# document

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created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:14
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"The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) ranks Kenya second in Africa in terms of mammalian species diversity.43 Kenya is famous for its diverse group of large mammals like the leopard, buffalo, black rhinoceros, African elephant, and African lion (also known as the big five). Wildlife based tourism contributes about 70 per cent of the gross tourism earnings, demonstrating the importance of biodiversity to the economy.44 The country\u2019s existing protected area (PA) system takes care of most of its biodiversity, but still fall short."


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"The Investment Promotion Act (Cap 485B) establishes the Kenya Investments Authority, and prescribes a definition of foreign and domestic investors for purposes of minimum capital, facilitation and incentives. This law operates through provision of investment certificates to qualified investors on the principal consideration of whether the investment in question is beneficial to Kenya."


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created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:14
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"The Joint Committee has held two meetings and approved a methodology for micro hydropower generation.  FINA 5: Enhance the capacity of the designated national authority Title Enhance the capacity of the designated national authority Action Type Enabling Timeframe Short term/Quick win Sector Public administration, finance Action Summary The Designated National Authority (DNA) under NEMA is the regulatory body governing the CDM in Kenya. The performance of the DNA needs to be improved for it to increase efficiency."


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created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:14
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"The KCSAIF has been prepared to contribute to Kenya\u2019s efforts to adapt and build resilience in agriculture and meet the commitments given under the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The preparation of KCSAIF was through concerted efforts by the Government of Kenya to mainstream climate change considerations into policies, strategies, programmes and plans."


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"The KCSAIF investments are aligned with sector investment priorities and linked to climate vulnerability and priority areas. The total base case budget requirement to implement the programme is KSh. 167.31 Billion up to the year 2027 (Table 3). These resources will be mobilized from the national funding sources, bilateral\ufffdand\ufffdmultilateral\ufffddevelopment\ufffdpartners\ufffdin\ufffdclimate\ufffdfinance,\ufffdAdaptation\ufffdFund,\ufffdGreen\ufffdClimate\ufffdFund\ufffd and\ufffdfrom\ufffdthe\ufffdprivate\ufffdsector.\ufffdAll\ufffdfunds\ufffdshall\ufffdbe\ufffdaudited\ufffdin\ufffdaccordance\ufffdwith\ufffdthe\ufffdspecific\ufffdfinancial\ufffdmanagement\ufffd agreements with major reference to Climate Finance Policy (GoK, 2017b). Table 3: KCSAIF ten year budget summary Component/Sub-component Total Budget (Billions KSh.)"


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"The Kenya Climate Change Action Plan has been informed by the global and regional commitments and obligations. 2.2 Relevant National Policies and Legislation Current Government of Kenya policies, plans, strategies and initiatives that provide a supportive framework for implementing climate change responses include: The Constitution of Kenya (2010): Provides ground for the formulation of adaptation and mitigation legislation, policies and strategies by guaranteeing the right to a clean and healthy environment under the Bill of Rights."


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created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:14
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"The Kenya Electricity Generating Company (KenGen) controls more than three quarters of the total electric power production and independent power producers (IPPs) generate the remaining. Kenya\u2019s solar energy provision is also increasing quite rapidly. Currently, solar photovoltaics (PVs) provide 4 MW of off-grid electricity, mainly to small rural-based household consumers. Hydropower potential has dramatically reduced in the past 20 years due to the destruction of water catchment areas."


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created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:14
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"The Kenya Forest Service (KFS) is working to develop a national land classification system aligned with IPCC Guidance and could become the future basis of estimating removals and emissions from the LULUCF sector. KFS is working on the National Forest Inventory, which will be able to inform the next GHG Inventory work. Continued research and effort is required to link the land-use changes indicated in this report to biomass stocks and changes in carbon pools."


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created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:14
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"The Kenya GCF Readiness Programme is assisting the National Treasury, which is Kenya\u2019s National Designated Authority (NDA) to the GCF, to prepare national and local systems and to manage climate finance. The programme provides capacity building to help the Government of Kenya develop a strategic framework for interaction with the GCF and to develop a pipeline of programme and project proposals. The programme includes sensitization workshops at the county level and a study tour to Senegal for NEMA officials."


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"The Kenya Government has developed a series of approaches for the development of ASALs since independence in 1963."


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"The Kenya Industrial Research and Development Institute is equally working with institutions and women s groups  in developing improved dryers for their fruits, vegetables, cereals and legumes on a commercial basis.212 However the diffusion has been slow mainly due to lack of awareness.213 The interest is to increase diffusion of solar dryers with the following targets in mind: \ufffd 50,000 small scale family units \ufffd 1,000 commercial farmers and companies \ufffd 100 cooperative societies and associations \ufffd 65 vegetable processers and tea factories If the target are realised, the diffusion will more than double the number of commercial farmers and family units using the technology.214 Notwithstanding the prioritised decentralised renewable technologies noted above, the country\u2019s current and planned energy sources of hydropower, geothermal, wind, natural gas, coal and biomass also warrants technology know how."


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"The Kenya Meteorological Society (KMS), in conjunction with KMD, Department of Meteorology, University of Nairobi (UON) and other stakeholders have been organising national and international workshops on meteorological research, applications and services. In addition to dealing with pressing global issues, KMS also facilitates sustained interaction of meteorologists and users of meteorological products and services. This is through facilitating communication of  important findings, which contribute towards the advancement of meteorological knowledge among Kenyans and beyond."


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"The Kenya Vision 2030 targets the planting of at least seven billion trees to address food, water and energy security. During the last ten (10) years, Kenya has been able to restore 6% of forest cover. There are clear indications we will be able to attain the 10% tree cover in the next three years. In 2010, the Government launched the National Climate Change Response Strategy which enhanced understanding of the global climate change regime and the impacts of climate change in Kenya."


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"The Kenyan aviation sector will likely have to implement some mitigation measures as a result of these international negotiations. These measures are likely to hurt the tourism industry. 2.2.2.5  Forest Products The ASALs are subject to recurring droughts, which when coupled with overexploitation of resources, result in high vulnerability to land degradation and desertification. This not only increases levels of GHG emissions, but simultaneously threatens livelihoods. The distribution of most of Kenya\u2019s forests is determined by rainfall."


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"The Kenyan economy is dependent on climate-sensitive sectors, such as rain-fed agriculture, water, energy, tourism, wildlife, and health, whose vulnerability is increased by climate change. Increased intensities and magnitudes of climate related risks in Kenya aggravate conflicts, mostly over natural resources. This has frequently forced the country to reallocate development resources to address climate related emergencies.  These impacts are not gender neutral, impacting men, women and other gender groups differently."


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"The LPAR identifies policy and legislative gaps, barriers and opportunities for effective climate change response, and thereby provides the analytical basis from which to assess how Kenya\u2019s existing framework and institutions can be strengthened and reformed to support NCCAP implementation. This process will also be reinforced by Kenya\u2019s obligations under the UNFCCC, for instance, on adaptation, mitigation and financing, and regional climate changes approaches such as the East African Climate Change Policy."


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"The LULUCF sector was a net emitter in 2000, contributing approximately 20,000 Gg CO2 equivalent (or approximately 20 million tons of CO2 equivalent) or 37.55 per cent of the total emissions.  The total amount of CO2, CH4, N2O and HFCs emitted were 28,499 Gg, 15,726 Gg, 10,611 Gg and 118 Gg respectively, totalling to 54,955 Gg CO2 equivalent. The industrial process also emitted 118 Gg CO2 eq. GHG emissions."


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"The Land Act outlines the following guiding values and principles that are relevant to sustainable land management: sustainable and productive management of land resources; conservation and protection of ecologically sensitive areas; democracy, inclusiveness and participation of the people in land management. The Act binds these values and principles on all state organs, state officers and all persons whenever any of them enacts, applies or interprets any provisions of the Act or makes or implements public policy decisions."


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"The Land Cover Change Element Working\f  Groups is responsible for using remote sensing and other satellite imagery to map Kenya\u2019s lands. These maps will provide as much information as possible on the land cover. For example, the maps will show whether the land is covered by forest, buildings or a particular crop.  Using historical satellite imagery, this team will then be able to compare maps over time, showing how the land cover has changed in Kenya."


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"The M&E framework is expected to be consistent with the National Integrated Monitoring and Evaluation Systems (NIMES) and have clear terms of reference for relevant stakeholders in data collection and reporting at all levels. There will be an Annual Review Report (ARR) on implementation of the strategy that will be presented to the Climate Change Council (CCC) by the Cabinet Secretary responsible for Crops, Livestock and Fisheries for dissemination to the public and relevant stakeholders."


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"The M&E will be based on Logical Framework Approach (LFA) and will be aligned to the sector M&E framework.\ufffd Some\ufffd specific\ufffd key\ufffd indicators\ufffd are\ufffd presented\ufffd in\ufffd the\ufffd KCSAIF\ufffd log\ufffd frame\ufffd (Annex\ufffd I)\ufffd which\ufffd the climate change units will be expected to adopt in addition to developing others for presentation to the technical working group (TWG) for consideration and approval. Wherever possible, data will be disaggregated by gender to allow for social inclusivity principle in CSA interventions."


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"The M&E will be carried out by the two levels of government together with other relevant stakeholders spearheaded by the climate change units. The M&E plan will be agreed upon between the national and county governments through the JASSCOM thematic working group on monitoring, evaluation and communication which will also be responsible for the design and implementation of the M&E system."


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"The MEMR could provide assistance to present NAMA proposals to the UNFCCC. Stakeholder support required to take the action forward KARI, extension workers, county governments, farmers, agroforestry project developers and civil society organizations involved in tree planting campaigns Indicative timeframe - Quick win opportunity r Launch timeframe: By 2015 Duration of the Action: 15 years, beginning in 2015 Cost associated with the Action in Kenyan Shillings The cost of achieving the full mitigation potential in estimated to be KSh 70 \u2013 117 billion."


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"The MEMR could provide assistance to present NAMA proposals to the UNFCCC. Stakeholder support required to take the action forward Ministry of Roads, Kenya Urban Roads Authority, public transport operators, development banks Indicative timeframe - Quick win opportunity Launch timeframe: Short-term \u2013 within one year Duration of the Action: 18 years until the full public transport system has been realized Cost associated with the Action in Kenyan Shillings The cost of achieving the full mitigation potential in estimated to be Ksh 170 billion."


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"The MEMR could provide assistance to present funding proposals to the UNFCCC. Stakeholder supportrequired to take the action forward The Ministry of Energy would need to engage the GDC, Kenya Power and Lighting Company, Energy Regulatory Commission, independent power producers and others."


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"The MODP also led a process with country governments to identify climate change indicators and to develop county indictor handbooks. Several of the 2013 County Integrated Development Plans (CIDPs) incorporated climate change considerations. Actions are underway to mainstream climate change in the Third MTP and 2018 CIDPs. The Climate Change Registry will track available information on GHG emissions reductions for mitigation actions, and number of beneficiaries for adaptation actions."


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"The MRV+ system has been designed to minimise the number of extra staff needed, although some new working groups and TAGs will need to be set up, as described in Figure 11.2."


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"The MTEF entrenches programme and project prioritisation in the budget preparation process, and predictability in planning and resource utilisation. This in turn enhances transparency and accountability in the allocation and expenditure of public resources.  National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS), 2010 \u2013 presents an overarching strategy and vision for a prosperous and climate resilient Kenya. The strategy provides recommendations on low carbon and climate resilient actions, and the enabling environment to encourage these actions."


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"The MTP identifies actions to address climate change, including implementation of the National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP), formulation of a climate change bill and policy, and establishment of a national climate change fund.  Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) \u2013 translates policies and priorities into expenditure and action, including budget making and allocations for climate change actions. The MTEF links policy, planning and budgeting through a three-year rolling budget plan."


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"The Mazingira Centre is supported by ILRI, the Government of Germany, Centre for International Forestry Research, UNEP, IFAD and CGIAR Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security.     NPBM 1: Establish MRV+ system governance structure Title Establish MRV+ system governance structure Action Type Enabling Timeframe Short term/Quick Win Sector All sectors Action Summary A National Performance and Benefit Measurement Framework (NPBMF) is needed to measure, monitor, evaluate, verify and report results of mitigation actions, adaptation actions and the synergies between them."


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"The Mazingira Centre is supported by ILRI, the Government of Germany, Centre for International Forestry Research, UNEP, IFAD and CGIAR Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security.     NPBM 3: Indicators and baselines Title Indicators and baselines Action Type Enabling Timeframe Short term/Quick Win Sector All sectors Action Summary Create an agreed list of indicators and their respective baselines which will allow the performance of the NCCAP to be measured Status In progress Lead Agency MODP Partner Agency MENR and county governments Stakeholders Other relevant ministries status MODP undertook a process to identify indicators to track progress on climate change, and has included climate change indicators in in the national government handbook of national reporting on the Second MTP."


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"The Mazingira Centre is supported by ILRI, the Government of Germany, Centre for International Forestry Research, UNEP, International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security.  MITI 8: Capacity building for measuring, reporting on and monitoring forestry emissions and sinks Title Capacity building for measuring, reporting on and monitoring forestry emissions and sinks Action Type Enabling Timeframe Short term / Quick Win Sector Forestry, Agriculture, Land use and land-use change Action Summary Develop a national forest inventory, forest reference scenario, and a monitoring and reporting system that allows for transparent accounting of emissions and removals in the forestry and land use sectors Status In progress Lead Agency KFS Partner Agency MENR, KEFRI, County Governments Stakeholders REDD+ steering committee, land owners, community forestry associations, universities."


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"The Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) requirements established under the UNFCCC requires that Kenya submit national communications on climate change action every four years, and biennial update reports every two years. These reports should include information on greenhouse gas emissions, and mitigation and adaptation actions, needs and support received."


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"The Medium-Term Plan (2013-17), has provided an opportunity to incorporate climate change programmes into the national development plans, and build on both the National Climate Change Response Strategy and its Action Plan. 1.2 Evidence of Climate Change Climate change can be detected through changes in the average patterns of climate parameters like rainfall, temperature, wind and pressure, among others. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has also recommended indicators that can be used to detect climate change."


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"The Ministry has a department of renewable energy\f  and other associated relevant institutions which include: Rural Electrification Authority (REA), Geothermal Development Company (GDC), Kenya Electricity Generation Company (KENGEN), Kenya Power and the Kenya Electricity Transmission Company Limited (KETRACO), Centre for Energy Efficiency and Conservation (CEEC)."


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"The Ministry is also grateful to the national and international adaptation experts who provided valuable technical guidance to the process. The NAP was \ufb01nalised with the support of the Technical Assistance component of the Strengthening Adaptation and Resilience to Climate Change Plus (STARCK+) programme, which is funded by the United Kingdom\u2019s Department for International Development (DFID).  I would, consequently, like to thank DFID for this support."


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"The Ministry is also implementing various climate change programmes and projects. National Council for Science & Technology (NCST) The NCST is an advisory institution on matters of Science, Technology, Innovation and Research in Kenya for national social economic development."


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"The Ministry is also responsible for making policy on climate change and for the coordination of climate change response in the country. The National Climate Change Secretariat (NCCS) is a department of the Ministry and spearheads the development and implementation of climate change policies, strategies and action plans. These include: National Climate Change Action Plan (2013-2017) which implements the National Climate Change Response Strategy (2010). The Ministry is the national focal point for the UNFCCC."


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"The Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries should review the assumptions regarding prescribed burning of crop residues and if necessary conduct surveys to estimate the extent of the practice for different crops. LULUCF Changes in land-use were estimated using a forest orientated dataset of land-use classification from the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO).  The data was used because it was the best available at the time the inventory work was conducted."


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"The Ministry of Environment and Forestry coordinates the country\u2019s climate change  affairs through the National Climate Change Council and the Climate Change Directorate.  5. Means of implementation  Kenya\u2019s contribution will be implemented with both Implementation of Kenya s NDC will cost over  domestic and international support. It is estimated that ae i, \" USD 62 Billion up to 2030."


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"The Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources (MEMR) has the core mandate for coordinating climate change issues in the country with the National Climate Change Secretariat (NCCS) leading the day-to-day coordination. Other key Government actors in addressing climate change are the MEMR Departments/Directorates of Resource Survey and Remote Sensing, Meteorology and the National Environment\fKenya s Management Authority (NEMA) and climate change units in other line Ministries including Agriculture, Livestock and Health etc."


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"The Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources (MEMR) has therefore recognised the need to enhance coordination of climate change activities in the country with a view to ensuring a climate-proof socioeconomic development anchored on a low- carbon path. The Kenya National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS) is based on outcomes of stakeholder-consultations held all over the country and therefore captures the aspirations of most Kenyans on tackling climate change challenges."


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"The Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources in partnership with stakeholders prepared and launched the National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS) in 2010 so as to ensure a climate resilient Kenya that will stay on track towards attainment of Kenya\u2019s Vision 2030 and the MDGs. I am pleased to say that the Strategy can now be operationalized through this comprehensive . It will now take a similar level of commitment to realize the vision that brought about this plan."


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"The Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources, is grateful to the Permanent Secretary, Ali D. Mohamed CBS for chairing the Climate Change Taskforce. The staff of the National Climate Change Secretariat who, with support from subcomponent 9, diligently coordinated other government representatives and stakeholders in the development of the Action Plan, are also appreciated. Several Thematic Working Groups provided oversight to the subcomponents of the Action Plan."


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"The Ministry of Health policy focused on strategies to ensure universal access to improved sanitation and a clean and healthy environment. The policy recognized the devolution of most sanitation functions and\fN D C  S E C T O R  A N A LY S I S  R E P O R T  2 0 1 7 Figure 8.1. Baseline Waste Sector GHG Emissions Projections (MtCO2e) Figure 8.2. Comparison of 2030 Baseline Emissions and NDC Target Emission Reductions (MtCO2e) Figure 8.3."


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"The Ministry of Planning and Devolution (MOPD) has included indicators to track progress in mainstreaming climate change in its Second Handbook of National Reporting.  A Climate Change Bill is expected to be enacted into law in 2015. This Bill includes establishment of a National Climate Change Council that has responsibility for coordination of climate change actions, including mainstreaming climate change in national and county budgets, plans and programs."


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"The NAF should be anchored on a national policy and legal framework that sets out the key aims and processes with the policy framework then translated into sectoral objectives, targets and performance indicators. While all sectors and regions will be exposed to climate change, early action should be focused with the Strategy recognising regional requirements and the urgent needs of vulnerable socioeconomic groups."


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"The NAMA Support Project is expected to reduce up to proposal was developed to support the development of a BRT- Plus System for greater Nairobi. development partners EUR 20 million was approved under the NAMA Facility for 2017- 2020. Funding through the NAMA facility is provided by the Governments of Germany, United Kingdom, and Denmark and the European Commission. The delivery organizations for the NAMA project are KfW and GIZ. The Nairobi Mass Rapid Transit System is supported by various financiers."


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"The NAP provides a background of Kenya\u2019s national circumstances, including socio-economic circumstances; and future climate scenarios that the country needs to consider in decision making, planning and budgetary processes. A vulnerability analysis is also presented against the identi\ufb01ed hazards in the NCCAP, namely drought, \ufb02oods, and sea level rise. The NAP recognises the governance and institutional arrangements for implementation of adaptation actions as stipulated in the NCCAP and Climate Change Act, 2016."


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"The NAP will address how to integrate climate change adaptation into relevant new and existing policies, programmes and activities and how adaptation is planned through the annual and medium-term planning processes and strategies, within all relevant sectors and at different levels. 5.2 Vulnerability to Climate Change Kenya is susceptible to climate-related effects and extreme weather events pose serious threats to the socio-economic development of the country.  Climate change poses threats to the attainment of Vision 2030 objectives."


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"The NAPAs help LDCs identify priority activities that respond to their urgent and immediate needs to adapt to climate change \u2013 those for whose further delay would increase vulnerability and/ or costs at a later stage. Implementation of priority actions identified in NAPAs has only recently begun in select LDCs, with about 26 projects having been approved for funding. Kenya is not an LDC and therefore does not qualify for the LDCF."


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"The NCCAP also recommended the establishment of a Kenya climate fund domiciled in the National Treasury.14 In order to achieve this, enactment of a framework climate change law encapsulating legislative, policy and institutional recommendations was recommended. 2.3.2 National Climate Change Framework Policy and Act The draft National Climate Change Framework Policy updated the recommendations of the NCCAP after further analysis and stakeholder consultations."


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"The NCCAP identified specific risks in the transport sector and include: \u2022 Port facilities are at risk of damage from increasingly severe storm events and sea level rise. By 2080, Mombasa\u2019s exposure to sea level rise and storm surges could grow to US$15 billion in assets, assuming the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\u2019s A1B sea-level and socioeconomic scenario.15 \u2022 Damage to infrastructure, including roads and bridges, often results from extreme weather events."


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"The NCCAP included actions sheets, describing actions to take place in the five-year period of the NCCAP from 2013 to 2017. Adaptation is not included in this list because priority adaptation actions were elaborated in the National Adaptation Plan, 2015-2016 (NAP) and will be reviewed under a separate process. Sections 4 to 8 of this report provide an update on the implementation of the various actions."


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"The NCCAP is the first nation-wide overarching framework that maps the roadway to low carbon and climate-resilient future, with significant focus on technology being a major driver. The other document is the Technology Needs Assessment and Technology Action Plans for Climate Change Mitigation; March 2013.  Applying modern technologies to better cope with climate variability is not new to Kenya."


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"The NCCAP recommended the development of a National Framework for Climate Knowledge Management and Capacity Development to improve coordination and implementation of capacity building initiatives.  Constraints, Gaps and Related Financial, Technical and Capacity Needs Improved capacity to prepare and improve National Communications (NCs) on a continuous basis is a key need. This includes improved monitoring networks and data capture systems. Throughout the second NC process, and especially during the development of the GHG inventory, data availability and quality were a major concern."


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"The NCCAP reports that climatic changes are expected to increase desertification and forest degradation, with impacts on economic benefits and livelihoods derived from the forestry sector.13 The government is taking action to address climate change in the forestry sector, including through tree planting initiatives and preparatory activities to enable participate in REDD+ (reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation plus the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks) as a climate change mitigation process."


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"The NCCAP should focus on delivery of domestic priorities as set out in the Climate Change Act and draft national climate change framework policy \u2013 which will enable delivery on international contributions. Maintain the 2013-2017 priority mitigation actions in the updated NCCAP for 2018-2023 The mitigation priorities remain relevant, as verified in the NDC/NCCAP sector expert meetings held in 2016 and 2017."


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"The NCCAP views climate change as a crosscutting issue to be mainstreamed in national planning and development processes, and in policy decisions across all sectors of the economy. The NCCAP sets out priority adaptation and mitigation actions that will help Kenya move toward a low carbon climate resilient development pathway."


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"The NCCAP)116 process included a climate risk- based adaptation analysis through an extensive consultative process which was built on the findings of the NCCRS, with the aim to: \ufffd Provide evidence of the key climate risks to Kenya \ufffd Assess climate change impacts on the sectors \ufffd Document climate adaptation activities that are underway, planned and recommended \ufffd Develop a set of potential and priority adaptation actions to address projected climate impacts per sector that will feed into Kenya\u2019s National Adaptation Plan (NAP) \ufffd Support the integration of climate change adaptation into relevant new and existing sector policies, development, budgetary and planning processes and strategies, and across different levels."


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"The NCCAP, 2013-2017 states that the approach to addressing climate change is \u201cto implement adaptation projects or activities in as a low carbon pathway as practically and economically feasible\u201d and that food security takes precedence over mitigation of GHG emissions.16 3 .3  M I T I gAT I ON  I N  T hE  A gRI C ULT URE  S E C TOR Many agricultural management practices that reduce climate vulnerability and improve agricultural production potential, also reduce emissions."


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"The NCCAP\u2019s low carbon analysis carried out under the NCCAP process, and updated in this Second National Communications, demonstrate that mitigation actions can contribute to low-carbon pathways in the six sectors set out in the UNFCCC: energy, transport, industry, agriculture, forestry and waste. However, some of the sector baseline emissions are different as the Second National Communications has applied the latest available data. The emission reduction options and their potential however remain the same as those determined in the NCCAP."


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"The NCCC shall, among others, \u201censure the mainstreaming of climate change functions by the national and county governments\u201d, and \u201capprove and oversee the implementation of the National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP).\u201d By extension, the NCCC will have oversight on the mainstreaming of adaptation functions at national and county levels; and approve and oversee the implementation of the National Adaptation Plan.17\fEnhanced climate resilience towards the attainment of Vision 2030 and beyond | 11 b."


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"The NCCRS concluded that \u201cthe evidence of climate change in Kenya is unmistakeable\u201d: in many areas, rainfall has become irregular and unpredictable; extreme and harsh weather is now the norm; and some regions experience frequent droughts during the long rainy season while others experience severe floods during the short rains."


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"The NCCRS documents that such changes are already evident in many places including upper parts of north-eastern and eastern Kenya, such as Machakos, Kitui, and Taita Taveta, as well as the ASALs of Kenya. Some areas of the country will undergo changes in vegetation types and species composition. New assemblages may be established and more invasive species are projected to emerge."


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"The NCCRS has been guiding policy decisions since its launch in 2010.The Strategy provided evidence of climate impacts on different economic sectors and proposed adaptation and mitigation strategies. This comprehensive  (NCCAP) takes forward the implementation of the NCCRS. The NCCAP has been developed, through an extensive consultative process, and has received support from a wide range of stakeholders and development partners."


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"The NCCRS identified the need to develop a comprehensive national policy on climate change. 1.3.3 Formulation of this Policy was initiated within the framework of the National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP, 2013-2017) whose objective is to encourage low carbon climate resilient development through implementation of the NCCRS."


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"The NCCRS presents a series of observed climatic trends in Kenya, including a general warming over land locations except for the coastal zone that shows cooling trends, as summarised in Table 1.1.13 This is in line with previous studies that showed a general warming over land stations with some cooling\fKenya s over coastal locations and near large water bodies.14 A reduction in cold extremes has also been observed over the Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASAL) regions.15  There are, however indications that some of the observed trends may be related to urbanisation, implying that urbanisation effects need to be \u2018removed\u2019 for climate change to be delineated with a higher degree of certainty.16 Table 1.1: Observed temperature change 1960 \u2013 2006 Region Minimum (night) Temperature Maximum (day) Temperature Trend Magnitude/\u02daC Trend Magnitude/\u00b0C Western Increase Increase Northern & N Eastern Increase Increase Central Increase Increase South Eastern Increase Increase Coast Decrease Increase Source: NCCRS, 2010 Rainfall trends show mixed signals with some locations indicating trends towards wetter conditions in recent years, but the majority of locations are not showing any significant trends."


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"The NCCS is the National Focal Point for the UNFCCC. It also works with climate change coordination units in different ministries, departments and agencies to ensure that climate change is mainstreamed in the different sectors of the economy. The NCCS works with the Ministry of Devolution and Planning to ensure the integration of climate change in the MTPs."


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"The NDC Sector Analysis was undertaken by the MENR working with key ministries and departments and sector experts, and was supported by a technical team from the Technical Assistance to the Government of Kenya (TA) component of the Strengthening Adaptation and Climate Resilience to Climate Change in Kenya Plus (StARCK+) programme. STARCK+ is funded by the Government of the United Kingdom through its Department for International Development (DFID)."


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"The NDC is subject to international support in the form of finance, investment, technology development and transfer, and capacity building.  The analysis underlying the mitigation NDC was based on work undertaken for the National Climate Change Action Plan, 2013-2017 (NCCAP).2  This work  employed a base year of 2010 when Kenya\u2019s total greenhouse gas emissions were determined to be 73 MtCO2e."


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"The NDC\u2019s adaptation goal for the agricultural sector is to enhance the resilience of the agriculture, livestock and fisheries value chains by promoting climate smart agriculture, livestock and fisheries development. The sector is already responding to the effects of climate change, and effort has gone into integrating climate change impacts into agricultural programmes and projects."


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"The NDC\u2019s adaptation goal is enhanced resilience to climate change towards the attainment of Vision 2030. This is to be achieved by mainstreaming climate change adaptation into Kenya\u2019s MTPs and implementing adaptation actions. The NDC\u2019s adaptation goal for the agricultural sector is to enhance the resilience of the agriculture, livestock and fisheries value chains by promoting climate smart agriculture, livestock and fisheries development."


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"The NDP 2008-2012 also highlights adaptation issues in the context of El Ni\u00f1o and La Ni\u00f1a episodes and outlines the UNFCCC commitments including \u2018carrying out national programmes for mitigating climate change and adaptation to climate change.\u2019 There is an appreciation of the impact of climate variability on resources (e.g. water) and a need to promote policies for sustainable environmental management. However, these adaptation provisions do not address fundamental long-term changes in the climate."


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"The NMC then uses the information to provide products such as but not limited to: \ufffd Daily, five-day, monthly and seasonal weather forecasts. \ufffd Agro-meteorological bulletins that are issued every 10 days to provide information on\f  assessment of crop performance and expected climate conditions that may affect the crops. \ufffd Seasonal climate forecasts that contain information on expected performance of rainfall in the various parts of the country."


