]
74	Active H. pylori urease has a polymeric structure consisting of five distinct subunits.	4,387,784	Structure of the proton-gated urea channel from the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori	[ "Half the world's population is chronically infected with Helicobacter pylori, causing gastritis, gastric ulcers and an increased incidence of gastric adenocarcinoma.", "Its proton-gated inner-membrane urea channel, HpUreI, is essential for survival in the acidic environment of the stomach.", "The channel is closed at neutral pH and opens at acidic pH to allow the rapid access of urea to cytoplasmic urease.", "Urease produces NH(3) and CO(2), neutralizing entering protons and thus buffering the periplasm to a pH of roughly 6.1 even in gastric juice at a pH below 2.0.", "Here we report the structure of HpUreI, revealing six protomers assembled in a hexameric ring surrounding a central bilayer plug of ordered lipids.", "Each protomer encloses a channel formed by a twisted bundle of six transmembrane helices.", "The bundle defines a previously unobserved fold comprising a two-helix hairpin motif repeated three times around the central axis of the channel, without the inverted repeat of mammalian-type urea transporters.", "Both the channel and the protomer interface contain residues conserved in the AmiS/UreI superfamily, suggesting the preservation of channel architecture and oligomeric state in this superfamily.", "Predominantly aromatic or aliphatic side chains line the entire channel and define two consecutive constriction sites in the middle of the channel.", "Mutation of Trp 153 in the cytoplasmic constriction site to Ala or Phe decreases the selectivity for urea in comparison with thiourea, suggesting that solute interaction with Trp 153 contributes specificity.", "The previously unobserved hexameric channel structure described here provides a new model for the permeation of urea and other small amide solutes in prokaryotes and archaea." ]	NEI	[]
76	Active Ly49Q induces neutrophil polarization.	5,531,479	The Ly49Q receptor plays a crucial role in neutrophil polarization and migration by regulating raft trafficking.	[ "Neutrophils rapidly undergo polarization and directional movement to infiltrate the sites of infection and inflammation.", "Here, we show that an inhibitory MHC I receptor, Ly49Q, was crucial for the swift polarization of and tissue infiltration by neutrophils.", "During the steady state, Ly49Q inhibited neutrophil adhesion by preventing focal-complex formation, likely by inhibiting Src and PI3 kinases.", "However, in the presence of inflammatory stimuli, Ly49Q mediated rapid neutrophil polarization and tissue infiltration in an ITIM-domain-dependent manner.", "These opposite functions appeared to be mediated by distinct use of effector phosphatase SHP-1 and SHP-2.", "Ly49Q-dependent polarization and migration were affected by Ly49Q regulation of membrane raft functions.", "We propose that Ly49Q is pivotal in switching neutrophils to their polarized morphology and rapid migration upon inflammation, through its spatiotemporal regulation of membrane rafts and raft-associated signaling molecules." ]	SUPPORT	[ 1, 6 ]
77	Active Ly49Q prevents neutrophil polarization.	5,531,479	The Ly49Q receptor plays a crucial role in neutrophil polarization and migration by regulating raft trafficking.	[ "Neutrophils rapidly undergo polarization and directional movement to infiltrate the sites of infection and inflammation.", "Here, we show that an inhibitory MHC I receptor, Ly49Q, was crucial for the swift polarization of and tissue infiltration by neutrophils.", "During the steady state, Ly49Q inhibited neutrophil adhesion by preventing focal-complex formation, likely by inhibiting Src and PI3 kinases.", "However, in the presence of inflammatory stimuli, Ly49Q mediated rapid neutrophil polarization and tissue infiltration in an ITIM-domain-dependent manner.", "These opposite functions appeared to be mediated by distinct use of effector phosphatase SHP-1 and SHP-2.", "Ly49Q-dependent polarization and migration were affected by Ly49Q regulation of membrane raft functions.", "We propose that Ly49Q is pivotal in switching neutrophils to their polarized morphology and rapid migration upon inflammation, through its spatiotemporal regulation of membrane rafts and raft-associated signaling molecules." ]	CONTRADICT	[ 1, 6 ]
78	Active caspase-11 participate in regulating phagosome-lysosome fusion.	5,099,266	Caspase-11 promotes the fusion of phagosomes harboring pathogenic bacteria with lysosomes by modulating actin polymerization.	[ "Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes that include members of the NLR (nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat containing) family and caspase-1.", "Once bacterial molecules are sensed within the macrophage, the inflammasome is assembled, mediating the activation of caspase-1.", "Caspase-11 mediates caspase-1 activation in response to lipopolysaccharide and bacterial toxins, and yet its role during bacterial infection is unknown.", "Here, we demonstrated that caspase-11 was dispensable for caspase-1 activation in response to Legionella, Salmonella, Francisella, and Listeria.", "We also determined that active mouse caspase-11 was required for restriction of L. pneumophila infection.", "Similarly, human caspase-4 and caspase-5, homologs of mouse caspase-11, cooperated to restrict L. pneumophila infection in human macrophages.", "Caspase-11 promoted the fusion of the L. pneumophila vacuole with lysosomes by modulating actin polymerization through cofilin.", "However, caspase-11 was dispensable for the fusion of lysosomes with phagosomes containing nonpathogenic bacteria, uncovering a fundamental difference in the trafficking of phagosomes according to their cargo." ]	SUPPORT	[ 7 ]
79	Active caspase-11 protein promotes pyroptosis.	5,099,266	Caspase-11 promotes the fusion of phagosomes harboring pathogenic bacteria with lysosomes by modulating actin polymerization.	[ "Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes that include members of the NLR (nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat containing) family and caspase-1.", "Once bacterial molecules are sensed within the macrophage, the inflammasome is assembled, mediating the activation of caspase-1.", "Caspase-11 mediates caspase-1 activation in response to lipopolysaccharide and bacterial toxins, and yet its role during bacterial infection is unknown.", "Here, we demonstrated that caspase-11 was dispensable for caspase-1 activation in response to Legionella, Salmonella, Francisella, and Listeria.", "We also determined that active mouse caspase-11 was required for restriction of L. pneumophila infection.", "Similarly, human caspase-4 and caspase-5, homologs of mouse caspase-11, cooperated to restrict L. pneumophila infection in human macrophages.", "Caspase-11 promoted the fusion of the L. pneumophila vacuole with lysosomes by modulating actin polymerization through cofilin.", "However, caspase-11 was dispensable for the fusion of lysosomes with phagosomes containing nonpathogenic bacteria, uncovering a fundamental difference in the trafficking of phagosomes according to their cargo." ]	SUPPORT	[ 3, 4 ]
80	Acute ablation of KRAS causes severe growth impairment.	4,920,376	Long-Term ERK Inhibition in KRAS-Mutant Pancreatic Cancer Is Associated with MYC Degradation and Senescence-like Growth Suppression.	[ "Induction of compensatory mechanisms and ERK reactivation has limited the effectiveness of Raf and MEK inhibitors in RAS-mutant cancers.", "We determined that direct pharmacologic inhibition of ERK suppressed the growth of a subset of KRAS-mutant pancreatic cancer cell lines and that concurrent phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibition caused synergistic cell death.", "Additional combinations that enhanced ERK inhibitor action were also identified.", "Unexpectedly, long-term treatment of sensitive cell lines caused senescence, mediated in part by MYC degradation and p16 reactivation.", "Enhanced basal PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling was associated with de novo resistance to ERK inhibitor, as were other protein kinases identified by kinome-wide siRNA screening and a genetic gain-of-function screen.", "Our findings reveal distinct consequences of inhibiting this kinase cascade at the level of ERK." ]	NEI	[]
81	Acute ablation of Snail in the embryonic cortex affects the proliferation and number of embryonic cortical precursors.	1,797,622	Control of Apoptosis by Asymmetric Cell Division	[ "Asymmetric cell division and apoptosis (programmed cell death) are two fundamental processes that are important for the development and function of multicellular organisms.", "We have found that the processes of asymmetric cell division and apoptosis can be functionally linked.", "Specifically, we show that asymmetric cell division in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is mediated by a pathway involving three genes, dnj-11 MIDA1, ces-2 HLF, and ces-1 Snail, that directly control the enzymatic machinery responsible for apoptosis.", "Interestingly, the MIDA1-like protein GlsA of the alga Volvox carteri, as well as the Snail-related proteins Snail, Escargot, and Worniu of Drosophila melanogaster, have previously been implicated in asymmetric cell division.", "Therefore, C. elegans dnj-11 MIDA1, ces-2 HLF, and ces-1 Snail may be components of a pathway involved in asymmetric cell division that is conserved throughout the plant and animal kingdoms.", "Furthermore, based on our results, we propose that this pathway directly controls the apoptotic fate in C. elegans, and possibly other animals as well." ]	NEI	[]
