# document

id: b0d0c420ab4aa3dbefea73fe706f080f
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:21
updated_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:21
content_type: text
index: document
vector_id: 5670
content:
"\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd 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\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd Knowledge Management \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd 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\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd Pathway to a low carbon, resource efficient and inclusive economic and social transformation \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd Kenya Green Economy Strategy and Implementation Plan (GESIP) \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdShutterstock Pathway to a low carbon,"


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created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:21
updated_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:21
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created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:21
updated_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:21
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created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:21
updated_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:21
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resource efficient and inclusive economic and social transformation \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \u2022\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \u2022\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd"


id: 7f9581b9ff7234db10e3981af0f6957a
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:21
updated_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:21
content_type: text
index: document
vector_id: 3902
content:
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\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd Pathway to a low carbon, resource efficient and inclusive economic and social transformation VII National Steering Committee for Green Economy Strategy and Implementation Plan \u2022 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created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:21
updated_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:21
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"% of waste sent to landfill) and recycling Promoting commercial and household waste recycling through:  Development of infrastructure (e.g. collection systems, depots, and processing plants, etc.)"


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"1   The Lima Call to Action \u2013 The UNFCCC\u2019s 20th Conference of the Parties.  December 2014."


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"1 Table of Contents National Development Goals and Priorities, Climate Change Context . 4 Adaptation Contribution . 5 Rationale and Process for Developing INDCs on Adaptation 5 Summary of Climate Change Trends . 5 Reporting on Long \u2013 and Near- Term Adaptation Visions, Goals and Targets . 6 Reporting on Current and Planned Adaptation Undertakings and Support . 7 Crop Production and Cropping Systems . 7 Livestock production and Livestock Systems 7 Forest and Land Rehabilitation Program 8 Wetlands and Watershed Management . 8 Climate Change Adaptation Projects 8 Gaps and Barriers 9 Summary of Needs 10 Monitoring and Evaluation . 10 Gender Imperatives of Climate Change Adaptation . 11 Mitigation Contribution 11 Timeframe . 11 Type of Contribution by Sector . 11 The Energy Sector . 11 The Agriculture Sector 11 The Waste Sector 12 Mitigation Policy /Programs and Targets 12 Energy Sector Mitigation Potentials . 12 Waste Management Sector Mitigation Potentials . 13 Forestry Sector Mitigation Potentials . 14 Target Level . 14 Means of Implementation 14 Domestically Financed Contributions . 14 Internationally Supported Contributions 15 Non-governmental Organizations"


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"14 Target Level . 14 Means of Implementation 14 Domestically Financed Contributions . 14 Internationally Supported Contributions 15 Non-governmental Organizations . 15 Sectors . 16 Gases . 16 Accounting Methodologies . 16 Institutional Arrangements for Implementation 16 Equity and Fairness . 17 BAU Business As Usual CAREI China Association of Rural Energy Industry CBO Community Based Organisations CDM Clean Development Mechanism CFLs Compact fluorescent Lamps COP Conference of the Parties CSES Centre of Sustainable Environmental Sanitation DFID Department for International Development EE Energy Efficiency EEP The Energy and Environment Partnership FILLI Forestry Initiative for Landscape and Livelihoods Improvement GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF-SGP Global Environment Facility - Small Grants Programme GHG Greenhouse Gases GWh Gigawatt Hour INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contributions IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change LDCs Least Developed Countries LHDA Lesotho Highlands LMS Lesotho Meteorological Services LPG Liquid Petroleum Gas MDGs Millennium Development Goals MRV Measurement, Reporting and Verification NAPA National Adaptation Programme of Action NCCC National Climate Change Committee NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations NSDP National Strategic Development Plan PRS Poverty Reduction Strategy RE Renewable Energy REDD Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation SADC Southern African Development Community SAPP Southern African Power Pool SIDS Small Islands Developing States"


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"4 Adaptation Contribution 4.1 Rationale and Process for Developing INDCs on Adaptation  Climate change is already impacting on Lesotho hence robust integrated policies and strategies are required to improve the adaptive capacity of Kingdom. Lesotho has a high exposure to climate variability and extremes which are expected to increase in frequency and intensity in the future.  A sectoral vulnerability assessment to climate change was carried out on key sectors: agriculture, water resources, forestry, rangelands, and health."


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"5 Mitigation Contribution  The timeframe for mitigation contribution goal is 2030.  5.2 Type of Contribution by Sector  Lesotho\u2019s GHG emissions are minimal due to its predominant dependence on hydropower with a grid emission factor is 0.0038 tCO2/GWh.  The proportional contribution of three key sectors is agriculture (63%), energy (31%) and waste management (6%)."


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"A National Climate Change Committee (NCCC) was formally established in 2013 to effectively coordinate climate change issues in the country. The committee serves as an advisory body to the LMS.  The INDC report was informed by a broad representation of experts and stakeholder institutions in a national launching workshop.  Subsequently, the respective experts consulted broadly across governmental and non-governmental stakeholder institutions and expert informants.  The draft mitigation and adaptation\freports were subjected to a one day validation workshop prior to consolidation by the Lead Expert."


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"According to the latest mapping inventory from 2012, the forested area of Lesotho is estimated to be 49,485 ha, which translates to approximately 1.6% of the country\u2019s area. Lesotho s forests contain 2 million metric tons of carbon in living forest biomass. One of the key objectives of the National Forestry Policy (2008) is to increase tree cover from around 1% to at least 5% (152,000 ha) by the year 2020."


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"Buildings (Residential, Commercial and Institutional) Sector Mitigation Options & Targets Mitigation Policy /Program Targets & Assumptions \uf0d8 Promoting energy efficiency in buildings through targeted awareness-raising programs that seek to reduce demand in industrial, business, government and residential buildings \uf0d8 To disseminate efficient stoves to reach a penetration rate of 30% in 2030; \uf0d8 To reduce progressively the use of wood for heating in order to reach 10% by 2030; \uf0d8 Replacement of fuel-wood with LPG at the rate of 10% a year from 2020 to 2030 \uf0d8 Potential reduction of electricity demand in industrial sector from the year 2020 until 2030 by 0.8% per annum (total of 8.0%); \uf0d8 Potential reduction of \ufb01nal energy demand (electricity + petroleum products) in industrial sector by 1.0% per annum from 2020 until 2030 (total of 10.0%) \uf0d8 Potential reduction of electricity demand in commercial sector from the year 2020 until 2030 by 0.8 % per annum (total of 8.0%) \uf0d8 Phasing out of incandescent light bulbs \uf0d8 Installation of motion-sensor lights \uf0d8 Introduction of more energy-efficient stoves within households \uf0d8 Implementing incentives for"


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"By using the suppressed demand method for this potential emissions reduction calculation, and assuming a daily use of 0.5 litres of paraffin for cooking, the potential reduction of a 6 m3 bio-digester cost USD 1.800. Construction of 60,000 bio-digesters will cost USD 108 million.  Waste Sector Mitigation Options and Targets Mitigation Policy/ Program Targets & Assumptions Developing targeted programs to raise awareness of importance of, and opportunities for, reducing waste at source and recycling  \uf0d8 Introducing targets for waste reduction (e.g."


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"CO2 is the major contributor, making about 75% of total sectoral emissions. Energy sector emissions showed a consistently increasing trend reaching 30% between 1994 and 2000.  5.2.2 The Agriculture Sector  Emissions from the agriculture sector make a total of 2,230.43Gg CO2e (Fig. 3).  Nitrous Oxide (N2O) emissions are the largest GHG (61.6%) of the total emissions. Other emissions are Methane (CH4) from enteric fermentation of domestic livestock and manure management from domestic livestock (37%)."


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"Climate Change Adaptation projects implemented in Lesotho since 2012/13 \u2013 2016/17 Name of Project Government Contribution ($US x 106) Development Partner Contribution Development Partner (s) Agriculture and Food security N/A Watershed Management N/A Framework for strengthening capacity for climate change adaptation in Agriculture N/A Climate change investment program (MDP) N/A Public sector investment program (MDP) N/A Forestry Poverty Alleviation Programme N/A Source: PSIP 2012-2017 Projects with External Support Name of Project Government Contribution ($US x 103) Development Partner Contribution ($US x 103) Development Partner (s) Development of climate change policy and strategy N/A EU Improvement of Early Warning System to Reduce Impacts of climate change and hazards GEF Small Holder Agricultural Development GEF Reducing Vulnerability from climate change in the Foothills, Lowlands and the Lower Senqu River Basin GEF Improvement of Early Warning System to Reduce Impacts of Climate Change and Capacity Building to Integrate Climate Change into Development Plans GEF Strengthening Capacity for climate change adaptation through support to integrated watershed management programme in Lesotho GEF Adaptation of Small-scale Agriculture Production GEF Wool and Mohair Promotion Project IFAD,OPEC, ASAP"


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"Consequently, there is need to:  \uf0d8 build capacity of experts and stakeholders in the preparation, data collection to enhance information management, ownership, information exchange, dissemination and information sharing within and across sectors; \uf0d8 create systemic enabling working environment for the implementation of climate change activities  in relation to institutional arrangements, performance management and reporting  to ascertain roles and responsibilities, political will, ownership and empowerment, decision making and  service delivery; \uf0d8 Develop a database for reporting raw data which will take into consideration IPCC requirements by carrying out new studies to upgrade the datasets and then make use of remotely sensed data and training on GIS."


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"Crop production is expected to increase between 2014 (114, 804 Mg) and 2030 (250,000 Mg) primarily due increased intensive crop production systems and increased use of inorganic fertilizers. In 2012, Lesotho  3    Excerpts from Talafre J., M.V. Marake, ***** and S. Tomlow.  2013.  Lesotho Adaptation of Small Scale Agricultural Production.  IFAD-Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security.  Project Design Report.   Maseru.  Lesotho."


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"Deposal of solid waste to land with relatively deeper and sanitary landfill sites is becoming common practice in urban waste management.  5.3 Mitigation Policy /Programs and Targets 5.3.1 Energy Sector Mitigation Potentials The major assumption under the mitigation scenario in the energy sector is the implementation of Lesotho Energy Policy 2015 and Draft Lesotho Renewable Energy Policy 2013 which seek to increase energy efficiency significantly and shift the energy supply to more climate friendly technologies."


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"Despite these noble aspirations, the country currently does not have a long term national adaptation plan. Thus there is an urgent need for financial support to complement the on-going processes of policy development by taking the process further to the development of an adaptation plan and research. Specific barriers to adaptation in Lesotho are: \uf0d8 Technological: Lack of tools and techniques may hinder adaptation to climate change."


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"Development of Small Hydropower (SHP): A potential of up to 40 MW for SHP exists in perennial rivers (Hydropower generation master plan) Capacity-building for  the use of tools to enable accurate and full GHG accounting; Construction of wind farms on potentially productive territories: Let\u0161eng-la-Terai approximately 35 kw, Quthing etc."


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"EEP promotes renewable energy (RE), energy efficiency (EE), and clean technology investments. Jointly funded with \u20ac207, 900.00 by the Governments of Finland, Austria and by the UK s Department for International Development (DFID), EEP projects aim to provide sustainable energy services to the poor and combat climate change, demonstrate high innovation in delivering energy services, facilitating technology transfer, and encouraging cooperation and local stakeholders\u2019 participation."


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"Emissions from combustion of 225 million litres of diesel (or petrol) are about 90,000 tCO2e/year.  The most promising transport mitigation options are vehicle efficiency, modal shift from private to public transportation, investments in fuel-efficient vehicles.  These measures will need to be driven by policies and must be enforced. In this scenario, the subsector will require additional investment to the tune of USD 1.5 million in 2020 and USD 2.0 million in 2030."


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"Emissions of GHGs not listed are negligible but will still be monitored and reported.  Fluorinated gases are not covered since they are rarely used and their emissions are marginal.  5.8 Accounting Methodologies GHG inventories based on IPCC guidelines and methodologies will remain the foundation of emissions accounting in the context of the UNFCCC.  They are currently reported and included in the national communications. In future they will be reported and included in the biannual update reports."


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"Energy Sector Mitigation Policy /Program and Targets Mitigation Policy /Programs Targets & Assumptions \uf0d8 Continued development of hydropower resources, particularly in terms of advancing technical design and sourcing funding for development of identified sites \uf0d8 Improving energy efficiency by 20% by 2020, \uf0d8 Increasing electricity coverage /access to 35%  of \uf0d8 With increase in rural electri\ufb01cation, paraffin consumption is expected to come down from 30, with a GHG saving of 12 Gg CO2e and 20,000 kilolitres in 2030 with a GHG saving 24 Gg CO2e in the BAU."


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"Enhancing power generation capacity of Muela Hydropower Station up to 125 MW Construction of municipal solid waste incineration plants in urban areas Landfill gas recovery and flaring clean development mechanism (CDM) Project Determining local emission factors and minimum data sets for model verification in the Agriculture, Water Resources, Energy, Forestry and Other Land-Use, Industrial Processes and Waste Management Sectors Development of appropriate agricultural technologies for mitigating and adapting to climate change in different agro-ecological zones of Lesotho:  Finally, international support is critical to enable Lesotho to implement the actions enshrined in its National Energy Policy, Second National Communication (SNC), National Strategic Development Plan and other sectoral policies and plans.  5.5.3 Non-governmental Organizations Some NGOs are also investing in GHG mitigation projects."


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"Foreword The Lima Call for Climate Action (Decision 1/CP.20)1 reiterated the invitation to all Parties to develop and communicate Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) as their \u2018contributions\u2019 toward achieving the ultimate objective of Article 2 of the United Nations Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC): \u201cto achieve\u2026 stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.\u201d Recognizing concerns about the legal nature of INDCs, the decision also noted that arrangements for INDC preparation and submission were \u201cwithout prejudice to the legal nature and content of the intended nationally determined contributions of Parties or to the content of the protocol, another legal instrument or agreed outcome with legal force under the Convention applicable to all Parties\u201d."


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"Further, the Twentieth Conference of the Parties (COP) in Lima agreed that special provisions would apply to Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Small Islands Developing States (SIDS), i.e. that their INDCs \u201cmay communicate information on strategies, plans and actions for low greenhouse gas emission development reflecting their special circumstances\u201d."


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"Given, that biomass consumption remains the main source of domestic energy, and energy in small-scale commercial sectors, it will take a radical substitution of household fuel supply.  Such a fit would also require significant financial support to Lesotho towards to subsidize fuel-efficient cook stoves, and alternative fuels and techniques for cooking, which altogether might have a significant impact on GHG emissions."


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"Grantee Types Number of GEF- SGP Projects Grant Amount Co-financing (Cash) Co-financing(in- Kind) Funding Amounts (in \u2018000 USD) NGO CBO Other Source: Ministry of Energy and Meteorology, August 2015  4.5 Gaps and Barriers  To achieve national resiliency to climate change, the NSDP has outlined the following strategies: i) Integrating of climate change into sectoral plans and programmes; ii) Climate proofing investments by upgrading standards for infrastructure development; iii) Improving access to climate change adaptation\ftechnology and use; iv) Improving environmental and climate change governance through undertaking vulnerability assessments and utilising them for medium to long-term forecasting, policy and planning."