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"The NPBMF and MRV+ System Design Report provides detailed guidance on measuring and reporting information on Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) for both domestic and international purposes (unilateral and supported NAMAs). The MRV+ System Design Report also sets out guidance for improving the quality of our country\u2019s GHG inventory. The implementation of a system for reporting on NAMAs and the creation of a GHG inventory will generate much of the information required to measure and monitor performance of climate mitigation activities."


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"The Nairobi City County Solid Waste Management Act 2015 provides for the establishment, demarcation and fencing of a waste disposal site that conforms to internationally recognized standards.12 However, much still needs to be done particularly across major urban centres to ensure sustainable waste management. 8.2 CLIM AT E C h A Ng E A ND  Th E WA STE SEC TO R Waste - through the processes of disposal, treatment, recycling and incineration - produces GHG emissions."


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"The Nairobi County NMT Policy  aims for  the development and full integration of NMT within the whole of the Nairobi transport system, is a \u201ccounty where NMT is the mode of choice for short and medium trips\u201d (pedestrian trips up to 5km; and cycling trips Other major transport projects that are in the pipeline or various stages of development include the Lamu Port-Southern Sudan-Ethiopia Transport Corridor and its various components/ infrastructures and the East African Road Network Project.8 7 .2  C L I M AT E  C hA N gE  I N  T hE  T RA N S P ORT  S E C TOR The ongoing and continued improvements in transport infrastructure in Kenya provide mitigation and adaptation opportunities."


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"The National AIDS/ STD Control Programme (NASCOP) model for sexually transmitted diseases can be adapted, \u2022\ufffd using print and electronic media to pass climate change information in various articles and programmes on climate change in the media, \u2022\ufffd Education-based entertainment: educating the citizens on climate change while entertaining them at the same time through theatrical performances, \u2022\ufffd mainstreaming climate change awareness in all programmes and projects undertaken by the Government, NGOs, CBOs, media etc, \u2022\ufffd creating climate change training material and programmes for target groups of stakeholders and specific groups, i.e."


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"The National Climate Change Action Plan reports that flooding results in losses of 5.5 per cent of GDP every seven years; and flood-related fatalities in the country constitute 60 per cent of disaster victims. Floods cause soil erosion and increase runoff from farms and agricultural enterprises; and increase infrastructure costs because of damage to water, drainage and sewerage systems; transport systems, such as roads and bridges; and power systems, including generation and transmission."


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"The National Climate Change Council (NCCC) will be chaired by the President, with the Cabinet Secretary responsible for Climate Affairs as its Secretary (backed by the Climate Change Directorate)."


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"The National Climate Change Response Strategy and its associated National Climate Change Action Plan lay the groundwork for Kenya\u2019s Nationally Determined Contribution under the Paris Agreement. Actions to address climate change include tree planting programmes, protection and conservation of the five water towers (Mau forest complex, Aberdares, Mt. Kenya, Cherangani Hills and Mt. Elgon) as well as geothermal development, energy efficiency programmes and drought management."


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"The National Climate Change Secretariat (NCCS) is a department of the Ministry that spearheads the development and implementation of climate change policies, strategies and action plans. These include the  (2013-2017) which implements the National Climate Change Response Strategy (2010). The Ministry is the national focal point for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)."


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"The National Communication process included individual and public consultations with representatives from government institutions, academia, the private sector and non- governmental organizations, in order to capture their opinions and ensure inclusiveness.  \f  National Circumstances The Republic of Kenya is a unitary state with a multi-party devolved two tier government system consisting of a national government and 47 county governments."


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"The National Environment Management Authority (NEMA), on behalf of the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources and the Government of Kenya, acknowledges the assistance received from various institutions and individuals during the preparation and finalisation of Kenya\u2019s SNC for submission to the CoP of the UNFCCC. The preparation of the SNC to the Conference of the Parties was funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and implemented by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), for which we are very grateful."


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"The National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA), a semi- autonomous agency in the Ministry, is a National Implementing Entity (NIE) for the Adaptation Fund and the Green Climate Fund (GCF). The National Treasury is the National Designated Authority for the GCF. The NDMA, which is mandated \u201cto exercise overall coordination over all matters relating to drought management in Kenya12\u201d, also oversees adaptation and resilience building in the arid and semi-arid areas (ASALs)."


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"The National Government has the responsibility of formulating policies that will ensure that the country transforms to a low carbon climate resilient development pathway, and of ensuring that programmes are put in place to deliver its obligations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).  The population of Kenya was 47.6 million in 2019, (2019 Population Census), and is projected to reach 60.4 million by 2030."


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"The National Government is mandated to carry out policy formulation, disaster management, and protection of the environment and natural resources with a view to establishing a durable and sustainable system of development and disaster management. The functions of County Governments include implementation of specific National Government policies on natural resources and environmental conservation which include CSA related functions such as soil and water conservation; forestry and agroforestry; crop and animal husbandry; fisheries; disaster management; water and sanitation services; and storm water management."


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"The National Industrialisation Policy Framework (2011-2015) attributes this to high capital investment; intermediate and capital goods industries that are relatively underdeveloped, high energy costs, and environmental concerns. The sector has experienced a weak enabling policy environment because past industrial policies have been contained in many disparate policy documents that have lacked harmonised and clearly defined national industrialisation policy. The sector is also characterised by low value addition, low employment and low capacity utilisation."


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"The National Solid Waste Management Strategy, citing historical data from different sources, provides the following percentages of solid waste collection: Kisumu \u2013 20%, Nakuru - 45%, Eldoret \u2013 55%, Thika \u2013 60%, Mombasa \u2013 65%, and Nairobi \u2013 80%. The strategy notes that work is needed to establish the actual rates of collection and disposal as these figures do not reflect the physical reality, which the Strategy considers an \u201ceyesore\u201d."


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"The National Transport and Safety Authority (NTSA) estimated the fleet size at the end of 2015 as 2,776,374 vehicles and an average 10% annual increase in number of vehicles. Kenya is projected to have 4,141,189 vehicles in 2020."


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"The National Treasury requires funding to mobilise short- and long-term experts to prepare and develop bankable pilot climate projects; support the functioning of the climate finance platform and its Climate Change Fund, Inter-ministerial Climate Finance Technical Advisory Committee; undertake research and piloting of climate resilient and low carbon technologies; participate in international discussions and negotiations on climate finance; act in its capacity as the NDA for the Green Climate Fund; build capacity of national government ministries and departments, county governments and other stakeholders; and develop regulations and guidelines."


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"The National Treasury shall mobilise adequate resources for the successful implementation of the Policy and develop required laws and regulation.  The strategic interventions identified in Section 4 will be operationalised by the National Treasury and its partners, including county governments, through the incorporation of specific actions in their strategic and operational plans. These plans will provide detailed information on specific actions to be undertaken, the implementing agencies and partners, timelines and costs."


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"The National Treasury undertook a study on the Development of Climate Change Budget Codes. This work was extended through the Climate Public Expenditure and Budget Review that provided an initial assessment of the government\u2019s climate relevant expenditure and establishment of specific national budgeting and accounting codes for IFMIS. development partners Funding for the Climate Public Expenditure and Budget Review report and Budget Codes study was provided by the UK Government and other agencies through the UNDP."


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"The National Treasury will lead and facilitate the implementation of this Policy, working with partners to mobilise adequate resources and develop required laws and regulations. The strategic interventions will be operationalised by the National Treasury and its partners, including the county governments, through the incorporation of specific actions in their strategic and operational plans. Capacity development for relevant stakeholders, including county governments, will be a critical element of implementation."


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"The National Treasury will set up an office dedicated to climate finance, and will coordinate and facilitate activities related to climate finance, including the activities of the climate finance mechanism (Climate Change Fund) and the Inter- Ministerial Climate Finance Technical Advisory Committee (discussed below). The National Treasury is Kenya\u2019s NDA for the Green Climate Fund. c) The Ministry responsible for climate change affairs shall provide technical advice and services on climate change to the National Climate Council, National Treasury and the Technical Advisory Committee."


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"The Oil and other mineral resources sub-sector has been identified as an additional priority sector under the Economic Pillar of Vision 2030. Developments and decisions could impact on Kenya\u2019s GHG emission profile, with use of domestic coal expected to increase emissions in the electricity supply sector. Vulnerability to climate change in the sub- sector depends on the mining method."


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"The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development is establishing methodologies to track publicly-mobilised private climate finance, or private sector finance that has been mobilised by bilateral and multilateral climate interventions funded by developed countries. This private finance would be considered as a contribution toward the goal of USD 100 billion of climate finance per year by 2020 to support climate change actions in developing countries."


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"The Paris Agreement is due to enter into force in 2020, but will come into effect and be legally binding only after at least 55 countries representing at least 55 per cent of the total GHG gases ratify the Agreement.  Public Finance Mechanism: Financial commitments made by the public sector that alter the risk-reward balance of private sector investments, with the aim of mobilising investment in climate change activities."


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"The Permanent Secretary in the MEMR shall determine the composition and specific structure of this secretariat, which shall receive and collate inputs from the players and stakeholders involved in the implementation of this Strategy and ensure that activities implemented by other ministries are undertaken in a timely manner and conform to this Strategy\u2019s implementation plan. 8.3.2.1.1 Policy, Law and Strategy Office This office of the Secretariat shall comprise key government agencies with policy- and law- related functions including the Office of the Attorney General and key NGOs."


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"The Plan covers a duration of 20 years, coinciding with the country\u2019s Vision 2030 and the initial five years coinciding with the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) fulfilment. 9.2.1 Devolved Domestic Funds There are two types of devolved funds in Kenya that can benefit climate change response programmes. These are the Local Authority Transfer Fund (LATF) and the Constituency Development Fund (CDF). LATF comprises 5% of the national income tax collected annually and is estimated to constitute about 24% of local authority revenues."


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"The PoA fosters indeed the process covering the flows of know-how, experience and equipment and the capacity of\f  developing countries to understand, utilize and replicate the technology to adapt it to local conditions and integrate it with indigenous technologies if possible. Each CPA will mention where the technology is coming from and how it is transferred to the Host Country."


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"The Policy therefore respects that it is often optimal for different levels and sectors of governments to implement interventions in respective spheres of influence. The national government will provide an overarching guidance framework for climate finance, including putting in place a system of national coordination. All sectors and levels of government will be responsible to integrate, where appropriate, climate finance considerations in their plans and programmes. The Policy elaborates on the climate finance aspects of the Climate Change Act, 2016."


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"The Policy will frame Kenya\u2019s climate change response within the attainment of climate resilient and low-emission development and provide the overall direction and approach of climate change response. Status In progress Lead Agency MENR Partner Agency Office of the President, key sectoral Ministries including MALF, MODP, MOTIHUD, MOEP, County Governments Stakeholders In addition to National and Country Government consultations, Members of Parliament, civil society, the private sector (including KAM and KEPSA as members of the task force) and the public at large were consulted."


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"The Policy will help Kenya to mobilise additional domestic and international climate finance resources to address its climate change and national development agenda, including the goals and objectives set out in its NDC. Formulation of this Policy was initiated within the framework of the Climate Change Act, 2016 and the National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP, 2013-2017) whose objective is to encourage low carbon climate resilient development through implementation of the National Climate Change Response Strategy, 2010."


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"The Principal Secretaries, State Department for Agriculture, State Department for Livestock Production, State Department for Fisheries and the Blue Economy, State Department for Environment and State Department for Irrigation constituted a multidisciplinary team of experts to spearhead the development of the strategy. The task team comprised experts with specialization in the following areas: Environment, Crops, Livestock, Fisheries, Meteorology, Forestry, Irrigation, Policy Formulation and Climate Change."


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"The Principal Secretary, State Department of Environment, and of\ufb01cials from the National Climate Change Secretariat, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, provided guidance and leadership that enabled the development of this report. The Adaptation Working Group oversaw the process provided technical and substantive inputs to the development of the document. This report was prepared with the technical guidance of experts from LTS International."


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"The Protocol commits 37 industrialised countries to reduce their emissions by 5.2% below 1990 levels during the First Commitment Period, which is 2008 to 2012. The Kyoto Protocol has set the world towards a low-carbon growth path. One of the main outcomes is the carbon market, an international market regime of three \u2018flexible mechanisms\u2019 designed and created to tackle climate change cost-effectively and assist with sustainable development. Two of these mechanisms \u2013 the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and the Joint Implementation (JI) \u2013 are project-based."


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"The Public Service Commission approved and staffed nine positions for the Climate Change Directorate in 2016. development partners The USAID-funded, UNDP-managed LECRD project and the Technical Assistance to the Government of Kenya component of the StARCK+ programme funded by the UK Government through DFID provided technical assistance to the Climate Change Directorate. assistance 7 : K N OW L E D G E M A N A G E M E N T & C A PA C I T Y D E V E L O P M E N T 7 : K N O W L E D G E M A N A G E M E N T & C A P A C I T Y D E V E L O P M E N T KMCD 1: Development and maintenance of a robust and up-to-date climate change knowledge management system Title Development and maintenance of a robust an up-to-date climate change knowledge management system Action Type Enabling Timeframe Short term/Quick Win Sector All sectors, national relevance Action Summary The Climate Change Resource"


id: d9c2eb483fafd8e9d5c15513377390f9
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"The REDD+ mechanism under the UNFCCC is a vehicle to financially reward developing countries for their verified efforts to reduce emissions from deforestation through improved forest management. There are a variety of forest management options. Countries are to undertake an assessment of the drivers of deforestation, and then develop policies and measures based on this assessment."


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"The Report states that \u2018warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level.\u2019 These effects of climatic change occur at all levels (local, regional and global) and have the potential to disrupt the Earth\u2019s ecological systems with serious negative consequences on agricultural production, forests, water supply, health systems and overall human development."


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"The SAPs opened the markets to forces of demand and supply and therefore affecting prices of most agriculture commodities and quality of agricultural inputs and services. In 2003, the Government of Kenya developed the Economic Recovery Strategy for Wealth and Employment Creation 2003-2007 (ERS) (GoK, 2003) which was successfully implemented. In 2004 the Strategy for Revitalizing Agriculture 2004-2014 (SRA) (GoK, 2004), was developed and implemented as the sector vision to respond to the decline witnessed in the agriculture sector."


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"The SLEEK programme has developed land cover maps using satellite data, but analysis as to land conversion over time and transitions from one land-use type to another have not been completed. This type of data is essential for understanding emissions and sinks in the sector and for planning appropriate mitigation action. Development Impacts of Mitigation Actions Mitigation actions to reduce GHG emissions in the forestry sector have adaptation benefits, as well as positive development impacts that are linked to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)."


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"The SNC comprises, as required, information on national circumstances, greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory and measures to mitigate climate change, vulnerability and adaptation to climate change, and other information relevant to the achievement of the objective of the convention, including research, education and systematic observation specific to climate change. The Communication highlights Kenya\u2019s efforts to address climate change."


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"The SNC however provides a break from the past, applying the web-based UNFCCC software for the GHG Inventory section, clear technical reports for each of the UNFCCC GHG Inventory chapters. There are still significant gaps in both the quantity and quality of the data, the methods and systems of its collection and archiving, together with the quality assurance measures that are needed. Specific needs have been discussed in detail in the Kenya National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report."


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"The SNC is the basis for future action in research and offers opportunities for policy development and refinement. The document serves as a useful tool upon which to base decisions concerning climate change and future national development. We look forward to building upon the plans discussed in this Communication in the spirit of global cooperation. The report contains the greenhouse gas inventory for Kenya and examines potential measures to abate the increase of greenhouse gas emissions."


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"The SNC provides a comprehensive update of Kenya\u2019s national circumstances, updates Kenya\u2019s greenhouse gas inventory, assesses vulnerability and adaptation, analyses mitigation options, and reviews other information considered relevant for the implementation of the Convention. The GHG inventory reports on GHG emissions and removals by sinks for the year 2010, as well as additional years between 1995 and 2010. The vulnerability and adaption section examines past climate tends and future climate scenarios, risks and vulnerabilities associated those trends, and proposes adaptation actions."


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"The SNC was funded by GEF and managed by UNEP. The TAMD project is funded by DFID. The USAID-funded, UNDP- managed LECRD project is supporting the development of the third GHG inventory."


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"The SWAG for CSA will be expected to facilitate coordination, harmonization and liaison between national and county governments through: a) Monitoring and evaluating the implementation of CSA initiatives b) Compiling annual intergovernmental sub-sector CSA reports, c) Facilitating capacity building of national and county bodies on CSA related issues d) Preparing and follow-up upon events and functions between the national and county governments, including meetings of the Inter-Governmental Forum (IGF) for agriculture, Inter-Governmental Steering Committee (IGSC) and ad hoc multi-stakeholder consultation bodies on CSA related  issues e) Establishing a forum for joint planning on CSA programmes 4.2.1 The County Governments The County Governments will be responsible for implementation of this strategy."


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"The Second National Communication (SNC) work has built on the work done under the First National Communication (FNC), NCCRS, NCCAP, the draft NAP and Kenya\u2019s Vision 2030.  Figure 25 below shows the current institutional set up for the preparation of the SNC. The future proposed institutional framework for addressing Climate Change, including meeting international commitments under the UNFCCC is addressed under the Climate Change Bill, 2014."


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"The Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF) is the other UNFCCC fund through which adaptation programmes and projects can be financed. This fund was\f\u2018together we can tackle climate change\u2019 National Climate Change Response Strategy established in 2001 under decision 7 of COP7 (Decision7/CP.7) to finance projects relating to adaptation, technology transfer and capacity building, energy, transport, industry, agriculture, forestry, waste management, and economic diversification in non-Annex 1 countries. The Fund is not dedicated to adaptation activities, although adaptation remains the key priority."


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"The Strategic Advisory Group leads the continual improvement of SLEEK, identifies new opportunities for the GoK to benefit from SLEEK and encourage the exchange of ideas and experiences between participants The Program Management Unit will support the running of SLEEK by providing administrative support, secretariat services and tracking progress. Element Working Groups are comprised of technical and policy experts, and will deliver the workplans to develop SLEEK  \f  PARTNERS  \f  REFERENCES Brown S., Grais A., Ambagis S., and Pearson T. 2012."


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"The Strategy acts to rectify this omission by proposing climate change \u2018proof\u2019 solutions necessary for the attainment of Vision 2030 goals. To this end, the Strategy proposes \u2018climate smart\u2019 development. In addition, to mainstream climate change into sectoral and development priorities, there is need to re-examine Vision 2030 with a view to amending it to reflect the climate change problem. Other economic blueprint papers should also be aligned with the Strategy. The NCCRS will not operate in isolation."


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"The Strategy therefore recommends a comprehensive climate change policy and related legislation be put in place by either reviewing and updating the clauses on climate change in the draft National Environmental Policy or developing a completely new climate change policy. This should be followed by a review of existing laws (in particular, the Environment Management Coordination Act, EMCA of 1999) to make them climate change responsive and/or enactment of a new and comprehensive climate change law."


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"The Strategy was Kenya\u2019s first climate change agenda guide and it provided a basis for strengthening and focusing nationwide action towards climate change adaptation and mitigation. The Government of Kenya has made substantial headway in implementing its first NCCAP. Progress has been made on mitigation and adaptation actions, both of which help Kenya deliver on international obligations under the United Nations Framework Agreement on Climate Change (UNFCCC)."


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"The Strategy was Kenya\u2019s first climate change agenda guide as it provided a basis for strengthening and focusing nationwide action towards climate change adaptation and mitigation. The development of this  marks another landmark stride by the Government towards addressing climate change vulnerability. The Action Plan takes adaptation and mitigation efforts to the next stage of implementation and equips the country to take decisive action in responding to the challenges we face."


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"The Strategy was the country\u2019s first national policy document to fully recognize the reality of climate change. It provided evidence of climate impacts on different economic sectors and proposed adaptation and mitigation strategies. It presented a series of observed climatic trends in Kenya, including a general warming over land locations. The Strategy not only improved understanding of the global climate change regime and the impacts of climate change in the country but also been guiding policy decisions since its launch."


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"The Strategy\u2019s core objective is to \u201cadapt to climate change, build resilience of agricultural systems while minimizing emissions for enhanced food and nutritional security and improved livelihoods.\u201d15 The Strategy is a tool to assist in the development and implementation of Kenya\u2019s updated National Climate Change Action Plan for 2018-2022, which will include an NDC implementation plan."


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"The System for Land-Based Emissions Estimation in Kenya (SLEEK) is a cutting-edge system that will track emissions in Kenya and find innovative ways to deliver this information to Kenyans.  SLEEK\u2019s primary aim is to allow Kenya to accurately estimate and track its carbon emissions in the land sector. This includes forestry, agriculture, and other land uses."


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"The T21-Kenya model has been developed to integrate the analysis of the risks and impacts of climate change across the major sectors of the economy, society and environment, in order to inform coherent national development policies that encourage sustainable development, poverty eradication, and increased well-being of vulnerable groups, especially women and children, within the context of Vision 2030."


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"The TA technical team that undertook the NDC Sector Assessment was comprised of experts from Development Alternatives Incorporated (DAI) and the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD). ClimateCare was engaged to facilitate the expert meetings. For further information contact the consulting consortium of DAI, Matrix Development Consultants and IISD at info@ficcf.com.\fA C K N O W L E D g E M E N T S\frepublic of kenya Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources"


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"The TAGs need to participate in providing specifications for the DSROAs. \u2022\ufffd The structure and operation of the CCRDR needs to be discussed with MDAs and key stakeholders. The CCRDR should be designed and a trial version developed for testing. This project should be carried out in phases, since the requirements of the CCRDR will evolve in parallel with the institutional structures required to support the MRV+ system."


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"The TAMD methodology describes the development of indicators that reflect institutional adaptive capacity (measuring top-down adaptations) and vulnerability (measuring bottom-up adaptations), rather than climate impacts or risk. By adopting this approach, the MRV+ system measures adaptation actions that also support development aims, rather than simply measuring costly technological fixes that may have limited development benefits.\fKenya s Top-down institutional adaptive capacity indicators In total, 62 national level, process-based indicators measuring institutional adaptive capacity were identified, based on the adaptation actions described in the adaptation analysis."


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"The TNA also marked Kenya\u2019s first\f  step towards factoring the development and diffusion of EST\u2019s in the country\u2019s investment strategy. The sectors covered were those identified in the country\u2019s initial national communication (INC). The study addressed both the need for technologies to mitigate climate change and to facilitate adaptation but with a greater emphasis on mitigation than adaptation due to inadequate resources. It reported a number of opportunities for both greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation and adaptation without much in terms of prioritisation and next steps."


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"The TNAs determined that priority technologies have high socio-economic or sustainable development benefits, and target the energy, waste, agriculture and water sectors in rural communities. The key technologies are: solar home systems, solar dryers, bio-digesters, drought resistant sorghum, roof-surface water harvesting and drip irrigation.  The priority technologies have been deployed Kenya, yet widespread diffusion has been limited by such barriers as:  \ufffd High cost of purchase, installation and maintenance \ufffd Weak policies and lack of standards \ufffd Limited information and awareness."


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"The TNA\u2019s were undertaken in 2005 and 2013, with the objective of identifying, evaluating and prioritising technological needs for the purpose of achieving sustainable development, increasing resilience to climate change and avoiding dangerous anthropogenic climate change. The TNA\u2019s have been carried out with reference to the guidelines laid out in UNDP (2003) and Gross et al. (2004). The 2005 TNA was the country\u2019s initial formal step towards the assessment of EST\u2019s needs in the country."


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"The Task Force delivered the draft climate change bill in April 2014. development partners The process to develop the policy was supported by various partners including KAM; Kenya Climate Change Working Group through Trocaire and other funders; Technical Assistance to the Government of Kenya component of the StARCK+ programme funded by the UK Government through DFID; Low Emission Capacity Building Project funded by the European Union and Government of Germany and managed by UNDP; and LEDS Global Partnership."


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"The Technical Assistance to the Government of Kenya component of the StARCK+ programme funded by the UK Government through DFID provided support for preparations for the first Council meeting.  assistance  EPRF 5: Establish a climate change secretariat within the ministry responsible for climate change affairs Action Type Enabling Timeframe Short term/Quick win Sector All sectors, national relevance Action Summary Establish primary national government technical mechanism for climate change response, a Secretariat of Climate Change, within the sectoral ministry responsible for climate change affairs, at present the MENR, building on existing structures and reform proposals."


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"The Technical Assistance to the Government of Kenya component of the StARCK+ programme funded by the UK Government through DFID provided support to develop the Climate Change Registry."


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"The Technical Assistance to the Government of Kenya component of the StARCK+ programme funded by the UK Government through DFID provided support to maintain the NCCAP website."


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"The Technical Assistance to the Government of Kenya component of the Strengthening Adaptation and Resilience to Climate Change in Kenya Plus (StARCK+) Programme, which is funded by the Government of the United Kingdom\u2019s Department for International Development (DFID) provided support to the Presidential launch of the Green Schools Initiative in 2013, and for the demonstration school in Michinde, Nyandarua County. Forester, issue No. 20: October \u2013 December 2016. KenGen and Baburi Cement (2017), The Schools\u2019 Green Initiative Challenge Enters Phase III, The Nation, pp."


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"The Tracking Adaptation and Measuring Development (TAMD) Project helps the government track progress on adapting to climate change and how adaptation programs effect development. The Mazingira Centre is a laboratory established at ILRI in Nairobi that is developing reliable data on GHG emissions from the livestock sector. developement partners The Technical Assistance to the Government of Kenya component of the StARCK+ programme funded by the UK Government through DFID provided support to develop the Climate Change Registry."


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"The UNDP\u2019s Kenya Natural Disaster Profile reports that \u201clandslides occur mostly during the rainy season and are associated with floods.\u201d Western, Nyanza and the north Rift Valley regions are most affected by landslides."


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"The UNFCCC also recognises that the extent to which developing countries will meet their obligations under the Convention will depend on the level of support in terms of finance, technology and capacity building available.  While Kenya\u2019s historical emission contribution is negligible, at less than 0.1% (in 2019) of the total global emissions, while the per-capita emissions are less than 2.06 MtCOzeq compared to the global average of 4.92 MtCO,e (2018), Kenya places a high priority on response to climate change."


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"The UNFCCC and its subsidiary bodies, now states with certainty that the earth is warming, largely spurred by human activities, and this will have many serious and potentially damaging effects in the coming decades."


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"The UNFCCC has laid the foundation for the system of reporting on information on GHG emissions by sources and removals by sinks, as well as on the actions that countries are taking to mitigate and adapt to climate change e.g. Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), Biennial Update Reports (BURs) and National Communication. This is key in determining the progress in the implementation of agreements at both international and national levels. Hence the need for development of a Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system."


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"The UNFCCC recognises these consequences and in Article 2 has called on the world\u2019s governments to take action aimed at reducing and stabilising concentrations of GHGs \u2018in the atmosphere at a level that would avoid dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.\u2019 1.2 International Efforts and Challenges to Combating Climate Change A significant weakness of the UNFCCC is that it did not set binding GHG emission reduction targets, but instead \u2018encouraged\u2019 Parties to the Convention to take measures to reduce their GHG emissions according to their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities."


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"The UNFCCC recognizes these consequences and in Article 2 has called on the world\u2019s governments to take action aimed at reducing and stabilizing concentrations of GHGs \u2018in the atmosphere at a level that would avoid dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.\u2019 There is an opportunity based on the Paris Agreement 2015, for all nations of the world to address the impacts of climate change and maintain a balance between increasing agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability."


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"The UNFCCC sets the overall framework for intergovernmental efforts to stabilise the concentrations of GHGs in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous man-made interference with the climate system. The Paris Agreement reached in December 2015 forms the basis of the future international climate policy and includes reference to the need to keep global temperature rise below 2oC above pre-industrial levels, in part through Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)."


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"The USAID- funded, UNDP-managed LECRD project is providing support to establish the centre, including development of a library and business plan."


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"The USAID-funded, UNDP-managed LECRD project supports MENR for development of the third GHG inventory."


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"The USAID-funded, UNDP-managed Low Emission Climate Resilient Development (LECRD) project is providing support to MENR for the development of the third GHG inventory. The Government of Germany is providing technical assistance to MOTIHUD for GHG emissions measurement and monitoring in the transport sector. The Government of France is providing technical assistance to MOEP for GHG emissions measurement and monitoring in the energy sector."


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"The Updated Least Cost Power Development Plan (ULCPDP) presumes a 14% per annum growth rate in electricity supply between 2010 and 2030 in their reference case. This compares to historical growth in electricity supply of about 7% between 2000 and 2010. The cost to achieve this dramatic growth is estimated at U.S$ 41.4 billion (excluding committed projects) while generation technologies that are expected to make up the vast majority of new supply still face considerable barriers to implementation."


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"The Vision 2030 is Kenya\u2019s development blue-print projecting the country as a middle income economy by the year 2030. Vision 2030 is also intended to accelerate the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The MDGs are a set of goals ranging from poverty eradication to reducing infant mortality to environmental sustainability that developing countries agreed to implement by 2015."