82	Addition of BMP4, activin A, CHIR99021, and SU504 to reprogramming fibroblasts generates, expands and maintains cardiovascular progenitor cells (CPCs)	3,619,372	Expandable Cardiovascular Progenitor Cells Reprogrammed from Fibroblasts.	[ "Stem cell-based approaches to cardiac regeneration are increasingly viable strategies for treating heart failure.", "Generating abundant and functional autologous cells for transplantation in such a setting, however, remains a significant challenge.", "Here, we isolated a cell population with extensive proliferation capacity and restricted cardiovascular differentiation potentials during cardiac transdifferentiation of mouse fibroblasts.", "These induced expandable cardiovascular progenitor cells (ieCPCs) proliferated extensively for more than 18 passages in chemically defined conditions, with 10(5) starting fibroblasts robustly producing 10(16) ieCPCs.", "ieCPCs expressed cardiac signature genes and readily differentiated into functional cardiomyocytes (CMs), endothelial cells (ECs), and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in vitro, even after long-term expansion.", "When transplanted into mouse hearts following myocardial infarction, ieCPCs spontaneously differentiated into CMs, ECs, and SMCs and improved cardiac function for up to 12 weeks after transplantation.", "Thus, ieCPCs are a powerful system to study cardiovascular specification and provide strategies for regenerative medicine in the heart." ]	NEI	[]
85	Adult tissue-resident macrophages are seeded before birth.	7,521,113	Fate mapping reveals origins and dynamics of monocytes and tissue macrophages under homeostasis.	[ "Mononuclear phagocytes, including monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, contribute to tissue integrity as well as to innate and adaptive immune defense.", "Emerging evidence for labor division indicates that manipulation of these cells could bear therapeutic potential.", "However, specific ontogenies of individual populations and the overall functional organization of this cellular network are not well defined.", "Here we report a fate-mapping study of the murine monocyte and macrophage compartment taking advantage of constitutive and conditional CX(3)CR1 promoter-driven Cre recombinase expression.", "We have demonstrated that major tissue-resident macrophage populations, including liver Kupffer cells and lung alveolar, splenic, and peritoneal macrophages, are established prior to birth and maintain themselves subsequently during adulthood independent of replenishment by blood monocytes.", "Furthermore, we have established that short-lived Ly6C(+) monocytes constitute obligatory steady-state precursors of blood-resident Ly6C(-) cells and that the abundance of Ly6C(+) blood monocytes dynamically controls the circulation lifespan of their progeny." ]	SUPPORT	[ 4 ]
85	Adult tissue-resident macrophages are seeded before birth.	22,406,695	Origin and functions of tissue macrophages.	[ "Macrophages are distributed in tissues throughout the body and contribute to both homeostasis and disease.", "Recently, it has become evident that most adult tissue macrophages originate during embryonic development and not from circulating monocytes.", "Each tissue has its own composition of embryonically derived and adult-derived macrophages, but it is unclear whether macrophages of distinct origins are functionally interchangeable or have unique roles at steady state.", "This new understanding also prompts reconsideration of the function of circulating monocytes.", "Classical Ly6c(hi) monocytes patrol the extravascular space in resting organs, and Ly6c(lo) nonclassical monocytes patrol the vasculature.", "Inflammation triggers monocytes to differentiate into macrophages, but whether resident and newly recruited macrophages possess similar functions during inflammation is unclear.", "Here, we define the tools used for identifying the complex origin of tissue macrophages and discuss the relative contributions of tissue niche versus ontological origin to the regulation of macrophage functions during steady state and inflammation." ]	SUPPORT	[ 1 ]
86	Adult tissue-resident macrophages are seeded before birth.	7,521,113	Fate mapping reveals origins and dynamics of monocytes and tissue macrophages under homeostasis.	[ "Mononuclear phagocytes, including monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, contribute to tissue integrity as well as to innate and adaptive immune defense.", "Emerging evidence for labor division indicates that manipulation of these cells could bear therapeutic potential.", "However, specific ontogenies of individual populations and the overall functional organization of this cellular network are not well defined.", "Here we report a fate-mapping study of the murine monocyte and macrophage compartment taking advantage of constitutive and conditional CX(3)CR1 promoter-driven Cre recombinase expression.", "We have demonstrated that major tissue-resident macrophage populations, including liver Kupffer cells and lung alveolar, splenic, and peritoneal macrophages, are established prior to birth and maintain themselves subsequently during adulthood independent of replenishment by blood monocytes.", "Furthermore, we have established that short-lived Ly6C(+) monocytes constitute obligatory steady-state precursors of blood-resident Ly6C(-) cells and that the abundance of Ly6C(+) blood monocytes dynamically controls the circulation lifespan of their progeny." ]	SUPPORT	[ 4 ]
86	Adult tissue-resident macrophages are seeded before birth.	22,406,695	Origin and functions of tissue macrophages.	[ "Macrophages are distributed in tissues throughout the body and contribute to both homeostasis and disease.", "Recently, it has become evident that most adult tissue macrophages originate during embryonic development and not from circulating monocytes.", "Each tissue has its own composition of embryonically derived and adult-derived macrophages, but it is unclear whether macrophages of distinct origins are functionally interchangeable or have unique roles at steady state.", "This new understanding also prompts reconsideration of the function of circulating monocytes.", "Classical Ly6c(hi) monocytes patrol the extravascular space in resting organs, and Ly6c(lo) nonclassical monocytes patrol the vasculature.", "Inflammation triggers monocytes to differentiate into macrophages, but whether resident and newly recruited macrophages possess similar functions during inflammation is unclear.", "Here, we define the tools used for identifying the complex origin of tissue macrophages and discuss the relative contributions of tissue niche versus ontological origin to the regulation of macrophage functions during steady state and inflammation." ]	SUPPORT	[ 1 ]
88	Adult tissue-resident macrophages possess a self-renewing capacity.	7,521,113	Fate mapping reveals origins and dynamics of monocytes and tissue macrophages under homeostasis.	[ "Mononuclear phagocytes, including monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, contribute to tissue integrity as well as to innate and adaptive immune defense.", "Emerging evidence for labor division indicates that manipulation of these cells could bear therapeutic potential.", "However, specific ontogenies of individual populations and the overall functional organization of this cellular network are not well defined.", "Here we report a fate-mapping study of the murine monocyte and macrophage compartment taking advantage of constitutive and conditional CX(3)CR1 promoter-driven Cre recombinase expression.", "We have demonstrated that major tissue-resident macrophage populations, including liver Kupffer cells and lung alveolar, splenic, and peritoneal macrophages, are established prior to birth and maintain themselves subsequently during adulthood independent of replenishment by blood monocytes.", "Furthermore, we have established that short-lived Ly6C(+) monocytes constitute obligatory steady-state precursors of blood-resident Ly6C(-) cells and that the abundance of Ly6C(+) blood monocytes dynamically controls the circulation lifespan of their progeny." ]	SUPPORT	[ 4 ]
88	Adult tissue-resident macrophages possess a self-renewing capacity.	22,406,695	Origin and functions of tissue macrophages.	[ "Macrophages are distributed in tissues throughout the body and contribute to both homeostasis and disease.", "Recently, it has become evident that most adult tissue macrophages originate during embryonic development and not from circulating monocytes.", "Each tissue has its own composition of embryonically derived and adult-derived macrophages, but it is unclear whether macrophages of distinct origins are functionally interchangeable or have unique roles at steady state.", "This new understanding also prompts reconsideration of the function of circulating monocytes.", "Classical Ly6c(hi) monocytes patrol the extravascular space in resting organs, and Ly6c(lo) nonclassical monocytes patrol the vasculature.", "Inflammation triggers monocytes to differentiate into macrophages, but whether resident and newly recruited macrophages possess similar functions during inflammation is unclear.", "Here, we define the tools used for identifying the complex origin of tissue macrophages and discuss the relative contributions of tissue niche versus ontological origin to the regulation of macrophage functions during steady state and inflammation." ]	NEI	[]
89	Adult tissue-resident macrophages stem from the embryonal yolk sac and fetal liver.	7,521,113	Fate mapping reveals origins and dynamics of monocytes and tissue macrophages under homeostasis.	[ "Mononuclear phagocytes, including monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, contribute to tissue integrity as well as to innate and adaptive immune defense.", "Emerging evidence for labor division indicates that manipulation of these cells could bear therapeutic potential.", "However, specific ontogenies of individual populations and the overall functional organization of this cellular network are not well defined.", "Here we report a fate-mapping study of the murine monocyte and macrophage compartment taking advantage of constitutive and conditional CX(3)CR1 promoter-driven Cre recombinase expression.", "We have demonstrated that major tissue-resident macrophage populations, including liver Kupffer cells and lung alveolar, splenic, and peritoneal macrophages, are established prior to birth and maintain themselves subsequently during adulthood independent of replenishment by blood monocytes.", "Furthermore, we have established that short-lived Ly6C(+) monocytes constitute obligatory steady-state precursors of blood-resident Ly6C(-) cells and that the abundance of Ly6C(+) blood monocytes dynamically controls the circulation lifespan of their progeny." ]	NEI	[]