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"However, Lesotho\u2019s potential to contribute to global mitigation efforts will not be realized without greater support from the international community. This includes not only financial support, but also technology transfer and help with capacity-building initiatives. The table below summarizes the key mitigation initiatives that would greatly enhance Lesotho\u2019s capacity in this regard."


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"However, deforestation rate of 0.50% per year lead to loss of 200 ha between 1990 and 2010.  If this trend is reversed, it could potentially produce nearly 38,902 tCO2 of emission reductions for each area of 200 ha of tree cover. These calculations are based on an estimation of the amount of carbon stored in the country\u2019s forests per year to 5tC/ha, and a conversion factor of 1 ton of biomass carbon to an equivalent of 3.67tCO2."


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"However, in the SNC, emissions from forestry and other land uses, as well as in industrial processes have not been analysed since they have a relatively insignificant share in total GHG emissions. However, the in the future these will be monitored and analysed to establish the emerging trends with time. Nitrous Oxide (N2O) is the major contributor accounting for 41%, followed by methane with 36% of the total CO2eq emissions. Carbon Dioxide accounts for the least emissions with 23% of the total emissions."


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"However, proper implementation of the monitoring and evaluation commitment is conditional on enabling finance.\f4.8 Gender Imperatives of Climate Change Adaptation3 Women have a unique relationship with natural resources which render them more vulnerable to climate change. They are responsible for food security of families through food collection, crop production, meal preparation, and often through cultivation techniques."


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"If 20% of these rural households (approximately 60,000 households) had the sufficient number of livestock (3- 5 cattle) for installing a domestic biogas digester to generate gas for cooking, the traditional use of firewood could be reduced (the dung from two cows typically suffices to meet the cooking requirements of a household, Bajgain & Shakya (2005))."


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"If 40,000 households are using electricity for lighting, and each installs two (2) CFLs replacing incandescent bulbs, the reduction potential in a CFL programme would be about 3,700 tCO2e per year based on an average saving of 50 kWh per bulb per year (using the SAPP grid emission factor of 0.92).  However, all this efforts are conditional to financial support."


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"In Lesotho the formative years of the boy child are occupied by herding of livestock to the detriment of their education.  Climate change will particularly affect them negatively as good grazing land is gradually pushed further away from the village by its compounding negative effects on natural resources.  In addition, extreme weather events like heavy snow will increase their risk of life in the remote cattle posts more than any other group in society."


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"In summary the following climate change projections appear likely for Lesotho: an increase in annual mean temperature of approximately 1.0 \u00b0C (2030), 2.0 \u00b0C (2050) and 3.5 \u00b0C (2080) is likely; a moderate drying in late autumn/winter is expected and moderate increases in spring/summer rainfall, with stronger spring/summer wetting towards the end of the century.  4.3  Reporting on Long \u2013 and Near- Term Adaptation Visions, Goals and Targets  Climate change could well undermine national efforts to attain all goals encapsulated in the National Vision 2020 statement and erode achievements that have already been attained over the last few decades, and undermine poverty reduction efforts."


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"In the 1997/98, GCM simulations of future (2030, 2050 and 2075 relative to 1961-1990) climate change scenarios were generated using an ensemble of six GCMs. More recent climate change simulations show temperatures increasing by about 1 \u00b0C by 2030, 1.5-2.0 \u00b0C by 2050, and by about 2.5-3.5 \u00b0C by the 2080s while winter rainfall shows strong decreases, with no change in summer and autumn rainfall, and gradually increasing spring rainfall (Dejene et al., 2011)2."


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"Landscape and Livelihoods Improvement (FILLI) Program \uf0fc 4.4.4 Wetlands and Watershed Management Wetlands restoration and rehabilitation project Lesotho Water Development Program Lesotho Highland Water Development Project II Planned Lesotho Lowlands Water Scheme I Lesotho Lowlands Water Scheme II \uf0fc 4.4.5 Climate Change Adaptation Projects Africa Adaptation Project Improvement of Early Warning System to Reduce Impacts of Climate Change and Capacity Building to Integrate Climate Change into Development Plans \u2013 Vulnerability Mapping Improvement of Early Warning System to Reduce Impacts of Climate Change \u2013 Phase II Improvement of Capabilities to Cope with Natural Disasters caused by Climate Change Eco-system based climate change adaptation in southern Lesotho Increasing Capacity for Climate Change Adaptation in the Agriculture Sector \u2013 I Increasing Capacity for Climate Change Adaptation in the Agriculture Sector \u2013 II Climate Change Policy Project Lesotho Climate Change Adaptation of Small-Scale Agricultural Production \uf0fc Develop National Adaptation Plans Develop Climate Change Policy and Strategy Integrate Climate Change into sectoral policy and strategies Develop mechanisms to improve access to climate change adaptation technologies Most of the climate change adaptation activities are implemented through capital projects with a larger portion of the budget sourced from development partners but the distribution shows that government of"


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"Lesotho considers the establishment of an international market mechanism vital to reduce the total costs to achieve the target of limiting the temperature increase to 2\u00b0C. Thus the country remains open to the possibility of using of international market-based mechanisms in line with agreed accounting rules to achieve its conditional and/or unconditional targets."


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"Lesotho does not have an officially expressed medium to long term national adaptation plan to climate change.   However, our aspirations are expressed explicitly or implicitly in all policy documents, and NSDP.  The apparent national adaptation goal (s) towards 2030 embraces all tenets of the MDGs which seek to reduce and /or facilitate national resiliency against climate change shocks especially production decline leading to food insecurity; gender vulnerabilities to climate-change-related impacts especially natural resources e.g."


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"Lesotho intends to adopt the SADC REDD Strategy (2012 \u2013 2015).  5.9 Institutional Arrangements for Implementation The Lesotho Meteorological Services (LMS) under the Ministry of Energy and Meteorology the coordinating agency charged with the responsibility of monitoring and reporting on weather, climate and climate change issues.  In addition, LMS is the focal point in the planning and co-ordination of activities for Lesotho\u2019s commitments under the UNFCCC."


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"Lesotho is committed to reduce unconditionally 10% of its GHG emissions by 2030 compared to a Business-as-usual (BAU) scenario.  The conditional target is 35% by 2030.  5.5 Means of Implementation 5.5.1 Domestically Financed Contributions  In the period 2015-2030, additional investments (relative to BAU scenario) needed for realization of the mitigation scenario are estimated at USD 1.2 billion, while for realization of the higher ambition mitigation scenario are estimated at USD1.8 billion."


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"Lesotho\u2019 proposed targets are ambitious, despite its status as a very vulnerable, small, landlocked least developed country with a fragile mountainous ecosystem and numerous pressing social and economic development needs and priorities.  We submit that these nationally intended contributions are fair and equitable commensurate to the national circumstances especially its low GDP per capita (\u2248 US$1,126) and the level of dependence on external support."


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"Limited transport planning and management has resulted in inadequate investment in infrastructure for non-motorized transport and pedestrian traffic.  5.3.2 Waste Management Sector Mitigation Potentials The national dependence on agricultural wastes for energy is cause for concern significant health and GHG emissions.  There are approximately 310,000 households in Lesotho dependent on small-scale farming."


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"National research capacity to build basic dataset and technical analysis /publication is a critical component of the technology /capacity barriers in Lesotho; \uf0d8 Economic and financial:  The urgency of adaptation is felt by rural low income subsistence farming households and communities. In Lesotho, this is expressed by lack of financial capital to finance adaptation technologies such as improved crop varieties and diversification of livelihoods."


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"One of Lesotho\u2019s unique features is women\u2019s dominance in piggery and poultry farming, and this role creates an added vulnerability to climate change, due to their economic dependence on these industries. With responsibilities within the household, such as child-rearing, domestic management and meal preparation, women often work longer hours and any added challenges such as those imposed by climate change, will increase their vulnerability and workload. Therefore, climate change adaptation interventions need to include measures to reduce women\u2019s workload."


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"Priority Program areas Estimated Cost Improve Resilience of Livestock Production Systems Under Extreme Climatic Conditions in Various Livelihood Zones in Lesotho Promoting Sustainable Crop Based Livelihood Systems in Foothills, Lowlands and Senqu River Valley Capacity Building and Policy Reform to Integrate Climate Change in Sectoral Development Improvement of Early Warning System Against Climate Induced Disasters and Hazards Securing Village Water Supply for Communities in the Southern Lowlands Management and Reclamation of Degraded and Eroded Land in the Flood Prone Areas Conservation and Rehabilitation of Degraded Wetlands in the Mountain Areas of Lesotho Improvement of Community Food Security Through the Promotion of Food Processing and Preservation Technologies  Since 2007, a number of efforts were undertaken by various roles players in the climate change adaptation field in Lesotho with support from government of Lesotho, development partners and NGOs /community based organizations currently at different implementations stages."


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"Project Title Estimated Cost (US$) Rehabilitation of  2 MW Mant\u0161onyane Hydropower plant Implementing energy efficiency measures, including the removal of institutional barriers to energy efficiency improvements; Promotion of new and renewable energy technologies in mitigating climate change Rehabilitation, modernization, re-equipment of Semonkong mini-hydro power plant and enhancing generation capacity up to 1 MW Enhanced forest sinks: Planting of 120,000 ha of forests to meet the public demand for fuel wood used for heating and cooking Capacity building in sustainable forest management Rural electrification using stand-alone systems and mini-grids Dissemination of efficient biomass cook-stoves and efficient biomass space heating stoves\f 5.5.2 Internationally Supported Contributions Lesotho has already undertaken several actions to support a low carbon development trajectory including extensive investigation into its hydro and wind power potential, embarking on rural electrification and afforestation projects."


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"Project Title Estimated cost (US$) Expansion of Renewable Energy Capacity: Promote electricity generation from renewable energy sources to increase the share of renewables to 10\u201320 per cent by 2030; Establishment of a specialized national institution responsible for measurement, reporting and verification (MRV), and the development of a national MRV system to: document greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agriculture Development and construction of an estimated 1200 MW Pumped Storage Power Plant at either Kobong or Monont\u0161a under the auspices of LHDP Phase II."


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"Pursuant to this policy, the Forestry Act of 1998 was promulgated and a new National Forest Policy was launched in 2008 to pursue sustainable forest management;  poverty reduction strategy through  2  Dejene A., S. Midgley, M.V. Marake and S. Ramasamy.   2011.  Strengthening Capacity for Climate Change Adaptation in Agriculture: Experience and Lessons from Lesotho.  Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.  Blue Book Series."


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"Reporting of GHG inventories and updates on mitigation actions and goals via national communications, as well as verification of this information via in-depth reviews, international assessment and review and international consultations Biennial updates to GHG inventory and reporting on mitigation actions will also be developed as part of the Climate Change Policy and Response Strategy.  Emissions from the Forestry sector will be tackled via (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) initiatives."


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"Road transport emissions increased by approximately 2.5% per year between 2000 and 2009. Consumption of petrol and diesel by road transport produced a total of 0.28 MtCO2eq in 2009. The main contributors were freight transport at 0.18 MtCO2eq (64%) and passengers transport at 0.10MtCO2eq (36%). In 2000 road transport contributed 29% to total energy emissions and 8.99% of the total GHG emissions. In 2014, Lesotho imported 225.3 million litres of refined oil products (diesel, petrol and paraffin)."


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"Sectorally, there is an inadequate adaptation capabilities in the sectors such as Energy, Agriculture, Land Use, Land Use Changes and Forestry, Health, Water and in the aspects of data collection, processing and provision by the sectors."


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"Subsequently a National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) was developed in 2007 outlining future adaptation needs to address projected climatic changes.  4.2    Summary of Climate Change Trends The trend analysis of temperature over most areas in Lesotho (Fig. 1) show increases in both annual maximum and minimum temperatures between 1968 and 2006 with minimum temperatures warming more than the maximum temperatures with the most rapid warming in the early 1980s. \f Fig.1. Mean annual temperature in Lesotho: 1967 \u2013 2004."


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"Table 3.  Number of GEF-SGP in Lesotho accessed by non-governmental organizations (NGO), community based organizations (CBO) and the private sector for climate change adaptation."


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"Technology for Economic Development (TED) takes the institutional project lead with international, national and local contacts and skills, supported by the Department of Energy (Ministry of Energy, Meteorology and Water Affairs), and the Department of Environmental Health (Ministry of Health).\f The University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), China, through the Centre of Sustainable Environmental Sanitation (CSES) contributes with a broad knowledge on biogas technology, prefabricated biogas systems, training and energetic and environmental impact analysis."


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"The Draft Strategic Plan for the Ministry of Energy and Meteorology (2015/16 to 2020/21) projects key strategic intentions in both climate change mitigation and adaptation including national energy initiatives.  National Rangelands Management Policy 2013 seeks to guide range and natural resources management in the Kingdom.  Lesotho has formally committed with support from the European Union, to a process of developing a new National Climate Change Policy and Sustainable Energy Policy."


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"The Lesotho Energy Policy 2015 envisions that energy shall be universally accessible and affordable in a sustainable manner, with minimal negative impact on the environment and sets goals to reduce in particular fuelwood usage in the national energy consumption including other fossil fuels.  The policy further provides for mitigation of climate change, through energy efficiency and promotion of renewable energy."


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"The bulk of these emissions are from industrial waste water handling. Overall, GHG emissions in this sector have doubled since 1994. The sector emissions are driven by the increasing per capita solid waste generation among population especially in the urban areas."


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"The cost of reforestation option would amount to USD 24 million between 2015 and 2030 for the 120,000 ha of land to be reforested with an initial establishment cost of USD 200/ha.  Therefore, the mitigation scenarios advanced for the forestry sector are conditional on financial support.  5.4 Target Level The main opportunities for mitigation consist of energy efficiency and demand management, coupled with increasing investment in a renewable energy programme in the electricity, Buildings (Residential, Commercial and Institutional) and Waste sectors."


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"The energy sector will require additional investment of about USD 15 million in 2020 and USD 20 million in 2030. These investments will be needed in energy-efficient equipment, grid extension; rural electrification projects (off- grids and mini-grids) that are ultimately expected to reduce emissions significantly.  However, Lesotho cannot afford these levels of investment without financial support."


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"The final summary report to the UNFCCC was endorsed by national stakeholders in a validation workshop and reviewed by an appointed international institution.  Subsequently the report was presented for endorsement by a relevant sub-committee of the National Assembly. 5.10 Equity and Fairness Lesotho\u2019s INDC is an ambitious, fair and responsible contribution to global efforts toward meeting the objective of the UNFCCC with the goal of limiting global average temperature rise to below 2\u00b0C."


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"The government co-financing of donor funded projects is mainly through in-kind contribution.  Table 2."


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"The second was the National Strategic Development Plan (NSDP):2012-2017 which embraced the key poverty targets of the PRS while seeking to, hence forth, consolidate all development goals with an associated Public Sector Investment Programme for the plan period.  In addition, a number of sector specific policies were adopted pursuant to the aspirations of the NSDP."


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"The vision statement overlapped with Lesotho accession into the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).  Two key strategies were in particular aimed at fulfilling the Vision 2020 pronouncements.  The first of these was the Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRS) 2005-2007 which sought to reduce poverty from 56.6% in the base year of 2003 to 29% at the end of the plan period."