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"The Vision also states that the country aims to be a nation that has a clean, secure and sustainable environment. It provides for an increase of 4% in forest cover and to lessen by half all environment-related diseases. The Vision has provided for flagship projects in water catchment management, land cover and land use mapping and specific programs in agricultural development, and investment in renewable sources of energy."


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"The World Bank affirms that \u201cpoverty and vulnerability to climate change remain the most critical development challenges facing Kenya.\u201d115\f  Table 8: National economic indicators Indicator  Population (millions) Annual GHG emissions per capita (excluding LULUCF) in tCO2 Annual GHG emissions per capita (including LULUCF) in tCO2 Estimated share of informal sector in GDP(percentage) Relevant area (square kilometres) Share of manufacturing industry in GDP (percentage) Share of services in GDP (percentage) Share of agriculture in GDP (percentage) Land area used for agricultural purposes (million square kilometres) Urban population as percentage of total Livestock population (000) Forest area (square kilometres) Population in national absolute poverty (percentage) Life expectancy at birth (years) Literacy rate (percentage) Sources: 1st NC; Economic Report 2013; 2nd MTP; NCCAP; State of Environment Report 2009; Planning Commission, 2007; Kenya National Human Development Report 2013 \f  REFERENCES Alkire, S., Roche, J.M."


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"The World Bank, Washington, D.C.\f CHAPTER FIVE: ANNEXES Dorper sheep grazing in Laikipia Dairy Cattle grazing in Nyandarua\f39 Annex 1: Kenya CSA Implementation Framework Result-Based Log Frame NARRATIVE SUMMARY INDICATORS MEANS OF VERIFICATION RISKS AND ASSUMPTIONS OVERALL GOAL: The overall goal of the framework is to achieve a long-term national low carbon climate resilient development pathway, whilst realizing the development goals of Kenya Vision 2030. G1: Climate change adaptation investments in the agricultural sector. G2: Total agricultural sector GHG emissions."


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"The World Bank\u2019s Natural Resource Management project includes a national forest resource assessment component, and the Government of Australia is supporting the Clinton Initiative to deliver regional activities on national carbon monitoring systems. The Government of Finland has provided institutional support for REDD+ readiness activities. Lead Agency to take this Action forward The KFS will lead the national forest inventory & the development of a monitoring and reporting system in the forestry sector."


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"The abatement potentials for the other low-carbon development options vary between 0.5 and 0.8 MtCO2e a year in 2030.  According to the Nairobi County Government, the BRT system implementation programme has been started in early 2015. A BRT system NAMA is also underway as part of the implementation of the NCCAP. In addition, Kenya has already commissioned the construction of a standard gauge railway from the Port of Mombasa all the way to the City of Kisumu."


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"The abatement potentials for the other low-carbon development options vary between 0.5 and 0.8 MtCO2e a year in 2030.  Industrial Processes: 95 per cent of industrial process emissions in Kenya are created by two industries: cement manufacturing (1.9 MtCO2e in 2010) and charcoal manufacturing (0.8 MtCO2e in 2010). Process emissions from cement manufacturing can be reduced by replacing clinker in the cement mix with\f  alternative materials."


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"The abatement potentials for the other low-carbon development options vary between 0.5 and 0.8 MtCO2e a year in 2030. Introducing large-scale bus rapid transit (potentially complemented with some light rail transit) has significant associated benefits in terms of reduced traffic congestion, improved local air quality and improved road safety. These options are in line with the priorities of the Government of Kenya, which has started to secure funding for these actions."


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"The ability to adjust the scale of implementation and hence the emission reductions of any individual mitigation option; 3. The ability to adjust over time to both uncertainties in the baseline emission projections; as well as uncertainties in the potential for actions to reduce emissions. 4. Flexibility for emission reductions to be achieved in the sector where it makes most sense from a political, economic or social standpoint."


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"The above table also gives the relative contribution of the various gases to the total CO2 equivalent emissions from the country.  Figure 1: Relative contribution of the various gases  The energy sector emitted 9,760 Gg of CO2 eq., contributing 17.7 per cent of the total GHG emissions in 2000. The agriculture sector emitted 22,539 Gg CO2 eq, which was 40.9 per cent of the total GHG emissions. The LULUCF emitted 20,637 Gg CO2 eq, which was 37.4 per\f  cent of the total GHG emissions."


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"The absence of internal coherence in laws and policies has resulted in duplicity and overlap in execution of institutional mandates, with a suboptimal outcome for Kenya. 2.4.2 The various sectoral laws, policies and institutional mandates that define roles and functions required for climate change response should therefore be harmonised in order to enhance coordination and mainstream climate change into their functions. 2.4.3 The changes to the national governance framework in 2010, which introduced National and County levels of government, indicate a need to promptly ensure internal coherence and proper coordination of functions."


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"The act also addresses use of water resources to satisfy human and livestock needs, and to protect ecosystems to secure ecologically sustainable development, including the responsibilities of county governments and public private partnerships. Land Act of 2012 This Act revises, consolidates and rationalizes land laws so as to provide for the sustainable administration and management of land and land-based resources."


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"The act establishes an institutional arrangement with a national regulator, the Energy Regulatory Commission, which exercises oversight on the wide range of economic activities in the energy sector, and promotes stakeholder compliance with established rules.  Property Rights \u2013 are important to the activities and investments that are necessary for low carbon climate resilient development, The Constitution provides protection for property rights as a fundamental right, including a right to own and hold property of any kind anywhere in Kenya."


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"The action can be initiated prior to the formation of county governments, as much of the work is at a sub-county level, involving local authorities and customary groups. Duration of the Action: 12 months The action should be completed by mid 2014. Quick win opportunity r Cost associated with the Action in Kenyan Shillings Costs for the first phase of the project are already available through IIED/ DFID, but implementation funding will be required from April 2013."


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"The action plan is clear that adaptation is the main priority for the country because of the adverse socio-economic impacts related to climate change being experienced and the ever increasing vulnerabilities of the different sectors. The NCCAP clearly articulates that sustainable development is dif\ufb01cult to achieve in light of a changing climate that has negative economic, social, and environmental impacts; meaning that adaptation and development goals need to complement each other."


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"The action plan is delivered through eight sub- components: \ufffd Long-term National Low Carbon Climate Resilient Development Pathway \ufffd Enabling Policy and Regulatory Framework  \ufffd Adaptation Analysis and Prioritisation \ufffd Mitigation \ufffd Technology \ufffd National Performance and Benefit Measurement \ufffd Knowledge Management and Capacity Development \ufffd Finance  The Government of Kenya has moved to implement a number of actions in the NCCAP, including improved drought management and promotion of renewable energy."


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"The action should be completed as soon as possible and ideally by the end of 2013, in order to ensure a smooth roll-out of the NPBMF. Quick win opportunity \u221a Cost associated with the Action in Kenyan Shillings The indicative cost for the action is Ksh 20 million. Immediate next steps The MRV+ system needs to have been created, and all MDAs need to agree to share data relevant to climate change indicator measurement.  This action could then be implemented from April 2013."


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"The action should be completed as soon as possible, and ideally by the July 2014, in order to ensure a smooth roll-out of the NPBMF. Quick win opportunity \u221a Cost associated with the Action in Kenyan Shillings (part of Action 1). Immediate next steps The action could be implemented after the MRV+ system components are established and teams put in place.  The first step is to carry out a user analysis, which will take a period of 6 months."


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"The action will also produce guidelines to supplement the NIMES guidelines for indicator reporting, in close consultation with MED. The benefits of the action are: \u00b7\ufffd A list of mitigation and adaptation indicators and relevant baselines are created, which are then kept under review and amended as necessary to adjust to changes in Kenya\u2019s priorities; \u00b7\ufffd Ability to set meaningful targets for indicators. Areas of relevance This action is relevant to all geographic areas in Kenya and all sectors."


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"The actions are based on risk and vulnerability assessments across the MTP sectors. Many of the actions have strong synergies with mitigation actions. Kenya\u2019s capacity to undertake strong mitigation actions is dependent upon support for the implementation of these adaptation actions. \uf0b7 MTP SECTOR \uf0b7 PRIORITY ADAPTATION ACTIONS \uf0b7 Energy \uf0b7 Increase the resilience of current and future energy systems. \uf0b7 Science, Technology and innovations \uf0b7 Support innovation and development of appropriate technologies that promote climate resilient development."


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"The actions under this sub-component focus on promoting use of green energy in both existing and new irrigation\ufffdsystems\ufffdas\ufffdwell\ufffdas\ufffdenhancing\ufffdefficient\ufffdwater\ufffdmanagement\ufffdpractices. Summary of Actions: \u2022 Increase use of appropriate renewable energy technologies in irrigation systems. \u2022 Incorporate gravity fed system in abstraction and distribution of water to reduce energy used in irrigation. \u2022\ufffd Use\ufffdof\ufffdefficient\ufffdwater\ufffdtechnologies\ufffdin\ufffdirrigation. \u2022 Build technical capacity to establish and maintain renewable energy innovations. \u2022 Increase area under micro-irrigation schemes. \u2022 Ensure water used for irrigation is safe. \u2022\ufffd Promote\ufffddevelopment\ufffdand\ufffddissemination\ufffdof\ufffdappropriate\ufffdefficient\ufffdsmall-scale\ufffdirrigation\ufffdtechnological\ufffd packages."


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"The actions will be led by the MRV+ system data QA/QC working group in consultation with the MRV+ system Technical Analysis Groups (TAGs), Synergies and Project Interface (SPI) and GHG technical team. Areas of relevance This action is relevant to all geographic areas in Kenya and all sectors."


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"The activity data required to estimate incineration emissions is the annual amount of municipal waste, sewage sludge, clinical waste or hazardous waste that is incinerated. Table 30, Table 31 and Table 32 present emissions of CO2, CH4 and N2O for the waste sector."


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"The actors will collaborate with the national and county governments in implementation of mitigation and adaptation measures. They will also participate in the development and review of CSA policies and strategies; legislations and investment ventures. RESOURCE MOBILIZATION The implementation of KCSAS strategy will require a total of KSh. 500 billion (US$ 5.0 billion) during the ten (10) year period (2017 to 2026). A summary of the financial requirements for the key thematic areas in CSA is presented in Table 1."


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"The adaptation actions are  1 GHG time series 1990-2012 per capita emissions for world countries\f further amplified in the NAP. Mitigation and adaptation actions are implemented across the various sectors at both the national and county government levels. The Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources coordinates the country\u2019s climate change affairs through the National Climate Change Secretariat (NCCS). The planning process also takes cognisance of the Climate Change Bill (2014) that proposes several institutional reforms to enhance coordination of climate change adaptation and mitigation."


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"The adaptation analysis conducted during the NCCAP is summarised in the Adaptation Technical Analysis Report (ATAR) and detailed in a series of reports compiled in the Adaptation Annex to the NCCAP.  A comprehensive National Adaptation Plan (NAP) to accompany the NCCAP is at an advanced stage of development."


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"The additional activity that the DNA can undertake includes, for instance, undertaking studies to create new methodologies; calculating and publicising baselines and emission factors; updating its website to inform stakeholders about relevant carbon market developments and allowing for project\fKenya s documents to be uploaded online; and developing expertise in sectoral crediting opportunities."


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"The additional costs related to design modifications for including road water management from the start is estimated at a maximum of 5% of original investments planned for the road.18 This cost might be supported by climate finance that is additional to the budgeted costs of the infrastructure. Climate resilient actions in the infrastructure sector as captured in the NCCAP include improved use of weather and climate information in infrastructure development, and research to identify designs and materials that enhance the resilience of infrastructure."


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"The adoption of a gender mainstreaming approach involves assessing the implications for women and men of any planned climate change action, including legislation, policies or programmes, in any area and at all government levels to achieve gender equality. It is also important that the policy and law account for the youth when planning and executing climate change responses because the youth represent a crossover between the present and future generations, and play a critical role in socio-economic development."


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"The adoption rate of this technology is assumed to be 50% in 2030 because of policy interventions promoting the use of ICPS. This conservative assumption was chosen because of expected higher material costs, increased labour input, lack of knowledge and immobility of charcoal producers. Energy efficiency improvements refer to mitigation actions that reduce the amount of energy, often fossil fuel generated, required for industrial processes."


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"The adverse impacts of climate change have the potential to significantly\f inhibit the sustainable development of Kenya in key priority areas: (i) Environment, Water and Forestry Natural ecosystems have been adversely affected by climate change, including through variations of temperature and precipitation. The decline in environmental quality brings social and economic hardship to the people who depend on these ecosystems, and increases contestation and the likelihood of conflict over diminishing natural resources. It also creates a window for invasive species, new pests and diseases."


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"The agreement entered into force on 4 November 2016, and by May 2017 had been ratified by 148 of the 197 Parties to the Convention. Kenya ratified the Paris Agreement on 28 December 2016. When depositing its instruments of ratification, Kenya re-submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (first submission to the UNFCCC was in July 2015) as its first NDC.1 The Paris Agreement entered into force for Kenya on 27 January 2017."


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"The agreement is now part of Kenya\u2019s legal system in line with the country\u2019s supreme law. The Constitution of Kenya, 2010 Article 2 (6) states that: \u201cAny treaty or convention ratified by Kenya shall form part of the law of Kenya under this Constitution.\u201d2 The Paris Agreement aims to keep the increase in global average temperature to well below 2\u00b0 Celsius above pre-industrial levels, and to reach global peaking of GHG emissions as soon as possible."


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"The agricultural extension in Kenya dates back to the early 1900\u2019s when the government through the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation provided the bulk of extension services to both small-scale and large-scale farmers. The most notable success was in the dissemination of hybrid maize technology in the late 1960\u2019s and early 1970\u2019s. However, after the implementation of structural adjustment programs (SAPs) in the 1980\u2019s, the government support to extension services decreased."


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"The agricultural sector accounts for about 26 per cent of Kenya\u2019s GDP and 75 per cent of jobs. Climate-induced changes in productivity and\fKenya s crop diversity, such as tea, coffee and vegetables, have implications for exports and what will need to be imported."


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"The agricultural sector contributes about 25% of Kenya\u2019s GDP and about 27% indirectly through linkages to agro-based industries and the The agriculture sector\u2013 including crop cultivation, livestock and fisheries \u2013 is the means of livelihood for the majority of the rural population in Kenya and provides over 70 percent of employment in rural areas.2 The Agricultural Sector Development Strategy 2010-2020 notes that growth in the national economy has historically been highly correlated with growth in the agricultural sector.3 The decline in the growth of the Kenyan economy in the last quarter of 2016 was linked to the poor performance of the agriculture sector, a result of much lower than average rainfall.4 The crops sub-sector, comprising food, industrial and horticultural crops, contributes 77.6% to the Agricultural Gross Domestic Product (AgGDP)."


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"The agricultural sector does not include energy emissions from fuel combustion, which are included within other sectors such as transportation and the household, commercial and industrial energy sectors.  It also does not include the conversion of non-agricultural land- uses to agriculture and the management of plantations which are considered in the forestry sector.  Projections are based on assumptions regarding the change in activity related to different agricultural emission sources."


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"The agricultural sector has the potential to reduce GHG emissions through sequestration of carbon in trees and soils through agroforestry, improved pasture and range land management, conservation agriculture, efficient dairy production systems, and improved manure management. 4.2.4 Forests in Kenya are important for economic development and for environmental services. They play a vital role in the conservation of biological diversity, regulation of water supplies,\f sequestration of carbon, and are a major habitat for wildlife."


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"The agricultural sector is currently the largest source of GHG emissions of all sectors.  Despite its important contribution to overall emissions, data required to calculate GHG emissions is lacking and there is significant uncertainty associated with the emission estimates when compared to energy demand, electricity generation and transportation sectors."


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"The agriculture sector along the coast will also be impacted with the loss of income of USD 472.8 million from losses to mango, cashew nut and coconut harvest following a one metre sea level rise.32 The overall picture of vulnerability to drought, \ufb02ooding and sea level rise is shown in Figure 10.\fEnhanced climate resilience towards the attainment of Vision 2030 and beyond | 19 \ufffd Figure 10: Kenya\u2019s vulnerability index. Source: Mwangi and Mutua (2015), page 18."


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"The agriculture sector is a major contributor the economy of Kenya in terms of food security, employment creation, supply of agrobased industry raw materials and foreign exchange earnings. About 98% of Kenya\u2019s agricultural systems are rain-fed and highly susceptible to climate change and variability. This susceptibility is likey to jeopardize attainment of the sector contribution to the national economy."


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"The agriculture sector is one of the priorities in the economic pillar of Kenya Vision 2030 (GoK, 2007), which aims at achieving an innovative, commercially oriented, modern agricultural sector through institutional reforms, increased productivity, land use transformation, increased access to markets and development of arid and semi-\u00acarid lands (ASALs). To respond to the impacts of climate change in agriculture, the sector developed the Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Strategy (KCSAS) 2017-2026 (GoK, 2017a)."


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"The agriculture sector offers great potential for synergies among the objectives of food security, poverty reduction, adaptation and mitigation. Hence, the sector should be prioritised to develop climate smart agricultural practices that reduce climate vulnerability and increase climate resilience, while also reducing emissions and improving agricultural production potential."


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"The agriculture sector should strive to meet the low range of emission reductions, requiring that other sectors implement actions to achieve the high range of emission reductions. In the short term \u2013 the five-year period of the 2018-2022 NCCAP and NDC implementation plan \u2013 the sector should focus climate change efforts on adaptation, while on building expertise and improving data for mitigation action."


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"The agriculture sector will enhance the resilience and contribute to reduction of GHG emissions by promoting climate smart agriculture. Sessional Paper No. 3 of 2009 on National Land Policy The\ufffdpolicy\ufffdencourages\ufffdefficient\ufffdand\ufffdsustainable\ufffdutilization\ufffdand\ufffdmanagement\ufffdof\ufffdland\ufffd and land-based resources for provision of food security. National Agricultural Research System (NARS) The policy points out that concerted efforts must be made to address the country\u2019s vulnerability to climate change and other external shocks."


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"The agriculture, manufacturing and transportation sectors, which are key cogs for internal and international trade, are highly vulnerable to climate variability and extreme weather events. A successful trade sector will therefore require building resilience across the entire economy of Kenya. (iv) Physical Infrastructure An improved and expanded physical infrastructure is an important and necessary enabler of socio-economic development. Vision 2030 aspires to develop world-class infrastructure facilities and services by focusing on quality, aesthetics and functionality of the infrastructure services."


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"The agriculture, manufacturing and transportation sectors, which are key cogs for internal and international trade, are highly vulnerable to climate variability and extreme weather events. A successful trade sector will therefore require building resilience across the entire economy of Kenya. Trade could also be impacted by carbon taxes, obligations for emission reduction and the uncertain flow of products, raw materials and labour. Development of low-emission products."


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"The aim of initiatives is to replace inefficient incandescent lighting or T8 fluorescent lighting with more efficient CFL or light-emitting diode (LED) alternatives. The co-generation in agriculture option considers the production of biogas from agricultural residues (such as sugar cane and flower farm waste) for use in industrial-scale applications."


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"The aim of the action is to demonstrate the effective application of adaptation M&E within a selected MDA, in order to facilitate roll-out across all relevant MDAs. The benefits of the action are the creation of an operational adaptation M&E framework for the target MDA; substantially enhanced M&E capabilities; and the creation of a model for roll-out across other ministries."


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"The aim of the action is to demonstrate the effective application of adaptation M&E within the county, in order to facilitate roll-out across all counties."


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"The aim of the action is to map data flows required for reporting of outcome-based indicators covering the GHG inventory, mitigation, adaptation and synergies for national level reporting."


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"The aim of the action is to set up an on-line geo-spatial data sharing system between ministries, NGOs, donors and the research community to allow currently fragmented and siloed data sets to be readily accessed and queried."


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"The aim of the action is to set up the governance structure, teams and components of the MRV+ system.The MRV+ system will assist Kenya by: \u00b7\ufffd Guiding GoK on the implementation of the response to climate change; \u00b7\ufffd Helping Kenya fulfil its international climate reporting obligations; \u00b7\ufffd Demonstrating Kenya\u2019s climate finance readiness and providing a strong platform for attracting climate finance from multilateral and bilateral development partners."


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"The aim of the action is to show how adaptation M&E can be used to guide collective action for local climate adaptation, and to assess how well collective action on climate adaptation benefits the climate vulnerable poor. The benefits of the action are: information for County governments to help improve climate adaptation planning and implementation and improvements in climate risk management of County authorities."


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"The aim of this NAP is to consolidate the country\u2019s vision on adaptation supported by macro-level adaptation actions that relate with the economic sectors and county level vulnerabilities to enhance long term resilience and adaptive capacity. This NAP presents adaptation actions that cover the time frame 2015-2030."


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"The ambitious goals set out in Vision 2030 and other policy documents are assumed to be aspirational and unlikely to be achieved without financing, technology transfer and capacity building beyond current levels. As such, the reference case forecast does not reflect all of Vision 2030\u2019s aspirations."


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"The amendment Act strengthens provisions for access to information, encourages conservation, improves standards and monitoring, establishes County Executive Committees, and calls for national and county environmental action plans to be developed every five years. Section 56(A) of the revised Act indicates that the Cabinet Secretary shall, in consultation with relevant lead agencies, issue guidelines and prescribe measures on climate change.  The Forests Act, 2005 \u2013 underscores the importance of sustainable forest management in recognition of the role forests play in poverty reduction and development."


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"The amount of methane captured is based on conservative assumptions from a study that determined that 11 to 64 MW of municipal solid waste biogas electricity could be installed in Nairobi, based on 2009 waste levels.18 A Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA) proposal for a Circular Economy Solid Waste Management Approach for Urban Areas in Kenya was developed by the MENR in 2016.19 The project concept included the creation of recycling points for waste sorting and subsequent recycling, and composting facilities for organic waste treatment."


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"The analysis concluded with the identification of priority actions that can enable low-carbon development.  The low-carbon (mitigation) options were then assessed and those options that offered the greatest opportunity for emissions reductions, aligned with Government of Kenya priorities, and offered significant sustainable development benefits were prioritized. The mitigation options in each sector were analyzed in detail to create a wedge analysis, which demonstrated how these low-carbon options could help to bend down emissions."


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"The analysis concludes with priority actions that can enable the transition to a low-carbon development path. 6.2 Key Findings GHG emissions inventory and reference case The last official GHG emissions inventory for Kenya was completed for the year 1994 and used in the First National Communication, in 2002. Therefore, an essential first step in the low carbon development assessment under the 2012 Action Plan analysis was to develop a comprehensive up-to-date GHG emissions inventory."


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"The analysis found that a wide range of capacity development initiatives will be required to address their expanding mandates as they lead the implementation of the . A list of climate related capacity development service providers should also be developed and maintained by the Climate Change Resource Centre. For institutions to take forward priority adaptation and low carbon development actions, more detailed capacity analysis will be needed at the institutional level since  a wide range of capacities will be required."


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"The analysis of baseline data will be disaggregated per county for assessing the effects and impacts across gender and other social economic aspects. (ii)\ufffd\ufffdMid-term\ufffd(five\ufffdyears)\ufffdreview\ufffdaimed\ufffdat\ufffdevaluating\ufffdthe\ufffdrelevance,\ufffdeffectiveness\ufffdand\ufffdefficiency\ufffdof\ufffd implementation of the KCSAIF against indicators in the log frame. The review will assess the implementation approaches, strategies, organizational set up and partnership arrangements. The review will make recommendations for the remaining period largely to help enhance implementation and improve performance. The review will also consider technical aspects of resilience and low- carbon development in KCSAIF."


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"The analysis provided evidence that, with substantial support, Kenya can meet and exceed the initial NDC mitigation target of reducing emissions by 30% relative to the Business as Usual Scenario by 2030. In addition, it examines the climate projections and the associated impacts before proposing and identifying the priority adaptation actions. It also provides the evidence base and recommendations for ambition enhancements in the Updated NDC.  1.2."


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"The analysis provides a draft inventory for 2010, developed using IPCC methodologies. See Chapter 2 of the SC4-Mitigation report. 75 Ministry of Energy. 2011. Updated Least Cost Power Development Plan. Nairobi: Ministry of Energy. 76 The methodological approach for the electricity sector analysis deviates from a traditional analysis of climate mitigation options. Usually mitigation options are assumed to replace a business as usual alternative or reference mix."


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"The analysis starts with the development of an inventory of historical GHG emissions and a projection of how these could change by 2030, forming the reference scenario. Low carbon development opportunities are then examined, looking at their mitigation potential, costs and sustainable development benefits. The computable general equilibrium modelling (CGE) approach informs investment choice and long-term development impacts, providing a wider view of the possible scale and scope of reductions available within the country."


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"The annual emissions per capita (without LULUCF) gradually decreased where it stabilised until 2012. A similar trend was observed for the GHG emissions per capita including LULUCF.  The challenge of climate change is likely to compound these trends. There is increasing evidence that climate change is directly affecting the social, economic and environmental status of the country."


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"The annual rainfall shows either neutral or slightly decreasing trends due to a general decline in the long rains season that extends from March to May. The short rains season between October and December, on the other hand, shows a positive trend in some locations."


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"The annual reports, which are generated under the Act by State and Non- State climate change actors do not only track the implementation status of the NCCAP, the NAP and the NDC, but also constitute a key component of the Integrated MRV System.  The reports generated through the Integrated MRV System will provide input for both national and international reporting, thus addressing various reporting obligations."


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"The approach is to mainstream adaptation actions into the planning, budgeting and implementation process at both the national and county levels of government."


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"The approach is to mainstream adaptation actions into the planning, budgeting and implementation process at both the national and county levels of government. The country\u2019s\fN D C  S E C T O R  A N A LY S I S  R E P O R T  2 0 1 7 Table 8.4."


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"The area under horticultural crops and the value of total production has been on an upward trend with value of horticultural exports growing by an average of 16% rising from KSh. 26.6 Billion in 2002 to KSh. 43.3 Billion in 2006 and to KSh. 65.2 Billion in 2007 (GoK, 2010b). However, the yields of most vegetables have been stagnant, except the indigenous vegetables."


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"The arrangement will address the generation or capture, organising, refining and dissemination of easily understandable and implementable knowledge products for the intended beneficiaries within an enabling environment."


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"The assessment considers four key factors: \u2022 Criticality \u2013 How important is the infrastructure to the community or region? How large is the population served by the waste management system? Are backup services available? \u2022 Likelihood \u2013 Given climate projections, what is the probability that the collection, processing, or disposal infrastructure will be affected? \u2022 Consequences \u2013 How significant is the impact? Will the impacts complicate solid waste management? Will the impacts have health implications?"


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"The assessment of climate change impacts, and vulnerabilities and adaptation to climate change require a wide range of physical, biological, and socio-economic models, methods, tools, and data. The methods for assessing the vulnerability, impacts, and adaptation have significantly improved compared to Kenya\u2019s Initial National Communication (INC). This improvement has facilitated a much deeper analysis and understanding of the impacts due to climate change on the various sectors."


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"The authors would like to thank officials from the National Climate Change Directorate and the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources for their input and contributions to this report.\f1 :  I n t r o d u c t I o n Kenya launched its first National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) in March 2013. The 2013-2017 action plan set out how the Government of Kenya would operationalize its 2010 National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS)."


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"The availability of agricultural raw materials needed by industries is also adversely affected by recurring drought.  Mining, Quarrying and Oil and Gas Extraction  The country has economically viable quantities of coal, iron ore, fluorspar, titanium gypsum, limestone, soapstone, gemstones, soda ash, diatomite, lead, gold, silicon oxide and marble. Recent discoveries of oil, gas and rare earth minerals suggest that these will be potentially important resources for Kenya going forward."


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"The average CO2 emissions over this time period were 17.2 mega tonnes (Mt) per year. This finding is consistent with the observed loss of forest cover in Kenya over the same time period where most of the living biomass is stored. It is estimated that overall, living biomass carbon stocks declined from 829 MT of Carbon in 1990 to 760 MT of Carbon in 2010."


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"The average improvements in fuel economy is 25% for freight vehicles.  Rail, marine and domestic aviation sub-sectors were assumed to have an average demand growth of 4.4%. This growth rate is in line with current projections for the economy and business as usual estimates in the growth rate of transport petroleum demand in a UNEP study.198 An average improvement in fuel efficiency of 1% was assumed."


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"The average number of cold days and nights has decreased by 4.4 per cent and 11.5 per cent respectively. The rate of decrease of cold days is highest in September to November while the rate of decrease of cold nights is highest from December to February.  Observations of rainfall for Kenya as a whole do not show statistically significant trends linked to climate change. Observed climate trends show that on average, northern parts of the country have become wetter, while southern Kenya has become drier."


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"The aviation sector is a growing source of GHG emissions, and Kenyan airlines that fly into countries of the European Union will be expected to offset the emissions associated with this international travel. Research is needed to determine the best way for Kenyan airlines to meet or reduce these costs. Low carbon actions can be taken to make refurbished airports as energy efficient as possible; and climate resilience can be improved through up-to-date weather observations systems, which also improves airline safety."


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"The baseline emissions projection for the industrial sector is illustrated in Figure 6.1 Industrial emissions, including those from the production of cement, lime and soda ash, include emissions associated with fuel combustion, as well as anthropogenic emissions from industrial production processes. However, industrial emissions do not include indirect emissions associated with energy supply including the generation of electricity, which are included in the energy sector."