89	Adult tissue-resident macrophages stem from the embryonal yolk sac and fetal liver.	22,406,695	Origin and functions of tissue macrophages.	[ "Macrophages are distributed in tissues throughout the body and contribute to both homeostasis and disease.", "Recently, it has become evident that most adult tissue macrophages originate during embryonic development and not from circulating monocytes.", "Each tissue has its own composition of embryonically derived and adult-derived macrophages, but it is unclear whether macrophages of distinct origins are functionally interchangeable or have unique roles at steady state.", "This new understanding also prompts reconsideration of the function of circulating monocytes.", "Classical Ly6c(hi) monocytes patrol the extravascular space in resting organs, and Ly6c(lo) nonclassical monocytes patrol the vasculature.", "Inflammation triggers monocytes to differentiate into macrophages, but whether resident and newly recruited macrophages possess similar functions during inflammation is unclear.", "Here, we define the tools used for identifying the complex origin of tissue macrophages and discuss the relative contributions of tissue niche versus ontological origin to the regulation of macrophage functions during steady state and inflammation." ]	NEI	[]
90	Adult tissue-resident macrophages stem from the embryonal yolk sac and fetal liver.	22,406,695	Origin and functions of tissue macrophages.	[ "Macrophages are distributed in tissues throughout the body and contribute to both homeostasis and disease.", "Recently, it has become evident that most adult tissue macrophages originate during embryonic development and not from circulating monocytes.", "Each tissue has its own composition of embryonically derived and adult-derived macrophages, but it is unclear whether macrophages of distinct origins are functionally interchangeable or have unique roles at steady state.", "This new understanding also prompts reconsideration of the function of circulating monocytes.", "Classical Ly6c(hi) monocytes patrol the extravascular space in resting organs, and Ly6c(lo) nonclassical monocytes patrol the vasculature.", "Inflammation triggers monocytes to differentiate into macrophages, but whether resident and newly recruited macrophages possess similar functions during inflammation is unclear.", "Here, we define the tools used for identifying the complex origin of tissue macrophages and discuss the relative contributions of tissue niche versus ontological origin to the regulation of macrophage functions during steady state and inflammation." ]	NEI	[]
91	Aged patients are less susceptible to ischaemia/reperfusion injury.	1,084,345	Restoration of chaperone-mediated autophagy in aging liver improves cellular maintenance and hepatic function	[ "Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), a selective mechanism for degradation of cytosolic proteins in lysosomes, contributes to the removal of altered proteins as part of the cellular quality-control systems.", "We have previously found that CMA activity declines in aged organisms and have proposed that this failure in cellular clearance could contribute to the accumulation of altered proteins, the abnormal cellular homeostasis and, eventually, the functional loss characteristic of aged organisms.", "To determine whether these negative features of aging can be prevented by maintaining efficient autophagic activity until late in life, in this work we have corrected the CMA defect in aged rodents.", "We have generated a double transgenic mouse model in which the amount of the lysosomal receptor for CMA, previously shown to decrease in abundance with age, can be modulated.", "We have analyzed in this model the consequences of preventing the age-dependent decrease in receptor abundance in aged rodents at the cellular and organ levels.", "We show here that CMA activity is maintained until advanced ages if the decrease in the receptor abundance is prevented and that preservation of autophagic activity is associated with lower intracellular accumulation of damaged proteins, better ability to handle protein damage and improved organ function." ]	NEI	[]
92	Aged patients are more susceptible to ischaemia/reperfusion injury.	1,084,345	Restoration of chaperone-mediated autophagy in aging liver improves cellular maintenance and hepatic function	[ "Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), a selective mechanism for degradation of cytosolic proteins in lysosomes, contributes to the removal of altered proteins as part of the cellular quality-control systems.", "We have previously found that CMA activity declines in aged organisms and have proposed that this failure in cellular clearance could contribute to the accumulation of altered proteins, the abnormal cellular homeostasis and, eventually, the functional loss characteristic of aged organisms.", "To determine whether these negative features of aging can be prevented by maintaining efficient autophagic activity until late in life, in this work we have corrected the CMA defect in aged rodents.", "We have generated a double transgenic mouse model in which the amount of the lysosomal receptor for CMA, previously shown to decrease in abundance with age, can be modulated.", "We have analyzed in this model the consequences of preventing the age-dependent decrease in receptor abundance in aged rodents at the cellular and organ levels.", "We show here that CMA activity is maintained until advanced ages if the decrease in the receptor abundance is prevented and that preservation of autophagic activity is associated with lower intracellular accumulation of damaged proteins, better ability to handle protein damage and improved organ function." ]	NEI	[]
93	Aggravated inflammation is dependent on NLRP3 inflammasome activation.	2,692,522	Gout-associated uric acid crystals activate the NALP3 inflammasome	[ "Development of the acute and chronic inflammatory responses known as gout and pseudogout are associated with the deposition of monosodium urate (MSU) or calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystals, respectively, in joints and periarticular tissues.", "Although MSU crystals were first identified as the aetiological agent of gout in the eighteenth century and more recently as a ‘danger signal’ released from dying cells, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying MSU- or CPPD-induced inflammation.", "Here we show that MSU and CPPD engage the caspase-1-activating NALP3 (also called cryopyrin) inflammasome, resulting in the production of active interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18.", "Macrophages from mice deficient in various components of the inflammasome such as caspase-1, ASC and NALP3 are defective in crystal-induced IL-1β activation.", "Moreover, an impaired neutrophil influx is found in an in vivo model of crystal-induced peritonitis in inflammasome-deficient mice or mice deficient in the IL-1β receptor (IL-1R).", "These findings provide insight into the molecular processes underlying the inflammatory conditions of gout and pseudogout, and further support a pivotal role of the inflammasome in several autoinflammatory diseases." ]	SUPPORT	[ 2, 3 ]
95	Albendazole is used to treat soil-transmitted helminths.	1,215,116	“Rapid-Impact Interventions”: How a Policy of Integrated Control for Africa's Neglected Tropical Diseases Could Benefit the Poor	[ "Over the past two decades there have been significant achievements in the control of a handful of important human tropical infections [1].", "These achievements include the substantive reductions in the prevalence and incidence of the so-called neglected diseases such as lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, guinea worm, leprosy, and trachoma (Box 1) [2].", "Each of these neglected diseases is a poverty-promoting and often stigmatizing condition occurring primarily in rural areas of low-income countries (Box 2) [3].", "They are ancient afflictions, described in the Bible and other ancient texts, which have burdened humanity for millennia [3].", "But now, as a result of aggressive regional vertical interventions, there is a possibility that some neglected tropical infections could be eventually controlled to the point of elimination in some areas of endemicity [2–8].", "In the case of guinea worm infection, disease eradication might also soon be possible [9].", "Box 2.", "Common Features of the Neglected Tropical Diseases Ancient afflictions that have burdened humanity for centuries Poverty-promoting conditions Associated with stigma Rural areas of low-income countries and fragile states No commercial markets for products that target these diseases Interventions, when applied, have a history of success" ]	NEI	[]
96	Algerian physicians constitue the largest component of sub-Saharan Africa-trained physicians in the United States.	14,500,725	Physician Emigration from Sub-Saharan Africa to the United States: Analysis of the 2011 AMA Physician Masterfile	[ "BACKGROUND The large-scale emigration of physicians from sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) to high-income nations is a serious development concern.", "Our objective was to determine current emigration trends of SSA physicians found in the physician workforce of the United States.", "METHODS AND FINDINGS We analyzed physician data from the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Health Workforce Statistics along with graduation and residency data from the 2011 American Medical Association Physician Masterfile (AMA-PM) on physicians trained or born in SSA countries who currently practice in the US.", "We estimated emigration proportions, year of US entry, years of practice before emigration, and length of time in the US.", "According to the 2011 AMA-PM, 10,819 physicians were born or trained in 28 SSA countries.", "Sixty-eight percent (n = 7,370) were SSA-trained, 20% (n = 2,126) were US-trained, and 12% (n = 1,323) were trained outside both SSA and the US.", "We estimated active physicians (age ≤ 70 years) to represent 96% (n = 10,377) of the total.", "Migration trends among SSA-trained physicians increased from 2002 to 2011 for all but one principal source country; the exception was South Africa whose physician migration to the US decreased by 8% (-156).", "The increase in last-decade migration was >50% in Nigeria (+1,113) and Ghana (+243), >100% in Ethiopia (+274), and >200% (+244) in Sudan.", "Liberia was the most affected by migration to the US with 77% (n = 175) of its estimated physicians in the 2011 AMA-PM.", "On average, SSA-trained physicians have been in the US for 18 years.", "They practiced for 6.5 years before US entry, and nearly half emigrated during the implementation years (1984-1999) of the structural adjustment programs.", "CONCLUSION Physician emigration from SSA to the US is increasing for most SSA source countries.", "Unless far-reaching policies are implemented by the US and SSA countries, the current emigration trends will persist, and the US will remain a leading destination for SSA physicians emigrating from the continent of greatest need.", "Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary." ]	NEI	[]