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"These can be grouped into a few categories. 4.4.1 Crop Production and Cropping Systems Project name Implementation State Complete / On-going Planned Developing capacity for climate change adaptation capacity in the agricultural sector Conservation agriculture: advocacy, extension / training, research integration into formal curricula 2005 to date Sorghum breeding for high yield and drought tolerance 1996 to date High efficiency irrigation systems: Gravity & Drip 1995 to date Lesotho Block Farming Initiatives 2005 to date Smallholder Agriculture Development Project \u2013 Cropping Systems Develop National Adaptation Plans Develop Climate Change Policy and Strategy Integrate Climate Change into sectoral policy and strategies Develop mechanisms to improve access to climate change adaptation technologies 4.4.2 Livestock production and Livestock Systems Project name Implementation State Complete / On-going Planned Lesotho wool & mohair improvement project Smallholder Agriculture Development Project \u2013 Livestock 4.4.3 Forest and Land Rehabilitation Program Land Rehabilitation Program Mechanism to Implement the Forestry Initiative for Landscape and Livelihood Improvement Program Forestry Initiative for Landscape and Livelihoods Improvement (FILLI) Program \uf0fc 4.4.4 Wetlands and Watershed Management Wetlands restoration and rehabilitation project Lesotho Water Development"


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"These include: i) Initiatives on carbon trading promoted by SMARDT; ii) Save80 Stove funded by Atmosfair and DHL in the private sector; iii) The Energy and Environment Partnership (EEP) funded project \u2013 Piloting Implementation of Prefabricated Biogas Plants in Rural Areas in Lesotho under Technologies for Economic Development (TED) Lesotho; iv) Energy Efficient ISILIE project by TED under GEF-SGP funded projects \u2013 The goal is to develop adaptation interventions to address the impacts of climate change and enhance the resilience of livelihoods and ecosystems in the highlands of Lesotho."


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"This means that while the INDCs of developed countries are expected to include absolute or economy-wide emission reduction commitments, LDCs can draw on specific strategies, plans or projects to formulate their contributions, and specify the component of the contribution that would be conditional upon receiving international finance or other support.  It is against this backdrop of the foregoing that the Kingdom of Lesotho is herein submitting her Intended Nationally Developed Contributions."


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"This reflect a picture of Lesotho\u2019s socio-economic circumstances: an economy dependent on natural resources, a low but growing energy sector and industrial sector that is still in its infancy.  5.2.1 The Energy Sector  Emissions from energy sector make a total of 1,079.43 Gg CO2eq mostly from residential fuel combustion (51%) followed by combustion of liquid fossil fuels in the transport subsector (29%).   Residential emissions emanate from the use of biomass, coal, Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) and paraffin."


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"This report followed a series of intensive national consultations, on the nature of our development trajectory between 2020 and 2030 and the potential greenhouse gas emissions reductions.  However, cognizant to the fact that Lesotho is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, it has thus also reported on adaptation in line with the collective position of the Africa Group.  Thus, this report is a summary of our national mitigation and adaptation contributions."


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"Though Lesotho\u2019s GHG emissions represent only 0.005% of global emissions and net per capita emissions, inclusive of all sectors, are 1.1 tCO2e, it is highly vulnerable to climate change, particularly in the agriculture, energy and water sectors and has already experienced extreme weather shifts. Nevertheless, Lesotho is a responsible party committed to tackling global climate change by transforming its development route to a low emissions pathway, which requires progressive decoupling of carbon emissions from economic growth."


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"USTB-CSES is further cooperating with the Biogas committee of the China Association of Rural Energy Industry (CAREI), which develop standards for the Chinese rural energy market and certifies products being sold in the market.  The SNC shows that three major sectors account for the emissions burden of the country.  These are Energy (including transportation), Agriculture and Waste sector."


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"capital projects with a larger portion of the budget sourced from development partners but the distribution shows that government of Lesotho pays its equitable share of adaptation costs (Table 2)."


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"declining quantity and quality of drinking water; environmental degradation; erosion of basic support systems for majority of livelihoods.  These are implicit aspects of a long term national adaptation vision to be refined in the national adaptation plan in the pipeline.  The government of Lesotho has over the last 20 years invested heavily in tree planting and small woodlot reserves."


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"from Deforestation and Forest Degradation SADC Southern African Development Community SAPP Southern African Power Pool SIDS Small Islands Developing States SNC Second National Communication TED Technologies for Economic Development UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USTB The University of Science and Technology Beijing 3 National Development Goals and Priorities, Climate Change Context In the year 2000, Lesotho adopted a Vision 2020 statement to guide all development goals, objectives and aspirations in the medium and long term."


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"imported more than 9,000 Mg of nitrogen-based chemical fertilizers, and used an estimated 9,807 Mg of organic fertilizers (96% Kraal manure). 5.2.3 The Waste Sector  The waste sector in Lesotho is divided into two distinct sectors; the solid waste management (CH4 emissions) and waste water handling (CH4 and N2O emissions). The sector was assessed for emissions from domestic, commercial and industrial waste. The total emissions from this sector are 199.63 Gg CO2eq over 80% of the CO2eq emissions is methane."


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"incandescent light bulbs \uf0d8 Installation of motion-sensor lights \uf0d8 Introduction of more energy-efficient stoves within households \uf0d8 Implementing incentives for retro-fitting of existing buildings with more energy-efficient appliances \uf0d8 Designing and implementing guidelines and/or standards and regulations for design of new buildings \uf0d8 Use of passive design and low carbon materials in building construction We also have significant albeit conditional emission reduction potential in the road transport sector."


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"integrated watershed management programme in Lesotho GEF Adaptation of Small-scale Agriculture Production GEF Wool and Mohair Promotion Project IFAD,OPEC, ASAP Smallholder Agricultural Development IFAD Source: Ministry of Energy and Meteorology, August 2015 In addition, a number of adaptation projects are undertaken at household and community levels by NGOs and CBOs (Table 3)."


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"to support recycling activities Design of incentives to promote recycling activities Construction of proper landfill sites in all 10 districts of Lesotho with methane recovery facilities\f\uf0d8 Development of a  national Waste Management Programme including e-Waste \uf0d8 Development of a well-integrated country Waste Management Plan  5.3.3 Forestry Sector Mitigation Potentials Tree planting in degraded forest lands present a significant potential for climate change mitigation in Lesotho."


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"y = 0.0195x + 14.345 TEMPERATURE (\u00b0C) YEAR LESOTHO ANNUAL MEAN TEMPERATURE Annual mean\u2026 TOTAL TEMPERATURE INCREASE = 0.7605\u00b0C\fsocial and economic dimensions of forestry development and enhancing people\u2019s participation in the on- going Land Rehabilitation Program of the Government of Lesotho.  4.4 Reporting on Current and Planned Adaptation Undertakings and Support  In the absence of an official national adaptation plan, the NAPA options remain the best indication of the nation intentions for adaptation (Table 1). Table 1: Prioritised climate change adaptation options /plans. 2007."


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"\uf0d8 Institutional: In Lesotho, commons institutions restrict the choice of livelihood strategies by favouring some groups over others such as those who own livestock and those who do not.  4.6 Summary of Needs For Lesotho to adaptation there is urgent need for provision of finance, capacity building and technology. These also underscore the need for research support in climate change adaptation."


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"\uf0d8 Obtain data from satellite/remote sensing e.g. land cover data and then design consistent reporting formats of the reports."


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"\uf0d8 Potential reduction of transmission and distribution loses from 2015 until 2030 by 0.5% per annum (total of 7.5.0%) \uf0d8 Increase renewable energy sources by 200 MW MW from wind (2017); 125 MW from hydropower (2025). \uf0d8 Design and implementation of demand-side management techniques to encourage better use of existing distribution infrastructure, and Reduce peak demand."


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"\uf0d8 Promotion of renewable energy \uf0d8 Improving distribution efficiency of the power system through measures to reduce transmission and distribution losses \uf0d8 Continuing to develop and promote uptake of renewable sources of energy, particularly wind and solar (where feasible). \uf0d8 Develop low energy investment plan  Furthermore energy efficiency has large mitigation potential in the residential sector.  Households commonly use incandescent electric bulbs for lighting. Replacement of these bulbs with Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) can save as much as 80% of electricity used for lighting."


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"\uf0d8 coordinate data pools  to establish data archiving and sharing protocols; \uf0d8 Support research in climate change.  4.7 Monitoring and Evaluation Lesotho\u2019s climate change adaptation process will be monitored using the following indicators: Change in the level of vulnerability; Number of people benefiting from adaptation activities; Degree of integration of climate change adaptation into sectoral policies and plans; Resources spent on adaptation to reveal the climate relevant share of the total public expenditure over time."


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", African Parks and Wildlife and Environmental Society of Malawi (WESM))  uc: US$ 7m c: US$ 7m Carbon sequestration and other ecosystem services, saving energy use More resources available to mitigation  \uf061 \uf061 \uf061 Development of a tourism crisis management strategy and plan, including emergency situations Ministry of Tourism, Wildlife and Culture, and Ministry of Forestry Private Sector (e.g."


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", African Parks and Wildlife and Environmental Society of Malawi (WESM)) US$ 16 million  uc: US$ 8m c: US$ 8m Carbon sequestration and other ecosystem services, saving energy use in lightning and climatization Energy efficiency  \uf061 \uf061 \uf061  MEASURES LINE MINISTY OTHER KEY ESTIMATED MITIGATION BENEFITS ALIGNMENT TIMELINE\f  MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (FOCAL POINT) ACTORS FUNDING WITH SDGs AGRICULTURE, LIVESTOCK AND FISHERIES AGRICULTURE, LIVESTOCK AND FISHERIES\uf020 Institute and upscale drought mitigation interventions Department of Irrigation Environmental Affairs Department US$ 55 million  uc: US$ 20m c: US$ 35m Save energy in drought response  \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 Establish locally based plant clinics Department of Agricultural Research and Services (DARS) Private Sector (e.g."


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", African Parks and Wildlife and Environmental Society of Malawi (WESM)) US$ 18 million  uc: US$ 9m c: US$ 9m Carbon sequestration and other ecosystem services, saving energy use More resources available to mitigation \uf061 \uf061 \uf061 Improvement of tourist facility/buildings designs and standards to integrate climate resilience considerations including the concept of Build Back Better (BBB) and Smarter Ministry of Tourism, Wildlife and Culture, and Ministry of Forestry Private Sector (e.g."


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", African Parks and Wildlife and Environmental Society of Malawi (WESM)) US$ 36 million  uc: US$ 18m c: US$ 18m Carbon sequestration and other ecosystem services, saving energy use in lightning and climatization More resources available to mitigation \uf061 \uf061 \uf061 Membership of the Climate Change Crisis Committee and enhancement of tourism facility designs, planning and compliance to environmental and climate resilient regulations standards Department of Tourism Ministry of Transport and Public Works US$ 36 million  uc: US$ 18m c: US$ 18m Carbon sequestration and other ecosystem services, saving energy use in lightning and climatization More resources available to mitigation \uf061  \f  MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION MEASURES LINE MINISTY (FOCAL POINT) OTHER KEY ACTORS ESTIMATED FUNDING MITIGATION BENEFITS ALIGNMENT WITH SDGs TIMELINE Mainstreaming climate change adaptation in tourism investment plans Department of Tourism Private Sector (e.g."


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", African Parks) US$ 41 million  uc: US$ 26m c: US$ 15m Carbon sequestration and other ecosystem services, saving energy use  \uf061 \uf061 \uf061 Provision of watering points at strategic locations of national park/ game reserves Department of Wildlife and Parks Private Sector (e.g."


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", African Parks) US$ 68 million  uc: US$ 38m c: US$ 30m Carbon sequestration and other ecosystem services, saving energy use \uf061 \uf061 \uf061 Upscaling of measures for controlling the extinction of plant and animal species and degeneration of ecosystems/habitats, including the development and implementation of invasive alien species management plans Department of Wildlife and Parks Forest Research Institute of Malawi US$ 82 million  uc: US$ 32m c: US$ 50m Carbon sequestration and other ecosystem services, saving energy use \uf061 \uf061 \uf061 Management of elephant population and implementation of diseases  control programmes Department of Wildlife and Parks Private Sector (e.g."


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", African Parks) US$ 82 million  uc: US$ 32m c: US$ 50m Carbon sequestration and other ecosystem services, saving energy use \uf061 \uf061 \uf061 RESILENT ECOTOURISM\f  MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION MEASURES LINE MINISTY (FOCAL POINT) OTHER KEY ACTORS ESTIMATED FUNDING MITIGATION BENEFITS ALIGNMENT WITH SDGs TIMELINE Development and implementation of tourism support infrastructure plan Ministry of Tourism, Wildlife and Culture, and Ministry of Forestry Private Sector (e.g."


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", Conditional) are provided thereby contributing meaningfully to the reduction of global emissions.  2.4 Equity, fairness and ambition Levels of GHG emissions in Malawi are very low, amounting to 0.04% of the total global emissions in 2015. Despite this observation, Malawi Government, through this INDC, has expressed its intentions to contribute towards global efforts to reduce GHG emissions.  Emission reduction efforts will concentrate in key sectors of forestry, agriculture and energy."


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", Gender Networks) US$ 35 million  uc: US$ 10m c: US$ 25m Use of renewable energy sources and promote energy efficiency Carbon sequestration and other ecosystem services\uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf020 \uf020 Establishment of Social Support Fund for predictable, timely response (Climatic shock related Social Protection services) Ministry of Economic Planning Development and Public Sector Reforms (Department of Public Sector Reforms) \uf020 MOGCSW, DODMA, NGOs/CSOs (e.g."


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", Gender Networks) US$ 35 million  uc: US$ 35m Use of renewable energy sources and promote energy efficiency Carbon sequestration and other ecosystem services\uf020  \uf020  \uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 Linkage of inclusive social support systems to risk financing options with the development and utilization of coordinated system for design and delivery of social support system inclusive of climate related shock sensitive interventions Ministry of Economic Planning Development and Public Sector Reforms (Department of Public Sector Reforms)\uf020 MOGCSW, DODMA, NGOs/CSOs (e.g."


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", Gender Networks) US$ 35 million  uc: US$ 35m Use of renewable energy sources and promote energy efficiency Carbon sequestration and other ecosystem services\uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 Support capacity building programmes for vulnerable groups and civic education and public awareness Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Welfare \uf020 NGOs/CSOs (e.g."


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", Gender Networks) US$ 70 million  uc: US$ 30m c: US$ 40m Use of renewable energy sources and promote energy efficiency Carbon sequestration and other ecosystem services  \uf020  \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 Preparation of long-term workforce development plans and strategic livelihoods plans to help people move up and out into sound employment opportunities, and plan for managed urban migration Ministry of Labour MOEPD&PSR, MOGCSW, NGOs/CSOs (e.g."