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"The baseline emissions projection out to 2050 for the Waste sector is illustrated in Figure 8.1 below. Greenhouse gas emissions are an increase of 100%. ndc target for the waste sector Kenya\u2019s NDC \u201cseeks to abate its overall greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 30% by 2030 relative to the business as usual (BAU) scenario.\u201d However, this does not necessarily translate into a 30% emission reduction target for the waste sector equivalent to 1.4 MtCO2e reductions, from baseline emissions in 2030 of 4.8 MtCO2e."


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"The baselines outlined in the NCAPP and in this section are in line with each other but they are not identical to the reference case in the Updated Least Cost Power Development Plan.194 This is because the objective of the baseline emissions forecast is to consider a scenario based on existing policies and regulations and assume no growth in international aid and related international investments."


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"The basic principle is that increased yields per area, increased farm holding products and incomes, access to forest products within the farm holding and on-farm carbon sequestration will reduce the need for more land encroachment into forested areas.\ufffdFarm\ufffdforestry\ufffdis\ufffdalso\ufffdassociated\ufffdwith\ufffdadditional\ufffdbenefits\ufffdincluding\ufffdeasy\ufffdaccess\ufffdto\ufffdforest\ufffdproducts,\ufffd restoration of degraded landscapes, carbon sequestration and strengthening community resilience to climate change."


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"The basis for the on-road allocation by end-use was vehicle registration data between 2000 and 2006200 and detailed vehicle registration data on new vehicles available for 2005 and 2008.201 Table 60 below indicates the distribution by on-road vehicle type. Passenger vehicles include all personal passenger vehicles including motorcycles."


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"The benefits of a climate change mainstreaming approach are manifold: it ensures vulnerability assessments are integral to major policy decisions, it facilitates a coordinated and comprehensive policy response across sectors and administrative levels, and it ensures Kenya\u2019s prosperity in the context of a changing climate by explicitly linking its climate change response to sustainable development. Policy Statements  The Government will: 1."


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"The benefits of the action are: an operational adaptation M&E framework for the target county; substantially enhanced M&E capabilities; and a model for roll-out across other counties The proposed activities under the action are to: engage senior staff in the MDA; select suitable national level (process) indicators in order to measure performance against agreed NAP actions; select suitable county level (outcome) indicators in order to measure effectiveness of measures at county level; identify and agree suitable targets by which to measure performance against both sets of indicators; agree M&E roles within the MDA; identify data sets for indicator measurement and review data quality; establish data sharing agreements; collect baseline data and measure baseline value for each indicator; define additional internal processes data collection, quality control, measurement and reporting; identify capacity building requirements; provide adaptation M&E training for staff; and produce a proposal for further staff training, procurement of computer and data monitoring equipment, additional staff recruitment."


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"The benefits of the action are: \u00b7\ufffd A complete and modern GHG inventory; \u00b7\ufffd Fulfilment of Kenya\u2019s climate change reporting obligations under the UNFCCC. The proposed activities under the action are to: \u00b7\ufffd Update the current GHG inventory; \u00b7\ufffd Plan and write Kenya\u2019s first Biennial Update Report; \u00b7\ufffd Plan and write Kenya\u2019s second National Communication (2NC). Areas of relevance This action is relevant to all geographic areas in Kenya and all sectors."


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"The benefits of this action are: \u00b7\ufffd All current climate change relevant data sets are identified and gaps assessed; \u00b7\ufffd Clear process for data collection, collation, quality assurance (QA)/quality control (QC), validation and reporting are established; \u00b7\ufffd All necessary data are supplied to the CCRDR via DSROAs to enable the development of the GHG inventory and measurement, monitoring, evaluation, verification and reporting of mitigation and adaptation actions and analysis of the synergies between them."


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"The bene\ufb01ts include silt deposited from \ufb02ooding events being used for \ufb02ood irrigation, increasing water table levels and replenishing aquifers. In the Merti area of Isiolo County, communities practice \ufb02ood irrigation after a big \ufb02ooding event from the Ewaso Nyiro which deposits fertile silt on \ufb02ood plains.29 3.2.3 Sea level rise Kenya\u2019s coastline is 1,420 kilometres in length and sea level rise is a risk to \ufb01ve coastal counties and their populations."


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"The best estimates using available modelling data indicate that decreasing the rate of deforestation for extant forest lands by 50 percent would result in 63,000 hectares of reduced deforestation by 2030, or an average of approximately 4,000 hectares per year between 2015 and 2030. Complementary measures to reduce deforestation and forest degradation, such as improved cookstoves and sustainable charcoal production systems, are discussed in the chapters on energy (Chapter 4) and industry (Chapter 6)."


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"The big wins identified will make a significant impact on sustainable socio- economic development, adaptation and mitigation in Kenya."


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"The broad span of projections indicates high levels of model disagreement; \ufffd The proportion of annual rainfall that occurs in heavy events will increase. The range of increase varies from 2 to 11 per cent by the 2060s and 2 to 12 per cent by the end of the century; \ufffd There is relatively good model agreement that 1 and 5-day rainfall annual maxima will increase."


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"The budget includes allocations for climate-relevant actions, including: \u2022 Food security and agriculture \u2013 irrigation projects, strategic grain reserves, aquaculture technology development, livestock and crop insurance schemes The Kenya Cereal Enhancement Programme-Climate Resilient Agricultural Livelihoods Window (KCEP-CRAL) is a priority program. \u2022 Infrastructure, transport and logistics \u2013 standard gauge railway (shift of freight form road to rail), geothermal development, LPG distribution and infrastructure, installation of solar lanterns."


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"The budgets are estimates derived from different sources which include the NCCAP, current Treasury spending, the sector MTEFs and the adaptation costing for different adaptation activities done after the NCCAP process. The budgets have been projected to 2030."


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"The calculation of methane emissions from Solid Waste Disposal Sites (SWDS) was completed using the Tier 1 First Order Decay (FOD) Model methodology from the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. The FOD method produces a time- dependent emission profile that better reflects the true pattern of the degradation process over time, as opposed to the default method that assumes all potential CH4 is released in the year the waste is disposed."


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"The calculation of the overall NDC target and the individual targets for the six sectors is discussed in Chapter 2 of this report. Figure 6.2 illustrates a low (minimum) target emission reduction of 1.0 MtCO2e for the industrial sector.  This is equivalent to a 10% reduction in 2030 baseline industry emissions, substantially less than half of the overall NDC target of 30%. A lower proportional contribution may make sense because of the high cost of mitigation (i.e."


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"The capacity building should be designed to establish ongoing data collection and analysis in all the relevant government ministries and departments, should include the necessary private sector participation at both association and industry sector levels. \f  National Communication Sector Specific Constraints and Needs  GHG inventories A number of significant gaps, needs and constraints were identified during the preparation of the Second National Communication (SNC) inventory for Kenya. Gaps include not only information on activity data, but also resources and capacity."


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"The capacity building should be designed to establish ongoing data collection and analysis in all the relevant government ministries and departments, should include the necessary private sector participation at both association and industry sector levels.  Sustainable Greenhouse Gas Inventory Systems  Developing a sustainable GHG Inventory system should be a key objective for Kenya to address the challenge of more frequent and demanding\f  reporting of inventories to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)."


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"The capacity of stakeholders on CSA will need to be enhanced and the necessary links for implementation of the framework at national, county and community levels will be established. A monitoring and evaluation (M&E) framework including MRV will be developed and implemented throughout the implementation period through participatory approaches by all relevant stakeholders at the various levels."


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"The carbon credits from the project go to the BioCarbon Fund, a fund with private and public investors that is managed by the World Bank. \u2022 The Accelerating Adoption of Agroforestry in Western Kenya (Triple A) project identified best practices in agroforestry for farmer-to-farmer learning. \u2022 One Acre Fund (NGO) offers grevilia trees to farmers, with 180,000 farmers planting an average of 30 trees each. short term: in progress Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries (MALF) is developing an agricultural NAMA that will include agroforestry."


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"The carbon pools represented in the model are consistent with IPCC Guidelines and include above-ground biomass, below-ground biomass, soil organic matter and the atmosphere.  More detail on the modelling is provided in Kenya\u2019s 2010 Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report.  Land Representation and Activity Data  The FAO Global Forest Resource Assessment for Kenya presents land-use data that has consistent representation over a twenty year time period and is complete and covers all of the land area within Kenya."


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"The cases will include: \u2022 M&E system design, baseline setting and other interventions with local stakeholders; \u2022 Survey of available data on vulnerability, climate observations, \u2022 Identification of local organizations for collective action, mapping formal and informal planning processes etc.; \u2022 Implementation of M&E system; \u2022 Assessment of changes in climate risk management; how well collective action for climate adaptation benefits the climate vulnerable poor; and \u2022 Derive lessons for County level support of climate adaptation by local groups."


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"The cattle population has increased marginally by 8% in that time, but other livestock populations including sheep, goat and camels have increased by more than 40%. Production of wheat and maize crops have increased by 64% and 103%, respectively.  Agricultural activities contribute to greenhouse gas emissions through a variety of different processes. CH4 and N2O are the only significant greenhouse gases emitted by the Agriculture Sector."


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"The challenges faced by the various institutions while implementing and coordinating CSA activities are inadequate coordination among stakeholders; uncoordinated planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of programmes and projects; lack of harmonization between National and Development Partners\u2019 priorities; and inadequate linkages between National and County Governments in CSA related issues. There is therefore need to establish coordination and collaboration mechanisms."


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"The change is primarily driven by the Ministry of Energy and Petroleum\u2019s new Master Long Term Plan forecast in the electricity sector.4  In this updated electricity plan the forecast for electricity generation in 2030 is dramatically lower than in the 2011 Updated Least Cost Development Plan that was used to project emissions for the NCCAP and SNC."


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"The changes also leads to shifts in the distribution of fish stocks due to alteration or reduction of feeding grounds, reduction in breeding grounds, and changes in migratory circuits that connect life stages, thereby affecting successful completion of the life cycle and successful recruitment, a factor that will translate into reduced earnings for the fisher folk."


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"The changes manifest in the fish through increased metabolism that culminates in smaller body size and a smaller brood, sex determination that favors the prevalence of females over males, expansion and/or contraction of suitable habitats (e.g. coral reefs, sea grass beds and mangroves) and shifts in the distribution of fish stocks due to alteration or reduction of feeding grounds, reduction in breeding grounds, changes in migratory circuits that connect life stages, thereby affecting successful completion of the life cycle and successful recruitment."


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"The changes manifest in the fish through increased metabolism that culminates in smaller body size and a smaller brood, sex determination that favors the prevalence of females over males, expansion and/or contraction of suitable habitats (e.g. coral reefs, sea grass beds, and mangroves)."


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"The chapter draws on existing assessments and research through desk research, supplemented with expert interviews. The chapter draws extensively from prior work including the NCCRS, NCCAP, ATAR and Draft NAP, and includes updated research.  BASELINE CLIMATIC, ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCI-ECONOMIC SCENARIO  Kenya\u2019s baseline climatic, environmental and socio-economic scenarios have been described in detail in Chapter 1 of this Second National Communications report."


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"The charcoal industry may be able to use the invasive tree species Prosopis juliflora (locally known as \u201cmathenge\u201d) as a substitute for local species to foster sustainable charcoal making. Improved manufacturing processes, that could help to achieve SDG 9, are only likely if the sector is formalized, although the impact on the employment situation in the charcoal production sector is uncertain."


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"The climate change division carry out extensive scientific research in the country consistent with the regional and global issues of climate change. The atmospheric pollution monitoring division undertakes long-term measurements of atmospheric chemical composition and background pollution. It provides vital information on GHGs and aerosols in equatorial Africa, and the effect of biomass burning on the regional build- up of tropospheric ozone. The latter is undertaken at Mt. Kenya Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Station part of the WMO Atmospheric Research and Environment Programme."


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"The climate change impacts and risks to Kenya\u2019s economy have been analysed in detail for each sector in the Adaptation Technical Analysis Reports. Impacts for particular sectors are summarised as follows: \u00a7\ufffd Agriculture, livestock and fisheries: This sector is key for Kenya in terms of employment, food security, livelihoods and economic development. Climate change has the potential\fKenya s to significantly affect agriculture-based livelihoods by challenging the sustainability of current arable, pastoral and fishing practices."


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"The climate is strongly influenced by the circulation system of Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and its geographic location. This has shaped the occupation of its land and partly contributes to its socioeconomic differences. The western, central and coastal regions, which are primarily rain fed, and comprised of productive agricultural land occupies less than \f  20 per cent of the country\u2019s land area and carries the majority (approximately 90 per cent) of the country\u2019s population."


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"The climate knowledge portal can be accessed at:   The NCCAP website can be accessed at:   KMCD 2: Establish a physical climate change resource centre Title Establish physical climate change resource centre Action Type Enabling Timeframe Short term/Quick Win Sector All sectors, national relevance Action Summary Establish a national climate change resource centre and use existing infrastructure to devolve to the counties. The centre will house hard copies of published multimedia materials and other knowledge products."


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"The climate risk-based adaptation analysis conducted during the preparation of the National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) built on the findings of the National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS), with the aim to: \u2022\ufffd Provide evidence of the key climate risks to Kenya; \u2022\ufffd Assess climate change impacts on the sectors; \u2022\ufffd Document climate adaptation activities that are underway, planned and recommended; \u2022\ufffd Develop a set of potential and priority adaptation actions to address projected climate impacts per sector that will feed into Kenya\u2019s National Adaptation Plan (NAP); \u2022\ufffd Support the integration of climate change adaptation into relevant new and existing sector policies, development, budgetary and planning processes and strategies, and across different levels."


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"The climate-proofing of infrastructure related to electricity generation will be a priority if the ambitions to ensure a stable and secure supply of power are realised. \fKenya s 12.3 Costs Associated with the National Climate Change Action Plan 12.3.1 Projected budget for adaptation actions Detailed primary costing for priority adaptation actions will only be generated during the preparation of the National Adaptation Plan. However, during the development of this NCCAP, secondary data cost estimates for adaptation actions were provided by priority sectors."


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"The closest Kenya ever came to developing a comprehensive environmental policy was with the drafting of Sessional Paper No. 6 of 1999 on Environment and Development. However, this policy paper does not adequately recognise climate change, and adaptation and mitigation are not addressed. The only policy that has attempted to address climate change to some extent is the draft National Environmental Policy of 2008. \u2022\ufffd A comprehensive policy on climate change should therefore be formulated in line with the UNFCCC\u2019s requirement of Parties."


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"The combination of an unfavourable demand/supply balance globally has already led to low carbon credit prices. The prospect of the European Union excluding credits from Kenyan projects registered after 2013 from the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) will further serve to make the environment challenging for carbon market project developers in the country."


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"The combination of deforestation to open up croplands, the extension of agriculture onto land with low potential, and the use of more basic farming techniques and technologies due to cost and capacity barriers make the current agricultural system unsustainable in the long term. At the same time, agriculture contributes the most (40 percent of overall total emissions in 2015) to Kenya\u2019s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The livestock sector contributes over half of the agriculture emissions, mainly methane emissions through enteric fermentation."


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"The combination of these factors increases Kenya\u2019s vulnerability to climate change. In addition, the growth projections in the Vision 2030 coupled with population increase and urbanization are expected to lead to a rise in the emission levels. The continued annual burden of the extreme climatic events could cost the economy as much as US$500 million a year, which is equivalent to approximately 2.6 per cent of the country\u2019s GDP with implications for long-term growth10."


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"The combined effects of climate change and rapid population growth increase food insecurity, environmental degradation and poverty levels in in the country. Kenya\u2019s population was 37.7 million in the 2009 national census, a 9 million person increase from the 28.7 million reported in the 1999 census."


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"The committee will be expected to ensure that CSA decisions and resolutions approved by IGF are circulated and implemented by relevant entities within the two levels of government. 4.1.3 Joint Agriculture Sector Technical  Working Groups (JAS-TWGs) The JAS-TWGs will aim at providing a uniform platform for intergovernmental technical consultation based on the principle of equitable representation at the two levels of government to enhance its effectiveness. It is expected that implementation of the CSA Framework will be aligned within the six JAS-TWGs."


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"The committee will provide regular direction for sector transformation initiatives agreed between the two\ufffdlevels\ufffdof\ufffdgovernment\ufffdand\ufffdprepares\ufffdfollow-up\ufffdfor\ufffdIGF\ufffdmeetings;\ufffdand\ufffd(c)\ufffdJoint\ufffdAgriculture\ufffdSector- Technical Working Group (JAS-TWG) which aims at providing a uniform platform for intergovernmental technical consultation based on the principle of equitable representation at the two levels of government to enhance the framework effectiveness. The KCSAIF monitoring and evaluation plan will be agreed upon by the different stakeholders to ensure delivery and ownership. It will be based on Logical Framework Approach (LFA) with emphasis on results."


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"The communication centre at KMD is a Regional Telecommunications Hub (RTH) that collects observational data originating from its own and associated National Meteorological Centres (NMCs) relaying such data directly to the global Main Telecommunication Network (MTN) as shown in Figure 65 & Figure 66, respectively."


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"The communication provides an overview of climate change issues for key stakeholders at local, national, regional and international levels. The communication was prepared through a national effort and contributions of various stakeholders from government, civil society and the private sector in Kenya organised in three broad thematic working groups (TWG). The participatory process involved numerous institutions and stakeholders, with the TWGs overseeing the implementation of the work programme."


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"The company has acquired geothermal energy technologies that make it possible to drill deeper wells and to undertake directional drilling to produce more electricity and in a more environmentally friendly manner. KenGen has introduced an innovative well-head technology which enables electricity power generation from an individual geothermal well. The power can then be fed to the national grid."


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"The comprehensive sector-specific analysis that informed the KCCAP, demonstrate that gaps exist in the current policy, legislative and institutional framework. Responding to the need for greater coherence and amendments to the framework will address the significant gaps across sectors to enable Kenya to respond to climate change."


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"The concepts contained in Good Practice Guidance are being implemented in stages, according to sector priorities and national circumstances.  (d)  (e)  IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals  IPCC 2006 guidelines, global warming potentials (GWP) for a 100- year time horizon from the IPCCs fifth Assessment Report will be used to calculate CO2 equivalents."


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"The consulting team engaged with NEMA and collected the necessary data and information through personal consultations. The outputs from the consultants have been reviewed and validated through multi-sectoral stakeholder\f  workshops. While this has been efficient in providing for participation to a broader audience, the process has been neither effective not efficient in data and information gathering.  The SNC work has been developed mainly through secondary data from the work done under the NCCRS, NCCAP, the draft National Adaptation Plan (NAP) and Kenya\u2019s Vision 2030."


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"The context in which CSA is to be applied in Kenya requires an integrated approach that aims to transform and\ufffd re-orientate\ufffd agricultural\ufffd systems\ufffd to\ufffd sustainably;\ufffd (i)\ufffd increase\ufffd productivity;\ufffd (ii)\ufffd adapt\ufffd and\ufffd build\ufffd resilience to the likely effects of climate change, and, (iii) reduce and/or remove GHG emissions without compromising productivity. The CSA objectives are meant to enhance the achievements of national food security and development goals through: a)\ufffd Scaling\ufffdup/out\ufffdof\ufffdproven\ufffdtechnologies\ufffdand\ufffdpractices\ufffdfor\ufffdresilient\ufffdlivelihoods\ufffdrelated\ufffdto\ufffdefficient\ufffdsoil\ufffd and nutrients management, water and on-farm energy resources. b) Conservation and sustainable use of agro-genetic resources."


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"The contribution of the sector to GDP in 2013 was 4.8 per cent for  manufacturing accelerating from 3.2 per cent in 2012; 5.5 per cent for construction compared to 4.8 per cent in 2012; and 7.4 per cent for mining and quarrying an increase from 4.1 per cent in 2012.68  Figure 18: Industry sector growth rate, Kenya 2004-2012  Source: Authors derivations of data from the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics Figure 18 shows a negative trend line in the industry growth rate between 2004 and 2013."


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"The contribution will also contribute towards the delivery of the Constitution of Kenya and the attainment of Vision 2030, the country\u2019s development blueprint. 1.1 National Circumstances Kenya is located in the Greater Horn of Africa region, which is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. More than 80% of the country\u2019s landmass is arid and semi-arid land (ASAL) with poor infrastructure, and other developmental challenges."


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"The contributions described in this submission build upon Kenya\u2019s initial NDC, the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) 2015-2030, new policies and national plans, and reflect subsequent work as captured in Kenya\u2019s Second National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP 2018-2022) and the Third National Inventory Report (NIR 3). The updated NDC has been informed by a more detailed and robust assessment of mitigation and adaptation measures, in-  depth analysis, improved information and data, and an extensive stakeholder consultation process.  1.1."


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"The contributions set through this Updated NDC therefore reflect an enhancement of ambition in the following two areas: e An increase in emission reduction target by 2030 from 30% in the initial NDC to 32% in this Updated NDC \u00a9 An enhanced commitment to domestic contribution (subject to national circumstances) to the NDC cost from 0% to 13.2% compared to the initial NDC."


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"The coordination framework and implementation mechanism for KCSAS will be harmonized with the inter-governmental coordination structure for the agriculture sector that is currently under development and is expected to be finalized soon. The proposed agriculture sector coordination structure (Figure 2) proposes the establishment of Sector Working Agriculture Groups (SWAGs).  Technical Reporting  Information Flow Proposed Inter-governmental Coordination structure for the Agricultural Sector The three sub-sectors in agriculture will be expected to form separate SWAGs namely; Agriculture (crops), Livestock & Veterinary; Fisheries & Blue Economy."


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"The coordination framework and implementation mechanism for KCSAS will be harmonized with the inter-governmental coordination structure under development and near completion. This will ensure clarity in flow of information, policy direction and funds. The implementation of this strategy will be mainly by the County Governments. The KCSAS is a tool to implement Kenya\u2019s NDC contribution for the agriculture sector and will require domestic and international support. The implementation of KCSA strategy will require a total of KSh."


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"The core aim of technology transfer is to help facilitate sustainable development in developing countries, and this can only be achieved by developing indigenous innovation capabilities in developing countries, i.e. the capabilities to adapt, develop, deploy and operate clean technologies effectively within specific developing country contexts. Further, empirical evidence suggests that incremental 48  UNFCCC, 2006."


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"The cost to achieve this dramatic growth is estimated at U.S$ 41.4 billion (excluding committed projects) while generation technologies that are expected to make up the vast majority of new supply still face considerable barriers to implementation.193 Technologies such as nuclear, coal and wind have either not been proven in Kenya or have limited current penetration. Geothermal, which is expected to comprise the largest portion of generation, has high initial costs, long lead times and risk of resource exploration that must be overcome."


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"The costs associated with discussions with the Japanese government are expected to be negligible. Immediate next steps  1. Open or continue with engagement with EU on this topic (1 to 6 months)  2. Engage with potentially supportive development partners (2 to 3 months)  3. Open discussions with other affected African countries e.g. Nigeria, possibly through the African Union (3 to 4 months)  4. Fund research study to identify likely impacts of continued exclusion from EU ETS (2 months)  5."


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"The costs of climate change could be equivalent to 2.6 per cent of Kenya\u2019s GDP each year by 2030. Droughts and floods in particular have devastating consequences on the environment, society and the wider economy. The associated spillover to the macro-economy has been significant."


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"The costs of climate change impacts, especially droughts and floods, could be equivalent to 2.6 per cent of Kenya\u2019s annual GDP by 2030, with devastating consequences on the environment, society and the wider economy. While floods are generally associated with higher damage to public infrastructure assets, the burden of drought falls more heavily on people, communities and the private sector. The climate change impacts and risks to Kenya\u2019s economy for particular sectors are summarized below."


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"The costs of implementing the programmes and projects in the respective sectors are provided in an Action Plan in Chapter 9 as well as in the Annex. 4.1.1 Agriculture, Horticulture and Food Security Rain-fed agriculture is the second largest contributor to the country\u2019s GDP, with tea, coffee and horticulture contributing greatly to the country\u2019s foreign exchange earnings. Given its reliance on weather, agricultural production will bear the brunt of climate variability and change."


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"The council\u2019s mandate is to provide legislative and policy direction, supervision, oversight and guidance on climate change across all levels of government. The Council will administer the climate finance mechanism (Climate Change Fund), including approving requests for funding, making funding allocation decisions, and improving the tracking and coordination of climate finance. b) The National Treasury is the primary custodian for all matters of climate finance and shall be responsible for the overall implementation of this policy."


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"The country also needs to put in place a mechanism to enhance access to carbon markets including exploring emerging opportunities and improving the environment for climate investment.\fKenya s 12.1.3 tracking, measuring and reporting A key output of the Action Plan is the design of an integrated framework for measuring, monitoring, evaluating, verifying and reporting results of mitigation actions, adaptation actions and the synergies (known as the MRV+ system).The next step is the operationalisation of the MRV+ system."


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"The country continues to be active in both fields, both independently and with international partners. Various institutions including international organisations, universities and autonomous institutions of excellence, promote, undertake and coordinate climate and climate-related research activities and programmes in the country. Kenya Meteorological Department (KMD), a department currently under the Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources and Regional Development Authorities (MENRRDA), was\f  started in is mandated by the Government to promote and undertake climate and climate change-related research and systematic observations in the country."


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"The country has in the recent past seen increased evidence of climate change such as rising temperatures and changing rainfall patterns, and has experienced extensive climate related impacts through the increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as droughts and flooding."


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"The country hosts a number of observational stations and an extensive communication network covering a Regional Telecommunications Hub (RTH) that collects observational data originating from its own and associated National Meteorological Centres (NMCs) and relaying such data directly to the global Main Telecommunication Network (MTN). Despite Kenya\u2019s extensive observational network, a lean meteorological budget means that quantity and quality are considered inadequate to cover the country effectively. Climate monitoring networks in the ASALs \u2013 an area with high need - are extremely limited."


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"The country is a key player in the global climate change governance system, and annually participates in the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC and Conference of the Parties serving as Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol, articulating the national interest and position during international negotiations. 1.2.3 Kenya has also actively participated in regional initiatives to respond to climate change, including the development of the East African Community (EAC) Climate Change Policy, Master Plan, and Strategy, which also inform this National Climate Change Framework Policy."


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"The country is a lower middle-income country with an estimated national GDP of US$ 82.0 billion in 2017, and aspires to be \u201ca newly industrializing, middle-income country providing a high quality of life to all its citizens by 2030 in a clean and secure environment\u201d.  Over 84% of Kenya\u2019s land area is arid and semi-arid, with poor infrastructure and other developmental challenges, leaving less than 16% of the land area to support over 80% of the population."


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"The country is situated between 5oN 5oS and longitudes 34oE and 42oE with varied landforms types which are divided into plains, escarpments, hills with low and high mountains and breaks. What would otherwise be a largely tropical climate is moderated by a diverse topography and the influence of the Indian Ocean and Lake Victoria. This means that Kenya experiences significant geographical climate variations. The Indian Ocean runs along the country\u2019s south-eastern border, bringing a comparatively wet climate to the narrow coastal zone."


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"The country\u2019s drought cycles have been reduced from 20 years (1964-1984), to 12 years (1984-1996), to two years (2004-2006), to a yearly occurrence of drought recorded in the period between 2007 and 2012.  of Climate Change In Kenya  2.2.1 ASALs, which comprise 83 per cent of Kenya\u2019s landmass, are fragile ecosystems and the lack of investment in public goods and services in ASAL areas increases the country\u2019s vulnerability to climate change. 2.2.2 The impacts of climate change cut across diverse aspects of society, the economy and the environment."


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"The country\u2019s economy is highly dependent on climate sensitive sectors such as agriculture that is mainly rain-fed, energy, tourism, water and health. Climate hazards have caused considerable losses across the country\u2019s different sectors over the years. The main climate hazards include droughts and floods which cause economic losses estimated at 3% of the country\u2019s Gross Domestic Product (GDP)."


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"The country\u2019s focus is adaptation with great mitigation potential.  1.3 Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework  1.3.1 Policy Framework  The Kenya Vision 2030, the long-term national development blueprint encapsulates flagship programmes and projects with aspects of adaptation and mitigation. The National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS), which was developed in 2010, was the first national policy document on climate change. It  aimed to advance the integration of climate change adaptation and mitigation into all government planning,  cu.  budgeting and development objectives."


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"The country\u2019s vulnerability to climate change is documented in its NCCRS, NCCAP, and NAP, 2015-2030.21 Actions to increase forest cover to 10% of land area will have strong adaptation benefits and help to increase climate resilience. There are strong synergies between adaptation and mitigation in the forestry sector. Forest conservation can facilitate the adaptation of forests to climate change by reducing anthropogenic pressure on forests, enhancing the connectivity between forest areas, and conserving biodiversity hotspots."


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"The country\u2019s vulnerability to climate change is documented in its National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS), the Strategy\u2019s 2013-17 NCCAP, and the2015-2030 NAP.13\fN D C  S E C T O R  A N A LY S I S  R E P O R T  2 0 1 7 climate change risks and impacts Many of the climate change risks and impacts faced by the industrial sector can be classified as indirect impacts because of the sector\u2019s linkages with other sectors."