98	Alirocumab treatment reduces apo(a) fractional clearance rate.	6,540,064	Effects of PCSK9 Inhibition With Alirocumab on Lipoprotein Metabolism in Healthy Humans	[ "BACKGROUND Alirocumab, a monoclonal antibody to proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), lowers plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and apolipoprotein B100 (apoB).", "Although studies in mice and cells have identified increased hepatic LDL receptors as the basis for LDL lowering by PCSK9 inhibitors, there have been no human studies characterizing the effects of PCSK9 inhibitors on lipoprotein metabolism.", "In particular, it is not known whether inhibition of PCSK9 has any effects on very low-density lipoprotein or intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL) metabolism.", "Inhibition of PCSK9 also results in reductions of plasma lipoprotein (a) levels.", "The regulation of plasma Lp(a) levels, including the role of LDL receptors in the clearance of Lp(a), is poorly defined, and no mechanistic studies of the Lp(a) lowering by alirocumab in humans have been published to date.", "METHODS Eighteen (10 F, 8 mol/L) participants completed a placebo-controlled, 2-period study.", "They received 2 doses of placebo, 2 weeks apart, followed by 5 doses of 150 mg of alirocumab, 2 weeks apart.", "At the end of each period, fractional clearance rates (FCRs) and production rates (PRs) of apoB and apo(a) were determined.", "In 10 participants, postprandial triglycerides and apoB48 levels were measured.", "RESULTS Alirocumab reduced ultracentrifugally isolated LDL-C by 55.1%, LDL-apoB by 56.3%, and plasma Lp(a) by 18.7%.", "The fall in LDL-apoB was caused by an 80.4% increase in LDL-apoB FCR and a 23.9% reduction in LDL-apoB PR.", "The latter was due to a 46.1% increase in IDL-apoB FCR coupled with a 27.2% decrease in conversion of IDL to LDL.", "The FCR of apo(a) tended to increase (24.6%) without any change in apo(a) PR.", "Alirocumab had no effects on FCRs or PRs of very low-density lipoproteins-apoB and very low-density lipoproteins triglycerides or on postprandial plasma triglycerides or apoB48 concentrations.", "CONCLUSIONS Alirocumab decreased LDL-C and LDL-apoB by increasing IDL- and LDL-apoB FCRs and decreasing LDL-apoB PR.", "These results are consistent with increases in LDL receptors available to clear IDL and LDL from blood during PCSK9 inhibition.", "The increase in apo(a) FCR during alirocumab treatment suggests that increased LDL receptors may also play a role in the reduction of plasma Lp(a).", "CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov.", "Unique identifier: NCT01959971." ]	CONTRADICT	[ 9, 10, 12, 14, 16 ]
104	Allogeneic mechanical circulatory support is not as effective as autologous mechanical circulatory support for treating acute myocardial infarction.	40,164,383	Comparison of allogeneic vs autologous bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells delivered by transendocardial injection in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy: the POSEIDON randomized trial.	[ "CONTEXT Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are under evaluation as a therapy for ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM).", "Both autologous and allogeneic MSC therapies are possible; however, their safety and efficacy have not been compared.", "OBJECTIVE To test whether allogeneic MSCs are as safe and effective as autologous MSCs in patients with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction due to ICM.", "DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS A phase 1/2 randomized comparison (POSEIDON study) in a US tertiary-care referral hospital of allogeneic and autologous MSCs in 30 patients with LV dysfunction due to ICM between April 2, 2010, and September 14, 2011, with 13-month follow-up.", "INTERVENTION Twenty million, 100 million, or 200 million cells (5 patients in each cell type per dose level) were delivered by transendocardial stem cell injection into 10 LV sites.", "MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Thirty-day postcatheterization incidence of predefined treatment-emergent serious adverse events (SAEs).", "Efficacy assessments included 6-minute walk test, exercise peak VO2, Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ), New York Heart Association class, LV volumes, ejection fraction (EF), early enhancement defect (EED; infarct size), and sphericity index.", "RESULTS Within 30 days, 1 patient in each group (treatment-emergent SAE rate, 6.7%) was hospitalized for heart failure, less than the prespecified stopping event rate of 25%.", "The 1-year incidence of SAEs was 33.3% (n = 5) in the allogeneic group and 53.3% (n = 8) in the autologous group (P = .46).", "At 1 year, there were no ventricular arrhythmia SAEs observed among allogeneic recipients compared with 4 patients (26.7%) in the autologous group (P = .10).", "Relative to baseline, autologous but not allogeneic MSC therapy was associated with an improvement in the 6-minute walk test and the MLHFQ score, but neither improved exercise VO2 max.", "Allogeneic and autologous MSCs reduced mean EED by −33.21% (95% CI, −43.61% to −22.81%; P < .001) and sphericity index but did not increase EF.", "Allogeneic MSCs reduced LV end-diastolic volumes.", "Low-dose concentration MSCs (20 million cells) produced greatest reductions in LV volumes and increased EF.", "Allogeneic MSCs did not stimulate significant donor-specific alloimmune reactions.", "CONCLUSIONS In this early-stage study of patients with ICM, transendocardial injection of allogeneic and autologous MSCs without a placebo control were both associated with low rates of treatment-emergent SAEs, including immunologic reactions.", "In aggregate, MSC injection favorably affected patient functional capacity, quality of life, and ventricular remodeling.", "TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01087996." ]	CONTRADICT	[ 8, 9, 11, 15 ]
105	Alteration of origin firing causes changes in termination zones of Okazaki fragments.	36,606,083	Quantitative, genome-wide analysis of eukaryotic replication initiation and termination.	[ "Many fundamental aspects of DNA replication, such as the exact locations where DNA synthesis is initiated and terminated, how frequently origins are used, and how fork progression is influenced by transcription, are poorly understood.", "Via the deep sequencing of Okazaki fragments, we comprehensively document replication fork directionality throughout the S. cerevisiae genome, which permits the systematic analysis of initiation, origin efficiency, fork progression, and termination.", "We show that leading-strand initiation preferentially occurs within a nucleosome-free region at replication origins.", "Using a strain in which late origins can be induced to fire early, we show that replication termination is a largely passive phenomenon that does not rely on cis-acting sequences or replication fork pausing.", "The replication profile is predominantly determined by the kinetics of origin firing, allowing us to reconstruct chromosome-wide timing profiles from an asynchronous culture." ]	CONTRADICT	[ 3 ]
106	Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring is inaccurate at diagnosing hypertension.	25,515,907	Relative effectiveness of clinic and home blood pressure monitoring compared with ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in diagnosis of hypertension: systematic review	[ "OBJECTIVE To determine the relative accuracy of clinic measurements and home blood pressure monitoring compared with ambulatory blood pressure monitoring as a reference standard for the diagnosis of hypertension.", "DESIGN Systematic review with meta-analysis with hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic models.", "Methodological quality was appraised, including evidence of validation of blood pressure measurement equipment.", "DATA SOURCES Medline (from 1966), Embase (from 1980), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, DARE, Medion, ARIF, and TRIP up to May 2010.", "Eligibility criteria for selecting studies Eligible studies examined diagnosis of hypertension in adults of all ages using home and/or clinic blood pressure measurement compared with those made using ambulatory monitoring that clearly defined thresholds to diagnose hypertension.", "RESULTS The 20 eligible studies used various thresholds for the diagnosis of hypertension, and only seven studies (clinic) and three studies (home) could be directly compared with ambulatory monitoring.", "Compared with ambulatory monitoring thresholds of 135/85 mm Hg, clinic measurements over 140/90 mm Hg had mean sensitivity and specificity of 74.6% (95% confidence interval 60.7% to 84.8%) and 74.6% (47.9% to 90.4%), respectively, whereas home measurements over 135/85 mm Hg had mean sensitivity and specificity of 85.7% (78.0% to 91.0%) and 62.4% (48.0% to 75.0%).", "CONCLUSIONS Neither clinic nor home measurement had sufficient sensitivity or specificity to be recommended as a single diagnostic test.", "If ambulatory monitoring is taken as the reference standard, then treatment decisions based on clinic or home blood pressure alone might result in substantial overdiagnosis.", "Ambulatory monitoring before the start of lifelong drug treatment might lead to more appropriate targeting of treatment, particularly around the diagnostic threshold." ]	CONTRADICT	[ 6, 8, 9 ]