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", Gender Networks) US$ 70 million  uc: US$ 35m c: US$ 35m Use of renewable energy sources and promote energy efficiency Carbon sequestration and other ecosystem services\uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020  \f  MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION  MEASURES LINE MINISTY (FOCAL POINT) OTHER KEY ACTORS ESTIMATED FUNDING MITIGATION BENEFITS ALIGNMENT WITH SDGs TIMELINE CROSS-CUTTING Strengthen governance including oversight, capacity building, monitoring, evaluaton and learning for effective NDC implementation Ministry of Forestry and Natural Resources (Environmental Affairs Department) Economic Planning Department million  uc: US$ 131m c: US$ 90m Improved implementation and reporting of mitigation progress  \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 \f  MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 6.7 Funding requirements According to the NAP framework, every year Malawi loses an average of 1.7% of its GDP as a result of climate change-related disasters, mainly floods and drought."


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", Gender Networks) million  uc: US$ 25m c: US$ 80m Use of renewable energy sources and promote energy efficiency Carbon sequestration and other ecosystem services\uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020\f  MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION MEASURES LINE MINISTY (FOCAL POINT) OTHER KEY ACTORS ESTIMATED FUNDING MITIGATION BENEFITS ALIGNMENT WITH SDGs TIMELINE Promotion of gender mainstreaming in policies, programmes and projects Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Welfare \uf020 NGOs/CSOs (e.g."


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", Health Equity Network) US$ 30 million  uc: US$ 10m c: US$ 20m Use of renewable energy sources and promote energy efficiency Carbon sequestration and other ecosystem services \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 Promotion of insecticide-treated mosquito nets Ministry of Health (Department of Preventive Health services) NGOs/ CSOs (e.g."


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", Health Equity Network) US$ 30 million  uc: US$ 15m c: US$ 15m Use of renewable energy sources and promote energy efficiency Carbon sequestration and other ecosystem services  \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 NUTRITION\uf020 Promption of dietary diversity and integration of nutrition-sensitive practices across sectors, primarily agriculture, health, education, and WASH Department of Nutrition, HIV and AIDS\uf020 MOEPD&PSR, NGOs/ CSOs (e.g."


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", Health Equity Network) US$ 30 million  uc: US$ 15m c: US$ 15m Use of renewable energy sources and promote energy efficiency Carbon sequestration and other ecosystem services \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 Increase adopton of oral rehydration salts, homemade sugar and salt solution, and cereal based solutions, such as rice water. intravenous fluids, antibiotic treatment, and isolation wards to reduce heat stress- related diarrhoeal disease outbreaks Ministry of Health (Department of Preventive Health services) NGOs/ CSOs (e.g."


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", Health Equity Network) US$ 45 million  uc: US$ 30m c: US$ 15m Use of renewable energy sources and promote energy efficiency Carbon sequestration and other ecosystem services\uf020  \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020\f  MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION MEASURES LINE MINISTY (FOCAL POINT) OTHER KEY ACTORS ESTIMATED FUNDING MITIGATION BENEFITS ALIGNMENT WITH SDGs TIMELINE Promote nutrition-specific practices through SUN framework and Care group model, primary health care, therapeutic care, support, and treatment Department of Nutrition, HIV and AIDS\uf020 MOEPD&PSR, NGOs/ CSOs (e.g."


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", Health Equity Network) US$ 75 million  uc: US$ 50m c: US$ 25m Use of renewable energy sources and promote energy efficiency Carbon sequestration and other ecosystem services\uf020 \uf020  \uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 SOCIAL SUPPORT\uf020 Increasing and strengthening the delivery of Micro finance, Public Works Programmes, school meals Programmes, Social cash transfer and Village and Savings and Loans (VSL) schemes Ministry of Economic Planning Development and Public Sector Reforms (Department of Public Sector Reforms) MOGCSW, MOE, NLGFC, NLGFC, NGOs/CSOs (e.g."


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", Minister of Forestry and Natural Resources\f  MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION II Preface The Government of Malawi recognizes the adverse impacts caused by climate change and its implications for the country. In 2015 and 2016 Malawi experienced unprecedented floods and droughts on account of climate change with negative consequent effects on socio- economic sectors and on the economy."


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", National Smallholder Association of Malawi) US$ 11 million  uc: US$ 11m Carbon sequestration and other ecosystem services \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 Establish risk financing and investment including weather index insurance and other solutions at the national and sub national levels inclusive of microfinance and insurance products for smallholder and commercial farmers Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security NGOs US$ 77 million  uc: US$ 37m c: US$ 40m Carbon sequestration and other ecosystem services \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 Mechanize agricultural production with targeted support to smallholder farmer Department of Agricultural Extension Services NGOs million  uc: US$ 50m c: US$ 60m Use of renewable energy sources and promote energy efficiency \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020\f  MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION MEASURES LINE MINISTY (FOCAL POINT) OTHER KEY ACTORS ESTIMATED FUNDING MITIGATION BENEFITS ALIGNMENT WITH SDGs TIMELINE Establish grain export processing zones, and develop resilient value chains Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security Private Sector (e.g."


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", National Smallholder Association of Malawi) US$ 11 million uc: US$ 11m Use of renewable energy sources and promote energy efficiency Carbon sequestration and other ecosystem services \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 Conducting annual assessment of the status of food and nutrition insecurity and biannual SMART Nutrition survey to measure nutrition security situation Department of Nutrition, HIV and AIDS Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (LUANAR) US$ 11 million uc: US$ 11m Use of renewable energy sources and promote energy efficiency Carbon sequestration and other ecosystem services \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION MEASURES LINE MINISTY (FOCAL POINT) OTHER KEY ACTORS ESTIMATED FUNDING MITIGATION BENEFITS ALIGNMENT WITH SDGs TIMELINE Expand Greenbelt initiative Ministry of Agriculture (Irrigation Department) Greenbelt Initiative US$ 55 million uc: US$ 25m c: US$ 30m Carbon sequestration and other ecosystem services Use of renewable energy sources \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 Promotion of good animal welfare, health & disease control Department of Animal Health and Livestock Development Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (LUANAR) US$ 11 million uc: US$ 11m Use of renewable energy sources and promote"


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", National Smallholder Association of Malawi) US$ 11 million uc: US$ 11m Use of renewable energy sources and promote energy efficiency Carbon sequestration and other ecosystem services \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 Promotion of proper post-harvest practices to further reduce storage losses Department of Agricultural Extension Services Private sector and NGOs US$ 11 million uc: US$ 11m Use of renewable energy sources and promote energy efficiency Carbon sequestration and other ecosystem services \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 Crop and diet diversification through the cultivation of roots and tubers (cassava, sweet potatoes) and other drought tolerant crop cultivars and winter cropping systems using small- scale irrigation technologies, such as treadle pumps, drip irrigation and stream diversion Department of Agricultural Extension Services Private sector and NGOs US$ 22 million uc: US$ 10m c: US$ 12m Use of renewable energy sources and promote energy efficiency Carbon sequestration and other ecosystem services \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 Integrated Pest Management for migratory pests Department of Agricultural Extension Services Private sector and NGOs US$ 11 million uc: US$ 11m Use of renewable energy sources and promote energy efficiency Carbon sequestration and"


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", National Smallholder Association of Malawi) US$ 33 million  uc: US$ 18m c: US$ 15m Use of renewable energy sources and promote energy efficiency Carbon sequestration and other ecosystem services  \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 Promotion of metallic silos & PICSA bags for effective grain storage Department of Agricultural Extension Services Private Sector (e.g."


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", there will be an increase in temperature in Malawi with climate change; (b) minimum temperatures exhibit a faster rise in temperature with climate change than maximum temperatures; (c) generally, there is an insignificant decrease in rainfall during the October-December period, and an increase during January-March; (d) future temperatures will rise by 1.3 oC to 2.6 oC; and (e) El Ni\u00f1o conditions will likely increase climate extremes, resulting in the increased severity, or magnitude/intensity, and frequency of floods, droughts, and strong winds."


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"10 Where relevant, estimated unconditional and conditional components are denoted in the tables by \u201cuc\u201d and \u201cc\u201d.\f  MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION NDC MEASURE LINE MINISTY (FOCAL POINT) OTHER KEY IMPLEMENTING ENTITIES TOTAL ESTIMATED FUNDING ADAPTATION AND RESILIENCE CO-BENEFITS ALIGNMENT WITH SDGs TIMELINE ENERGY ELECTRICITY GENERATION\uf020 Grid-connected hydropower generation  Displacement of GHG emissions from fossil fuel power generation, including coal-fired, diesel and HFO generation. MOE (Department of Energy Affairs)\uf020 MERA, EGENCO, ESCOM US$ 8.3 billion  conditional Improved water management through flood and drought control."


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"11 Note that due to space restrictions, acronyms are used throughout; please therefore refer to the list of acronyms and abbreviations included at the front of this report as required. 12 Where relevant, estimated unconditional and conditional components are denoted in the tables by \u201cuc\u201d and \u201cc\u201d."


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"16 The Cabinet Committee on Natural Resources and Environment (CCNRE) is the highest environmental policy and decision-making body."


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"2 Based on population data provided by UN DESA (2019) and real GDP data provided by World Bank (2020).\f  MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Regional comparison of Malawi per capita and per GDP emissions  Source data: USAID, 2015 Note: Emissions exclude FOLU\f  MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 5.3 Mitigation potential 5.3.1 Methodological approach Malawi\u201fs NDC mitigation targets are based on an in-depth assessment of the country\u201fs mitigation potential against a BAU baseline scenario through 2040."


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"2020 USD)\f  MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Estimated NDC funding requirements (mitigation and adaptation)  Estimated NDC funding requirements (mitigation and adaptation) USD million Total Mitigation measures Unconditional contribution Conditional contribution Total Adaptation measures Unconditional contribution Conditional contribution Total Combined total  Challenges for climate finance in Malawi include insufficient funds, a limited domestic budget for the implementation of climate actions, and the limited involvement of private sector\f  MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION investment in environment and climate change activities."


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"6 Note that although National Forest Landscape Restoration Strategy identifies a total of 7.5 million Ha of land (80% of Malawi land area) for restoration potential, this is considered a total technical potential; furthermore around half of this relates to agricultural practices (assessed under the Agriculture sector) while some practices have highly uncertain mitigation outcomes which have not been quantified."


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"A bottom-up long-list was developed through close consultation with various stakeholders and experts, based on the following key sources: \uf0b7 Malawi\u201fs INDC (GoM, 2015a) \uf0b7 Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) for Malawi (GoM, 2015b) \uf0b7 Sectoral Technical Needs Assessments (TNA) for Climate Change Mitigation \uf0b7 Malawi\u201fs Third National Communication (TNC) to the UNFCCC (GoM, 2020) Additional mitigation measures were also reviewed, including those identified from the latest sectoral plans, programmes and projects (e.g."


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"A framework has therefore been developed which provides a basis for Malawi to monitor and report on its NDC in a way which is consistent these requirements whilst also being well- aligned with existing procedures and arrangements. The framework describes the institutional arrangements for tracking the progress of the NDC and reporting on its implementation at both an international and domestic level."


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"A number of Expert Working Groups (EWGs) provide specialised technical guidance and report to the TCCC&DRM. The working groups are established according to requirement and include Adaptation, Mitigation and Climate Finance. Within this framework, the Environmental Affairs Department (EAD) of the Ministry of Forestry and Natural Resources (MOFNR) formulates and oversees climate policy development in Malawi including the day-to-day coordination of the NDC development process. EAD is the UNFCCC focal point and serves as the secretariat of both the NSCCC and TCCC&DRM."


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"A special outcome on strengthened governance has been proposed to support coordinated implementation of the measures, which was found to be a major challenge in the delivery of the previous INDC. The NDC comes with an improved Monitoring and Evaluation framework with an elaborated structure for reporting progress nationally and internationally. The framework is aligned with the UN SDGs through linkage to SDG indicators, and to the national vision (Malawi 2063) through linkage with the vision\u201fs pillar and enabler provisions and indicators."


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"A total of 33 separate measures were identified for quantitative mitigation assessment. Assessing the potential Figure 5-5 summarises the estimated annual emissions reduction potential in 2040 for the mitigation measures modelled. The pie charts indicate the relative contribution made from projects within the key sectors of Energy (covering electricity and heat generation, manufacturing, transport, other energy use and fugitive emissions), Waste, IPPU and Agriculture against the base case BAU projected emissions described above."


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"ACTORS ESTIMATED FUNDING MITIGATION BENEFITS ALIGNMENT WITH SDGs TIMELINE WATER DROUGHT MANAGEMENT MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION MEASURES LINE MINISTY (FOCAL POINT) OTHER KEY ACTORS ESTIMATED FUNDING MITIGATION BENEFITS ALIGNMENT WITH SDGs TIMELINE Water supply, storage, harvesting in drought-prone areas, including water point rehabilitation Ministry of Forestry and Natural Resources (Department of Water Supply) Irrigation Department Regional Water Boards Water User Associations million uc: US$ 54m c: US$ 54m Savings in energy used to alleviate water shortages \uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 Construction of multipurpose dams for water storage Ministry of Forestry and Natural Resources (Department of Water Resources)\uf020 Department of Water Supply, Department of Fisheries\uf020 million uc: US$ 125m c: US$ 90m\uf020 Savings in energy used to alleviate water shortages Production of hydroelectricity\uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 Integration of indigenous knowledge into early warning systems for drought Department of Water Resources and Department of Climate Change and Meteorological Services Public universities million uc: US$ 25m c: US$ 11m Savings in energy used to alleviate water shortages \uf061\uf020 \uf020 \uf020 FLOOD MANAGEMENT Planning, construction, and improvement of flood management structures such as upstream dams, storm drains, dikes, and bunds Ministry of Forestry and Natural Resources (Department of Water Resources) DODMA million uc:"


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"Above all, the INDC has provided an opportunity to enhance the implementation of Malawi s sustainable development goals as articulated in its national developmental agenda.\f  2 Mitigation Contributions  2.1 Malawi s current greenhouse gases profile As per 2006 IPCC Guidelines for the preparation of National GHG Inventories, the main sectors contributing to GHG emissions in Malawi are energy, industrial processes and product use (IPPU), agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU), and waste."


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"According to the analysis, mitigation measures identified within the energy sector accounts for by far the largest share of total potential at 85%, followed by agriculture (9% of total), waste (5%), and IPPU (1%). Within energy use, increased use of renewables and clean coal technology to meet increasing energy demand combined dominate the mitigation potential. Significant emissions reduction potential exists across each of the key sub-sectors."


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"Action NAP National Adaptation Plan NAPA National Adaptation Programme of Action NCCF National Climate Change Fund NCCMP National Climate Change Management Policy NCCRF National Climate Change Response Framework NCIC National Construction Industry Council NCRP National Climate Resilience Program NCST National Commission for Science and Technology NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NDC-P NDC Partnership NEP National Energy Policy NFLRS National Forest Landscape Restoration Strategy NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NSO National Statistics Office MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION VI NRSWG Natural Resources Sectoral Working Group NSCCC National Steering Committee on Climate Change PCG Pillar Coordination Group RBF Results based finance REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation SDGs (United Nations) Sustainable Development Goals t Tonne TCCC&DRM Technical Committee on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management TNA Technology Needs Assessment TNC Third National Communication to the UNFCCC UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNDP United Nations Development Program USD United States (US) dollar MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION VII Executive Summary Introduction This document presents the Government of Malawi\u201fs update of its first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) for mitigation and adaptation for the period 2015 to 2040."