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"The country\u2019s vulnerability to climate change is well documented in its 2010 NCCRS, the Strategy\u2019s 2013-2017 NCCAP and the 2015-2030 NAP.1 The Paris Agreement recognizes the fundamental priority of safeguarding food security and ending hunger, and the vulnerabilities of food production systems to the adverse impacts of climate change."


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"The country\u2019s water resources are unevenly distributed in both time and space in five drainage basins namely Lake Victoria, Rift Valley, Athi River, Tana River and Ewaso Ng\u2019iro. Climate change will worsen this already precarious situation as it affects precipitation, thus further altering the spatial and temporal availability of water resources."


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"The country\u2019s water scarcity index has worsened with rapid population growth, and is\f  expected to fall from approximately 586 m3 per capita in 2010 to as low as 293 m3 per capita by 2050. As a water-scarce country, Kenya is critically exposed to the adverse effects of climate change. This has serious implications for Vision 2030 flagship projects particularly in the tourism, agriculture and industry sectors which will require additional water."


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"The criteria for prioritisation was based on the following: \ufffd Technology and innovation \ufffd Barriers in implementation \ufffd Potential for fundable projects.  The initial list was taken through a multi-criteria analysis (MCA), with weightings for identification of final options as shown in Annex 1 ANNEX 1: TABLES AND FIGURES Table 61. The weightings were determined by a broader stakeholder community, and the scores summed to give a ranked priority list of prioritised technologies discussed below."


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"The criteria were weighted to ensure actions addressing existing vulnerabilities scored highly, while also giving emphasis to preparing for continuing climatic change, impacts and risks. Projected changes will be, addressed through, for example, no and low regrets measures, and incorporation of climate knowledge into decisions regarding long-lived fixed assets, and where a long lead-in decision timeline is required.  The draft NAP recommends the development of an adaptation monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system."


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"The crops (horticulture, food crops and industrial/cash crops), livestock and fisheries subsectors are the main components of the agricultural sector, respectively contributing about 78 per cent, 20 per cent and 2 per cent of agricultural GDP.89 Growth of the national economy is highly correlated to growth and development in agricultural sector, indicating the sector\u2019s importance for the stimulation of overall economic growth (Figure 21)."


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"The crops sub-sector contributes carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide emissions through such activities as conventional tilling, burning of savannah and crop residues, and rice cultivation. Climate smart agriculture (CSA) aims to address the three concerns: 1) increasing agriculture production to meet the meets of a growing population; 2) increasing the resilience of agricultural systems climate change; and 3) minimising GHG emissions from the sector."


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"The crucial role of communication is to make citizens better-informed on climate change issues and actively participate in programmes to combat it. There is therefore need to develop appropriate models of communications that will serve to transmit and disseminate information on climate change."


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"The cumulative public expenditure commitment in Kenya from development partners over 2005-2015 is estimated to be USD 2.29 billion.  The Public Finance Management Act, 2012 sets the rules for how government can raise and spend money, including funding from bilateral and multilateral agencies, through which much climate finance is expected to flow."


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"The current GEF-5 (2010\u20132014) endeavours to make a transformative impact in helping GEF- recipient countries such as Kenya move to a low-carbon development path through market transformation and investment in environmentally sound climate-friendly technologies."


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"The current NCCAP II identifies the country\u2019s priority climate change adaptation and mitigation actions. The actions are intended to contribute to the country\u2019s achievement of the low carbon climate resilient development pathway, poverty eradication and the NDC target. Financing of the NCCAP is achieved through the current and successive medium-term plans (MTPs). As an Annex to the NCCAP (2018-2022), a Mitigation Technical Analysis Report (MTAR 2018-2022) and an Adaptation Technical Analysis Report (ATAR 2018-2022) were provided to elaborate on the mitigation and adaptation actions, respectively."


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"The current NCCAP expires in 2017 and is being updated for 2018 to 2022. The process of updating the NCCAP will include the development of an implementation plan with clearly defined targets and indicators. The updated NCCAP will guide Kenya on priority climate change actions out to 2030, and the five-year implementation plan will guide Kenya toward the achievement of NCCAP and NDC goals. The NCCAP, 2018-2022 will also be the implementation plan for Kenya\u2019s NDC."


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"The current burden of climate-sensitive disease is high in Kenya and future climate change is expected to \u201cexacerbate the occurrence and intensity of future disease outbreaks and may increase the spread of diseases in some areas\u201d.177 For Kenya, the potential implications of a changing climate on health are as follows:  \ufffd Geographic exposure to malaria, which is one of the most physically and economically debilitating diseases in Kenya, is predicted to shift due to increasing temperatures and changing distribution of precipitation."


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"The current extent of tree cover on this agricultural land is not known; however, at least 10 percent tree cover on farms is targeted by the Agricultural (Farm Forestry) Rules 2009. Without additional information, it is assumed that achieving five percent of additional tree cover on these lands using agroforestry practices is possible and a reasonable mitigation scenario. Therefore, the low carbon scenario assumes that an additional 281,000 hectares is converted to agroforestry between the years 2015 and 2030."


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"The current sources of financing climate change activities are from Government,  private and multilateral institutions such as World Bank and African Development Bank; bilateral financial partners such as United Kingdom\u2019s Department for International Development (DfID), French Agency for Development (AFD), Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA), German International Development Agency (GIZ), Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA), International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)."


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"The cycle of drought is becoming shorter, more frequent and more intense.  Agricultural sector productivity is directly influenced by emerging and projected changes in climatic patterns, including increased variability of seasonal rains. National trends indicate an increase in temperature and highly variable rainfall where first season rains are lower in amounts and more variable, while second season rains have increased in amount.  The frequency and intensity of the extreme weather and climate events such as drought and floods are also on the increase."


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"The cycle one of GEF 1994-1998, had programmatic long-term approaches and short- term projects promoting mitigation through the use of commercialised or nearly commercialised technologies that were not yet widely (2002\u20132007) addressed technology transfer through energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies that were mature (such as wind, solar and geothermal), available in international markets, and profitable, yet faced human, institutional, technological, policy, or financial barriers to dissemination in developing focused heavily on climate change issues."


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"The dairy industry is a growing sub-sector, following its liberalisation in early 2000s. Data from the Kenya Bureau of Statistics and the Kenya Dairy Board shows an increase in the country\u2019s milk production from 495.2 million litres in 2012 to 650.3 million litres in 2016, an increase of about 30%.9 The fisheries sub-sector, comprising both capture fisheries and aquaculture, supports about 150,000 people directly and about 800,000 indirectly."


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"The data currently obtained tend to be one-dimensional, or monitored at limited spatial scales, preventing the formulation of a complete picture.  Equally a lot of data found is raw and data gaps exist resulting in inconsistencies and omissions, making them unsuitable for use in planning. The NOAA satellite is not operating."


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"The data indicates that the following temperature trends are considered likely, relative to the baseline period 1961-1990:10  \ufffd Mean annual temperature is projected to increase by between 0.8 and 1.5\u00b0C by the \ufffd An increase is projected in the frequency of hot days and hot nights. Projections indicate that hot days could occur on 19-45 per cent of days by the 2060s and 26-69 per cent of days by the 2090s."


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"The data is crucial in providing information to support decision making in adaptation planning for coastal \ufffd 3 upper air stations located at Dagoretti Corner, Garissa and Lodwar. Of these, only one at Dagoretti is currently operational and is making one ascent instead of two ascents per day due to inadequate resources for purchasing consumables."


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"The data tracking and mapping exercise must have commenced and needs to have delivered the data to allow the GHG technical teams to produce a complete GHG inventory by June 2014.\fKenya s Action: 6 M&E OF INSTITUTIONAL ADAPTIVE CAPACITY INDICATORS IN [MDA TBC] (DEMONSTRATION) Action Reference Action summary Currently, ministries carry out some M&E of adaptation actions. However, there is no systematic approach to measuring output and outcome adaptation indicators in any government ministry, nor is there any coordination of adaptation M&E effort between ministries."


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"The decision to take a less ambitious approach is based on the recognition that the NCCAP and SNC used a low-carbon approach that is aspirational; while the NDC should be grounded in reality and reflect what the government is willing and able to commit to. The NDC target assumes that all sectors will work toward mitigation goals."


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"The decline in agricultural productivity may also be attributed to variation in the diurnal temperature range, which has profound effects on agricultural production systems because crops have specific range of temperatures within which they grow optimally. According to the Ministry of Agriculture\u2019s Food Security Report in June 2009, all regions of the country were expecting to report lower than expected maise yields in the next harvest."


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"The decreasing forest cover, between the years 1990 to 2000, was attributed to unsustainable utilization and conversion of forest land to other land uses. The sector is vulnerable to climate change, which is expected to have marked effects on composition, growth rates, and regenerative capacities with the associated implications on livelihoods and human development. Water: Kenya was categorised as a water scarce country in 1992 with available water resources of 647m3 per capita, which was below the international acceptable threshold of 1,000 m3."


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"The design of a suitable set of indicators to capture adaptation outcomes is, therefore, a significant challenge and careful attention has been paid to the identification and selection of adaptation indicators. The method used is known as Tracking Adaptation and Measuring Development (TAMD). It has been developed by the International Institute for Environment and Development and has been trialed on projects in a number of countries with some success."


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"The destruction of forestland, coupled with climate change, has contributed to increased rates of flooding as the concentration time is reduced on bare ground leading to landslides and siltation of rivers. In the low lying coastal areas where mangroves occur, a small increase in sea level will leave mangroves submerged unless they can retreat further inland, which is improbable due to human encroachment."


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"The detailed NCCAP mitigation chapters provide information on priority technologies to achieve expected emission reductions that is based on research undertaken in 2011 and 2012.5 This NDC sector assessment uses updated data and information to provide the evidence base to inform detailed assessments by sector experts and the development of an NDC implementation plan, and to project future emissions out to 2050. 2 .3  KE N YA\u2019S  A DA P TAT I ON  N DC The Paris Agreement established a global goal on adaptation to ensure an adequate adaptation response in the context of the 2\u00b0C temperature goal."


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"The development of Farm Forestry Rules (GoK, 2009) and the Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Strategy 2017-26 (GoK, 2017a) provide the appropriate entry points for incentivizing tree- based interventions in agricultural landscapes. 2.2.5 Food consumption and nutrition Food\ufffdsecurity\ufffdexists\ufffdwhen\ufffdpeople\ufffdat\ufffdall\ufffdtimes\ufffdhave\ufffdphysical\ufffdand\ufffdeconomic\ufffdaccess,\ufffdsufficient,\ufffdsafe\ufffdand\ufffd nutritious\ufffd food\ufffd to\ufffd meet\ufffd their\ufffd dietary\ufffd needs\ufffd and\ufffd preferences.\ufffd In\ufffd Kenya,\ufffd crops,\ufffd livestock\ufffd and\ufffd fisheries\ufffd constitute the people\u2019s basket of food security assets. Most Kenyans live on diets based on staple crops\f11 (mainly\ufffdmaize)\ufffdthat\ufffdlack\ufffdin\ufffdnutrition\ufffddiversity.\ufffdLack\ufffdof\ufffdaccess\ufffdand\ufffdavailability\ufffdof\ufffdadequate\ufffdand\ufffddiversified\ufffd diets results into various forms of nutrition related challenges."


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"The development of the climate smart agriculture is our collective effort and commitment to address agriculture sector development under changing climatic conditions. The development of this strategy has been highly consultative and participatory and involved stakeholders at county and national levels. We urge all stakeholders to play their respective roles in ensuring this strategy is successfully implemented to ensure continued sector growth while shielding it from the negative impacts of climate change."


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"The development of the technical mitigation potential began with the assumption that Kenya\u2019s forest increases from 6% to 10% by 2030, which would involve regenerating forests on 2.4 million hectares of land.16 More detail on the assumptions is available in the fact sheets developed for the NCCAP mitigation analysis.17 Restoration of forests on degraded lands \u2013 Degraded lands refers to all types of land uses \u2013 including grazing lands, bushland, woodland and forest \u2013 where previously established tree cover has been reduced and degraded by excessive harvesting of wood and non-wood products, poor management, repeated fires grazing or other disturbances that damage soil and vegetation to a degree that inhibits or severely delays the re- establishment of forests."


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"The development of this Policy has been informed by the 2010 Constitution of Kenya, which introduced a new system of public administration that vests governance authority in the national government and 47 county governments. The responsibility for successful climate change responses and interventions therefore lies with these governments, distinctively and collectively, as they exercise climate change functions that are interdependent, and at times concurrent."


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"The devolved county government structure introduced in accordance with the 2010 Constitution offers the opportunity to play a key role in delivering and coordinating adaptation at the county and community levels. Ongoing projects/initiatives Adaptation Consortium under the Strengthening Adaptation and Resilience to Climate Change in Kenya Plus (StARCK+) programme. Gaps Awareness, capacity building, \ufb01nancing. Short Term Sub-actions \u2022\ufffd Conduct participatory county level climate risk and vulnerability assessments. \u2022\ufffd Increase awareness of climate change impacts to communities in counties."


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"The diffusion target is to have 120,000 households, institutions and commercial enterprises having access to bio-digesters by the year 2030.225  Adaptation  Water  Surface runoff water harvesting and roof rain water harvesting are the prioritised technologies. Increasing resilience, to limited per capita freshwater availability, is a need in the country. Currently most precipitation that falls on human settlements is lost to the atmosphere through evapotranspiration, and or runs into rivers away from settlements before use."


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"The direct impact of the sub-component will be establishment of a strong platform that will enhance adoption of technological innovations and complementary actions.\f Summary of Actions: \u2022 Engage the private sector to identify opportunities for increased investments in CSA. \u2022 Organize regular consultative meetings with private sector and CSOs on the planning and implementation of the CSA Framework. \u2022 Identify appropriate incentives to catalyse private sector and CSO investments in CSA activities."


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"The discrepancy could be due to the fact that the OECD database is incomplete: for many projects listed there is no financial information available, rather just a title and a sector."


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"The disparities at county level are further aggravated by inefficient utilisation of available resources, as manifested through teacher absenteeism and limited emphasis on monitoring of actual performance.  Primary education recorded the highest progress, while access rates at pre-primary, secondary and tertiary education remain below the sub-Saharan average of 7%. Learning outcomes at the secondary school are still weak, with about 70 per cent of candidates failing to achieve the minimum grade for admission to university. Equally, the literacy level has remained low."


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"The document has also drawn from sectoral climate change response activities and budgeted Action Plans of various line Ministries. Indeed, the Strategy has come up with modalities of dealing with climate change challenges in the country with a view to ensuring a climate-resilient nation. These include recommendations on relevant policies, institutional framework, awareness creation and mobilisation of resources, among many others. The Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources is proud to present this Strategy, the first ever in the country."


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"The draft NAP addresses the integration of climate change adaptation into relevant new and existing policies, programmes and activities; and incorporating adaptation planning in the annual and medium-term\f  planning processes and strategies, within all relevant sectors and at different levels of government.  This chapter on Assessment of Vulnerabilities and Adaptation to Climate Change in Kenya assesses past climate trends and briefly summarises the possible future climate scenarios in the country, the risks and vulnerabilities associated with the trends. Adaptation actions are then proposed."


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"The draft document was then subjected to further interrogation by senior technical staff of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries and Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources and Regional Development Authorities.  The draft was then subjected to wider stakeholder consultations that brought together all the 47 counties in six clustered regional workshops in Garissa, Mombasa, Meru, Naivasha, Kitale, and Kisumu. The back to back workshops were held to capture input from stakeholders in the counties. The views from regional/county consultations were collated and incorporated."


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"The draft framework policy speci\ufb01cally underlines the need to ensure internal coherence and proper coordination of functions, \u201cin a manner that is complementary and respects the philosophy that speci\ufb01c sectoral functions should be undertaken by the most suitable sector or level of government15\u201d, in view of the devolved government system."


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"The draft policy aims \u201cto ensure an affordable, competitive, sustainable and reliable supply of energy to meet national and county needs at least cost, while protecting and conserving the environment.\u201d3 The Energy Bill, 2015, that aims to consolidate the laws relating to energy and provide for National and County Government functions in relation to energy, was passed by the National Assembly in November 2016 and forwarded to the Senate for consideration.4 The Bill sets out institutions in the energy sector; promotes renewable energy; provides a framework for the exploration, recovery and commercial utilization of geothermal energy; regulates petroleum and coal activities; and regulates electricity supply and use.5 Climate change analysis in the energy sector considers both energy supply, or electricity generation; and energy demand at the household, industrial and commercial levels."


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"The draft strategy was then presented to Cabinet Secretary and Principal Secretaries for discussion and then presented to a multi-stakeholder National Validation Workshop. The inputs from these two meetings were then incorporated into a final strategy for climate smart agriculture and launched for implementation. iv.  Sustainable agriculture: This Strategy will endeavor to nurture healthy ecosystems and support sustainable management of land, water and natural resources while ensuring increased productivity for national food security."


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"The drivers of our economy are primarily natural resource-based and climate- sensitive. New investments in infrastructure must consider expected changes in temperature and precipitation, Kenya can advance economic growth in ways that reduce climate risk or are less carbon-intensive while seizing opportunities for innovation, such as leapfrogging to the best-available technology. Making the right investments now can prevent technology lock-in and a more costly transition in the future."


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"The drought is estimated to have slowed down the GDP by an average of 2.8 per cent per annum, with total damage and losses estimated at USD 12.1 billion.21 The most affected sector was livestock suffering a loss of USD 87.43 billion followed by agriculture with a loss of USD 1.51 billion.22.  Figure 6 shows how drought has impacted Kenya\u2019s annual GDP growth."


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"The dwellers of the slums in turn continue to migrate to the semi-arid areas and pursue non-pastoral activities such as cropping in grazing lands not well suited for agriculture.  The 2008-2011 drought in Kenya had profound impacts on many communities, destroying livelihoods and increasing vulnerability. In pastoralist areas where men are traditionally responsible for livestock, reduced herd sizes forced men to migrate to urban centres for wage employment."


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"The economic and social consequences of the adaptation measures were analysed in the NAP and also in the adaptation section of the NDC."


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"The economic costs of \ufb02ooding to the country are very high, resulting to losses of 5.5 per cent of GDP every seven years26 (Figure 9). Flood-related fatalities in the country constitute 60 per cent of disaster victims.27 During \ufb02ood events there is often an upsurge in waterborne or sanitation-related diseases, such as typhoid, cholera, malaria and diarrhoeal diseases. Critical infrastructure that supports the national economy, such as roads, bridges, water pipelines and power lines are prone to \ufb02ood damage."


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"The economic pillar seeks to improve the prosperity of all regions of the country and all Kenyans by achieving an average 10 per cent Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate per annum beginning in 2012. The social pillar seeks to create just, cohesive and equitable social development, in a clean and secure environment, through investment in the people of Kenya and improvement of the quality of life for all Kenyans. The political pillar\f  aims to realise an issue-based, people-centred, result-oriented and accountable democratic system."


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"The economy rebounded in 2010 with GDP showing growth rates of about 6 per cent, with a slight decline to 4.7 per cent in 2013. The natural resource sectors account for 42 per cent of GDP while the services sector contributes about half of the GDP. The industry sector contributes the remaining 10 per cent. Most of the sectors are highly sensitive to the consequences of climate change because of their dependence on the natural environment."


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"The effects of climate change on infectious diseases of animals. Report for the Foresight Project on Detection of Infectious Diseases, Department of Trade and Industry, UK Government, 35 pp. 160 Kabubo-Mariara, J. (2009). Global warming and livestock husbandry in Kenya: Impacts and adaptations. Ecological Economics 68, 1915\u20131924. 161 GoK (2012). Kenya Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA); 2008-2011 Drought. Government of Kenya, with technical support from the European Union, United Nations and World Bank. 162 GoK (2012). Kenya Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA); 2008-2011 Drought."


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"The eight-month 1997-1998 El-Ni\u00f1o rains caused damage of KES 62 billion to transportation Higher costs \u2013 Such as higher insurance premiums due to increased costs associated with more frequent extreme weather priority adaptation actions in the industrial sector The Kenyan private sector recognizes the challenges that climate change poses to the sector, and played a pivotal role in the development of Kenya\u2019s NCCAP, Climate Change Act 2016 and the National Climate Change Framework Policy."


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"The emergence, invasion and spread of species such as Prosopis juliflora in places such as Tana River, Baringo and Garissa is partly linked to climate change, according to the NCCRS."


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"The emerging areas for targeted capacity development already identified in other chapters of this Action Plan include climate change data collection, analysis and utilisation of scenario modelling, climate change diplomacy, treaty implementation, evidence-based policy development and implementation, climate finance, including carbon trading, vulnerability and risk assessments, approaches to building adaptive capacity, sector specialisations to take advantage of low carbon development opportunities, applying monitoring and evaluation to mitigation and adaptation (MRV+) among others."


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"The emphasis is to prioritise the most vulnerable sectors of the economy namely agriculture and food security, water, forestry, rangelands, health, social and physical infrastructure for quick and immediate action, while simultaneously providing explicit measures for addressing climate change in Kenya and defining criteria to track effectiveness of such measures. 3.3 Strategic Vision, Mission and Objectives Like all planning documents, the NCCRS must have certain key components embedded in it. 3.0 Strategic Focus 24 Mogaka Hezron, 2005: Climate variability and water resources degradation in Kenya, World Bank Working Paper, page 72 25 Stern, N. 2007: Economic Impacts of Climate Change Strategic Focus\f\u2018together we can tackle climate change\u2019 National Climate Change Response Strategy These key components are the vision, mission, and the objectives that it intends to achieve."


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"The enabling actions that are required to promote the adoption, diffusion and transfer of the technology are financial incentives, availability of affordable credit, improvement of appropriate land tenure system, especially in ASALs, and capacity building. Roof Rainwater Harvesting Technology: Roof rainwater harvesting involves inducing, collecting, storing and conserving rain water for reuse before it reaches the aquifer. It requires the collection of rainwater in gutters through down-pipes and diversion to containers or tanks."


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"The enabling environment includes the establishment of a financing mechanism (a national climate change fund), which will streamline climate finance mobilisation at\f the national level and link to funds at the sectoral and county levels \u2013 such as county adaptation funds and a REDD+ fund. The fund is envisioned to provide a platform that facilitates the mobilisation, coordination and tracking of climate finance flows, including both domestic and international resources."


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"The energy efficiency programme of the Kenya Association of Manufacturers (KAM), which is being broadened to cover resource efficiency in general, is an example of the industry\u2019s proactive approach to addressing climate change through concrete actions.21 In addition, a sector-wide partnership on water resource management has been initiated under the umbrella of the Kenya Industrial Water Alliance,22 a move that signals the industry\u2019s understanding of the complexity of the climate change challenge and the potential role of partnerships in addressing such complex problems."


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"The essential characteristics of such communication models should include: \u2022\ufffd community ownership and participation through ensuring local content, \u2022\ufffd language and cultural relevance, \u2022\ufffd using appropriate technology that can be owned and controlled by the people to meet their real needs, and \u2022\ufffd learning and sharing among networks of people with similar concerns. It is vital for the Government to gather and systematise already available data and generate additional information to ensure an adequate analysis including disaggregated data for marginalised groups."


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"The establishment of a high-level National Climate Change Council in the Office of the President will ensure that climate change is addressed as a cross-cutting developmental issue. A reinforced National Climate Change Secretariat (NCCS) in the Ministry responsible for climate affairs would be the lead technical agency on climate change issues. The Action Plan also provides for the strengthening of Climate change desk officers in Government ministries and institutions to facilitate implementation."


id: a34ba8dc85c918254b288580749e0bdd
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"The establishment of plantations for jatropha was controversial, with suggestions that developers/investors removed farmers from their land and took control of large areas of land. Production of biofuels using jatropha is considered by some to reduce land available for food production, and to result in the destruction of woodland and scrubland. The impact of biofuels production on food security is a major concern. The potential impacts of a biofuel policy need to be carefully considered and, where possible, include a focus on pro-poor rural development."


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"The establishment of the National Drought Management Authority (NDMA), the National Disaster Contingency Fund and the Council for Pastoralists education are provided for in the policy. National Disaster Management Policy, 2012 Mainstreams disaster risk reduction in the country\u2019s development initiatives, and aims to increase and sustain resilience of vulnerable communities to hazards. National Environment Policy Provide a framework for an integrated approach to planning and sustainable management of Kenya\u2019s environment and natural resources."


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"The estimates were generated by Ministries as part of climate change project concepts they submitted to the Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources (MEMR) during preparation of this Strategy. The main Action Plan detailing projects and programmes\u2019 implementers, activity costs, and implementation timeframe is provided in the Annex. Table 3: Annual Budget for Climate Change Projects and Programmes (2009 estimates) Sub- sector/Ministry Annual Cost. Ksh."


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"The evidence base provided through Kenya\u2019s National Climate Change Action Plan will help international partners to align their funding and investments with Kenya\u2019s climate change priorities \u2013 and ensure that these investments are nested within Vision 2030 and the national planning process. The findings of the analysis and recommendations within this action plan will guide Kenya to create the enabling environment required to attract international support and private sector investment to support the transition to a low carbon climate resilient development pathway."


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"The evidence base provided through this Plan can help international partners ensure their investments align with Government of Kenya climate change priorities as agreed under Vision 2030. International support can also help Kenya create the enabling environment to attract private sector investment to make the transition to a low carbon climate resilient development pathway."


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"The exercise was coordinated by the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) on behalf of the Government of Kenya. The structure of the Communication is based on the guidelines for preparation of national communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention (Decision 17/CP.8)."


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"The existing legal frameworks that govern issues which are directly and/or indirectly linked to climate change and consequently to climate smart agriculture include the following: The Constitution of Kenya 2010 The Constitution of Kenya 2010 provides for sustainable natural resource management in the bill of rights especially land, environment and natural resources. Further, it requires \u201cthe state to ensure sustainable exploitation, utilization, management and conservation of the environment and to ensure equitable sharing of accruing benefits\u201d."


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"The expected outcomes include improved farm management capabilities under conditions of climate risks where farmers will plan and manage weather\f risks, maximize productivity and minimize the environmental impacts of farming practices. Some of the tools used are Short Messaging Service (SMS), Interactive Voice Response (IVR), seasonal print bulletins and radio programmes."


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"The expected outputs should include: - updated school curricula with climate change content, - updated textbooks and other learning material with climate change content, - better educated pupils/students in the field of climate change, and - updated or new courses incorporating climate change issues, \u2022\ufffd Develop, strengthen and harmonise national education, research institutions and programmes on issues regarding the impacts of, adaptation to and mitigation against climate change."


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"The exploitation of indigenous coal resources is beginning and domestic oil resources were discovered in early 2012.  Electricity demand, particularly household demand, is expected to rise sharply with continued economic development and a growing share of the population gaining access to electricity. Even when using a conservative approach to estimate future energy demand, energy-related GHG emissions are expected to 2030.  Eight low carbon development options were analysed in the energy demand sector (Figure 58)."


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"The exploitation of indigenous coal resources is beginning and domestic oil resources were discovered in early 2012. Electricity demand, particularly household demand, is expected to rise sharply with continued economic development and a growing share of the population gaining access to electricity. Even when using a conservative approach to estimate future energy demand, energy-related GHG emissions are expected to increase from 10 MtCO2e in 2010 to 25 MtCO2e in 2030."


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"The exposure of sensitive infrastructure, such as\f pipelines, to extreme weather events could result in disasters with significant adverse impacts on the Kenyan environment, economy, people and their property. Infrastructure investments by extractive industries have to internalise climate proofing in order to protect value for money. Kenya needs to put in place regulatory mechanisms that ensure resource extraction contributes to low carbon climate resilience development."


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"The exposure of sensitive infrastructure, such as pipelines, to extreme weather events such as drought and flooding could result in disasters with significant adverse impacts on the Kenyan environment, economy, people and their property. Infrastructure investments need to internalise climate proofing."


id: b7a43ac3340cda0de3ac5bc6c0624fe8
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"The extractives sub-sector is a potentially high contributor to economic growth in Kenya because high value resources such as oil, gas, coal and other mineral resources have been discovered. Natural resource extraction utilises large quantities of water and energy, and contributes to GHG emissions. In addition, the industry sector is vulnerable to climate change because it relies on infrastructure and services such as water, energy and transport, and therefore is vulnerable to disruptions caused by droughts and heavy rains."


id: e32db86695b4f75fc68cbc0fb3d17bb5
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"The farmer organizations consisting of cooperatives and farmer groups will be key in identification,\ufffdprioritizing\ufffdand\ufffdimplementation\ufffdof\ufffdagriculture\ufffdinterventions.\ufffdThey\ufffdwill\ufffdbe\ufffdexpected\ufffdto\ufffdplay\ufffd a major role in awareness creation, community and resource mobilization, coordination of investments and partnerships among stakeholders for implementation of the KCSAIF. The private sector is a strategic partner in the agriculture sector development and is therefore expected to participate in implementation of the KCSAIF. The private sector will facilitate/support value chain development, provision of business and services through entrepreneurship investments, input supply, provision of credit and insurance services among others."