106	Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring is inaccurate at diagnosing hypertension.	5,151,024	Cost-effectiveness of options for the diagnosis of high blood pressure in primary care: a modelling study.	[ "BACKGROUND The diagnosis of hypertension has traditionally been based on blood-pressure measurements in the clinic, but home and ambulatory measurements better correlate with cardiovascular outcome, and ambulatory monitoring is more accurate than both clinic and home monitoring in diagnosing hypertension.", "We aimed to compare the cost-effectiveness of different diagnostic strategies for hypertension.", "METHODS We did a Markov model-based probabilistic cost-effectiveness analysis.", "We used a hypothetical primary-care population aged 40 years or older with a screening blood-pressure measurement greater than 140/90 mm Hg and risk-factor prevalence equivalent to the general population.", "We compared three diagnostic strategies-further blood pressure measurement in the clinic, at home, and with an ambulatory monitor-in terms of lifetime costs, quality-adjusted life years, and cost-effectiveness.", "FINDINGS Ambulatory monitoring was the most cost-effective strategy for the diagnosis of hypertension for men and women of all ages.", "It was cost-saving for all groups (from -£56 [95% CI -105 to -10] in men aged 75 years to -£323 [-389 to -222] in women aged 40 years) and resulted in more quality-adjusted life years for men and women older than 50 years (from 0·006 [0·000 to 0·015] for women aged 60 years to 0·022 [0·012 to 0·035] for men aged 70 years).", "This finding was robust when assessed with a wide range of deterministic sensitivity analyses around the base case, but was sensitive if home monitoring was judged to have equal test performance to ambulatory monitoring or if treatment was judged effective irrespective of whether an individual was hypertensive.", "INTERPRETATION Ambulatory monitoring as a diagnostic strategy for hypertension after an initial raised reading in the clinic would reduce misdiagnosis and save costs.", "Additional costs from ambulatory monitoring are counterbalanced by cost savings from better targeted treatment.", "Ambulatory monitoring is recommended for most patients before the start of antihypertensive drugs.", "FUNDING National Institute for Health Research and the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence." ]	CONTRADICT	[ 0, 8 ]
108	Amitriptyline is an effective treatment for chronic tension-type headaches.	6,191,684	Management of chronic tension-type headache with tricyclic antidepressant medication, stress management therapy, and their combination: a randomized controlled trial.	[ "CONTEXT Chronic tension-type headaches are characterized by near-daily headaches and often are difficult to manage in primary practice.", "Behavioral and pharmacological therapies each appear modestly effective, but data are lacking on their separate and combined effects.", "OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical efficacy of behavioral and pharmacological therapies, singly and combined, for chronic tension-type headaches.", "DESIGN AND SETTING Randomized placebo-controlled trial conducted from August 1995 to January 1998 at 2 outpatient sites in Ohio.", "PARTICIPANTS Two hundred three adults (mean age, 37 years; 76% women) with diagnosis of chronic tension-type headaches (mean, 26 headache d/mo).", "INTERVENTIONS Participants were randomly assigned to receive tricyclic antidepressant (amitriptyline hydrochloride, up to 100 mg/d, or nortriptyline hydrochloride, up to 75 mg/d) medication (n = 53), placebo (n = 48), stress management (eg, relaxation, cognitive coping) therapy (3 sessions and 2 telephone contacts) plus placebo (n = 49), or stress management therapy plus antidepressant medication (n = 53).", "MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Monthly headache index scores calculated as the mean of pain ratings (0-10 scale) recorded by participants in a daily diary 4 times per day; number of days per month with at least moderate pain (pain rating >/=5), analgesic medication use, and Headache Disability Inventory scores, compared by intervention group.", "RESULTS Tricyclic antidepressant medication and stress management therapy each produced larger reductions in headache activity, analgesic medication use, and headache-related disability than placebo, but antidepressant medication yielded more rapid improvements in headache activity.", "Combined therapy was more likely to produce clinically significant (>/=50%) reductions in headache index scores (64% of participants) than antidepressant medication (38% of participants; P =.006), stress management therapy (35%; P =.003), or placebo (29%; P =.001).", "On other measures the combined therapy and its 2 component therapies produced similar outcomes.", "CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that antidepressant medication and stress management therapy are each modestly effective in treating chronic tension-type headaches.", "Combined therapy may improve outcome relative to monotherapy." ]	SUPPORT	[ 7, 8, 10 ]
108	Amitriptyline is an effective treatment for chronic tension-type headaches.	22,995,579	Amitriptyline is effective in chronic but not in episodic tension-type headache: pathogenetic implications.	[ "The tricyclic antidepressant, amitriptyline, is an effective drug for the treatment of chronic tension-type headache and for other chronic pain syndromes, but it is also effective in the prophylaxis of an episodic type of headache such as migraine.", "However, its efficacy in episodic tension-type headache has not yet been clarified.", "We compared the efficacy of amitriptyline (25 mg/day) in 82 nondepressed patients with either chronic or episodic tension-type headache in an open-label study.", "Amitriptyline significantly reduced (P < 0.05) frequency and duration of headache as well as analgesic consumption in chronic, but not in episodic, tension-type headache.", "Further placebo-controlled trials, possibly with higher doses of amitriptyline, might confirm if the different pattern of response to amitriptyline can be explained in terms of different involvement of central nociception and of peripheral myofascial factors in the chronic and in the episodic forms of tension-type headache." ]	SUPPORT	[ 0, 3 ]
108	Amitriptyline is an effective treatment for chronic tension-type headaches.	23,865,182	Efficacy and tolerability of amitriptylinoxide in the treatment of chronic tension-type headache: a multi-centre controlled study.	[ "Amitriptyline is the medication of first choice in the treatment of chronic tension-type headache.", "In 197 patients with chronic tension-type headache (87M and 110F with a mean age of 38 +/-", "13 (18-68)) efficacy and tolerability of 60-90 mg amitriptylinoxide (AO) were compared with 50-75 mg amitriptyline (AM) and placebo (PL) in a double-blind, parallel-group trial consisting of a four weeks' baseline phase and 12 weeks of treatment.", "The primary study endpoint was a reduction of at least 50% of the product of headache duration and frequency and a reduction of at least 50% in headache intensity.", "Statistics used were Fisher's exact test and analysis of variance.", "No significant difference emerged between AO, AM and PL with respect to the primary study endpoint.", "Treatment response occurred in 30.3% of the AO, 22.4% of the AM and 21.9% of the PL group.", "A reduction in headache duration and frequency of at least 50% was found in 39.4% on AO, in 25.4% on AM and in 26.6% on PL (PAO-PL = .1384, PAM-PL = 1.000, PAO-AM = .0973).", "A reduction in headache intensity of at least 50% was found in 31.8% on AO, in 26.9% on AM and in 26.6% on PL (PAO-PL = .5657, PAM-PL = 1.000, PAO-AM = .5715).", "Trend analysis with respect to a significant reduction of headache intensity (p < 0.05) and the product of headache duration and frequency revealed a superior effect of AO.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)" ]	SUPPORT	[ 0, 3, 7, 8 ]
109	An M2-like phenotype in brown adipose tissue macrophages is quickly induced by cold exposure.	4,319,174	Alternatively activated macrophages produce catecholamines to sustain adaptive thermogenesis	[ "All homeotherms use thermogenesis to maintain their core body temperature, ensuring that cellular functions and physiological processes can continue in cold environments.", "In the prevailing model of thermogenesis, when the hypothalamus senses cold temperatures it triggers sympathetic discharge, resulting in the release of noradrenaline in brown adipose tissue and white adipose tissue.", "Acting via the β(3)-adrenergic receptors, noradrenaline induces lipolysis in white adipocytes, whereas it stimulates the expression of thermogenic genes, such as PPAR-γ coactivator 1a (Ppargc1a), uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1) and acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 1 (Acsl1), in brown adipocytes.", "However, the precise nature of all the cell types involved in this efferent loop is not well established.", "Here we report in mice an unexpected requirement for the interleukin-4 (IL-4)-stimulated program of alternative macrophage activation in adaptive thermogenesis.", "Exposure to cold temperature rapidly promoted alternative activation of adipose tissue macrophages, which secrete catecholamines to induce thermogenic gene expression in brown adipose tissue and lipolysis in white adipose tissue.", "Absence of alternatively activated macrophages impaired metabolic adaptations to cold, whereas administration of IL-4 increased thermogenic gene expression, fatty acid mobilization and energy expenditure, all in a macrophage-dependent manner.", "Thus, we have discovered a role for alternatively activated macrophages in the orchestration of an important mammalian stress response, the response to cold." ]	SUPPORT	[ 5 ]