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"Activities include: \uf0b7 Conduct joint sector reviews (JSR) to facilitate reporting on NDC MRV and advocating for NDC MRV-based decisions to wider sector stakeholders including NGOs, private sector and development partners. \uf0b7 Monitoring progress of the Sector Strategic Plan (SSP) including the NDC M&E, managing the data management system including aggregating data, conducting verification (EAD on NDC MRV) through a central data management system that will serve as the platform and repository for the NDC MRV."


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"Adaptation actions are then described, followed by a summary of the national Implementation Plan for prioritised measures and their estimated funding requirements. 6.2 Vulnerability and resilience As noted earlier, most of the vulnerabilities of the key socio-economic sectors and the supporting ecosystems and natural resources are related to climate extreme events, as heavy rains and droughts and strong winds related to cyclones. Recently, Malawi has been having its heavy share of all, but those effects have been increasingly observed in the last decades."


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"Adaptation measures suggested in this INDC aim at enhancing institutional and human resource capacities so as to provide sustainable support to vulnerable groups in terms of disease monitoring, prevention and control. 3.4 Wild life Droughts pose a major threat to wildlife in terms of availability of forage and water. Adaptation interventions are meant to prevent the extinction of the animal species while ensuring optimal population sizes are retained based on carrying capacity of the reserve."


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"Adaptation measures under this subsector are meant to provide physical barriers for flood prevention and control and facilitate the revision of construction and building standards in line with the changes in climate-based design parameters. The interventions are also meant to contribute to green and climate-resilient buildings. \f 4 Time frames and period for implementation The timeframe for implementation of the Malawi INDC is 2015 to 2040."


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"After sharing the long-list with the members of the Malawi Adaptation Expert Working Group (EWG), a series of workshops was undertaken in order to undertaken prioritization of the interventions based on a use of multi-criteria analysis. These included representatives covering the various sectors, including environment affairs, irrigation, agriculture, economic planning and development and civil society."


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"Agriculture accounted for by far the largest share of the total (5.07 million tCO2e, 54% of total), followed by Energy (2.34 million tCO2e, 25% of total) and waste (1.67 million tCO2e, 18% of total). Emissions from industrial processes represented just 0.24 million tCO2e, equivalent to around 3% of total emissions in 2017 (mainly associated with calcination CO2 emissions from minerals production). Emissions from livestock represented the largest emissions source category, followed by emissions from managed soils in crop production."


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"Agriculture, urbanization, infrastructure development and human settlements are the major drivers of habitat loss and fragmentation in Malawi. The agriculture sector has been embroiled in the continuous cultivation of land in wetlands and riverbanks, encroachment into protected areas and cultivation on mountain slopes. Developmental activities have contributed to habitat loss through conversion of arable land, wetlands and forests for road construction, urbanization and human settlements. Damming of rivers for irrigation and water supply has also led to changes in ecosystems downstream (GoM, 2020)."


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"All climate change relevant data including NDC MRV managed and reported by the TCCC&DRM will be processed and accessed through the development of such a system. Assessing and defining the most suitable data sources is important for any MRV system to be effective. The Adaptation and Mitigation EWGs will play a critical role of  13 See  \f  MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION the national level data and information generation and reporting and will be significantly involved in data gathering, transparency, and verification."


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"All non-Annex I countries were requested to submit their first BUR by December 2014 and then every two years thereafter (Decision 2/CP.17; Decision 19/CP.18; Decision 9/CP.21). The Paris Agreement requires accounting for anthropogenic emissions and removals corresponding to the NDC, in accordance with common methodologies and measurement systems evaluated by the IPCC and approved by the CMP (1/CP.21, Paragraph 31). The methodologies evaluated by the IPCC are those used for estimating the National GHG Inventory estimation."


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"Alongside Malawi\u201fs NDC Implementation Plan, the framework indicates the institutions, fora, roles and responsibilities proposed to guide and support implementation of MRV of the NDC at the national level\f  MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION XIII including policy and strategic decision levels. Supporting this process, a comprehensive framework of sectoral indicators has been developed according to which Malawi can monitor and evaluate its progress in meeting its NDC targets through 2040."


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"Alongside other criteria and following discussions with relevant national officials, these results were used to inform the choice of which measures (or shares of measures) represent unconditional measures to be funded domestically and which are conditional on the provision of international support. 4.1.3 Consultation and coordination As noted above, the development of the analysis involved close consultation with government officials, experts and stakeholders."


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"An economic vulnerability and disaster risk assessment conducted by the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) indicates that annual flood damage in the Shire River Basin (the country\u201fs most flood-prone area) results in an average loss of 0.7% of GDP per year, while elsewhere in the country drought causes an average economic loss of 1% of GDP annually. In short, climate change is making Malawi\u201fs pathway to prosperity more difficult, more complex and costlier."


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"Analysis by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) indicates that spill-overs from the sharp global slowdown as well as the economic disruption in the region have weighed on international trade, tourism, remittances,\f  MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION investment, and consumption. The national lockdown introduced to contain the pandemic has also impacted the near-term economic outlook, which has deteriorated significantly, with large uncertainties surrounding the duration and spread of the pandemic (IMF, 2020)."


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"Analysis undertaken by GIZ was the main source used in this process, since this had already consolidated a set of indicators based on practical experiences in Africa, Asia and Europe (Hammill, et al., 2014). 6.6 Implementation plan The following tables present a summary of Malawi\u201fs NDC Implementation Plan for each of the adaptation measures."


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"Approximately 80 percent of Malawians depend on renewable natural resources for their livelihoods, and the foundation of the national economy is primarily rain-fed agriculture. The success of many important sectors of the economy such as agriculture, water supply and sanitation, transport, tourism, industry, health and education relies on environment and natural resources to enhance their productivity."


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"As a Party to the UNFCCC, the country seeks to contribute to the ambitious goal of limiting temperature rise to 2oC with efforts to reach 1.5oC agreed under the Paris Agreement. Given the challenges posed to its ongoing social and economic development, Malawi has taken significant strides towards addressing climate change, including through the development of Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs), a\f  MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION VIII National Climate Change Response Framework (NCCRF) and National Adaptation Plans (NAPs)."


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"As a Party to the UNFCCC, the country seeks to contribute to the ambitious goal of limiting temperature rise to 2oC with efforts to reach 1.5oC agreed under the Paris Agreement. Malawi ratified the United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1994, and is line with the Paris Agreement submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) in 2016 which became its first NDC in 2016."


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"As shown below, the total implementation of all prioritised adaptation measures is estimated at around 4.5 billion USD through 2040. Through consultation with sector experts, and considering existing government initiatives and planned programmes, the total funding requirements for the adaptation contribution are estimated at around 53% conditional on international support and 47% unconditional."


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"As shown in the table below, ten strategic adaptation options have been identified relating to the three pillars, namely: (i) institutional framework, (ii) knowledge, technology and financing and (iii) resilience of the most vulnerable, which support three main objectives: (i) promote an enabling environment to facilitate Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) mainstreaming, (ii) improve capacity for data and information management  and sharing, and access to technology and financing for adaptation, and (iii) plan and implement adaptation actions toward an increased resilience of the most vulnerable Malawians."


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"As with mitigation, the measures are grouped by sector and summarised according to key aspects of implementation planning, including the responsible government ministries and implementing entities11, the planned timeline, and the estimated funding requirements through 204012. Mitigation and low carbon development co-benefits are also shown, as well as key linkages with achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals."


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"At the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) in Paris, on 12 December 2015, Parties to the United Nations Framework on Climate Change (UNFCCC) reached an agreement to combat climate change and accelerate the actions and investments needed to achieve a sustainable low carbon future."


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"At the same time, the country\u201fs high dependency on these resources, many of which face challenges from degradation and overuse, increase the vulnerability of communities and ecosystems to the adverse impacts of climate change. The majority people in Malawi live below the poverty line. Under abject poverty, people are forced to heavily depend on natural resources for energy (fuel wood), food, construction material, medicine, and fodder."


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"Based on consultations with experts and staff within government departments, an estimated partition of conditional and unconditional support was developed for each of the identified NDC measures (Table 5-3Error! Reference source not found.)."


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"Based on the analysis, mitigation measures have been grouped according to two different contributions: \uf0b7 Unconditional contribution: A reduction of 6 per cent relative to BAU in the year 2040; equivalent to an estimated mitigation level of 2.1 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2e) in that year. This is an unconditional target, based on domestically supported and implemented mitigation measures and policies."


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"Based on the outcomes of the workshops, it was decided to cluster and prioritize the measures and then to share this with the EWG and other sector experts, and to engage on one-on-one consultations to validate the short list, and where possible obtain information on indicators, targets and cost estimates. 6.4 Resilience and assessment of adaptation responses Table 6-2 shows the main adaptation actions by objective and pillar of the adaptation stream of the NDC."


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"Because of the country\u2019s vulnerability to climate change, there is urgent need to undertake interventions to enhance the resilience of productive sectors to the associated negative impacts. For instance, climate-sensitive rain-fed agriculture is the mainstay of Malawi s agro-based economy. It accounts for 30 to 40% of the GDP, employs 85% of the country s workforce and supplies 60 to 70% of raw materials to the manufacturing sector."


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"Before COVID-19, economic growth was forecast at around 5% in 2020, with strong agricultural production, post-cyclone reconstruction, investments to build resilience to climate change, and improved electricity generation. Over the medium-term, greater access to finance, additional resilience investments, enhanced electricity generation and irrigation (e.g., the Shire Valley project), crop diversification, and better telecommunications were anticipated to boost growth to just over 6% (IMF, 2020)."


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"Biomass accounts for about 90% of energy supply. Access to grid electricity is at 10%, one of the lowest in the world. Malawi\u2019s electricity generation deficit is not only a hindrance to new investments in manufacturing, industry, mining and tourism but also detrimental to the social and economic well-being of its people. Thus, investments that would enhance the generation, transmission, distribution and utilization of alternative and renewable energy sources are key to the development of Malawi."


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"Biomass briquettes and bio- fuels provide alternative energy sources in place of charcoal and firewood as the national forest stand is simultaneously under pressure from unsustainable wood extraction and climate change effects. Forest productivity will be greatly affected by erratic rainfall and extended droughts. Overtime, communities may adapt by planting tree species that are drought tolerant and fast growing such as bamboos. This would reduce pressure on standing forests since communities would be harvesting wood for fuel from their own woodlots."


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"Cleaner water provision, through reduced nutrient and soil runoff.\uf020  \uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020\f  MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION NDC MEASURE LINE MINISTY (FOCAL POINT) OTHER KEY IMPLEMENTING ENTITIES TOTAL ESTIMATED FUNDING ADAPTATION AND RESILIENCE CO-BENEFITS ALIGNMENT WITH SDGs TIMELINE Promotion of efficient fertiliser use and manure management Improved fertiliser management through increased use of organic waste in soil fertilizers and compost manure, increasing carbon stock retention in soils, and reduced N2O emissions from mineral N-fertilizer use."


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"Climate change also requires farmers to adapt to new agronomic practices such as conservation agriculture, growing of drought tolerant crops, precision agriculture (which in turn also requires a better access to input for seeds and fertilizers) and agro-forestry amongst others in order to improve productivity. The Greenbelt Initiative by the Government to increase the level of irrigation farming is a key national adaptation measure to address this challenge."


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"Co-benefits include ecosystem related sources of income and improved livelihood, landscape restoration and biodiversity gains.\uf020 \uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020\f  MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION NDC MEASURE LINE MINISTY (FOCAL POINT) OTHER KEY IMPLEMENTING ENTITIES TOTAL ESTIMATED FUNDING ADAPTATION AND RESILIENCE CO-BENEFITS ALIGNMENT WITH SDGs TIMELINE Ripairan restoration Around 36,000 Ha of native species and bamboo to be planted within riparian zones and wetland borders to enable higher ecological productivity and sustainable harvesting."


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"Co-benefits include ecosystem related sources of income and improved livelihood, water resource protection and biodiversity gains.\uf020 \uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 Agroforestry Targeted planting of an additional 25 trees/ha on 155,000 Ha of crop fields, equivalent to 20% of total arable land, 31,784 Ha of village forest areas; and expansion of new fruit area on 27,000 Ha to achieve at least a 10% tree cover. Scaled-up potential for all agroforestry types estimated at 700,000 Ha."


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"Conditional on external support the contribution of afforestation could be increased. Specifically, for the Government of Malawi\u2019s to achieve its target of 2% increase in forest cover nationally, the area being afforested on an annual basis would need to increase four times. If conditional funding were available to achieve this target the mitigation benefit is projected to sequester approximately 2.6 million tCO2e. \f Population is the main driver of waste generation. Malawi s population is rural based, with 85% of its population living in the rural areas."


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"Conditional on external support, which would enable the Government of Malawi to expand protection and conservation efforts beyond the nine reserves prioritize by the Department of Forestry in 2015, the emission reduction from protection and conservation could be increased. The mitigation actions that enhance afforestation and natural/assisted regeneration are projected to result in the unconditional sequestration of approximately 1 million tCO2e annually (through planned afforestation in plantations and on customary land, projected based on recent afforestation rates, and discounted to reflect realistic survival rates)."


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"Conducting slope stability studies to reduce incidents of landslides Ministry of Transport and Public Works (Buildings Department) Department of Disaster Management Affairs (DODMA) US$ 51 million uc: US$ 21m c: US$ 30m Carbon sequestration and other ecosystem services \uf061\uf020 \uf020 \uf020 MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION MEASURES LINE MINISTY (FOCAL POINT) OTHER KEY ACTORS ESTIMATED FUNDING MITIGATION BENEFITS ALIGNMENT WITH SDGs TIMELINE Construction of offshore breakwaters, groins to protect shorelines Ministry of Transport and Public Works (Buildings Department) Department of Disaster Management Affairs (DODMA) US$ 51 million uc: US$ 21m c: US$ 30m Carbon sequestration and other ecosystem services \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 MEASURES LINE MINISTY (FOCAL POINT) OTHER KEY ACTORS ESTIMATED FUNDING MITIGATION BENEFITS ALIGNMENT WITH SDGs TIMELINE HUMAN WELL BEING HEALTH\uf020 Increase practices of boiling drinking water, filtration and chlorination of drinking water and improvement in personal hygiene Ministry of Health (Department of Preventive Health services)\uf020 Department of Water Supply, NGOs US$ 30 million uc: US$ 15m c: US$ 15m Use of renewable energy sources and promote energy efficiency\uf020 \uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 Enhance public awareness about water, sanitation and hygiene practices Ministry of Health (Department of Preventive Health services) Department of Water Supply, NGOs US$ 30 million uc:"


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"Conservation of biodiversity: a. Promotion of cooperation with regional and international institutions in the conservation and management of wildlife resources b. Provision of watering points at strategic locations of national park/ game reserve and c. Upscaling of measures for controlling the extinction of plant and animal species and degeneration of ecosystems/habitats. Develop and implement invasive alien species management plan and d. Management of elephant population and implementation of diseases  control programmes 2. Promotion of resilient eco-tourism a."