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"The farming of crops as a feedstock for biogas digesters is not considered because of the potential impacts on food security; and biogas production from solid waste is considered in the NDC waste analysis in chapter 8. A summary of the key technologies is provided in Table 4.1. development impacts of mitigation actions Development impacts are an imperative consideration in pursuing mitigation in Kenya."


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"The figure follows a typical Environmental Kuznets curve, i.e. at low economic growth rates, emissions are low and vice versa; hence the exponential growth in emissions particularly from 2000 to date with improved growth rates. The transport sector contributes significantly to these increasing emissions, especially as a result of high private car use. Emissions are calculated based on the capita emissions data from the International Energy Agency (IEA) while the population data is sourced from the World Bank."


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"The first activities to be completed are to: \u00b7\ufffd Secure funding for the MRV+ System (December 2012); \u00b7\ufffd Identify and appoint the chair of the steering committee (MRV+ SC) (December 2012); \u00b7\ufffd Appoint the MRV+ SC members (February 2013). \u00b7\ufffd Appoint the MRV+ management team (February 2013).\fKenya s Action: 2 CLIMATE CHANGE RELEVANT DATA TRACKING AND MAPPING Action Reference Action summary Both climate change mitigation and adaptation monitoring systems require detailed data from a very wide range of sources."


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"The first is the voluntary international transfer of mitigation outcomes, which allows any county to purchase or sell mitigation outcomes as it strives to achieve its NDC. The second is a sustainable development mechanism that allows the sale of emission reductions internationally to other countries that can use the reductions to achieve their NDC. The rules for these cooperative mechanisms need to be drawn up in a process that could take several years."


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"The first is to continue and scale-up the current project-oriented, development partner-led approach (status quo). The second would be to enhance direct flows of international finance to the Government of Kenya (GoK), i.e. budgetary support, to be disbursed using existing government structures and mechanisms.  The final approach would be to create a dedicated national Climate Fund. The creation of a Kenya Climate Fund (KCF) would have a number of advantages."


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"The first step is to identify all the data sources required for the MRV+ system.  It is important to make progress on the following before December 2013: \u00b7\ufffd Capacity development for the CPPMUs and MPND staff seconded to the ministries instigated; \u00b7\ufffd Support of the CCUs in the MDAs delivered.\fKenya s Action 4: INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY STRENGTHENING AND STAFF CAPACITY BUILDING IN MDAS AND LGAS Action Reference Action summary Currently, MDAs and LGAs carry out some M&E of actions that relate to mitigation and adaptation."


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"The five counties have established county adaptation funds, and Makueni and Wajir have passed legislation for these funds that aim to enhance community resilience to climate change through prioritized and timely interventions."


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"The focus of capacity development at the systemic level is on putting in place enabling environments that encapsulate policy, regulatory and economic frameworks, institutional arrangements and linkages, management and accountability processes, and resource availability and allocation. Chapter 8 has addressed the  policy, legal and institutional factors that need to be addressed in Kenya and has provided recommendations with regard to a climate change policy, a stand-alone climate law and a miscellaneous amendments bill to remove barriers and provide incentives across the sectors."


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"The following are key policies and strategies the government has developed and is implementing: Vision 2030, National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS), 2010; National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) 2013-2017; Agriculture Sector Development Strategy (ASDS) 2010-2020, the Agriculture (Farm Forestry Rules, 2009). 1.2.4 Climate Smart Agriculture Globally, it is projected that food production will need to increase by a minimum of 50-70% by 2050 as the population is expected to increase from 7.4 billion in 2016 to 9.6 billion by 2050."


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"The following gases, which are currently negligible, may be included in the Updated NDC: perfluorocarbons (PFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), sulphur hexafluoride (SFs) and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3). For the land-use, land-use change, and forestry sector, emissions and removals the following reporting categories are included: forest land, cropland, grassland, and wetland, including land use changes between the categories, and between these categories and settlements and other land. The five carbon pools above-ground biomass, below-ground biomass, litter, dead wood and soil organic matters are included."


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"The following impacts were identified in the 2013-2017 NCCAP and through research: Energy fluctuations or blackouts because of energy supply interruptions \u2013 A large percentage of electricity is generated by hydropower (despite recent increases in baseload geothermal power) and lower annual rainfall has reduced the electricity generating capacity of hydroelectric power plants. The manufacturing sector is one of the biggest casualties of reduced generation capacity of hydropower dams caused by droughts and reduced rainfall."


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"The following institutions should be involved in the project, since they contain some of Kenya\u2019s most relevant datasets: KMD, KARI, DRSRS, WRMA, KFS, NEMA, Ministry of Energy, Ministry of Transport, Ministry of Tourism and Industry.  This list is not exhaustive and other key stakeholders should also be involved."


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"The following measures should be pursued for effective climate change communication: \u2022\ufffd Communication needs assessment: There is need to assess the information needed by marginalised groups, and their most accessible source of information at local, national and international levels (e.g."


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"The following ministries or departments facilitated the sector consultations, working with the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (MENR): \u2022 Agriculture \u2013 Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock & Fisheries (MALF) \u2022 Energy \u2013 Ministry of Energy and Petroleum (MOEP) \u2022 Forestry \u2013 Kenya Forest Service (KFS) \u2022 Transportation \u2013 Ministry of Transport, Infrastructure, Housing and Urban Development (MOTIHUD) \u2022 Waste \u2013 National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) Information on the industry sector was gathered through research and in consultation with MENR officials."


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"The following objects and purposes of this act are relevant to CSA: management and administration of land should be in accordance with the principles of land policy as set out in the constitution and the national land policy; there should be linkage between the commission, county governments and other institutions dealing with land and land related resources."


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"The following sections describe some of the mitigation strategies Kenya needs and intends to undertake in the four sectors: Not only do forests and on-farm trees provide a unique opportunity for Kenya to participate in mitigation, but they also present the country with valuable opportunities for carbon trading and finance. The Kenya Government has initiated an ambitious programme of restoring the country\u2019s forest cover that is currently at 1.7%, down from 12% only 30 years ago."


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"The following sections present some technologies and enabling conditions, which may be required for selected NCCAP low carbon options and climate resilience actions. 10.3.1 Energy sector There is no doubt that the Energy Policy, Feed-in Tariff Policy, Energy Act, Updated Least Cost Power Development Plan (ULCPDP) and Power Purchase Agreement Policy have promoted the transfer and diffusion of low carbon technologies in Kenya. The government has also zero rated the import duty on renewable energy technologies and removed VAT on equipment and components."


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"The following strategies were then proposed to integrate climate change in the country\u2019s education system:  Primary level education: It was recommended that the formulators of the primary school curriculum make a conscious effort to introduce basic principles of climate change and its impact into the primary school subject matter by integrating it into all subjects to the extent possible. The possible entry points courses proposed were nature study and agriculture.  Secondary schools: courses were proposed to be introduced incrementally at secondary school level."


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"The forecast assumes that waste per capita after 2015 and the percent of waste going to SWDS remains the same. Table 56: Urban solid waste generation summary (2010 to 2030) Year Population Waste per capita Total MSW % to SWDS  millions kg/cap/yr. Gg %\f  Year Population Waste per capita Total MSW % to SWDS  millions kg/cap/yr."


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"The forecasts also contain warnings on expected climate related hazards including areas likely to be at risk and advisories on cautionary measures that should be taken. These seasonal forecasts are issued in good time for early warning for communities and institutions for preparedness and contingency \ufffd Information on marine conditions include general state of the ocean such as wave heights, wind speeds, visibility, and ocean currents."


id: 7349c19ca6139bccbafd530f556309f4
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"The forest and water catchments need to be protected by reforestation and afforestation activities in gazetted forests, farmlands and communal lands. The overall goal is to have a 10% forest cover in the country. Wetland and forest sequestration of carbon from the atmosphere regulates climate and optimizes crops, livestock and fisheries production."


id: 6da638d5cc3f9d7370e55a6806dbd8c2
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"The forestry sector is a key sector for delivering national climate change mitigation and adaptation goals, and climate investment can support such actions as: \u2022 Reduction of deforestation and forest degradation; \u2022 Conservation and sustainable management of forest areas; \u2022 Conservation and protection of water towers; \u2022 Increased afforestation and reforestation activities, such as restoration of dry and arid land forests and reforestation of degraded forests; and \u2022 Development of sustainable fuel wood plantations."


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"The former process involves re- establishment of tree cover on lands that once had forest cover that has over time been reduced by human activity, including excessive wood harvesting, livestock grazing, and poor management. Technologies will be required to implement the processes required to achieve these actions, including large-scale planting in the case of degraded forest plantations or through promotion of natural regeneration in the case of indigenous/natural forests."


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"The four TWGs involved the key sector stakeholders and experts from other government Ministries, civil society and the private sector. TWGs also acted as advisory groups, supporting access to information for the consultants, providing inputs, review and analysis of work and results. NEMA Project Management Team UNEP project secretariat  NEMA Director General\f  KENYA\u2019S ON-GOING RESPONSES TO CLIMATE HANGE  The GoK and other stakeholders are implementing many interventions that have direct and/or indirect relevance to climate change adaptation and mitigation."


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"The frequency of cold days, cold nights, and frost, has decreased; while the frequency of hot days, hot nights, and heatwaves, has increased. Rainfall projections show that the October-December (OND) short rains will increase in many counties of Kenya compared to the March \u2014 May (MAM) long rains that will extremely be low under the RCP 2.6 and 8.5 scenarios with most of northern Kenya having rainfall deficits whilst southern Kenya will have a slight increase of rainfall."


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"The frequency of the reporting will be annual or as may be required.\f 4.3.3 Quality Assurance Quality assurance will ensure that standards set for implementation and management of the implementation framework are adhered to in order to achieve the desired results. The KCSAIF management structure comprising committees as contained in the JASSCOM will provide advisory role in supporting interventions that ensure quality assurance. The activities in the logical framework will provide the basis for development of a tool against which quality assurance will be based."


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"The funding is delivers through bilateral programmes or through multilateral organizations such as the GCF, World Bank, AfDB, UNDP and others.  MENR (2017), Preliminary list of projects for the National Climate Change Registry\f\fN C C A P  S TAT U S  O F  I M P L E M E N TAT I O N  2 0 1 7 5 :  C L I M AT E  F I N A N C E\f5 :  C L I M AT E  F I N A N C E FINA 1: Establish Kenya National Climate Fund Title Establish the Kenya national climate fund Action Type Enabling Timeframe Short term/Quick win Sector Finance, Environment Action Summary Establish the Kenya national climate fund - a body that will become the main financing mechanism for the NCCAP."


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"The future growth in petroleum product consumption for road transportation (gasoline, light diesel oil and additives) was determined based on estimates of the growth rate in the overall vehicle stock, the growth rate in the use of vehicles (demand for service) and the change in average fuel efficiency over time. There were no known projections of this growth in Kenya and the analysis employed knowledge of historic growth to inform these assumptions."


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"The general methodology used to develop the low-carbon scenario assessment for the NCAPP is outlined in Figure 46.  A detailed description of the methodology is provided in Chapter 6 of the NCCAP.  Figure 46: General methodology used to develop the low-carbon scenario assessment for the NCAPP The mitigation assessment presented in this section deviates from the NCCAP work identified in Figure 45 in only a few small ways."


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"The goal of this NDC Sector Analysis is to clarify how Kenya will achieve its NDC, including adaptation goals and the GHG emission reduction contribution of 30% below the 2030 business as usual scenario."


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"The goals relevant to agricultural development include; ending poverty, hunger, ensuring healthy lives, achieving gender equality, ensuring availability and sustainable management of water, access to clean energy, ensuring sustainable economic growth, fostering industrialization and innovation, reduction of inequalities, promoting responsible consumption and production, interventions on climate change, conservation of marine ecosystems, protection and restoration of terrestrial ecosystems, promote partnership for goals. 1.2.2 Regional issues on Climate Change and Agriculture African economies are highly dependent on agriculture."


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"The governance of the facility will need to consider effective decision- making for rapid responses, accountability and representation of multiple stakeholders, transparency in allocating funds as well as effective reporting to enable an analysis of what works. 9.3 Monitoring and Evaluation Monitoring and evaluation activities will play an important role in ensuring an effective implementation of the project activities identified in the NCCRS. These functions will be performed by the Monitoring and Evaluation division of the Programmes Office as explained in Chapter 8."


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"The government can consider additional economic and financial instruments to leverage private sector investments into low carbon and climate resilient initiatives. These include guarantees to enable small- and medium-sized enterprises to access funds from financial institutions; and guarantees, insurance and concessional loans to address the barriers associated with risky investments and up-front investment costs.  KEY ISSUES, CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES The climate finance landscape is complex."


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"The government engages in annual tree planting campaigns. Despite ongoing efforts to encourage tree planting, there is no national data as to the extent of the area of reforestation per year. Lead Agency to take this Action forward The KFS is requested to lead the work to reforest degraded forests. The MEMR could provide assistance to present funding proposals to the UNFCCC."


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"The government has been promoting adoption and diffusion of compact fluorescent bulbs by providing a limited number per household free\fKenya s of charge in order to motivate households to switch to their use. CFLs are still relatively expensive in the country with a CFL from a good company costing about KSh400. There is  a need to remove VAT on CFL (currently charged at 16 per cent) in order to accelerate their diffusion."


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"The government has tools to generate carbon finance, including encouraging the generation and sale of carbon credits, putting a price on carbon, and establishing an emissions trading system (such as a domestic cap and trade system which is not likely in the foreseeable future). Evidence of climate change in Kenya includes rising temperatures, irregular and unpredictable rainfall patterns resulting in droughts and floods, and rising sea levels."


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"The government invests in research and technology development and has the ability to put in place policies and programmes that incentivize research. The private sector invests in Research and Development (R&D), and linkage between private sector R&D and the government\u2019s goal of attaining low carbon climate resilient development is important. Universities and other tertiary educational institutions provide the ideal context for scholarly research aligned to support climate change interventions beneficial to the public and private sectors."


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"The government, in partnership with stakeholders, has taken several energy efficiency and conservation initiatives. The Ministry of Energy and Petroleum (MOEP) has worked with the Kenya Association of Manufacturers (KAM) to establish a Centre for Energy Efficiency and Conservation (CEEC) that promotes energy efficiency in private sector companies and public institutions such as government buildings. Kenya Power has implemented a programme to distribute compact fluorescent lights (CFLs)."


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"The greenhouse gases included are Carbon Dioxide partially fluorinated hydrocarbons (HFCs) not covered under the Montreal Protocol. Indirect greenhouse gases including Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOC), Carbon Monoxide (CO) Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) and Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) are also reported as they have an important influence on chemical reactions in the atmosphere."


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"The growth in ICT-enabled services has opened a new window for Kenya. The Vision 2030 identified Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) \u2013 IT enabled - as a priority sector. By 2012 Kenya  had witnessed growth of key BPO companies such as KenCall, Safaricom, Kentech and Horizon.83 Growth has also been witnessed in other related industries such as computer hardware manufacturing and the acquisition and use of computers, mobile phones and television sets."


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"The growth of urban population, and the accompanying urban poverty (in Kenya about 55 percent of urban residents currently live in poverty in informal settlements) presents a major development challenge. Residents in informal settlements are highly vulnerable to climate change impacts such as flooding, fires, and landslides and often lack basic amenities\f  and proper sanitation. Better urban planning and reforms could help Kenya make the most of the socioeconomic benefits of urbanisation and reduce reliance on natural resources such as agricultural land."


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"The growth rate in coal consumption was based on the demand for energy to meet future cement production, estimated to increase by 5% annually. Future biomass consumption data were available from a UNEP study and these were used to estimate the biomass growth rates.191 Table 49 summarises the assumptions that are used to develop the projections of the inventory emissions between 2011 and 2030. Table 50 indicates projected fuel consumption by sub-sector between 2010 and 2030 in five-year increments."


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"The guiding principles are:  Transparency and accountability: To ensure the country has clear definitions and systems that allow for tracking and evaluation of the climate financing flows. These systems should track necessary information that provides valuable feedback for future policy, planning and resource mobilisation efforts.  Inclusiveness: To create business opportunities for private investors and communities, including small-, medium- and large-scale enterprises, to fully participate in national development and climate change mitigation, adaptation and green growth."


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"The high growth of registered vehicles in Nairobi, coupled with underdeveloped infrastructure has led to severe traffic congestion, especially during the extended peak hours, contributing to local air pollution and resultant health impacts and significant economic losses as much time and fuel is spent in the traffic congestion."


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"The high target is intended to guide responsible ministries and agencies in terms of what they should objectively plan and prepare for should the sector require additional emission reductions. The overall NDC target and how the individual Waste sector target was calculated is discussed in Chapter 2 of this NDC sector report. Figure 8.2 illustrates a low (minimum) target emission reduction of 0.2 MtCO2e for the Waste Sector. This is equivalent to a 5% reduction in 2030 baseline Waste emissions."


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"The high target is intended to guide responsible ministries and agencies in terms of what they should objectively plan and prepare for should the sector require additional emission reductions. The overall target and how the individual six sector targets were calculated is discussed in Chapter 2 of this NDC Assessment Report, and Chapter 9 updates the emission baseline projections and assesses the impact on Kenya\u2019s NDC. Figure 5.2 illustrates a low (minimum) target emission reduction of 11.3 MtCO2e for the LULUCF Sector."


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"The high target is intended to guide responsible ministries and agencies in terms of what they should objectively plan and prepare for should the sector require additional emission reductions. The overall target and how the individual six sector targets were calculated is discussed in Chapter 2 that updates the emission baseline projections and impact on the NDC target. Figure 3.2 illustrates a low (minimum) target emission reduction of 1.6 MtCO2e for the agriculture sector."


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"The high temperatures are likely to cause warping of the rail track thereby exacerbating the chances of derailment of trains while flooding will wash away bridges."


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"The high tide mark is now attacking my beach fence, whereas in 1997 it never reached within 2 m of it. Since my home is on a raised bit of ground some 30 m from the high tide mark I figure I have about 10 years before I have to move. There is not much else I can do."


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"The highest uncertainty of emission estimates when considering both uncertainty with activity data and emissions factors is related to the estimates of the carbon stocks of forest (i.e., Forest Land Remaining Forest Land) in the LULUCF sector. The combined uncertainty as a percentage of total national emissions in 2010 is 17.5%. The next highest source is related to direct and indirect emissions of N2O from agricultural soils. The combined uncertainty as a percentage of total national emissions in 2010 for this source is 8.4%."


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"The horticulture industry is the second most important foreign exchange earner. Its products include cut flowers, vegetables, fruits, nuts, herbs and spices.  The livestock subsector, including beef, dairy, sheep and goats, camel, poultry and pigs, plays an important economic and socio-cultural role in many Kenyan communities. Dairy cattle are mainly kept in the medium to high-rainfall areas. Beef is produced on rangelands with dairy cattle culls contributing significantly to supply."


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"The identified adaptation actions are expected to be mainstreamed into Kenya\u2019s Third MTP (2018-2022) and implemented by sector ministries and county governments. The Government of Kenya will report to the UNFCCC on progress in implementing the priority actions.\f2 :   I N T E N D E D  C O N T R I B U T I O N S  B Y  S E C T O R Table 2.2."


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"The impact of climate change on the Kenya\u2019s marine ecosystems include the likely submergence of approximately 17% of Mombasa or 4,600 ha of land area with a sea level rise of only 0.3 m.9 Over the next century with the projected sea level rise between development is exposed to considerable risks. Rising sea levels will lead to the inundation and displacement of coastal wetlands, the erosion of shorelines, increased salinity and the intrusion of saline water into coastal aquifers."


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"The impact of drought on hydro-generated electricity is well understood in Kenya. Low water levels in the country\u2019s hydroelectric dams because of a drought in early 2017 led to the increased use of diesel-powered generators and an increase in the price of electricity.17 Kenya\u2019s NAP recommends climate-proofing of energy infrastructure. Energy plays a role in enhancing adaptive capacity and resilience to climate change."


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"The impact of pests may result in the curtailment of plantation programmes, abandonment of a given tree species, or the necessity to harvest large areas dominated by infested trees as witnessed in the late 1990s when the country had to clear huge tracts of cypress plantations because of cypress aphid attack. There are already fears of a widespread attack on Pinus patula (Mexican weeping pine) plantations in South Africa and these could easily spread northwards to Kenya."


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"The impact of pests may result in the curtailment of plantation programmes, abandonment of certain tree species, or the necessity to harvest large areas dominated by infested trees as witnessed in the late 1990s when the country had to clear huge tracts of cypress plantations because of cypress aphid attack. There are already fears of a widespread attack on Pinus patula (Mexican weeping pine) plantations in South Africa and these could easily spread northwards to Kenya."


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"The impact of this initiative will be to ensure priority actions can be translated from concept into practice by achieving the necessary sector specific legislative reform. Areas of relevance All sectors, national relevance Adaptation \u221a      Mitigation   \u221a       Development    \u221a Current status This action is currently being developed based on specific NCCAP priority actions."


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"The impacts are primarily due to an increase in temperatures and precipitation variation.33 The CSA strategy notes that livestock numbers are projected to decline in the ASALs as water resources become increasingly scarce.34 Temperature rises also affect fish stocks. As oceans warm, the ideal water temperature for species shifts and fish stock could diminish to move to different areas, negatively impacting fishing communities."


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"The implementation framework also forms a basis for the establishment of a monitoring and evaluation (M&E) framework. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Climate change is real and has become an impediment to sustainable development globally. Climate change will have a range of positive and negative impacts in agriculture depending on the regions of the world."


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"The implementation of Vision 2030 will lead to the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) through programs envisaged in social, economic and political pillars. b) Agriculture Sector Development Strategy (ASDS) 2010-2020 The ASDS is the blue-print of the agricultural sector to implement Vision 2030. It sets out a detailed plan to \u201cposition the agricultural sector as a key driver for delivering the 10% annual economic growth rate envisaged under the economic pillar of Vision 2030\u201d."


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"The improved charcoal production mitigation option considers a shift from the use of traditional earth mound kilns, which generally have an efficiency of 10% to 22% (calculated using oven-dry wood with zero percent water content) to an increased use of improved charcoal production systems (ICPS) using retort kilns with an efficiency of approximately 30% to 42%.8 The mitigation analysis in the 2013-2017 NCCAP assumed that charcoal production emissions can be reduced by 75% through the use of retort kilns, when compared to traditional charcoal production methods using earth mound kilns."


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"The improved cook stove has a 50 per cent efficiency improvement over traditional simple cook stoves. They are now being used in both rural and urban households but their penetration is constrained by high upfront cost and lack of standardization of the stove. Among the enabling actions to improve diffusion of the ceramic stoves are formulation of standards for the manufacturing of  cook stoves and regulation of fuel wood harvesting in order to reflect the true value of the resource."


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"The increase in frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as droughts, floods and strong winds have led to loss of investments, incomes and livelihoods, destruction of agro-based infrastructure as well as increased frequency of weather related disasters. Due to these challenges, the government recognizes the need to develop interventions that make agriculture more resilient to climate change and extreme weather events while minimizing its contribution to greenhouse gas emissions."


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"The increase in total rainfall is projected to be largest from October to December. RCMs suggest that during the \u2018long rains\u2019, Kenya could experience a significant increase in rainfall with the largest increase occurring over the highland districts and the coastal region. During the \u2018short rains\u2019 an increase in rainfall could predominantly affect the region to the west of the Rift Valley. The rest of the country could experience slightly decreased rainfall in isolated pockets."


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"The increase is an improvement from 6 per cent in 2010 and represents good progress toward the Constitution\u2019s target of 10 per cent forest cover.  Climate changes is expected to further increase forest degradation possibly resulting in desertification.55 This will have adverse impacts on the economic benefits and livelihoods derived from this sector, as well as biodiversity and other environmental services."


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"The indicative cost for the action is Ksh 20 million. Immediate next steps For a successful outcome the relevant county level ATAR or NAP actions need to have been agreed (by end 2012). Assuming this condition is met, the action could be implemented from early 2013.\fKenya s Action: 9 CLIMATE CHANGE RELEVANT DATA REPOSITORY (CCRDR) Action Reference Action summary NPBM-9 is a sub-component of NPBM-1."


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"The indicators are listed in the box below: Bottom-up vulnerability indicators \u2022\ufffd Number of people by gender permanently displaced from their homes due to drought, flood or sea level rise \u2022\ufffd Number of hectares of productive land lost to soil erosion \u2022\ufffd Percentage rural households with access to water from a protected source \u2022\ufffd Percentage urban households with access to piped water \u2022\ufffd Cubic meters per capita of water storage \u2022\ufffd Percentage of land area covered by forest \u2022\ufffd Percentage of classified roads maintained and rehabilitated \u2022\ufffd Number of urban slums with physical and social infrastructure installed annually \u2022\ufffd Number of households in need of food aid \u2022\ufffd Number of County Stakeholder Fora held on climate change."


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"The indicators to be monitored would include changes in the atmosphere, marine and terrestrial biodiversity as well as important ecosystems such as major water towers (the Mau Escarpment, Cherenganyi Hills, Mount Kenya, Mount Elgon and the Arberdare Ranges), major lakes such as Victoria and Turkana, water quantity including river floods and droughts, freshwater quality, agriculture, forestry, and human health, among others. Trends in GHG Emissions Local capacity to monitor and determine the status and trends of GHG emissions in Kenya is lacking."


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"The indirect impacts stem from agro-ecological changes and ecosystem shifts that lead to alteration in fodder quality and quantity; change in host-pathogen interaction resulting in increased incidences of emerging diseases; and disease epidemics. In non- grazing systems, the direct impacts include change in water availability and increased frequency of extreme weather events while the indirect impacts include increased resource prices (e.g. feed, water and energy), disease epidemics and increased cost of animal housing (e.g. cooling systems)."


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"The industrial sector emitted 1020 Gg CO2 eq., or 1.85 per cent of the total. The waste sector emitted 1205 Gg CO2 eq in 2000, which was 2.19 per cent of the total GHG emissions. Figure 1 shows the relative contributions of the GHG emissions by gas type while Figure 2 shows the relative contributions of the GHG emissions by sector."


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"The industrial sector is critical to achieving the Vision 2030 goal of transforming Kenya into \u201ca newly-industrializing, middle-income country providing a high quality of life by 2030.\u201d1 The Ministry of Industry, Trade and Cooperatives reports that the sector holds large potential to create employment, bridge disparities in regional development and address inequality, and boost foreign exchange earnings from exports.2 Kenya\u2019s Industrial Transformation Programme aims to revitalise the sector and turn Kenya into an industrial hub."


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"The industry sector (manufacturing, construction, mining and quarrying) contributes the  The informal sub-sector (also known as \u2018Jua Kali\u2019) accounts for about 80 per cent of total recorded employment.64 The sector covers all unregulated small-scale activities largely undertaken by those self-employed."


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"The information and analysis in this report comprises the evidence base for: \u2022 Updating of the National Climate Change Action Plan for the \u2022 Kenya\u2019s NCCAP and NDC implementation plan; and \u2022 Various international research initiatives that are contributing to the development of Kenya\u2019s NDC.2 The NDC sector analysis first \u201cunpacks\u201d and clarifies the numbers underlying the NDC contribution. The following chapters, 3 to 8, provide the sector analysis, examining mitigation and adaptation considerations for the six mitigation sectors."


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"The information includes indication of any associated climate change impacts, vulnerabilities, and risks and including brief reviews of a sector contribution to GHG emissions if of significance and where data is available. It culminates with details on the country\u2019s environmental and climate change governance. GOVERNMENT PROFILE  The Republic of Kenya (hereinafter referred to as \u2018Kenya\u2019) is a unitary State with a multi-party political system."


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"The information management (processing of climatological data) is in coarse resolution and mostly processed manually with information in the hardcopy format. This process leads to highly likelihood of inaccurate data. This has hampered ability for the country to continuously collect and generate accurate data leading to gaps, inconsistencies and\f  omissions. Accuracy of the information is very important not only for the country but also of its role regionally and globally.  In addition staff technical capacity is inadequate and in some cases lacking."


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"The information set out in tables, and includes: \u2022 Action summary \u2022 Sector \u2022 Status description \u2022 Lead agency \u2022 Partner agencies \u2022 Stakeholders \u2022 Development partners 2.1 M ItIGAtIo n A c tI o nS Substantial progress has been made on implementation of mitigation actions. Progress is being made toward the long- term 2030 greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction goals, with actions being implemented in the six priority mitigation areas."


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"The initiative included media campaigns, and improved compliance and enforcement.10 In March 2017, the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (MENR) introduced a ban on the manufacture, use and importation of plastic bags use for commercial and household packaging. The ban will be in effect from September 2017 onward, but several players in the plastic packaging industry (manufacturers and supermarkets) have started to comply with the regulation. The Kenya Environmental Sanitation and Hygiene Policy 2016-2030 complemented the solid waste management strategy."


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"The initiatives implemented will continue to support the country to adapt to and mitigate the effects of climate change through the production of new technologies, modification of transferred technologies according to national circumstances and the adjustment of existing technologies to respond to changing conditions, including the changing climate."