111	Androgenetic haploid mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can be derived and genetically manipulated in vitro.	13,513,790	Generation of Genetically Modified Mice by Oocyte Injection of Androgenetic Haploid Embryonic Stem Cells	[ "Haploid cells are amenable for genetic analysis.", "Recent success in the derivation of mouse haploid embryonic stem cells (haESCs) via parthenogenesis has enabled genetic screening in mammalian cells.", "However, successful generation of live animals from these haESCs, which is needed to extend the genetic analysis to the organism level, has not been achieved.", "Here, we report the derivation of haESCs from androgenetic blastocysts.", "These cells, designated as AG-haESCs, partially maintain paternal imprints, express classical ESC pluripotency markers, and contribute to various tissues, including the germline, upon injection into diploid blastocysts.", "Strikingly, live mice can be obtained upon injection of AG-haESCs into MII oocytes, and these mice bear haESC-carried genetic traits and develop into fertile adults.", "Furthermore, gene targeting via homologous recombination is feasible in the AG-haESCs.", "Our results demonstrate that AG-haESCs can be used as a genetically tractable fertilization agent for the production of live animals via injection into oocytes." ]	SUPPORT	[ 5, 7 ]
112	Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors are associated with decreased risk for functional renal insufficiency.	6,157,837	Renal considerations in angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor therapy: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Council on the Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease and the Council for High Blood Pressure Research of the American Heart Association.	[ "Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are now one of the most frequently used classes of antihypertensive drugs.", "Beyond their utility in the management of hypertension, their use has been extended to the long-term management of patients with congestive heart failure (CHF), as well as diabetic and nondiabetic nephropathies.", "Although ACE inhibitor therapy usually improves renal blood flow (RBF) and sodium excretion rates in CHF and reduces the rate of progressive renal injury in chronic renal disease, its use can also be associated with a syndrome of “functional renal insufficiency” and/or hyperkalemia.", "This form of acute renal failure (ARF) most commonly develops shortly after initiation of ACE inhibitor therapy but can be observed after months or years of therapy, even in the absence of prior ill effects.", "ARF is most likely to occur when renal perfusion pressure cannot be sustained because of substantial decreases in mean arterial pressure (MAP) or when glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is highly angiotensin II (Ang II) dependent.", "Conditions that predict an adverse hemodynamic effect of ACE inhibitors in patients with CHF are preexisting hypotension and low cardiac filling pressures.", "The GFR is especially dependent on Ang II during extracellular fluid (ECF) volume depletion, high-grade bilateral renal artery stenosis, or stenosis of a dominant or single kidney, as in a renal transplant recipient.", "Understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms and the common risk factors for ACE inhibitor–induced functional ARF is critical, because preventive strategies for ARF exist, and if effectively used, they may permit use of these compounds in a less restricted fashion.", "Under normal physiological conditions, renal autoregulation adjusts renal vascular resistance, so that RBF and GFR remain constant over a wide range of MAPs.1 The intrinsic renal autoregulation mechanism is adjusted by Ang II and the sympathetic nervous system.", "When renal perfusion pressure falls (as in …" ]	CONTRADICT	[ 2, 7 ]
114	Anthrax spores are very difficult to dispose once they are dispersed.	33,872,649	Secondary aerosolization of viable Bacillus anthracis spores in a contaminated US Senate Office.	[ "CONTEXT Bioterrorist attacks involving letters and mail-handling systems in Washington, DC, resulted in Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) spore contamination in the Hart Senate Office Building and other facilities in the US Capitol's vicinity.", "OBJECTIVE To provide information about the nature and extent of indoor secondary aerosolization of B anthracis spores.", "DESIGN Stationary and personal air samples, surface dust, and swab samples were collected under semiquiescent (minimal activities) and then simulated active office conditions to estimate secondary aerosolization of B anthracis spores.", "Nominal size characteristics, airborne concentrations, and surface contamination of B anthracis particles (colony-forming units) were evaluated.", "RESULTS Viable B anthracis spores reaerosolized under semiquiescent conditions, with a marked increase in reaerosolization during simulated active office conditions.", "Increases were observed for B anthracis collected on open sheep blood agar plates (P<.001) and personal air monitors (P =.01) during active office conditions.", "More than 80% of the B anthracis particles collected on stationary monitors were within an alveolar respirable size range of 0.95 to 3.5 micro m. CONCLUSIONS Bacillus anthracis spores used in a recent terrorist incident reaerosolized under common office activities.", "These findings have important implications for appropriate respiratory protection, remediation, and reoccupancy of contaminated office environments." ]	SUPPORT	[ 6 ]
116	Anthrax spores remain deadly until affected areas are decontaminated.	33,872,649	Secondary aerosolization of viable Bacillus anthracis spores in a contaminated US Senate Office.	[ "CONTEXT Bioterrorist attacks involving letters and mail-handling systems in Washington, DC, resulted in Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) spore contamination in the Hart Senate Office Building and other facilities in the US Capitol's vicinity.", "OBJECTIVE To provide information about the nature and extent of indoor secondary aerosolization of B anthracis spores.", "DESIGN Stationary and personal air samples, surface dust, and swab samples were collected under semiquiescent (minimal activities) and then simulated active office conditions to estimate secondary aerosolization of B anthracis spores.", "Nominal size characteristics, airborne concentrations, and surface contamination of B anthracis particles (colony-forming units) were evaluated.", "RESULTS Viable B anthracis spores reaerosolized under semiquiescent conditions, with a marked increase in reaerosolization during simulated active office conditions.", "Increases were observed for B anthracis collected on open sheep blood agar plates (P<.001) and personal air monitors (P =.01) during active office conditions.", "More than 80% of the B anthracis particles collected on stationary monitors were within an alveolar respirable size range of 0.95 to 3.5 micro m. CONCLUSIONS Bacillus anthracis spores used in a recent terrorist incident reaerosolized under common office activities.", "These findings have important implications for appropriate respiratory protection, remediation, and reoccupancy of contaminated office environments." ]	SUPPORT	[ 6 ]
119	Antidepressants increase the severity of migraines.	14,606,752	Tricyclic antidepressants and headaches: systematic review and meta-analysis	[ "OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and relative adverse effects of tricyclic antidepressants in the treatment of migraine, tension-type, and mixed headaches.", "DESIGN Meta-analysis.", "DATA SOURCES Medline, Embase, the Cochrane Trials Registry, and PsycLIT.", "Studies reviewed Randomised trials of adults receiving tricyclics as only treatment for a minimum of four weeks.", "DATA EXTRACTION Frequency of headaches (number of headache attacks for migraine and number of days with headache for tension-type headaches), intensity of headache, and headache index.", "RESULTS 37 studies met the inclusion criteria.", "Tricyclics significantly reduced the number of days with tension-type headache and number of headache attacks from migraine than placebo (average standardised mean difference -1.29, 95% confidence interval -2.18 to -0.39 and -0.70, -0.93 to -0.48) but not compared with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (-0.80, -2.63 to 0.02 and -0.20, -0.60 to 0.19).", "The effect of tricyclics increased with longer duration of treatment (β=-0.11, 95% confidence interval -0.63 to -0.15; P<0.0005).", "Tricyclics were also more likely to reduce the intensity of headaches by at least 50% than either placebo (tension-type: relative risk 1.41, 95% confidence interval 1.02 to 1.89; migraine: 1.80, 1.24 to 2.62) or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (1.73, 1.34 to 2.22 and 1.72, 1.15 to 2.55).", "Tricyclics were more likely to cause adverse effects than placebo (1.53, 95% confidence interval 1.11 to 2.12) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (2.22, 1.52 to 3.32), including dry mouth (P<0.0005 for both), drowsiness (P<0.0005 for both), and weight gain (P<0.001 for both), but did not increase dropout rates (placebo: 1.22, 0.83 to 1.80, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: 1.16, 0.81 to 2.97).", "CONCLUSIONS Tricyclic antidepressants are effective in preventing migraine and tension-type headaches and are more effective than selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, although with greater adverse effects.", "The effectiveness of tricyclics seems to increase over time." ]	CONTRADICT	[ 6, 8, 10 ]