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"Construction of multipurpose dams to retain surface runoff during the rainy season, as nearly 24% of annual rainfall is lost as surface run-off and c. Integration of Indigenous Knowledge (IKS) into scientific early warning for drought 2. Flood management a."


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"Despite its status as a least developed country (LDC) with one of the lowest per capita emissions rates worldwide, Malawi believes in playing its part towards achieving the goals of the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement. The updated NDC therefore proposes an ambitious and wide-ranging set of measures which can significantly reduce Malawi\u201fs GHG emissions compared to a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario of economic development and emissions growth."


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"Despite its status as a least developed country (LDC) with one of the lowest per capita emissions rates worldwide, Malawi believes in playing its part towards achieving the goals of the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement. The updated NDC, which draws upon the NCCMP and other national strategies and policies,  therefore proposes an ambitious and wide- ranging set of measures which can significantly reduce Malawi\u201fs GHG emissions compared to a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario of economic development and emissions growth over the next two decades."


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"Develop financial mechanisms to support crop insurance targeting smallholder farmers; Provision of agricultural input subsidies & incentives 28. Drought mitigation \"Promoting drought tolerant or early maturing planting material\" 29. Drought mitigation; Constructing water reservoirs & efficient use of water 30. Flood management; \"Restocking strategic grain reserves \" 31. Resilient soil: a. Soil and water conservation and b. Soil fertility improvement. 6.4.5 Climate-proofed infrastructure, buildings and energy systems To decrease the climate vulnerability of infrastructures, buildings and energy systems Malawi can promote: 1."


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"Development Cooperation Group on Environment, Resilience and Climate Change (DCERCC) Supports the NSCCC with its coordination and oversight role and enhances donor coordination and networking between NDC and climate change stakeholders. Acts as a forum for reviewing success and challenges in implemenaiton, and proposing actions to fast track implemenation of the NDC in alignemnet with MGDS III. Also facilitates alignment of programming and financing of NDC measures including tracking finance."


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"Development and implementation of a research programme on climate change impacts and CCA actions Research programme on climate resilient technologies, including industry and drought tolerant and fast-growing vegetal species 4."


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"Development of a tourism crisis management strategy and plan, including emergency situations c. Improvement of tourist facility/buildings designs and standards to integrate climate resilience considerations including the concept of Build Back Better (BBB) and Smarter d. Membership of the Climate Change Crisis Committee and enhancement of tourism facility designs, planning and compliance to environmental and climate resilient regulations standards and e. Mainstreaming climate change adaptation in the tourism investment plans. 6.4.4 Smart agriculture, livestock and fisheries For increasing the resilience of the sector, the following are proposed, organized by action and measure: 1."


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"Development of long-term workforce development plan and strategic livelihoods plans to help people move up and out into sound employment opportunities, and plan for managed urban migration c. Establishment of Social Support Fund for predictable, timely response (Climatic shock related Social Protection services) d. Promotion of gender mainstreaming in policies, programmes and projects e. Support capacity building programmes for vulnerable groups and civic education and public awareness and f. Linkage of inclusive social support systems to risk financing options with the development and utilization of coordinated system for design and delivery of social support system inclusive of climate related shock sensitive interventions. 6.5 Targets and indicators for resilience A framework of proposed indicators was compiled using various sources of information available from national reports on climate change adaptation, as well as internationally from nations with similar experience and approaches to resilience enhancement."


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"District Executive Committee (DEC) Comprises heads of government, CSOs/NGOs and relevant private sector institutions operating in the districts. Some of the primary data and information used for tracking the NDC is generated at levels coordinated by districts. District Councils data will be reported to their line ministries and District Executive Committee (DEC). The DEC is also responsible for overseeing planning, coordination and implementation of NDC measures in the districts, including monitoring and evaluation through the Directorate of Planning and Development (DPD)."


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"Due to unsustainable use of fuelwood and charcoal (97% of Malawians rely on biomass energy for cooking fuel), and poor agricultural practices, resulting in a high rate of deforestation and forest\f degradation, Malawi is a net emitter of GHGs. Therefore, reliance on biomass energy for the majority of Malawians households continues to put pressure on existing forests, thereby reducing Malawi s sink capacity further."


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"ECG on Environmental Sustainability (ECGES) The Enabler Coordination Group on Environmental Sustainability (ECGES) will be responsible for coordinating short to long term implementation and reporting of progress on the Environmental Sustainability enabler. The core indicators selected include rate of deforestation, environmental sustainability index and carbon footprint15. NSCCC (Principal Secretaries) The National Steering Committee on Climate Change (NSCCC) oversees implementation of the MGDS III, supported by the National M&E Coordination Committee and M&E Technical Working Groups."


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"Economic modelling has estimated the direct overall costs due to climate change impacts equivalent to losing at least 5% of the country\u201fs gross domestic product (GDP) each year (GoM, 2016a). 2.1.2 Natural resources Malawi is endowed with abundant and diverse natural resources, which is a basis for sustainable economic growth and development (GoM, 2020)."


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"Economic modelling has estimated the direct overall costs due to climate change impacts equivalent to losing at least 5% of the country\u201fs gross domestic product (GDP) each year. Malawi\u201fs land and natural resources are heavily utilized and prone to environmental degradation, and therefore also highly vulnerability to climate change. Malawi\u201fs land resource base is particularly under threat from increasing human and livestock population pressures, and the expending agricultural production to marginal areas."


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"Efforts will be taken towards enhancing capacity to construct watering points, and control of animal population by culling or translocation amongst other approaches."


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"Elaboration of NAPs for priority sectors  Elaboration of NAPs for agriculture, biodiversity and ecosystems, fisheries, health, infrastructures and housing, tourism and water resources\f  MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION XII Objective Pillar Strategic Adaptation Actions Adaptation actions 9. Development of CCA planning tools tested in particularly vulnerable communities, demonstrating an integrating CCA approach in various sector Development of simplified methodologies as a basis to assess risks and identify community-based adaptation options and measures to include in local CCA plans and budgets Design of local EWS 10."


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"Elaboration of NAPs for priority sectors  Elaboration of NAPs for agriculture, biodiversity and ecosystems, fisheries, health, infrastructures and housing, tourism and water resources 9. Development of CCA planning tools tested in particularly vulnerable communities, demonstrating an integrating CCA approach in various sector Development of simplified methodologies as a basis to assess risks and identify community-based adaptation options and measures to include in local CCA plans and budgets Design of local EWS 10."


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"Elaboration of a portfolio of CCA priority actions for the key sectors aligned with sectoral planning and budgeting, using nature- based solutions and ecosystems-based adaptation  Effective and efficient EWS Accessible and harmless water Blooming biodiversity and ecosystems and eco-tourism Smart agriculture, livestock and fisheries Climate-proofed infrastructures, buildings, and energy systems Healthy and protected people  \f  MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION The adaptation actions for each sector are presented below, desegregated according to their constituting measures. 6.4.1 Effective and efficient EWS An effective and efficient EWS form Malawi can encompass: 1."


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"Elaboration of a portfolio of CCA priority actions for the key sectors aligned with sectoral planning and budgeting, using nature- based solutions and ecosystems-based adaptation  Effective and efficient EWS Accessible and harmless water Blooming biodiversity and ecosystems and eco-tourism Smart agriculture, livestock and fisheries Climate-proofed infrastructures, buildings, and energy systems Healthy and protected people  The updated NDC describes a sectoral framework of measures to enhance Malawi\u201fs climate adaptation and resilience, along with a set of indicators to monitor and evaluate their progress, aiming at increasing the resilience of its people, ecosystems and economy."


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"Emissions from IPPU remain at around 2% of the total. These trends clearly indicate the growing contribution from fossil fuels to national emissions, arising from increasing demand for thermal power generation and transport services. At the same time, despite potential for increased productivity, agricultural output in expected to be limited, growing broadly in line with trends over the past decade. BAU GHG emissions projection to 2040, all sectors excl."


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"Emissions from livestock, predominantly methane from enteric fermentation in cattle, represented the largest emissions source category, followed by N2O emissions from managed soils in crop production. Following these agriculture sources, major sources included CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use in transport, which accounted for 11% of the total, and methane emissions from unmanaged waste disposal site (dumps), which accounted for 13% of the total.  \f  MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION GHG emissions by source excl."


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"Emissions in Industrial Process and Other Products Units (IPPU) reflect the growth in the cement industry as new entrants or expansion of existing manufacturing capacity takes place."


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"Emissions reductions arising from modal shift and low carbon fuels in the transport sector are also considered to be potentially significant, together contributing around 10% of the estimated energy sector mitigation potential by 2040. Within agriculture, soil conservation measures \u2013 which include conservation or zero tillage and crop residue and rotation practices \u2013 account for almost half of the sector\u201fs feasible mitigation potential."


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"Establish grain export processing zone; Resilient value chains  and market s development, Value addiction and exports\f  MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 5. Promotion of metallic silos & PICSA bags for effective grain storage; Upscale post- harvest management linking to disaster risk management 6. Post-harvest management; Promoting proper post-harvest practices to further reduce storage losses 7."


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"Establishing community based early warning systems and flood water monitoring systems nationwide and prioritized in problematic rivers 2. Designing, testing and executing multi-hazard contingency plans and 3. Integrating DRM risk assessment and monitoring in all sectors and programmes, including Risk reduction/early warning systems in public works, transport infrastructure. 6.4.2 Accessible and harmless water To climate-proof the water sector, action is needed in: 1. Drought management a. Scaling up water supply to drought prone areas water point rehabilitation; rainwater catchment; water harvesting and storage technologies b."


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"Estimates suggest that between 14,000 and 16,000 Gg of CO2 equivalent will be saved per year by 2030 if a robust low emission development path is adopted. At sectoral level, the largest emitters of greenhouse gases are forestry and land-use, agriculture and energy respectively (Figures 1 and 2). The largest sectoral increase will likely take place in the energy sector as new coal-based generation capacity by independent power producers (IPPs) comes on line to meet immediate energy deficits currently being experienced in Malawi."


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"Estimates were made by referring to different planning documents, through discussions with members of the Adaptation Expert Working Group (EWG) and other experts, and through assessing and scaling based on the costs of similar projects. As with the mitigation contribution, some programmes and interventions will be conditional on the availability of external financial support (\u201cconditional\u201d) while others are expected to be implemented through domestic funding (\u201cunconditional\u201d) or co-financing (internal and external sources of budget)."


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"Even though Malawi\u201fs contribution to greenhouse gas emissions is very low on a global scale, it is scientifically accepted that human activities such as deforestation and land use change, consumption of fossil fuels such as coal, diesel and petrol, pollution from manufacturing industries, and improper waste management, release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, which cause global warming."


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"External support in form of finance, capacity building and technology transfer would contribute towards reduction in GHG emission from IPPU sector. Even though the agricultural thematic area is responsible for a significant share of Malawi\u2019s GHG emissions, the overall mitigation potential is comparably small."


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"FOLU  Source: Carbon Counts (2021), EC (2021) and UNDP (2021)  \f  MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION BAU emissions projection to 2040, all sectors excl. FOLU GHG emissions (MtCO2e) Energy IPPU Agriculture Waste Total Source: Carbon Counts (2021), EC (2021) and UNDP (2021)  BAU GHG emissions in 2040, all sectors excl."


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"FOLU  Source: Carbon Counts (2021), EC (2021) and UNDP (2021)  Within forestry and other land use (FOLU), the most significant drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in Malawi are the expansion of agriculture and settlements, and unsustainable fuelwood extraction. Under its REDD+ program, Malawi is seeking to maximize potential emission reductions by implementing targeted measures and activities that will lower net emissions by lowering rates of deforestation, lowering rates of forest degradation from unsustainable fuelwood harvesting, and enhancing carbon stocks through afforestation and reforestation."


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"FOLU  Source: Carbon Counts (2021), EC (2021) and UNDP (2021) 5.3.3 Mitigation assessment A detailed assessment of GHG mitigation measures for Malawi was next undertaken to quantify the contribution within the updated NDC and the associated investment needs."


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"FOLU in 2017, million tCO2e  Sources: Malawi GHG Inventory data; TNC (GoM, 2020); EC (2021); UNDP (2021) Note: due to decimal rounding within Energy, values do not sum to 100% GHG emissions by source in 2017 IPCC Categories 1.A. Fuel Combustion Activities 1.A.1. Energy industries 1.A.2. Manufacturing Industries 1.A.4. Other Sectors 1.B. Fugitive Emissions 1.B.1. Solid Fuels 2.A. Mineral Industry 2.A.1. Cement production 2.A.2. Lime production 2.A.4.a. Ceramics production 3.A.1. Enteric Fermentation 3.A.2. Manure Management 3.B.1. Forest land\f  MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 3.B.6."


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"FOLU)  A particular feature of the forestry and land use (FOLU) sector is data uncertainty and the large variability for carbon (C)  stocks and C stock changes when certain carbon pools are measured. Average uncertainty ranges that are associated with estimates of the level of emissions and removals from the sector are relatively high (32 per cent) compared to other sources such as fossil fuel combustion (1 per cent).7 Furthermore, net emissions and removals from FOLU can show very significant variations over a given period."


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"FOLU) Scenario Total emissions (MtCO2e) BAU Domestic contribution All NDC measures GHG reduction relative to BAU Domestic NDC measures - All NDC measures -  The BAU and NDC mitigation scenarios are summarised in Figure 5-9 below, which also shows the contribution of each emitting sector to the total estimated potential based on the technical assessments of all mitigation measures.\f  MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION NDC emission reduction scenarios (excl."


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"Factors that increase vulnerability to climate change impacts in Malawi are deep-rooted: poverty, rapid population growth that results in overexploitation of natural resources, and high dependence on subsistence rain-fed agriculture. Finding a way to simultaneously finance the promotion of climate proofed development and recovery after the pandemics is therefore key to recovery. Cost estimates for the prioritised adaptation measures were made for different time periods through 2040."


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"Farmer managed natural regeneration; Promoting drought-resilient water, soil and catchment conservation 11. Promoting various drought-resilient water, soil and catchment conservation interventions on and off-farm (Resilient Soils); Promoting drought-resilient water, soil and water and catchment conservation 12. Build adaptation capacity in climate resilient agronomic practices for smallholder farmers; Training households in food budgeting, utilisation & preservation 13. Build adaptation capacity in climate resilient agronomic practices for smallholder farmers; Promotion of good agronomic practices 14."


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"Figure 1:  Sectoral emissions in 2015  Figure 2: Sectoral emissions in 2040 Between 2015 and 2040, total annual GHG emissions are expected to increase from the current level of approximately 29,000 Gg CO2 equivalents to in the range of 42,000 Gg CO2 equivalents, an approximately 38% rise. However, there is at present significant uncertainty about future emissions, particularly beyond the year 2020."