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"The initiatives listed have been operational over the 2013- 2017 timeframe of the NCCAP. Projects at the planning stages are not included below. Agriculture \u2022 Development of a Dairy NAMA. Energy \u2013 Electricity Supply \u2022 Lake Turkana Wind power project \u2013 310 MW. \u2022 Ngong Hills Wind Power Project Phase II \u2013 6.8 MW. \u2022 Mini-grids \u2013 solar (9.6 MW), wind (0.6 MW) \u2013 KSh 3.7 billion AFD loan. \u2022 National Public Primary Schools Electrification \u2013 4,175 primary schools powered with solar photovoltaic (PV) systems."


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"The interventions proposed include: livelihood diversification, development of human capital, water resources conservation and development, climate proofed infrastructural development (roads & energy), afforestation & reforestation and climate resilient agricultural systems, among others. Detailed fact sheets are not presented for the adaptation actions as they are captured in the NAP.  These adaptation actions together with the MTP 2013-2017 are informing the National Adaptation Plan."


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"The invaluable contributions provided by the County Governments, the Private Sector, Civil Society, Researchers and Academia during the consultative stakeholder workshops is highly appreciated. I express my gratitude to the following development partners who initially partnered with the team of experts\ufffdin\ufffdthe\ufffddevelopment\ufffdof\ufffdthe\ufffdframework;\ufffdthe\ufffdNew\ufffdPartnership\ufffdfor\ufffdAfrican\ufffdDevelopment\ufffd(NEPAD),\ufffd the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), East African Community (EAC), the CGIAR Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) and the Department for International Development (DFID) of the UK Government."


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"The inventory work draws on the environmental assessments for four solid waste disposal sites within Kenya. The National Environment management Authority should collect and provide data on the amount of waste deposited annually. This data should be estimated either through weigh scale records or records of the number of vehicle loads."


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"The investments in these pillars are expected to increase climate change adaptation knowledge and capacity within the sectors, strengthen climate smart public service delivery, and increase climate proofed infrastructure. This will lead to enhanced resilience of the agriculture and tourism value chains and private sector investments. Enhancing climate information services and utilizing ecosystem and community based adaptation approaches are the main activities in the social pillar."


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"The journal aims at enhancing the dissemination of research findings by scientists within Kenya and beyond. KMS also publishes a quarterly newsletter called \u2018The KMS Bulletin\u2019. This is distributed to various  institutions and individuals. The objective of the Newsletter is the promotion of public education and awareness on weather and climate.  Status of National and Regional Programmes  WMO Integrated Global Observing System (WIGOS) Demonstration Project Kenya\f  The project aims at integrating all the national observation systems in Kenya."


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"The key component of the proposed NPBMF is an MRV+ system. The aim of the action is to set up the governance structure, teams and components of the MRV+ system. Status No action Lead Agency MENR Partner Agency Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (to lead the indicators and baselines working group), MODP (to lead the data and quality assurance/quality control working group), climate change units in state departments, and county governments including CoG."


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"The key findings are as follows: \u2022\ufffd Some capacity for climate change MRV already exists and is mainly located within non-state actors (NSAs) that make up over 70 per cent of climate change actors in Kenya. Some of these organisations have experience with assessment and reporting on climate outcomes for their projects. \u2022\ufffd The MRV/ M&E of climate change projects is a new field and therefore this capacity has not yet evolved to the required levels in Government."


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"The key water tower, Mount Kenya\u2019s glaciers have shrunk to only 17% of their size and are expected to disappear in the next 30 years, threatening Kenya\u2019s largest river that carries more than 60% of the country\u2019s hydropower and that has many cities and critical portion of Kenya\u2019s agricultural land."


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"The knowledge management system is housed in the Climate Change Resource Centre as well as in other web-based systems such as the Kenya Climate Change Knowledge Portal.\fEnhanced climate resilience towards the attainment of Vision 2030 and beyond | 51\f| Kenya National Adaptation Plan 2015-2030 Endnotes 15th Session of the African Ministerial Conference on the Environment, 2015, Cairo Declaration on Managing Africa\u2019s Natural Capital for Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication (AMCEN). Accessed at: agreement-keep-global-temperature."


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"The lab has been equipped with 14 desktops and 5 laptops, a server and the latest versions of Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing software that will be used to produce credible land cover maps for monitoring land use changes over time to improve decision making in land use management."


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"The large energy demands of the current desalination process will contribute to GHG emissions and could set back climate change mitigation efforts. Solar powered desalinators are therefore an appealing technology. The perceived high costs associated with acquiring the solar desalinators and also the low level of technology transfer has meant that they have not been widely adopted in Kenya."


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"The largest share of emissions (CH4) originates from enteric fermentation associated with ruminant livestock,   agricultural soils (N2O) and manure management. Emissions from agriculture are expected to rise due to increased food demand for the growing population leading to increased encroachment of forests through agricultural expansion. However, policy direction indicates that the focus of emissions management will not be on absolute emissions but on production efficiency,\ufffdleading\ufffdto\ufffdincreased\ufffdoutput\ufffdper\ufffdunit\ufffdof\ufffdemission.\ufffdThis\ufffdcan\ufffdmake\ufffdthe\ufffdagriculture\ufffdsector\ufffdbe\ufffdpart\ufffdof\ufffd the solution to emission reduction if appropriate measures are taken."


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"The latter is a climate change challenge discussed in detail 8 .3  M I T I gAT I ON  I N  T hE  WA S T E  S E C TOR Waste emissions currently account for approximately 3% of total national emissions and this contribution is expected to remain relatively constant in the future to 2030.17 This contribution is low compared to other sectors in Kenya (such as forestry, energy and transport)."


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"The legislative mechanism is necessary to provide overall content and direction on how climate change responses are structured through mainstreaming. The institutional mechanism is equally critical to provide high-level coordination and political authority to guide mainstreaming of climate change functions in sectoral mandates at all levels of government. Vertical integration is instrumental in\f determining the roles of various sector institutions and devolved governments in performing climate change mandates."


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"The level of GHG emissions in the sector is low compared to other sectors, and this option has the largest potential for short-term GHG emission reductions. The technical mitigation potential of the landfill gas generation option in 2030 is presented in Figure 8.3. This mitigation potential was calculated based on the estimated amount of municipal solid waste generated in Nairobi, about 996,450 tonnes per year."


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"The livelihood needs exerts considerable pressure on forest resources. In addition, the technologies used for wood conversion for timber manufacturing and charcoal production are obsolete and wasteful leading to overharvesting of trees to meet the demand. As a result deforestation in Kenya has been high, with a yearly loss to the economy of  The situation is reversing with forestry cover estimated as 6.99 per cent as noted in the country\u2019s National Forest Policy, 2014."


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"The livestock population growth in the country is driven by the rapidly increasing demand for livestock products due to increased population growth, urbanization and increasing incomes. The overall livestock population trends (largely based on estimates) across all species has been on the increase between 1963 events meaning that performance of the livestock sub-sector is highly affected and sensitive to rainfall. Due to climate change effect on livestock, emerging livestock such as donkeys, crocodiles, ostrich, quails and\ufffdguinea\ufffdfowls\ufffdare\ufffdbeing\ufffdpromoted\ufffdto\ufffdbridge\ufffdanimal\ufffdproduct\ufffddefi\ufffdcit\ufffdwhich\ufffdcan\ufffdeffectively\ufffdcontribute\ufffd towards\ufffdmeeting\ufffdanimal\ufffdprotein\ufffdrequirements\ufffdbesides\ufffdthe\ufffdcommon\ufffdlivestock\ufffdvalue\ufffdchains.\ufffdOther\ufffdsignifi\ufffdcant\ufffd resilient livestock enterprises are beekeeping and camel production."


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"The livestock sector experienced the worst\f  impacts, losing approximately Ksh 699 billion, with Ksh 56 billion in damages due to costs from veterinary care, water, feeds and production decline and Ksh 643 billion in losses due to animal deaths.173  During the 2008-2011 drought, the fisheries sector experienced effects with estimated value of Ksh 4.2 billion, comprising Ksh 3.6 billion in losses and Ksh 0.5 billion in damages."


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"The livestock, agriculture and forestry sectors are the largest emitters in Kenya accounting for approximately 67% of emissions in 2010. The largest absolute growth in emissions is expected in energy and transport, with energy emissions increasing from 10 MtCO2e in 2010 to 33 MtCO2e in 2030 and transport emissions increasing by about three times in the same period (NCCAP 2013-2017)."


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"The livestock, agriculture and forestry sectors are the largest emitters in Kenya, accounting for approximately 67 per cent of emissions in 2010 and 40 per cent in 2030. The largest absolute growth in emissions is expected in energy and transport, with energy emissions increasing from 10 MtCO2e in 2010 to 33 MtCO2e in 2030 and transport emissions increasing by about three times in the same period."


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"The low October to December 2013 rainfall resulted in reduced water levels in the hydroelectric power generation dams, leading to power shortages and electricity rationing.105 Flooding has led to siltation of dams, and the resultant reduction of water storage and hydroelectricity generation capacity.106 The adverse effects of climate variability and change on hydropower are projected to grow.107  HEALTH PROFILE  Vision 2030 emphasizes making progress on universal access to health care, prevention and primary health care, clean water, management of communicable disease, maternal and child health, and non-communicable diseases."


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"The low carbon analysis detailed in Chapter 6 indicates a maximum reduction potential of about 15 per cent below the 2010 reference base by 2015; and that this reduction potential could grow to almost 70 per cent in 2030."


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"The low target is aligned with the proportional contribution that the sector would need to make for there to be a high level of certainty that the overall target will be achieved if all other sectors also meet their low target reduction. The high target is intended to guide responsible ministries and agencies in terms of what they should objectively plan and prepare for should the sector require additional emission reductions."


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"The low target is aligned with the proportional contribution that the sector would need to make in order for there to be a high level\fN D C  S E C T O R  A N A LY S I S  R E P O R T  2 0 1 7 Box 7.1."


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"The low target is aligned with the proportional contribution that the sector would need to make in order for there to be a high level of certainty that the overall target will be achieved if all other sectors also meet their low target reduction. The high target is intended to guide responsible ministries and agencies in terms of what they should objectively plan and prepare for should the sector require additional emission reductions."


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"The magnitude and severity of drought has increased in the recent past; this is particularly true in the ASALs that make up more than 89 per cent of Kenya\u2019s total land mass. Actions to improve climate resilience in the disaster preparedness programme include modernisation of meteorological systems, and an early and appropriate response to emerging drought that includes a well-maintained early warning system. These systems should be backed by a reliable and effective social safety net programme carried out by empowered youth and women."


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"The main causes of mortality include: HIV/AIDS (29.3 per cent), perinatal conditions (9 per cent), lower respiratory infections per cent), tuberculosis (TB) (6.3 per cent), diarrhoea (6.0 per cent) and malaria at (5.8 per cent).110  Climate change will negatively impact progress in the health sector. For example, rising temperatures and erratic rainfall may lead to an increased spread of various diseases, such as malaria because of an increase in mosquito breeding habitats."


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"The main objective was to build the capacity of the manufacturers and other enterprises to use innovative technologies in their operations to enhance energy efficiency. At the end of the project the results showed that the participating institutions were able to increase their profits, reduce poverty and reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, with some of the industries now saving up to 30 per cent of energy consumption. Further examples of best practice in using technologies to develop renewable energy resources have been demonstrated by KenGen."


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"The main sources of technical potential for renewables identified in the NCCAP and SNC were geothermal, wind, hydro and grid- connected solar photovoltaic (either distributed or from central plants). Geothermal was identified as best suited to provide the bulk of additional renewable potential between 2015 and 2030. The low-carbon scenario that was considered included 5,500 MW of geothermal capacity to be installed by 2030 up from 627 MW installed by end of year 2015."


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"The mainstreaming process, which is being spearheaded by the Ministries of State for Planning, National Development and Vision 2030 (MPND) and Environment and Mineral Resources (MEMR), has been informed by the NCCAP. Mainstreaming climate change into the MTP ensures the recommendations of this plan are captured in the national development plan and also raises awareness across the sectors on low carbon and climate resilient initiatives."


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"The major GHGs are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N20). Less prevalent -- but very powerful -- greenhouse gases are hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6).  Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Established in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization and the UN Environment Programme, the IPCC surveys worldwide scientific and technical literature and publishes assessment reports that are widely recognized as the most credible existing sources of information on climate change."


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"The major industrial crops are tea, coffee, pyrethrum, cotton and sugarcane among others. The horticultural\ufffdcrops\ufffdincludes\ufffdcut\ufffdflowers,\ufffdvegetables\ufffd(tomatoes,\ufffdcabbage,\ufffdkales,\ufffdcarrots),\ufffdfruits\ufffd(bananas,\ufffd mangoes, nuts, herbs and spices). The relative importance of these different agricultural enterprises varies and their spatial and temporal distribution is also varied. Historical data from 1963 to 2012 (GoK, 2016b) shows that average maize and beans acreage has been increasing but yields have stabilized between 1.5 and 2 tons/ha since 1980\u2019s."


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"The major reasons for deforestation are conversion of forest land to agriculture, unsustainable utilization of forest products (including charcoal), forest fires and shifting cultivation.8 5 .2  C L I M AT E  C hA N gE  A N D T hE  F ORE S T RY  S E C TOR The Forest Policy, 2014 highlights that climate change has a direct impact on forest resources and ecosystems and on people and their livelihoods - through flooding, landslides and drought."


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"The mandatory requirement for development of sectoral plans allows room for detailed analysis of climate change priorities and investment needs at the county level  The Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act, 1999 (EMCA), as amended through EMCA (Amendment Act) 2015 \u2013 is framework environmental legislation that establishes appropriate legal and institutional mechanisms for the management of the environment. EMCA is granted statutory superiority over other laws on matters relating to environmental management."


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"The manufacture of cement is identified as a core industrial sector, with a growing demand for cement from within Kenya and from neighboring countries. The charcoal manufacturing sub-sector employs almost 1 million people on a part and full-time basis, and contributes an estimated KES 135 billion annually to the Kenyan economy. Charcoal production uses mainly traditional inefficient technologies and the sector remains largely informal."


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"The market-based approaches under the Paris Agreement must be carefully considered. Kenya\u2019s NDC has its own mitigation target that will require emissions reductions. Transferring mitigation outcomes or trading emission reductions under the new mechanism may limit options for Kenya to count domestic emissions reductions towards the achievement of its own NDC GHG emissions reductions."


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"The maximum temperature depicts a steady increase over the years Source: Data and figure from KMD, 2012  Figure 36: Temperature Trends for Mombasa (Coastal Kenya). Annual Minimum Temperature.\f  The minimum temperature depicts a steady increase over the years Source: Data and figure from KMD, 2012  Figure 37: Temperature Trends for Wajir (North-eastern Kenya). Annual maximum Temperature.  The maximum temperature depicts a steady increase over the years Source: Data and figure from KMD, 2012  Figure 38: Temperature Trends for Wajir (North-eastern Kenya). Annual minimum Temperature."


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"The method used for the screening of potential synergies and trade-offs across multiple sectors was based on a CDKN Innovation Fund project, called \u2018Achieving triple wins: identifying climate smart investment strategies for the coastal zone\u2019, which is currently being field tested in Kenya. Criteria for mitigation, adaptation and development are applied in a screening process. Each proposed climate action is scored against these criteria for positive and negative impacts. This provides a view of potential synergies and trade-offs for each action."


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"The migration of rural communities from the congested high-potential areas and the dry arid areas to cities has contributed to overpopulated slums and settlements that lack basic services. Implications for women included the additional burden of sustaining household food, water and human security. School attendance rates for children has decreased, child labour increased and conflicts over resources have intensified.  Tourism: Climate variability and climate change, partnered with broader environmental degradation, has the potential to significantly affect the tourism sector, including wildlife tourism."


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"The minimum temperature depicts a steady increase over the years Source: Data and figure from KMD, 2012)  Temperature trends in Kenya since 1960 have the following characteristics:121  \ufffd Mean annual temperature has increased by approximately 1\u00b0C at an average rate of 0.21\u00b0C per decade. \ufffd The increase in temperature has been most rapid in the months from March to May (0.29\u00b0C per decade) and slowest in June to September (0.19\u00b0C per decade)."


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"The mining and quarrying sector registered a growth of 7.4 per cent in 2013, a substantial increase from 4.1 per cent in 2012.71 The sector accounted for only one per cent of GDP and three per cent of total export earnings in 2014.72 There has been very little exploitation of these resources, and development of the mining and quarrying sector is expected to support resource based industries such as iron and steel, cement, building and construction, chemical and ornamental industries, among others."


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"The ministry responsible for crops, livestock and fisheries in collaboration with the county governments, relevant implementing Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs), private sector and other stakeholders will develop an M&E framework within six months of the strategy launch. For purposes of this strategy, the ministry shall also undertake a comprehensive baseline survey that will be used to gauge achievement of CSA related agricultural activities."


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"The mission of the NCCRS (also the \u2018Strategy\u2019) is to strengthen nationwide focused actions towards adapting to and mitigating against a changing climate by ensuring commitment and engagement of all stakeholders while taking into account the vulnerable nature of our natural resources and society as a whole. 3.3.3 Strategic Objectives In summary, the objective of the NCCRS is to respond to climate change by: \u2022\ufffd enhancing understanding of the global climate change negotiations process, international agreements, policies and processes and most importantly the positions Kenya needs to take in order to maximise beneficial effects, \u2022\ufffd assessing the evidence and impacts of climate change in Kenya, \u2022\ufffd recommending robust adaptation and mitigation measures needed to minimise risks associated with climate change while maximising opportunities, \u2022\ufffd enhancing understanding of climate change and its impacts nationally and in local regions, \u2022\ufffd recommending vulnerability assessment, impacts monitoring and capacity building framework needs, \u2022\ufffd recommending research and technological needs and avenues for transferring existing technologies, \u2022\ufffd providing a conducive and enabling policy, legal and institutional framework to combat climate change, and \u2022\ufffd providing a concerted"


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"The mitigation analysis builds on the low- carbon assessment that was undertaken during the NCCAP process, projecting emissions out to 2030 to form the business as usual reference case against which abatement potential is estimated for the six mitigation sectors. Updating of the GHG inventory is underway to support the development of the Third National Communication. developement partners Support to develop the SNC was provided to NEMA by GEF and managed by UNEP."


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"The mitigation assessments conducted by Kenya entail the generation of information on the national analysis of the potential costs and impacts of the various technologies and practices to mitigate climate change, which are relevant for sustainable development and useful for policy making with regard to formulation and prioritisation of mitigation programmes."


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"The mitigation chapter includes 30 low carbon development options to be taken forward by the various sectors and the prioritised adaptation actions proposed by the sectors will undergo further refining during the MTP process and as part of their inclusion in Kenya\u2019s National Adaptation Plan. Performance related targets can be identified and agreed once these steps have been taken."


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"The mitigation contribution intended to abate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 30% by 2030 relative to the business as usual (BAU) scenario.  2. Despite our first NDC being fully conditional to international support, most of the progress made in implementation to date is from domestic resources.  3."


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"The mitigation contribution intends to abate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 30% by 2030 relative to the business as usual (BAU) scenario of 143 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO2e). Achievement of the NDC contributions is subject to international support in the form of finance, investment, technology development and transfer, and capacity building. Climate change action in Kenya is guided by the Climate Change Act, 2016, which provides a framework for mainstreaming climate change across sectors."


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"The mitigation option encourages compliance with the Agricultural Farm Forestry Rules that require every land holder to maintain\fN D C  S E C T O R  A N A LY S I S  R E P O R T  2 0 1 7 Box 3.2."


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"The mitigation options address two types of GHG emissions. The first are industrial process emissions, which are emissions released during a manufacturing process. Industrial process emissions in Kenya are dominated by the cement and charcoal manufacturing industries; the emissions associated with soda ash production are insignificant. The sources of GHG emissions are very different for the cement and charcoal manufacturing sectors."


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"The mitigation potential determined through the low carbon analysis undertaken for the NCCAP and SNC is ambitious and based on the technical potential \u2013 or what is expected to be achieved if Kenya takes up technology advances, introduces appropriate and enabling policies and regulations, and moves forward on all potential mitigation actions. In short, it is aspirational and based on a best-case scenario \u2013 with the intent of providing information and guidance on what is possible to guide decision makers."


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"The mitigation scenario assumes a 10% improvement in total energy efficiency by 2030, assuming that all possible reductions in indirect energy use are fully realized. Moreover, it is assumed that increasing the overall efficiency of the plant can also lead to efficiency improvements of direct energy use, i.e., some reductions in fossil fuel use, for heating the kiln."


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"The mobilisation of knowledge is required over the medium term with the consideration of questions including: What will you want to know in five or ten years time in order to plan effective action? What level of institutional competence exists now? What level is achievable within the next five years? It is also important to define institutional competence in measurable terms such as organisational mandate, staffing, resource budgets, information systems, pilot actions, even sectoral leadership and local champions."


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"The most Improved cookstoves Renewable lighting LPG Stove Substitution Co-generation in agriculture Energy-efficient light bulbs EE measures across industries Energy efficient appliances Energy-related measures in the cement sector Solar water heaters\fKenya s significant low carbon development opportunity is the introduction of more efficient kilns for charcoal production, with an abatement potential of 1.6 MtCO2e per year in 2030 (see Chapter 8 of the Mitigation report for the detailed analysis). Sustainable development benefits include reduced fuelwood demand leading to lower levels of deforestation."


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"The most important gas produced in this source category is methane (CH4). Two major sources of this type of CH4 production are solid waste disposal to land and wastewater treatment. In each case, methanogenic bacteria break down organic matter in the waste to produce CH4. The emission potential increases the better the disposal site control conditions are and the greater the depth of the solid waste."


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"The most potent HABs produce neurotoxins that may be responsible for human illness or death via consumption of contaminated seafood, particularly bivalve molluscs (e.g. oysters, mussels), commonly referred to as shellfish poisoning. During recent years there has been an apparent increase in the occurrence of HABs in many marine and coastal regions184 and a number of cases are reported in Kenya."


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"The most recent forest assessment was conducted between 1990 and 1994 for the Kenya Forest Master Plan (1994), and current estimates of emissions from the forestry sector are based on a simple tier estimation approach. Updated information is needed regarding the state of Kenya\u2019s forests. Support is needed to measure, monitor and report on changes in forest cover, including the development of a forest reference scenario."


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"The most significant debate arises from many countries (primarily Annex 1) maintaining that the most rapidly industrialising of the developing countries (primarily China, Brazil, India, Mexico and South Africa \u2013 the G-5) should take on targets (caps) at some stage. However, most developing countries maintain that now is not the time for them to take on targets for mandatory reductions of GHG emissions."


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"The most significant low carbon development opportunity is the introduction of more efficient kilns for charcoal production, with an abatement potential of development benefits include reduced fuelwood demand leading to lower levels of deforestation and increased productivity.  Agriculture: Agricultural emissions (the largest source of GHG emissions in Kenya) are likely to in 2030 (Figure 5.6), largely driven by livestock methane emissions and land use change.  Agricultural low carbon development options have the potential to abate in the order of 5.54 MtCO2e per year in 2030."


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"The most significant reduction can be achieved through agroforestry, which has an abatement potential of 4 MtCO2e\f  per year in 2030. Other low carbon development options include conservation tillage and limiting the use of fire in range and cropland management, with abatement potentials of over 1.1 and 1.2 MtCO2e per year in 2030, respectively. These three options are elements of a climate- smart agriculture approach, and a framework to encourage investment in climate-smart agriculture will be an important action."


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"The most significant reduction can be achieved through agroforestry, which has an abatement potential of 4.16 MtCO2e per year in 2030. Other low carbon development options include conservation tillage and limiting the use of fire in range and cropland management, with abatement potentials of over 1.09 and 0.29 MtCO2e per year in 2030, respectively.  Forestry and Other Land Use: Forestry and other land use related emissions accounted for 21.1 MtCO2e in 2010, or about 32 per cent of national emissions."


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"The national governance approach to climate change should be consistent with national strategic interests, while also linking with global and regional approaches.  \f  1.1.1 Kenya is a developing country whose economy is highly dependent on the natural resource base, making it highly vulnerable to climate variability and change. 1.1.2 Realisation of sustainable development in Kenya, despite significant progress to date, is threatened by climate change and its resultant impacts."


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"The national government will foster participatory partnerships between itself and county governments, other public entities, the private sector, civil society, development partners, media and international agencies. Steps will be taken to consolidate and strengthen the working relations with development partners. Improved sectoral and donor coordination will be formalized through periodic meetings and fora. Policy Statements  The Government will: 1. Put in place and operationalise a climate change public participation strategy. 2."


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"The need for adequate waste treatment is accentuated by growing industrialization of the Kenyan economy, as well as lack of or inadequate enforcement of existing waste management laws and regulations. Significant quantities of solid waste generated in urban centres are not collected and disposed of at designated sites."


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"The need for capacity building is enshrined in Article 9 (d) of the UNFCCC, which calls upon the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) \u2013 the body created under Article 9 of the Convention \u2013 to provide \u2018ways and means of supporting endogenous capacity-building in developing countries.\u2019 In view of the risks and opportunities presented by climate change, enhanced capacity building is required to strengthen capability of developing countries like Kenya which have very few climate change specialists in the areas of science, policy, adaptation, mitigation carbon trading and carbon markets."


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"The need for suitably-qualified personnel to collect data, operate the relevant instrumentations, process and analyse data, and communicate results. \ufffd Capacity building in modelling. To enhance the density of climatic data recording and strengthen existing ones \ufffd State-of-the-art data processing and analysis hardware and software, relevant laboratory space and equipment Education, training and awareness  Education, training and awareness have continued to lack since the first National Communication. Which has meant that climate change issues have continue to receive minimal consideration in the formal education."


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"The need for wood has led to substantial deforestation and land degradation. Access to modern energy services is required to reduce the wood fuel dependency. Hydropower, which constitutes over half of the total effective grid connected electricity, is highly vulnerable to variations in hydrology and climate. This is a big challenge for Kenya because poor rains result in hydroelectricity shortfalls, leading to more costly and GHG- intensive electricity generation through diesel."


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"The negative impacts are expected to be more adverse in developing countries, particularly those in sub-Saharan Africa such as Kenya which has experienced increasing temperatures from 1960\u2019s coupled with increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as El Ni\u00f1o and La Ni\u00f1a. Effects of the negative impacts will include declining agricultural productivity and loss of crops, livestock, fish and investments in agriculture due to changing temperatures and precipitation regimes and increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events."


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"The negative impacts of these changing climatic patterns include: reduced agricultural production leading to increased food insecurity, loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services, damage to infrastructure, increased health costs, and declines in the quality and quality of water resources. The Horn of Africa drought crisis in 2010-2011\f demonstrated Kenya\u2019s vulnerability to climate change. The country\u2019s high dependence on climate-sensitive natural resources for livelihoods increases its vulnerability to climate change.  The cost of managing climate change impacts is increasing in Kenya."


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"The negative impacts of these changing climatic patterns include: reduced agricultural production leading to increased food insecurity, loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services, damage to infrastructure, increased health costs, and declines in the quality and quantity of water resources. The cost of managing climate change impacts is increasing in Kenya. Frequent droughts and floods have led to loss of life and damaged property, and exerted pressure on public finances \u2013 which can slow down Kenya\u2019s growth prospects."


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"The newer Master Long Term Plan forecast to 2035 in the electricity sector is dramatically lower than the forecast in the 2011 Updated Least Cost Development Plan (and used to calculate the GHG emission baseline in the NCCAP and SNC).20 Total supply drops by almost 40% by 2030; and because most of his was to be supplied with coal-fired electricity generation, a dramatic drop in  overall emissions of approximately 7.2 MtCO2e is projected (green bar in baseline emissions in Figure 4.3)."


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"The next step is implementation of the plan by all sectors and stakeholders through development of workplans for each of the actions captured in the Action Sheets. The development of the Action Plan coincided with the development of the second Medium Term Plan (2013-2017) of the country\u2019s Vision 2030 development blue print. One of the key objectives of the MTP2 was to mainstream climate change and environment."


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"The next step was to re-examine the results of applying the bottom-up methodology to assess mitigation options developed by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) and the Energy research Centre of the Netherlands for Kenya\u2019s NCCAP low-carbon analysis. The adaptation analysis included review of the adaptation priorities identified in Kenya\u2019s NAP, which are also the priorities in Kenya\u2019s NDC. The sector reports informed a series of initial sector consultations that began in May 2016 and ran to November 2016."


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"The next step would be to consider what would be a reasonable low and high range around this target. Where a low target could be adopted as a minimum requirement for implementation with a high level of certainty, and a high target could guide responsible ministries and agencies in terms of what they should objectively plan and prepare for should they be required."


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"The number of meteorological stations, which run on voluntary basis, (schools; administration centres, national reserves, forest stations and individual farms) have also been declining.266 In addition, most of the climates monitoring stations are concentrated in humid and semi- humid areas which have high rain fed agricultural potential. Climate monitoring networks in the ASALs are seriously limiting yet it is in these areas where the need to understand the high climate variability in the country is most required."