120	Antidepressants reduce the severity of migraines.	14,606,752	Tricyclic antidepressants and headaches: systematic review and meta-analysis	[ "OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and relative adverse effects of tricyclic antidepressants in the treatment of migraine, tension-type, and mixed headaches.", "DESIGN Meta-analysis.", "DATA SOURCES Medline, Embase, the Cochrane Trials Registry, and PsycLIT.", "Studies reviewed Randomised trials of adults receiving tricyclics as only treatment for a minimum of four weeks.", "DATA EXTRACTION Frequency of headaches (number of headache attacks for migraine and number of days with headache for tension-type headaches), intensity of headache, and headache index.", "RESULTS 37 studies met the inclusion criteria.", "Tricyclics significantly reduced the number of days with tension-type headache and number of headache attacks from migraine than placebo (average standardised mean difference -1.29, 95% confidence interval -2.18 to -0.39 and -0.70, -0.93 to -0.48) but not compared with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (-0.80, -2.63 to 0.02 and -0.20, -0.60 to 0.19).", "The effect of tricyclics increased with longer duration of treatment (β=-0.11, 95% confidence interval -0.63 to -0.15; P<0.0005).", "Tricyclics were also more likely to reduce the intensity of headaches by at least 50% than either placebo (tension-type: relative risk 1.41, 95% confidence interval 1.02 to 1.89; migraine: 1.80, 1.24 to 2.62) or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (1.73, 1.34 to 2.22 and 1.72, 1.15 to 2.55).", "Tricyclics were more likely to cause adverse effects than placebo (1.53, 95% confidence interval 1.11 to 2.12) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (2.22, 1.52 to 3.32), including dry mouth (P<0.0005 for both), drowsiness (P<0.0005 for both), and weight gain (P<0.001 for both), but did not increase dropout rates (placebo: 1.22, 0.83 to 1.80, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: 1.16, 0.81 to 2.97).", "CONCLUSIONS Tricyclic antidepressants are effective in preventing migraine and tension-type headaches and are more effective than selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, although with greater adverse effects.", "The effectiveness of tricyclics seems to increase over time." ]	SUPPORT	[ 6, 8, 10 ]
121	Antimicrobial agents are less effective due to the pressure of antimicrobial usage.	31,460,499	Resistance to antimicrobials in humans and animals.	[ "Overusing antibiotics is not the only cause and reducing use is not the only solution W arning signs of antimicrobial resistance, chinks in the antimicrobial armour, began to appear in the middle of the last century, and by the 1990s various reports had signalled the dangers of excessive or inappropriate use of antibiotics in clinical medicine and of the use of antibiotics in animal feed as growth promoters.1–3 Overuse of antimicrobials emerged as the main culprit, and reducing their use was seen as the answer.", "But it may not be that simple.", "The idea that reducing antibiotic use would redress the problem formed part of a positive response on the part of the United Kingdom government to the House of Lords report,1 including a public information campaign, surveillance of resistance along the food chain, targets with respect to hospital acquired infections, and setting up of an overarching advisory body on all aspects of antibiotic use.", "However, the concept of overuse has proved too simplistic, for, although the evidence of overprescribing as the …" ]	SUPPORT	[ 0 ]
122	Antimicrobial agents are more effective due to the pressure of antimicrobial usage.	31,460,499	Resistance to antimicrobials in humans and animals.	[ "Overusing antibiotics is not the only cause and reducing use is not the only solution W arning signs of antimicrobial resistance, chinks in the antimicrobial armour, began to appear in the middle of the last century, and by the 1990s various reports had signalled the dangers of excessive or inappropriate use of antibiotics in clinical medicine and of the use of antibiotics in animal feed as growth promoters.1–3 Overuse of antimicrobials emerged as the main culprit, and reducing their use was seen as the answer.", "But it may not be that simple.", "The idea that reducing antibiotic use would redress the problem formed part of a positive response on the part of the United Kingdom government to the House of Lords report,1 including a public information campaign, surveillance of resistance along the food chain, targets with respect to hospital acquired infections, and setting up of an overarching advisory body on all aspects of antibiotic use.", "However, the concept of overuse has proved too simplistic, for, although the evidence of overprescribing as the …" ]	CONTRADICT	[ 0 ]
123	Antiretroviral therapy increases rates of tuberculosis across a broad range of CD4 strata.	4,883,040	Antiretroviral Therapy for Prevention of Tuberculosis in Adults with HIV: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis	[ "BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is the strongest risk factor for developing tuberculosis and has fuelled its resurgence, especially in sub-Saharan Africa.", "In 2010, there were an estimated 1.1 million incident cases of tuberculosis among the 34 million people living with HIV worldwide.", "Antiretroviral therapy has substantial potential to prevent HIV-associated tuberculosis.", "We conducted a systematic review of studies that analysed the impact of antiretroviral therapy on the incidence of tuberculosis in adults with HIV infection.", "METHODS AND FINDINGS PubMed, Embase, African Index Medicus, LILACS, and clinical trial registries were systematically searched.", "Randomised controlled trials, prospective cohort studies, and retrospective cohort studies were included if they compared tuberculosis incidence by antiretroviral therapy status in HIV-infected adults for a median of over 6 mo in developing countries.", "For the meta-analyses there were four categories based on CD4 counts at antiretroviral therapy initiation: (1) less than 200 cells/µl, (2) 200 to 350 cells/µl, (3) greater than 350 cells/µl, and (4) any CD4 count.", "Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria.", "Antiretroviral therapy is strongly associated with a reduction in the incidence of tuberculosis in all baseline CD4 count categories: (1) less than 200 cells/µl (hazard ratio [HR] 0.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.07 to 0.36), (2) 200 to 350 cells/µl (HR 0.34, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.60), (3) greater than 350 cells/µl (HR 0.43, 95% CI 0.30 to 0.63), and (4) any CD4 count (HR 0.35, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.44).", "There was no evidence of hazard ratio modification with respect to baseline CD4 count category (p = 0.20).", "CONCLUSIONS Antiretroviral therapy is strongly associated with a reduction in the incidence of tuberculosis across all CD4 count strata.", "Earlier initiation of antiretroviral therapy may be a key component of global and national strategies to control the HIV-associated tuberculosis syndemic.", "REVIEW REGISTRATION International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews CRD42011001209 Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary." ]	CONTRADICT	[ 8, 10 ]
126	Approximately 250,000 people are infected with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 in the United Kingdom.	24,512,064	HTLV-I/II associated disease in England and Wales, 1993-7: retrospective review of serology requests.	[ "Apart from HIV two exogenous retroviruses (human T cell leukaemia viruses type I (HTLV-I) and type II (HTLV-II)) infect humans.", "HTLV-I infection is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean, Africa, and Melanesia and is found among immigrants from these regions in Europe.", "HTLV-I infection is associated with a 1-5% lifetime risk of adult T cell leukaemia/lymphoma, 1 a 0.25% lifetime risk of HTLV-I associated myelopathy, 2 and other inflammatory conditions (uveitis, alveolitis, and arthritis).1 HTLV-II infection is endemic in some native American and African peoples and among injecting drug users and has been associated with neurological disease.1 Between 1986 and 1992, 100 cases of HTLV-I associated myelopathy and 44 cases of adult T cell leukaemia/lymphoma were diagnosed in the United Kingdom.3 Adult T cell leukaemia/lymphoma was first described in 1977 and patients with it have a mean life expectancy of only six months, so most of the 44 cases were probably incident cases.", "…" ]	NEI	[]
134	Assessing treatment adherence is more beneficial to clinical practice than measuring routine outcomes.	4,695,046	Anxiety	[ "OBJECTIVES To examine the effect of routinely administered psychiatric questionnaires on the recognition, management, and outcome of psychiatric disorders in non-psychiatric settings.", "DATA SOURCES Embase, Medline, PsycLIT, Cinahl, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, and hand searches of key journals.", "METHODS A systematic review of randomised controlled trials of the administration and routine feedback of psychiatric screening and outcome questionnaires to clinicians in non-psychiatric settings.", "Narrative overview of key design features and end points, together with a random effects quantitative synthesis of comparable studies.", "MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Recognition of psychiatric disorders after feedback of questionnaire results; interventions for psychiatric disorders; and outcome of psychiatric disorders.", "RESULTS Nine randomised studies were identified that examined the use of common psychiatric instruments in primary care and general hospital settings.", "Studies compared the effect of the administration of these instruments followed by the feedback of the results to clinicians, with administration with no feedback.", "Meta-analytic pooling was possible for four of these studies (2457 participants), which measured the effect of feedback on the recognition of depressive disorders.", "Routine administration and feedback of scores for all patients (irrespective of score) did not increase the overall rate of recognition of mental disorders such as anxiety and depression (relative risk of detection of depression by clinician after feedback 0.95, 95% confidence interval 0.83 to 1.09).", "Two studies showed that routine administration followed by selective feedback for only high scorers increased the rate of recognition of depression (relative risk of detection of depression after feedback 2.64, 1.62 to 4.31).", "This increased recognition, however, did not translate into an increased rate of intervention.", "Overall, studies of routine administration of psychiatric measures did not show an effect on patient outcome.", "CONCLUSIONS The routine measurement of outcome is a costly exercise.", "Little evidence shows that it is of benefit in improving psychosocial outcomes of those with psychiatric disorder managed in non-psychiatric settings." ]	NEI	[]