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"Figure 5-10 NDC emission reductions for FOLU to 2040  NDC emission reduction scenarios for FOLU to 2040 Scenario Share of total Total area (million ha) Unconditional contribution Conditional contribution Total Estimated net emissions reductions (MtCO2e) Unconditional contribution Conditional contribution Total  \f  MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 5.4 Implementation plan The following tables present a summary of Malawi\u201fs NDC Implementation Plan for each of the mitigation measures."


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"Figure 5-11 Funding requirements for all identified measures through 2040  Source: Carbon Counts (2021), EC (2021) and UNDP (2021)  \f  MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Funding requirements for all mitigation measures (USD million) Sector Total Electricity and heat Transport Other energy Energy total IPPU Crop management Livestock Agriculture total Forestry Solid waste Waste-water Waste total TOTAL  Figure 5-12 shows the estimated funding requirements according to the grouping of \u201cunconditional\u201d (domestically supported) and \u201cconditional\u201d measures for each five-year period through 2040."


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"Figure 5-12 Estimated funding requirements for NDC measures \f  MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 6 Adaptation contribution This section describes the adaptation component of Malawi\u201fs nationally determined contribution. After a description of vulnerability and resilience to climate change impacts, a description is made of the methodology used to prioritise adaptation priorities and develop relevant indicators."


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"Fish farming using ponds and cages provides an opportunity to enhance the quality of life of vulnerable groups through improved access to fish resources. This development could be directly linked to the construction of multipurpose dams.  Improved co-management of capture fisheries also has strong potential to buffer food security and improve the climate resiliency of fishing-dependent communities.  It is worth noting that gender is a cross-cutting issue.  Hence, it needs to be mainstreamed in all the sectors."


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"Following the adoption of the Paris Climate Agreement in 2015, Malawi in 2015 submitted and communicated the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) its commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and scale-up adaptation actions through the Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC). As part of its commitment to the Paris Agreement, the Government of Malawi has revised its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)."


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"Following these agriculture sources, major sources included CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use in transport, which accounted for 11% of the total, and methane emissions from unmanaged waste disposal site (dumps), which accounted for 13% of the total. Under a BAU emissions scenario, total emissions excluding FOLU are forecast to increase by more than three times by 2040, rising from 9.3 million tCO2e in 2017 to 34.6 million tCO2e in 2040."


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"Food shortages cause domestic grain prices to rise, resulting in  1 A more detailed description of Malawi\u201fs national circumstances is provided in the Third National Communication (TNC) to the UNFCCC.\f  MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION increased grain imports which erode the foreign exchange reserves with depreciating effects on the exchange rate, and divert resource reallocation from other productive sectors. As a result, prices of other food stuffs also increase, fuelling inflation with knock-on effects on interest rates and the macroeconomic outlook (GoM, 2016a)."


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"For all these sectors, there will be need for multi-sectoral collaboration in the implementation of various projects and programmes. Also, there will be need for capacity building, research, and consideration for disaster risk management as well as the need to harmonise policies. Table 2 shows the summary of adaptation measures.  The biggest adaptation challenge is Malawi\u2019s heavy reliance on rain-fed agriculture. The majority of smallholder farmers cannot afford irrigation technologies despite the fact that Malawi is endowed with abundant water resources."


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"For both mitigation and adaptation combined, it can be seen that unconditional measures account for around 24% of the total estimated funding requirements, and conditional measures around 76%.  18 Estimated in real terms (i.e."


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"For each time frame, risk levels are estimated for the current state of adaptation and for a hypothetical highly adapted state. As the assessment considers potential impacts on different physical, biological, and human systems, risk levels should not necessarily be used to evaluate relative risk across key risks. Relevant climate variables are indicated by symbols. The following table summarizes the climate drivers and key risks per sector for Malawi, based on the TNC and the framework presented by the IPCC."


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"For similar reasons, Malawi\u201fs mitigation contribution relating to FOLU is treated separately from other emitting sources which can be more robustly quantified, reflecting international guidance and current practice. It is recognised that the development of a counterfactual baseline projection to 2040 involves an inherently large degree of uncertainty. It is therefore proposed that a dynamic baseline be adopted allowing the BAU emissions to be updated by Malawi over the NDC implementation period, to be communicated within each BTR."


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"For these reasons, a separate target for Malawi\u201fs FOLU sector has been proposed within the NDC."


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"For this to happen, the outcome of the United Nations Climate Change Conference in December 2015 in Paris, France is expected to be in full conformity with equity and common but differentiated responsibilities; and the contributions forthcoming from developed country Parties relating to mitigation and adaptation will be in a balanced manner, in the context of a global and comprehensive agreement for the period beyond 2020."


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"For this updated NDC, an indicative emissions reduction contribution has instead been made. This has been estimated at 59.8 million tCO2e of reductions through a range of forestry and land use interventions covering an area of up to 2 million hectares (Ha), of which 22 per cent is unconditional and 78 per cent conditional on international support. This section describes Malawi\u201fs nationally determined contribution to mitigation."


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"For this updated NDC, this is presented as a provisional contribution subject to further analysis and finalisation of the national FRL.8 Reflecting key sector policies such as the National Forest Landscape Restoration Strategy (NFLRS), National Forest Policy and REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) Strategy, the indicative FOLU contribution is defined in terms of land use (hectares, Ha) for each identified measure but with estimated net GHG emissions reductions also provided for additional clarity and transparency."


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"Four key areas of intervention were identified for quantitative assessment and inclusion within the NDC:\f  MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 1. Afforestation (protective forests, woodlots and urban forests) 2. Agroforestry (wood, fruit and fodder) 3. Sustainable forest management (including REDD+) 4."


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"Furthermore, Malawi has put in place a series of legislative sectoral frameworks and strategies to integrate environment and climate change management in socio-economic development activities, including through the Malawi Vision 2020, which was the country\u201fs previous overarching long term strategy to achieve middle-income status (GoM, 1998). Malawi has subsequently prioritised climate change, environment and natural resources management within the Malawi Growth and Development Strategy (MGDS III) (GoM, 2018) and has integrated climate considerations within a wide range of sectoral policies and strategies."


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"GHG mitigation estimates made in the context of NAMAs and the Third National Communication (TNC) to the UNFCCC (GoM, 2020), and a variety of other official data and information sources. The mitigation analysis was undertaken according to there key steps: \uf0b7 Step 1: Develop BAU emissions forecasts: Based on the national GHG inventory emissions in key sector categories (Energy, Industrial Processes and Product Use, IPPU, Waste, Agriculture, and Forestry and Other Land Use; AFOLU)3 develop a revised BAU baseline scenario through 2040."


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"Given limited resources, however, our ability to implement many of these measures, and to accurately capture resultant emission reductions, will depend to a large extent on adequate provision of international technical and financial assistance. The proposed mitigation actions designed to enhance protection and conservation of protected areas (forest reserves and wildlife reserves) are projected to result in an unconditional emission reduction of approximately 4.8 million tCO2e."


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"Given the challenges posed to its ongoing social and economic development, Malawi has taken significant strides towards addressing climate change. Through the National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPA) (GoM, 2006), submitted to the UNFCCC in 2006, Malawi has identified sectors that are most affected by climate change including agriculture, human health, energy, fisheries, wildlife, water, forestry and gender."


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"Given the cross-cutting nature of environmental sustainability matters, the ECGES will report to each of the three Pillar Coordination Groups (PCGs) on matters relevant to the pillar. The PCGs and ECGES will work closely with the existing National Steering Committee on Climate Change (NSCCC) and the joint Technical Committee on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management (TCCC&DRM) in defining multi-year pillar and enabler priorities as well as advising Government on the resources required for meeting the defined Vision priorities within their respective pillars and/or enablers."


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"Given the timeframe of the NDC implementation plan, an agreement will be reached on the key indicators for integration in the National Planning Commission (NPC) medium to long term reporting system. The National Statistical Office (NSO) is central to national data processes and has the role of validating national statistics through data and information authentication and therefore approval for national statistics shared externally."


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"Given the very large degree of uncertainty when accounting for emissions and removals from forestry and other land use (FOLU)4, as well as challenges in data collection and management, this category has been excluded from the BAU analysis. As part of Malawi\u201fs REDD+ activities, a national forestry reference level (FRL) has been prepared but at present this is provisional only and subject to revision."


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"Given uncertainty levels and annual variations associated with carbon stocks and removals, the estimated GHG  7 Figures from study of EU-15 countries (see Iverson et al, 2014 in Herold and B\u00f6ttcher, 2018). 8 It is expected that the finalised FRL will be presented in the next NDC for use as the baseline reference against which Malawi\u201fs FOLU target(s) can be assessed."


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"Growth has since been expected to fall to 1% percent for 2020 and to 2.5% in 2021, assuming it will take time for businesses to re-open after the lockdown ends and for trade flows to normalize. A gradual recovery is expected thereafter, with growth averaging 6.4% during 2022-25 (IMF, 2020).\f  MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 3 Malawi\u2019s climate change response The Government of Malawi (GoM) is committed to taking urgent action to mitigate and adapt to the effects of climate change."


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"Habitat for Humanity, UN Habitat) 17 Includes use of low carbon and alternative fuels in other sectors MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Mitigation Line Ministry Activity / Indicator Lead Agency Key data providers / stakeholders MOTWC Resilient tourism related indicators Department of Tourism Department of National Parks and Wildlife, EAD, MEPA MOA Agriculture related indicators MOA Department of Crop Development, Department of Animal Health and Livestock Development, Department of Land Resources and Conservation, MOFNR, DADOs, LUANAR, ADDs, DAES Department of Nutrition and HIV and AIDS Nutrition related indicators Department of Nutrition and HIV and AIDS Ministry of Health, Academic institutions (LUANAR, Chancellor College) Health WASH related indicators Department of Preventive Health Services District Health Offices, NGOs Ministry of Homeland Security Disaster risk management related indicators including flood- proofing, drought management, early warning systems and hazard monitoring and flood management DCCMS, MVAC, Water Resources Department, UN Organisations, USAID DCCMS, MVAC, Water Resources Department, UN Organisations, USAID, NCIC, Buildings Department, MHC, Department of Forestry Ministry of Tourism, Wildlife and Culture Resilient Ecotourism indicators Department of Tourism Department of Parks and Wildlife, MEPA"


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"However, environmental degradation and climate change have emerged as major development issues that have adversely impacted on food security, water quality and energy security, thereby frustrating government efforts to improve the general livelihoods of both urban and rural communities. Scientific evidence in Malawi shows an increase in the frequency, intensity and magnitude over the last two decades of extreme weather events (GoM, 2016a). Malawi is particularly vulnerable to floods, droughts and strong winds associated with tropical cyclones."


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"However, the TNC also provides emissions estimates up to 2017 based on data developed by the national GHG inventory team in accordance with the IPCC 2006 Guidelines (IPCC, 2016). This year was therefore adopted as the most recent data year for the revised BAU modelling across all emitting sectors. GHG inventory data in the year 2017 is summarised in Figure 5-1, and shown in greater detail in Table 5-1 according to IPCC reporting categories for all GHG emissions sources."


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"However, the rate of urbanization in cities and town centres, estimated at 5.2%, is among the world\u2019s fastest growing.  The high urbanisation rate and lack of designated plots have resulted in the expansion of informal settlements in its towns and cities, which are characterised by lack of access to basic services, including waste collection and disposal. The per capita waste generation ranges from 0.37 to 0.9, with organic content of 81%."


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"Human rights and gender issues are enshrined in the Malawi Constitution, and Government of Malawi is committed to its Gender Policy, promoting the mainstreaming of gender in all government sectors, programmes and projects. Consideration of these cross-cutting issues is critical in the design and  implementation of mitigation and adaptation actions.\f 6.3 Policy framework to support implementation Malawi launched its Vision 2020 in the year 2000 to provide a roadmap for sustainable development in the country."


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"Identifying mitigation options The first step of the assessment involved identifying a range of mitigation options from within the each of the NDC sectors for further consideration and quantitative analysis."


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"If scaled up with international support, it is estimated that this could be increased to just under 2 million ha, in line with estimated scaled-up potential to 2030 as outlined in the NFLRS.6 The associated net emissions removals calculated from the FOLU sector through 2040 are shown below."


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"Implementation of a capacity- building plan and integration of CCA into curricula CB at national and district levels to use the guidelines CB on EWS and data downscaling CB on Wash interventions CB on wildlife and tourism management CB on aquaculture and cage farming CB on diagnose, prevention and control of climate-sensitive diseases and malnutrition Integration of forestry, livelihoods and environmental management in curricula 5. Implementation of the communication plan Public campaigns on water conservation measures Campaigns on hygiene and sanitation 6."


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"Implementation of a capacity-building plan and integration of CCA into curricula CB at national and district levels to use the guidelines CB on EWS and data downscaling CB on Wash interventions CB on wildlife and tourism management CB on aquaculture and cage farming CB on diagnose, prevention and control of climate-sensitive diseases and malnutrition Integration of forestry, livelihoods and environmental management in curricula 5. Implementation of the communication plan Public campaigns on water conservation measures Campaigns on hygiene and sanitation 6."


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"Implementation of the NDC should not be considered as the responsibility of the Government alone, but its successful implementation will require concerted efforts with the involvement and participation of all stakeholders including NGOs, Civil Society, the Private Sector, Academia and the general public."


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"Implementing all unconditional and conditional mitigation activities is expected to reduce the per capita emissions of Malawi from 1.4 t CO2e per capita in 2010 to around 0.7 to 0.8 t CO2e per capita in 2030 compared to expected business as usual emissions of around 1.5 t CO2e per capita in 2030. Potential reductions from the energy sector will be additional to the expected overall per capita GHG emissions reduction."


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"Improved MVAC through linking to Integrated Phase Classification; continue annual assessment of the status of food and nutrition insecurity and biannual SMART Nutrition survey to measure nutrition security situation; Improved MVAC through linking to Integrated Phase Classification; continue annual assessment of the status of food and nutrition insecurity and biannual SMART Nutrition survey to measure nutrition security situation 19. Institute and upscale drought mitigation interventions; Irrigation: Expanded programmes of Greenbelt initiative from 4000 ha to 10000 ha 20. Institute and upscale drought mitigation interventions a."


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"Improvement of the assessment and planning and systems and construction of dikes and upstream storage dams, storm drains or bunds to re-direct or divert flows to minimize flood damages b. Delineation of flood prone areas with flood zoning maps and the development of appropriate adaptation strategies and measures c. Extension of the installation of telemetry flood forecasting and warning systems to other flood prone areas for timely evacuation of people and d. Integration of IKS into scientific early warning for floods 3."


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"In 2016, Malawi adopted the National Climate Change Management Policy (NCCMP) which provides strategic direction for the country s priorities for climate change interventions through six priority areas (GoM, 2016a): \uf0b7 Climate change adaptation; \uf0b7 Climate change mitigation; \uf0b7 Capacity building, education, training and awareness; \uf0b7 Research, technology development and transfer and systematic observation;\f  MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION \uf0b7 Climate financing; and \uf0b7 Cross-cutting issues (including gender considerations, population dynamics and HIV and AIDS) The NCCMP acts to guide implementation of critical climate change issues and strategies, including capacity building, education, training and public awareness, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+), and adaptation and mitigation within agriculture, energy, industrial processes, waste management, forestry, water resources, and wildlife sectors."