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"The objective of the Convention is \u201c\u2026stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate systems\u2026\u201d  Vulnerability The degree to which a system is susceptible to, or unable to cope with, adverse effects of climate change, including climate variability and extremes. Vulnerability is a function of the character, magnitude and rate of climate variation to which a system is exposed, its sensitivity and its adaptive capacity."


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"The objective was to identify sources of emissions and removals where additional resources could be used in the future to reduce the level of overall uncertainty. The precision associated with activity data and emission factors, as well as emission or removal estimates, is expressed as a \u00b1 a given percentage based on a 95% confidence interval limit.  Table 45 details the results of the analysis of uncertainty for emission and removal estimates. More detailed descriptions of uncertainties are provided in the sectoral level inventory reports."


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"The objectives are to: \u2022\ufffd enhance understanding of the global climate change regime: the negotiation process, international agreements, policies and processes and most importantly the positions Kenya needs to take in order to maximise beneficial effects of climate change, \u2022\ufffd assess the evidence and impacts of climate change in Kenya, \u2022\ufffd recommend robust adaptation and mitigation measures needed to minimise risks associated with climate change while maximising opportunities, Executive Summary\f\u2022\ufffd enhance understanding of climate change and its impacts nationally and in local re- gions, \u2022\ufffd recommend vulnerability assessment, impact monitoring and capacity building framework needs as a response to climate change, \u2022\ufffd recommend research and technological needs to respond to climate change impacts, and avenues for transferring existing tech- nologies, \u2022\ufffd recommend a conducive and enabling policy, legal and institutional framework to combat climate change, and \u2022\ufffd provide a concerted action plan coupled with resource mobilisation plan and robust monitoring and evaluation plan to combat climate change."


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"The objectives of the NAP are to: \u2022\ufffd Highlight the importance of adaptation and resilience building actions in development; \u2022\ufffd Integrate climate change adaptation into national and county level development planning and budgeting processes; \u2022\ufffd Enhance the resilience of public and private sector investment in the national transformation, economic and social and pillars of Vision 2030 to climate shocks; \u2022\ufffd Enhance synergies between adaptation and mitigation actions in order to attain a low carbon climate resilient economy; and \u2022\ufffd Enhance resilience of vulnerable populations to climate shocks through adaptation and disaster risk reduction strategies."


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"The one-stop shop will expedite the process of renewable energy investment. Status In progress Lead Agency ERC Partner Agency MOEP Stakeholders KenGen, Kenya Renewable Energy Association (KEREA), KAM, Rural Electricity Authority (REA), renewable energy firms status The ERC launched the Renewable Energy Portal in 2013. The portal provides easy access to relevant information about administration entry requirements and procedures of operating a power plant based on renewable energy, as well as the legal and regulatory framework for such investments (e.g."


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"The one-stop shop, which is under planning by the Ministry of Energy, Kenya Power and the Energy Regulatory Commission, amongst others, would be domiciled under the Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC). Currently, firms have to go to a number of different institutions to acquire licenses and permits, so the creation of this one-stop shop would significantly expedite the process of renewable energy investment."


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"The opportunities for promoting energy efficiency are captured under energy efficiency across industry, energy efficient electrical appliances and energy efficient light bulbs.  Sustainable development benefits associated with the use of improved fuelwood or charcoal-based and LPG-based cookstoves include significant health benefits as a result of reduced indoor air pollution. Health benefits are also expected with the replacement of kerosene lamps with distributed renewable energy (such as solar) lanterns. These technologies can also bring cost savings to consumers, depending on the price of alternatives."


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"The option with the largest mitigation potential is the development of an extensive mass transit system for greater Nairobi in the form of bus rapid transit (BRT) corridors, complemented by light rail transit (LRT) in high thoroughfare corridors. This public transport system has an abatement potential of approximately 2.8 MtCO2e a year by 2030. The second largest mitigation potential is the introduction of biodiesel, with a 10 per cent blend requirement having a potential of approximately 1.2 MtCO2e a year in 2030."


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"The option with the largest mitigation potential is the development of an extensive mass transit system for greater Nairobi in the form of bus rapid transit (BRT) corridors, complemented by light rail transit (LRT) in very high thorough fare corridors. This\f  public transport system has an abatement potential of approximately 2.8 MtCO2e a year in total. The second largest mitigation potential is the introduction of biodiesel, with a 10 per cent blend requirement having a potential of approximately 1.2 MtCO2e a year in 2030."


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"The option with the largest mitigation potential is the development of an extensive mass transit system for greater Nairobi in the form of bus rapid transit (BRT) corridors, complemented by light rail transit (LRT) in very high thorough fare corridors. This public transport system has an abatement potential of approximately 2.8 MtCO2e a year in total. The second largest mitigation potential is the introduction of biodiesel, with a 10 per cent blend requirement having a potential of approximately 1.2 MtCO2e a year in 2030."


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"The organic waste material in a landfill, such as food residues, paper and biomass, is decomposed by microbes which generate a mixture of methane, carbon dioxide and traces of other gases. The gaseous mixture is referred to as landfill gas. In a wastewater treatment plant, methane is generated as organic matter as the wastewater is decomposed under anaerobic conditions by methane-forming microorganisms."


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"The other lakes that are important sources of fish are Turkana, Naivasha, Baringo and Jipe. The main fish species of commercial importance from inland fisheries include Nile Perch, Tilapia, Rastrineobola argentea (dagaa/omena), while marine species comprise of Tuna, Snappers and Crustaceans. The national fish production in 2014 was about 187,000 MT valued at about KSh.32 billion (ex-vessel). Inland capture fisheries contributed about 124,000 MT (68%) of fish valued at Ksh. 12 billion while marine capture fisheries contributed about 9,000 MT (27%) valued at Ksh."


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"The other main drivers of deforestation in Kenya are illegal encroachments and Figure 3: Rainfall trends over Lamu and Garissa over the past half century (Data and figure from the KMD) Assessing the Evidence and Impacts of Climate Change in Kenya\f\u2018together we can tackle climate change\u2019 National Climate Change Response Strategy settlements, logging and livestock grazing. All these activities impact negatively on the ability of the \u2018Water Towers\u2019 to act as water catchments for Kenya\u2019s major rivers and lakes."


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"The other mitigation options discussed in this chapter are largely resilient to climate change, or would experience very small impacts in comparison to hydropower."


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"The other reason is that waste is scattered all over and collecting it for incineration would present additional cost barriers. Industrial waste: Requires significant investment by the private sector that is difficult to incentivize. The use of industrial effluent in methane gas capture and energy generation has been identified as a potential opportunity for attracting climate financing. Such a project is being conceptualised to help address Kisumu\u2019s effluent problem. Composting: Higher costs (i.e., $/tonne reduced) than for mitigation options in other sectors."


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"The outbreak of RVF is known to occur during periods of high humidity that follow abnormally long rains especially those associated with ENSO events. Currently, Kenya is facing a ban on the export of meat to the European Union (EU) market until 2010 because of the failure to control RVF as well as foot and mouth disease. This has led to loss of income."


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"The outcomes of strengthened climate smart public service delivery and climate resilient county development will lead to the resilience of national agriculture (livestock development and \ufb01sheries) and tourism value chains and hereafter climate resilient economic growth at a national level. This climate resilience economic growth involves both the public and private sector. This is expected to lead to enhanced adaptive capacity towards the attainment of Kenya\u2019s Vision 2030."


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"The output from the adaptation analysis is summarised in the Adaptation Technical Analysis Report (ATAR) and detailed in a series of reports compiled in the Adaptation Annex to this NCCAP. This chapter introduces a summary of the findings from the ATAR and elaborates further on the climate resilience analysis introduced in Chapter 4. Escalating climate change effects outlined in these various reports mean that adaptation to climate change in Kenya is recognised as a journey \u2013 and not a destination."


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"The outputs of these two stages are presented in five separate reports: \u2022\ufffd NPBMF Review Report (Stage 1) \u2022\ufffd NPBMF and MRV+ System Design, Road Map and Guidance Report (Stage 2) \u2022\ufffd Selecting and Monitoring Adaptation Indicators Report (Stage 2) \u2022\ufffd Tools to Measure, Report and Verify Synergistic Mitigation and Adaptation Actions \u2022\ufffd Capacity Development Plan (Stage 2) This chapter describes the key elements of a NPBMF for the NCCAP, drawing on the evidence and recommendations described in the reports listed above."


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"The overall Inventory uncertainty is the result of the uncertainty associated with all activity and emission factor data and other parameters used in the estimates. For most sectors, it was not possible to conduct a detailed uncertainty analysis, since that would demand a considerable effort in analyzing the accuracy and precision of basic information used. Nevertheless, a general evaluation of Inventory precision was conducted based on the judgment and knowledge of inventory specialists."


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"The overall NAMA seeks to address these barriers through a set of technical and financial support instruments as shown in Annex 1 Table 62. The NAMA has been posted to the UNFCCC NAMA registry and is requesting for external support besides to complement the Government efforts  The capacity development supported by SREP is important to make GDC a credible actor in developing other geothermal fields. In terms of technology transfer, Kenya is geared to becoming an exporter geothermal knowledge, products and services in the region."


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"The overall aim is to grow about 7.6 billion trees on 4.1 million hectares of land during the next 20 years. This programme involves: \u2022\ufffd the participation of 35,000 schools, 4,300 women groups, 16,350 youth groups and six Regional Development Authorities."


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"The overall aim of ASDSP is to support the implementation of the ASDS 2010-20 with a goal of transforming Kenya\u2019s agricultural sector into an innovative, commercially oriented, competitive and modern industry that will contribute to poverty reduction, improved food security and equity in rural and urban Kenya. Through the Constitution of Kenya 2010, the extension services were devolved to the county governments while provision of policy framework, capacity building and standards development remained the mandate of the national government."


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"The overall efficiency of new improved cookstoves is variable as are the number of households using traditional open fire cooking, inefficient cookstoves or improved cookstoves. The target is deliberately vague as the scenario was not developed using a detailed baseline of household fuelwood and charcoal consumption for cooking that is linked to specific technologies, each with their own operating efficiency. In addition, the impact of the measure on the renewable fraction of wood harvested is not taken into account."


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"The overall impact of the 2008-2011 drought in Kenya is estimated at KSh 968.6 billion (USD 12.1 billion), and was predicted to have caused a slowing down in the growth of the country\u2019s economy by an average of 2.8 per cent per year during that period."


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"The overall target and how the individual six sector targets were calculated is discussed in Chapter 2 that updates the emission baseline projections and impact on the NDC target. Figure 7.2 illustrates a low (minimum) target emission reduction of 2.0 MtCO2e for the Transport Sector. This is equivalent to an 8% reduction in 2030 baseline transport emissions, considerably lower than the overall NDC target of 30%. A proportionately lower target in the transportation sector may make sense because of the high cost of mitigation (i.e."


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"The overall target and how the individual six sector targets were calculated is discussed in Chapter 2. Relative to the baseline, there has already been a significant shift in policy and planning that impacts baseline emissions (for a detailed analysis, see the companion report, Update of Kenya\u2019s Emission Baseline Projections and Impact on NDC Target18)."


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"The overarching climate change legislation and amendments to sectoral laws must therefore carve out specific roles and opportunities for the youth to participate in decision-making in climate change governance and pursue opportunities that arise through climate change actions. Climate change is a global challenge, and Kenya has been a key participant in the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol processes, and also regionally within the East African Community."


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"The participants included members of the National Steering Committee made up of key stakeholders including Government ministries and departments, GEF Implementing Agencies (UNEP, World Bank, UNDP, UNIDO, and FAO), Academia and Civil Society Organisations. The objective of the meeting was to provide an opportunity for the stakeholders to review all project proposals seeking funding from GEF to ensure that they address national priorities and generate local, national and global environmental benefits."


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"The parts of the country most affected are the Eastern, North Eastern and parts of the Rift Valley provinces. 11  Cited in the IPCC 4th Assessment Report, Working Group II, chapter 9: Africa 12  UNEP (2002): Vital Water Graphics: An Overview of the State of the World\u2019s Fresh and Marine Waters. 13  E.g."


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"The plan proposes resilience building efforts that focuses on ensuring that the economy and livelihoods are less vulnerable to risks and challenges of climate change. 2.1.3.2 Institutional Framework Various institutions address climate smart agriculture at different levels. These include National and County Governments, Private Sector, Development Partners, Regional and Global Institutions as well as other stakeholders. These different institutions and stakeholders undertake policy formulation, regulatory functions, research and technology development, advisory and service provision, implementation, capacity building and financing climate smart agriculture related activities."


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"The plan provides an analysis of mitigation and adaptation options and actions; recommends an enabling policy and regulatory framework; and sets out next steps for knowledge management and capacity development, technology requirements, and a national performance and benefit measurement system. The finance actions include creating a national climate change fund, improving the absorptive capacity of the Kenya public sector, and improving the investment climate for climate finance investment."


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"The plan ranks coal as the fourth largest contributor to the generation capacity after geothermal, hydro, and imports in that order, from 2020 onwards. Coal-fired power plants in Lamu and Kitui are included in the baseline projection. Nuclear is also expected to play a role in electricity generation Along with an increase in generation capacity, the Government of Kenya has prioritized action to increase grid connectivity."


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"The policy also focuses on an enabling environment for accelerated investments in \u201cfoundations\u201d to reduce poverty and build resilience and growth. The establishment of the National Drought Management Authority (NDMA), the National Disaster Contingency Fund and the Council for Pastoralists are provided for in the policy. The National Disaster Management Policy, 2012: Institutionalizes disaster management and mainstreams disaster risk reduction in the country\u2019s development initiatives. The policy aims to increase and sustain resilience of vulnerable communities to hazards."


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"The policy further calls for extensive overhaul to current policies and institutions in an attempt to address chronic land tenure insecurity and equity. The overall objective of the policy is to secure rights over land and provide for sustainable growth, investment and reduction of poverty in line with the Government\u2019s overall development objectives."


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"The policy identifies measures to enable the livestock sub-sector enhance its contribution to food and nutritional security, provide raw materials for agro-based industries and contribute to improved livelihoods in the country. It emphasizes the improvement of the livestock management systems for sustainable development of the livestock industry. Due to frequent droughts that affect livelihoods that are dependent on livestock, the policy proposes to establish a livestock insurance scheme that will be operated in a public-private-partnership model."


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"The policy is implemented through the Energy Act of 2006 (revised 2014), which provides for mitigation of climate change, through energy efficiency and promotion of renewable energy. The Feed in Tariffs (FiTs) Promotes generation of electricity from renewable sources. It applies to geothermal, wind, small hydro, solar and biomass. Integrated National Transport Policy (2010) Provides for transport solutions that have relevance to climate change mitigation."


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"The policy is implemented through the Energy Act of 2006, which provides for mitigation of climate change, through energy efficiency and promotion of renewable energy. In addition, the Feed in Tariffs (FiTs) policy of 2008 (revised 2012) promotes generation of electricity from renewable sources. It applies to geothermal, wind, small hydro, solar and biomass. The Agricultural Sector Development Strategy 2010-2020 is the overall national policy document for the agricultural sector. The strategy promotes sustainable food production and agroforestry."


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"The policy notes that forestry can play an important role in both mitigation and adaptation to climate change.9 Actions to increase forest cover and prevent deforestation have important climate resilience and low carbon benefits. Forests play a role in mitigating the harmful effects of greenhouse gas\fN D C  S E C T O R  A N A LY S I S  R E P O R T  2 0 1 7 Table 5.1."


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"The policy will further provide guidance on: (i) the envisaged general legislative framework to be established through a Climate Change Law; (ii) the specific sectoral legislative amendments that will enable full implementation of NCCAP priority actions; and (iii) provide a facilitative framework for development of specific actions and responses to climate change in the years ahead."


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"The population is estimated to have increased to 41.8 million in 2013 and is projected to reach 46.7 million by 2017.28 Figure 8 illustrates this population trend, an increase of one million per year.29 This growth is largely a result of past high fertility, which peaked at 8.1 children per woman in 1978 and declined to 4.6 children per woman in 200830."


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"The portal contains information on all the licensing requirements from the different issuing agencies as well as agencies that provide associated information on renewable energy projects.  6 :  E N A B L I N G  P O L IC Y  &  R E G U L ATO RY  F R A M E WO R K\f6 :  E N A B L I N G  P O L I C Y  &  R E G U L AT O R Y  F R A M E W O R K EPRF 1: Consult on and adopt the draft climate change policy Title Consult on and adopt draft climate change policy Action Type Enabling Timeframe Short term/Quick win Sector All sectors Action Summary Widely consult on and adopt the draft Climate Change Policy being developed as a Parliamentary Sessional Paper."


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"The possible trends for maize are particularly encouraging, considering the nation\u2019s dependence on this crop and the high source of calories per capita per day this crop contributes (36%).155  For the livestock sector, implications of climate change on livestock-based rural livelihoods are predicted to be largely negative, with farmers expected to incur heavy losses in the future. Grazing and mixed rain-fed livestock systems are highly vulnerable to climate, due to their heavy dependence on natural resources."


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"The potential resources available to an institution with a legislative rather than administrative status are likely to be greater as the law could mandate Parliament to allocate specific resources for climate change response to this Secretariat. Lead Agency to take this Action forward Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources.\fKenya s Stakeholder support required to take the action forward The support and engagement of technical experts on climate change will be required to legislatively Climate Change Secretariat."


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"The potential to narrow uncertainty in regional climate predictions. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. GoK (2012). Kenya Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA); 2008-2011 Drought. Government of Kenya, with technical support from the European Union, United Nations and World Bank. World Bank (2004). The Republic of Kenya: Towards a Water-Secure Kenya \u2013 Water Resources Sector Memorandum. Report No. 28398-KE. April 2004. GOK (2012). Kenya Post disaster Needs\f  Assessment (PDNA); 2008-2011 Drought. Government of Kenya, with technical support from the European Union, United Nations and the World Bank."


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"The practices\ufffdinclude;\ufffdagro-forestry\ufffdand\ufffdconservation\ufffdtillage\ufffdand\ufffdmanagement\ufffdof\ufffd agricultural wastes, improved management of grazing systems, biogas, livestock diversification,\ufffdimproved\ufffdbreeding\ufffdof\ufffdanimals,\ufffddrought\ufffdtolerant\ufffdcrops,\ufffdwater\ufffd harvesting, integrated soil fertility management, insurance schemes, price stabilization schemes for livestock, strategic food reserves, and mainstreaming climate change into agricultural extension services. National Climate Change Framework Policy (2017) The policy includes statements that enhance climate resilience and adaptive capacity, promote low-carbon growth, and mainstream climate change into planning processes. It notes the potential for the agriculture sector to reduce GHG emissions, enhance resilience and recommends investment to create green jobs."


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"The preparation of the NCCAP included detailed analyses of risks and vulnerability of the different sectors, which are included in the ATAR. This section presents an overview of the key climatic hazards in Kenya namely droughts, \ufb02oods and sea-level rise with a view to informing key adaptation actions. 3.2 Climate hazards and vulnerability Drought is the prime recurrent natural disaster in Kenya. In recent times intense droughts have occurred caused severe crop and livestock losses, famine and population displacement."


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"The preparation of this document was funded by UK Aid from the Government of the United Kingdom through the Technical Assistance to the Government of Kenya (TA) Component of the Strengthening Adaptation and Resilience to Climate Change in Kenya Plus (StARCK+) Programme; however, the views expressed do not necessarily reflect the views of the UK Government The TA Component is delivered by a Consortium of Development Alternatives Incorporated (DAI), Matrix Development Consultants and the International Institute for Sustainable Development (DMI Consortium)."


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"The primary route of entry for HFCs is through products and surveys should be conducted to reliably estimate the number of HFC containing products imported and the charge and type of HFCs in associated air conditioning, refrigeration and aerosol products. Solvent and Product Use Information on solvents and paints imported is difficult to obtain and collate so that it can be used in inventory work.  While customs tracks imports through HS Codes, the database is not easily accessible."


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"The principles of cooperative government underpin performance of climate change mandates, respecting that functions can be concurrent and that the principle of subsidiarity may favour implementation through the lowest level of government, when doing so is the most effective approach. 9.1.4 Similarly, various sectoral laws and policies that will provide the legislative basis for specific actions will need to be analysed for potential amendments that enhance their capability to tackle climate change challenges and exploit emerging opportunities."


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"The prioritised technologies identified in 2005 for the agriculture and water sectors included drought tolerant sorghum, drip irrigation, conservation tillage, bio-technology, tissue\fKenya s culture banana, early warning systems, hay production and soil and water conservation. Technologies for the development of renewable energy resources, such as geothermal, solar and wind power were also prioritised."


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"The priority list from 2013-2017, which includes six mitigation actions representing 75 per cent of the emissions reduction potential, might be expanded to include renewable energy and the shift of freight from road to rail to give these actions greater prominence. Include emission reduction targets for the priority mitigation actions for the five-year period The updated NCCAP should include emissions reductions targets for the priority actions for the five-year period from 2018 to 2023."


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"The private sector is investing heavily in geothermal activity, biomass, solar and small hydroelectric projects; and is increasingly engaged in providing financial and insurance services. The unlocking of private sector investment has been encouraged through various fiscal incentives. For example, importing, constructing and selling photovoltaic cells are exempted from duty and tax, and the government has given ten- year tax holidays for small-scale solar projects."


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"The private sector is risk averse and Kenya requires an enabling environment that minimises any real or perceived risks. In addition, Kenya needs policies and programmes that use public climate funds to leverage large investment from the private sector, and sound institutional processes and investor promotion activities need to play a central role in successfully attracting funding."


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"The process of designing, constructing and operating landfill gas capture plants could create jobs, however the technology used and local content are important factors in determining the local economic impact. In some cases, additional payment by the project sponsor to support community programmes for stakeholders, including support for people living nearby the sites and who are affected by the project. adaptation and climate resilience impacts Sanitary landfills can be vulnerable to climate change-related floods, depending on their design and construction."


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"The process was coordinated by personnel from the National Climate Change Secretariat, whom I would like to recognise for their professionalism and diligence throughout the process. The technical inputs of the Adaptation Thematic Working Group (TWG), whose membership was inclusive and drawn from Government, civil society, academia and the private sector institutions, enriched the process. The contribution of the TWG members, both individually and corporately, is greatly appreciated."


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"The process was led by the Ministry of Environment & Mineral Resources through an inter-ministerial, cross-sectoral Task Force that provided guidance to the NCCAP process. The Taskforce was chaired by the Permanent Secretary of MEMR. Seven Thematic Working Groups (TWGs) each chaired by a member of the taskforce brought together a wide range of expertise from different fields to provide support and quality assurance on the content of the specific elements of the NCCAP."


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"The products of agroforestry, such as fruit and nuts can enhance food security and diversify farmers\u2019 income.25 Agroforestry systems can also complement shade tolerant cash crops such as coffee.26 Trees on farms can act as a source of sustainable fuelwood, on-farm timber and livestock fodder \u2013 alleviating pressures on neighbouring forests and contributing to improved livelihoods. Agroforestry has also been shown to lead to higher soil nutrients and water retention as nitrogen-fixing trees and shrubs can increase soil fertility and crop yields."


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"The programme anticipates the doubling of formal jobs in the manufacturing sector to approximately 700,000 and a USD 2-3 billion addition to GDP.3 In 2015, the manufacturing component of the industrial sector contributed 10.6% to Kenya\u2019s GDP, second after the agricultural sector.4 The manufacturing sector is mainly agro-processing (such as grain milling, beer production and sugarcane crushing), and also includes paper production, textile and apparels, leather, pharmaceutical and medical equipment, construction materials and services, and chemical and chemical-related industries."


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"The programme could include: additional grants for the early phases of geothermal development, access to loans for latter stage develop- ment, risk mitigation instruments, capacity building programmes, and harmo- nization and improvement of the regulatory framework. Reforestation of Degraded Forests - Undertake a programme of work to replant forests on 240,000 hectares of land that were previously forests; including, inter alia: tree planting activities; awareness raising, consulta- tion and demonstration; policy development; capacity building; measuring, monitoring and reporting; and research."


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"The programme could include: additional grants for the early phases of geothermal development, access to loans for latter stage develop- ment, risk mitigation instruments, capacity building programmes, and harmonization and improvement of the regulatory framework.  Reforestation of Degraded Forests - Undertake a programme of work to replant forests on 240,000 hectares of land that were previously forests; including, inter alia: tree planting activities; awareness raising, consultation and demonstration; policy development; capacity building; measuring, monitoring and reporting; and research."


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"The programme shall be conducted by relevant stakeholders from public and private sectors, and undertaken in a manner that ensures the vision, mission, objectives and strategies of this policy are appropriately implemented.  This Policy shall be reviewed every three years to assess its effectiveness and relevance in dealing with emerging national and global climate financial issues.  \f FINANCIAL REQUIREMENTS To meet the stated objectives in this Policy and its related laws and regulations approximately Ksh."


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"The project aims to prevent the emissions of 37 MtCO2e by preventing deforestation, forest degradation and grassland conversion. Transport \u2022 Standard Gauge Railway \u2013 Mombasa to Nairobi \u2022 Standard Gauge Railway Phase II \u2013 Nairobi to Naivasha \u2022 Vehicle emissions testing \u2013 proposal for submission to GCF through the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA). \u2022 Pipeline upgrading and development."


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"The projection currently does not assume any production of oil and gas. A scenario of oil and gas production that includes volumes and dates of planned activities could be included in the projection if it were available. 8. The expected thermal efficiency of Lamu or Kitui coal plants that are planned or under construction is around 40% in the baseline. Significant deviation from this baseline efficiency could alter the emission projection."


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"The prolonged drought of 2008 - 2011 serves to highlight some of the devastating and pervasive socio-economic consequences resulting from such events, as summarised \u00a7\ufffd Agriculture: Crop production losses arising from reduced yields of food crops and cash crops amounted to KSh 69 billion and KSh 52 billion, respectively. Maize, tea and coffee had the highest losses."


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"The proposed activities under the action are to: engage senior staff in the MDA; select suitable national level indicators in order to measure performance against agreed NAP actions; select suitable county level indicators in order to measure effectiveness of measures at county level; identify and agree suitable targets by which to measure performance; agree M&E roles within the MDA; identify data sets for indicator measurement and review data quality; establish data sharing agreements; collect baseline data and measure baseline value for each indicator; define additional internal processes for data collection, quality control, measurement and reporting; identify capacity building requirements; and provide adaptation M&E training for staff."


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"The proposed activities under the action are to: \u00b7\ufffd Carry out a user analysis to determine how the CCRDR needs to be structured to provide users with the data they need \u00b7\ufffd Store a list of data custodians, status and relevance to mitigation, adaptation and development, ensuring data providers are acknowledged for the data they supply; \u00b7\ufffd Categorise relevant data assets (e.g."


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"The proposed activities under the action are to: \u00b7\ufffd Engage and raise awareness on climate change MRV and M&E; \u00b7\ufffd Train the trainers in data collection, data set management, data processing, calculation of greenhouse gases and measurement of indicators; \u00b7\ufffd Provide training materials and develop a training plan for each MDA and LGA \u00b7\ufffd Identify and procure assets required for data collection by M&E units at national and county levels; and \u00b7\ufffd Identify and procure assets for data processing and storage at national and county levels."


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"The proposed activities under this action are to: identify suitable county cases; assess climate risk management by local authorities and customary groups through planning and other activities; negotiate how M&E system design, baselines setting and other interventions can be achieved with local stakeholders; survey available data on vulnerability, climate observations, local organisation for collective action, map formal and informal planning processes etc; set baselines; design M&E system with local actors; implement M&E system; assess changes in climate risk management; assess how well collective action for climate adaptation benefits the climate vulnerable poor; and derive lessons for County level support of climate adaptation by local groups."


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"The proposed adaptation indicators will be useful for: \u2022\ufffd Attracting international climate \ufb01nance; \u2022\ufffd Evaluating adaptation policy, programme and project interventions (that is the intended objectives and outcomes of the adaptation activities); \u2022\ufffd Informing future adaptation policy development; \u2022\ufffd Mainstreaming adaptation in development through links with related indicators; \u2022\ufffd Comparing adaptation achievements across sectors, regions or counties; \u2022\ufffd Communicating adaptation progress to stakeholders and the general public; \u2022\ufffd Informing political climate change negotiations in the international arena; and \u2022\ufffd Targeting, justifying and monitoring adaptation funding and programmes."


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"The proposed framework, illustrated via the conceptual map in Figure 8.1 captures the need to respond to climate change in the context of the devolved government. All Government ministries, departments and agencies will have a role in mainstreaming climate change across their functions and processes. Therefore, the group of institutions featuring in the conceptual map in Fig 8.1 is not exhaustive. However the Ministry responsible for climate affairs is a fundamental leader for climate change mainstreaming to be successful."


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"The proposed investments under the Framework are aligned with MTP III investment priorities. The total budget needed to implement the programme is estimated at KSh. 167.31 Billion. These resources will be mobilized from diverse sources such as the National Government Funding, Bilateral and Multilateral Development Partners, Climate Finance (CF), Adaptation Fund (AF), Green Climate Fund (GCF), and from the Private Sector."