138	Asymptomatic visual impairment screening in elderly populations leads to improved vision.	26,016,929	Effectiveness of screening older people for impaired vision in community setting: systematic review of evidence from randomised controlled trials.	[ "OBJECTIVE To assess whether population screening for impaired vision among older people in the community leads to improvements in vision.", "DESIGN Systematic review of randomised controlled trials of population screening in the community that included any assessment of vision or visual function with at least 6 months' follow up.", "SUBJECTS Adults aged 65 or over.", "MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Proportions with visual impairment in intervention and control groups with any method of assessing visual impairment.", "RESULTS There were no trials that primarily assessed visual screening.", "Outcome data on vision were available for 3494 people in five trials of multiphasic assessment.", "All the trials used self reported measures for vision impairment, both as screening tools and as outcome measures.", "The inclusion of a visual screening component in the assessment did not result in improvements in self reported visual problems (pooled odds ratio 1.04:95% confidence interval 0.89 to 1.22).", "A small reduction (11%) in the number of older people with self reported visual problems cannot be excluded.", "CONCLUSIONS Screening of asymptomatic older people in the community is not justified on present evidence.", "Visual impairment in this age group can usually be reduced with treatment.", "It is unclear why no benefit was seen.", "Further work is needed to clarify what interventions are appropriate for older people with unreported impairment of vision." ]	CONTRADICT	[ 7, 9 ]
139	At least 85% of patients exposed to radiation have activated markers of myofibroblasts.	22,080,671	KLF4-dependent phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle cells has a key role in atherosclerotic plaque pathogenesis	[ "Previous studies investigating the role of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and macrophages in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis have provided controversial results owing to the use of unreliable methods for clearly identifying each of these cell types.", "Here, using Myh11-CreERT2 ROSA floxed STOP eYFP Apoe−/− mice to perform SMC lineage tracing, we find that traditional methods for detecting SMCs based on immunostaining for SMC markers fail to detect >80% of SMC-derived cells within advanced atherosclerotic lesions.", "These unidentified SMC-derived cells exhibit phenotypes of other cell lineages, including macrophages and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).", "SMC-specific conditional knockout of Krüppel-like factor 4 (Klf4) resulted in reduced numbers of SMC-derived MSC- and macrophage-like cells, a marked reduction in lesion size, and increases in multiple indices of plaque stability, including an increase in fibrous cap thickness as compared to wild-type controls.", "On the basis of in vivo KLF4 chromatin immunoprecipitation–sequencing (ChIP-seq) analyses and studies of cholesterol-treated cultured SMCs, we identified >800 KLF4 target genes, including many that regulate pro-inflammatory responses of SMCs.", "Our findings indicate that the contribution of SMCs to atherosclerotic plaques has been greatly underestimated, and that KLF4-dependent transitions in SMC phenotype are critical in lesion pathogenesis." ]	NEI	[]
144	Autologous transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells has better graft function than induction therapy with anti-interleukin-2 receptor antibodies.	10,582,939	Induction therapy with autologous mesenchymal stem cells in living-related kidney transplants: a randomized controlled trial.	[ "CONTEXT Antibody-based induction therapy plus calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) reduce acute rejection rates in kidney recipients; however, opportunistic infections and toxic CNI effects remain challenging.", "Reportedly, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have successfully treated graft-vs-host disease.", "OBJECTIVE To assess autologous MSCs as replacement of antibody induction for patients with end-stage renal disease who undergo ABO-compatible, cross-match-negative kidney transplants from a living-related donor.", "DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS One hundred fifty-nine patients were enrolled in this single-site, prospective, open-label, randomized study from February 2008-May 2009, when recruitment was completed.", "INTERVENTION Patients were inoculated with marrow-derived autologous MSC (1-2 x 10(6)/kg) at kidney reperfusion and two weeks later.", "Fifty-three patients received standard-dose and 52 patients received low-dose CNIs (80% of standard); 51 patients in the control group received anti-IL-2 receptor antibody plus standard-dose CNIs.", "MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary measure was 1-year incidence of acute rejection and renal function (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR]); the secondary measure was patient and graft survival and incidence of adverse events.", "RESULTS Patient and graft survival at 13 to 30 months was similar in all groups.", "After 6 months, 4 of 53 patients (7.5%) in the autologous MSC plus standard-dose CNI group (95% CI, 0.4%-14.7%; P = .04) and 4 of 52 patients (7.7%) in the low-dose group (95% CI, 0.5%-14.9%; P = .046) compared with 11 of 51 controls (21.6%; 95% CI, 10.5%-32.6%) had biopsy-confirmed acute rejection.", "None of the patients in either autologous MSC group had glucorticoid-resistant rejection, whereas 4 patients (7.8%) in the control group did (95% CI, 0.6%-15.1%; overall P = .02).", "Renal function recovered faster among both MSC groups showing increased eGFR levels during the first month after surgery than the control group.", "Patients receiving standard-dose CNI had a mean difference of 6.2 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) (95% CI, 0.4-11.9; P=.04) and those in the low-dose CNI of 10.0 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) (95% CI, 3.8-16.2; P=.002).", "Also, during the 1-year follow-up, combined analysis of MSC-treated groups revealed significantly decreased risk of opportunistic infections than the control group (hazard ratio, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.20-0.85, P=.02) CONCLUSION Among patients undergoing renal transplant, the use of autologous MSCs compared with anti-IL-2 receptor antibody induction therapy resulted in lower incidence of acute rejection, decreased risk of opportunistic infection, and better estimated renal function at 1 year.", "TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00658073." ]	SUPPORT	[ 8, 10, 12 ]
149	Autophagy deficiency in the liver increases vulnerability to insulin resistance.	6,227,220	Autophagy deficiency leads to protection from obesity and insulin resistance by inducing Fgf21 as a mitokine	[ "Despite growing interest and a recent surge in papers, the role of autophagy in glucose and lipid metabolism is unclear.", "We produced mice with skeletal muscle–specific deletion of Atg7 (encoding autophagy-related 7).", "Unexpectedly, these mice showed decreased fat mass and were protected from diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance; this phenotype was accompanied by increased fatty acid oxidation and browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) owing to induction of fibroblast growth factor 21 (Fgf21).", "Mitochondrial dysfunction induced by autophagy deficiency increased Fgf21 expression through induction of Atf4, a master regulator of the integrated stress response.", "Mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibitors also induced Fgf21 in an Atf4-dependent manner.", "We also observed induction of Fgf21, resistance to diet-induced obesity and amelioration of insulin resistance in mice with autophagy deficiency in the liver, another insulin target tissue.", "These findings suggest that autophagy deficiency and subsequent mitochondrial dysfunction promote Fgf21 expression, a hormone we consequently term a 'mitokine', and together these processes promote protection from diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance." ]	CONTRADICT	[ 2, 5, 6 ]

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Dataset Card for "scifact_entailment"

Dataset Summary

SciFact, a dataset of 1.4K expert-written scientific claims paired with evidence-containing abstracts, and annotated with labels and rationales.

For more information on the dataset, see allenai/scifact. This has the same data, but reformatted as an entailment task. A single instance includes a claim paired with a paper title and abstract, together with an entailment label and a list of evidence sentences (if any).

Dataset Structure

Data fields

claim_id: An int32 claim identifier.
claim: A string.
abstract_id: An int32 abstract identifier.
title: A string.
abstract: A list of strings, one for each sentence in the abstract.
verdict: The fact-checking verdict, a string.
evidence: A list of sentences from the abstract which provide evidence for the verdict.

Data Splits

	train	validation
claims	919	340

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Edit dataset card Papers with Code

Homepage:

scifact.apps.allenai.org

Repository:

github.com

Paper:

Fact or Fiction: Verifying Scientific Claims

Point of Contact:

David Wadden

Size of downloaded dataset files:

3.12 MB

Size of the auto-converted Parquet files:

900 kB

Number of rows:

1,259