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"In order to ably track progress of its implementation and funding, the NDC has been prepared together with accompanying documents that will facilitate its implementation, mainstreaming, monitoring and reporting. These are: an Implementation Plan; Mainstreaming Guidelines; a Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework; and a Resource Mobilization Strategy. The NDC affirms government\u201fs commitment to fully addressing climate change issues in order to reduce the vulnerability of its people and ecosystems, at the same time contributing to socio-economic development."


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"In order to achieve the projected mitigation outcomes, the estimates indicate how resource requirements increase significantly over each subsequent five-year period. This reflects increasingly deep cuts in emissions through 2040, but also the timing of large capital- intensive energy and infrastructure projects developed from around 2030 onwards."


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"In order to meet the demand, the government needs to build an average of 21000 houses per annum. Thus demand for cement, cement products and burnt clay bricks will continue to grow. The two main areas of mitigation in the Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) sector are the reduction in cement consumption through cement blend (using rice husks ash or coal ash) and use of soil stabilized building blocks in place of burnt clay bricks."


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"In response to these factors, Malawi is currently preparing a resource mobilization strategy which will identify sources of finance and strategies to fund and support the prioritised measures identified in this document. As reflected in the unconditional contribution described in this document, the Government of Malawi will continue to commit significant resources to climate change relevant strategies, both in relation to mitigation and adaptation. Malawian communities, private sector and NGOs can also contribute significantly to these climate change-related activities through public-private partnerships."


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"In response to these factors, Malawi is currently preparing a resource mobilization strategy which will identify sources of finance and strategies to fund and support the prioritised measures identified in this document. The Government of Malawi will continue to commit significant resources to climate change relevant strategies, both in relation to mitigation and adaptation. However, there is clearly also a need for increased levels of bilateral and multilateral financial support."


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"In some cases, the details, and context, regarding some of the\f  MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION projects were found to have changed since the time of INDC submission in 2015. The long- list thereby reflects a set of real projects and programmes under consideration, or which have been studied by government officials, sector experts and donor partners. As such, it draws upon a rich source of national information gathering, and in-country and international expertise."


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"In this context, Malawi has developed its NDC contribution according to two different components: \uf0b7 Unconditional contribution: Those mitigation measures and policies which will be implemented \u201eunconditionally\u201f through domestic efforts alone (e.g. funded within committed national policy plans and actions); and \uf0b7 Conditional contribution: Additional mitigation measures which could be implemented, but only conditional upon the availability of international support (including funding and other types of support from donors, climate finance and potentially carbon markets)."


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"In this context, the Government of Malawi plans to: \uf0b7 Develop a nation-wide community-based early warning system for multiple hazards including floods and drought, and multi-hazard contingency plans; \uf0b7 Expand information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure and human capacity to generate and transform climate data into sector-specific information and knowledge products; \uf0b7 Upscale climate smart agriculture; \uf0b7 Implement a national landscape restoration programme that combines promotion of alternative energy sources and afforestation; \uf0b7 Actively mainstream gender considerations within climate change measures and where relevant to track climate change issues and indicators according to gender and vulnerable groups; \uf0b7 Develop climate-resilient infrastructure, and enhanced climate-adaptation capacity of all stakeholders, through better access to climate information and early warning and response mechanisms that safeguard lives and livelihoods from shocks; \uf0b7 Build robust water use licensing systems with detailed procedures and protocols alongside improved flow and abstraction measurement technology; \uf0b7 Pilot and upscale market-based approaches for the management of ecological services such as Payment for Ecosystem services; \uf0b7 Upscale resource mobilisation and leveraging for climate and disaster risk financing and investment; and \uf0b7"


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"In this context, the National Climate Change Fund (NCCF) is expected to play a vital role in financing low carbon projects and programmes and leveraging investment. Given the estimated funding requirements outlined above there is clearly also a need for increased levels of bilateral and multilateral financial support and the full implementation of the identified strategic mitigation actions is conditional on the support of international stakeholders."


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"In this context, the Republic of Malawi is submitting this updated NDC. The contributions described in this submission build upon Malawi\u201fs existing first NDC, and reflect subsequent work supported by the NDC Partnership in developing quantifiable mitigation and adaptation targets, an NDC implementation plan and a monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) framework for tracking the NDC. This updated NDC represents a more detailed assessment of mitigation and adaptation measures in Malawi informed by in-depth analysis, improved information and data, and an extensive stakeholder-driven consultation process."


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"Inclusion within existing national policies and sector plans: Several projects and measures are already included within Malawi\u201fs domestic climate policy response and budgeted for within sector plans: these are therefore be viewed as domestically committed. 3. Suitability to international support: Measures are more or less suited to existing and emerging forms of support (e.g. under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement), both in terms of project types and their likelihood to demonstrate real and measurable, and additional, mitigation outcomes."


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"Increase in agricultural production due to improved water management and reduced exposure to extreme climate events.\uf020  \uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 Off-grid small scale solar PV systems  Installation of PV systems for domestic solar heating and lanterns, resulting in avoided GHG emissions from kerosene and unsustainable charcoal use. MOE (Department of Energy Affairs)\uf020 MOLG, District Councils, CSOs, NGOs\uf020 US$ 4 million  conditional\uf020 Reduced dependence on traditional biomass fuels, which is vulnerable to climate variability. Reduced pressure on forests and forest biodiversity."


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"Increase of afforestation and reforestation in catchment areas to cover areas not yet considered, and address deforestation and degradation c. Increase of sustainable utilization and monitoring of groundwater resources d. Monitoring of leakage and control in piped networks to avoid water loss e. Water use efficiency f. Improvement in the coverage of rural piped water supply and\f  MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION g. Development of nationwide water quality monitoring framework systems. 6.4.3 Blooming biodiversity and ecosystems and eco-tourism The actions to promote the conservation and flourish biodiversity and ecosystems in a resilient way include: 1."


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"Increased adoption of improved nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive practices. Nutrition assessment, counselling, and support services linked to livelihoods targeting adolescents, adults, and children b. Increased adoption of improved nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive practices. Promote dietary diversity and integrate nutrition-sensitive practices across sectors, primarily agriculture, health, education, WASH and c. Increased adoption of improved nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive practices. Promote nutrition-specific practices through SUN framework and Care group model, primary health care, therapeutic care, support, and treatment 3. Social support a."


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"Increased off-farm business for rural community having access to energy also increases adaptative capacity. \uf020 \uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 Grid connected large scale solar PV  Displacement of GHG emissions from fossil fuel power generation, including coal-fired, diesel and HFO generation. MOE (Department of Energy Affairs) MERA, EGENCO, ESCOM, Department of Lands, IPPs US$ 1.1 billion  conditional Reduced dependence on fossil fuels including imported liquid fuels, the supply and distribution of which are vulnerable to climate impacts both globally and regionally."


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"Increasing and strengthening the delivery of Micro finance, Public Works Programmes, school meals Programmes, Social cash transfer and Village and Savings and Loans (VSL) schemes\f  MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION b."


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"Increasing population growth has however brought about great demand for fish for domestic consumption leading to an increase in the number of fishermen, localized fishing, and reduced fish catches. In recent years, fish landings have fallen dramatically due to overfishing and environmental degradation. Similarly, the overdependence on traditional biomass (wood, charcoal) and other fossil fuels to meet the country\u201fs growing energy needs are threatening Malawi\u201fs climate as forest resources are being depleted as carbon sinks (GoM, 2020)."


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"Instead, NDC measures were identified from existing sources within Malawi and subsequently classified as conditional and unconditional by each of the consultant teams drawing upon the technical analysis, existing information and discussions with focal points. These were provided for review and validation by government departments and other stakeholders. Following completion of the technical analysis, covering the BAU development and mitigation analysis, a validation workshop was held with national experts and government representatives alongside a series of regional and local dissemination and stakeholder events."


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"Institute and upscale drought mitigation interventions; Developing new irrigation schemes (using drip irrigation kits) & rehabilitating/modernising old schemes 15. Climate Smart Agriculture; Reforestation and Water supply 16. Crop/livestock and fish farming intensification & diversification; Integrated crop- livestock-aquaculture-forest production systems; Animal health year-round for improved food security and nutrition Animal health year-round for improved food security and nutrition 17. Establishing community and multiplication seed banks; Improved community participation in seed selection, storage and management 18."


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"Institute and upscale drought mitigation interventions; Establishing locally based plant clinics 2. Establish risk financing and investment including weather index insurance and other solutions at the national and sub national levels inclusive of microfinance and insurance products for smallholder and commercial farmers; Establishment and execution of customized risk and financing solutions for the agriculture sector. 3. Mechanize agricultural production with targeted support to smallholder farmer; Agriculture & mechanisation 4."


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"Institutional arrangements for tracking Malawi\u2019s NDC Overview of Institutional Arrangements Policy and strategic decision levels Roles and Responsibilities PCGs on Agriculture Productivity and Commercialization; Industrialization; and Urbanization. The Pillar Coordination Groups (PCGs) will be responsible for spearheading medium to long-term implementation and reporting of progress on the three pillars of the National Vision: Agriculture Productivity and Commercialization; Industrialization; and Urbanization14."


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"Integrate flood risk management in the design and construction of public and private infrastructure: Passive cooling measures, Mini-piled underpinning, including pile and beam, cantilever pile caps and piled rafts; Raising roads, road re-alignment, pavements and adding additional drainage capacity; Realigning natural water courses etc. c. Conducting slope stability studies in an attempt to minimize incidents of landslides as a result of increased precipitation and d. Construction of offshore breakwaters, groins to protect shorelines from coastal erosion. 6.4.6 Healthy and protected people To promote public health and social protection in the face of climate change, the proposed adaptation actions and measures include: 1."


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"Integrated watershed management: a. Development and strengthening of water policies, integrated land use management policies, plans and approaches in priority watersheds and reservoirs b."


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"Investments in new and alternative renewable energy sources and the promotion of sustainable forest management practices will be an absolute necessity if deforestation and forest degradation are going to be halted. For the agricultural sector, enteric fermentation, manure management and the use of chemical fertilisers are major sources of emissions, resulting from farming activities as the nation strives to ensure household food security."


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"It describes the emissions sources covered by the contribution according to the latest national GHG inventory year, the development of BAU emissions projections by sector to 2040, the expected contribution from mitigation measures according to each sector, and the associated funding requirements expected for both the unconditional and conditional components."


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"It is evident that climate change is making Malawi\u201fs pathway to prosperity more difficult, more complex and costlier than before. Vulnerability to climate change impacts in Malawi is caused by factors such as deep\u2013rooted poverty, high dependence on subsistence rain-fed agriculture, rapid human population growth that results in pollution and overexploitation of natural resources. Malawi\u201fs Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) demonstrates the commitment of the Malawi Government to meeting its obligations towards addressing the challenges of climate change."


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"It is in light of the above that the country s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) has been developed in direct response to decisions adopted at the 19th and 20th Sessions of the Conference of the Parties (CoP) to the  1 2008 Population Census by National Statistical Office - Population Projections sourced from   population-projections-for-malawi.html\f UNFCCC."


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"It is proposed that fundamental and/or methodological changes are not made within the period to the main target (covering all sources excluding FOLU) and that the FOLU contribution in future NDC periods be refined/adjusted based on additional technical assessments and the finalised national forestry reference level (FRL).5 The bottom-up sectoral projections are aggregated below to produce an economy-wide forecast of BAU emissions through 2040 (Figure 5-3 and Table 5-2)."


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"It is supported by the joint Technical Committee on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management (TCCC&DRM) which provides technical guidance on all climate change, disaster risk management and resilience issues in Malawi. The TCCC&DRM reports to the NSCCC and includes representatives from various government entities as well as civil society, donor parties and private sector. The committee is co-chaired by the Department of Climate Change and Meteorological Services (DCCMS) and the Department of Disaster Management Affairs (DODMA)."


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"It is the government\u201fs vision that implementation of the NDC will build Malawi\u201fs resilience to overcome challenges of climate change and embrace the opportunities that are available to enable the country lay a solid foundation for a sustainable and prosperous Malawi in line with the Malawi Vision 2063."


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"It reaffirmed the structure and approach for the NAP process, linking it to existing or planned policies, plans, strategies and legislation that will enable Malawi to address its medium- and long-term adaptation needs. The NAP stocktaking report prepared in 2016 served as a key foundation for the NAP Framework by reaffirming Malawi\u201fs readiness to proceed with the NAP process."


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"It was proposed that the adaptation actions take on the four building blocks of the NAP process, namely: (i) national development strategies, (ii) capacity development, (iii) knowledge and information management, and (iv) sustainable partnerships."


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"Its objective is to advise the Cabinet on the protection, conservation and sustainable utilization of renewable and non-renewable natural resources and the environment to ensure equitable and enhanced socio-economic development of the people of Malawi\f  MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Overview of Institutional Arrangements Policy and strategic decision levels Roles and Responsibilities MOFNR serves as chair of the Natural Resources SWG (NRSWG) Acts as a forum for dialogue, ownership and accountability of the environmental and sustainable development agenda and making the case for NDC MRV to all stakeholders at sector level."


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"Key: Unconditional (UC) Capacity requirements (CR), technology requirements (TR) and finance requirements (FR) Sectors Intended policy based action UC CR TR FR Energy Supply Produce 2000 solar water heaters (SWH) \ufffd Increase SWH from 2,000 to 20,000 by 2030 \ufffd \ufffd \ufffd Install 20,000 solar PV systems \ufffd Increase Solar PV from 20,000 to 50,000 by 2030 \ufffd \ufffd \ufffd Produce 2 million litres of bio-diesel/year \ufffd Increase biodiesel from 2 to 20 million/ year \ufffd \ufffd \ufffd Produce 18 million litres of ethanol/ year \ufffd Increase ethanol production from 18 to 40 million litres per year \ufffd \ufffd \ufffd Increase number of passengers using mass transport by 1% \ufffd Increase number of passengers using mass transport by 30% \ufffd \ufffd \ufffd Producing 351 MW of hydro electricity \ufffd Increase generation of HEP by 800MW by 2025 \ufffd \ufffd \ufffd Energy utilization Distribute energy saving cook stoves to 400 000 households \ufffd Increase the number of households adopting energy saving stoves to \ufffd \ufffd \ufffd Industrial Processes Increase use of soil-cement stabilized block and rice husk ash blended cement to"


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"Lilongwe: Department of Disaster Management Affairs. GoM, 2019a. 2018 Malawi Population and Housing Census. National Statistics Office, May 2019. GoM, 2019b. Malawi REDD+ Program National Forest Reference Level. Ministry of Natural Resources, Energy and Mining. March 2019. GoM, 2020. The Third National Communication of the Republic of Malawi to the Conference of the Parties (COP) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change\f  MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (UNFCCC). September, 2020.19 (note that the final published version was submitted February, 2021). GoM, 2021."


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"MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 1.2 Outline of this document This document describes Malawi\u201fs updated first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) for mitigation and adaptation for the period 2015 to 2040. It is structured as follows: \uf0b7 Section 2 describes Malawi\u201fs national circumstances. \uf0b7 Section 3 presents Malawi\u201fs approach to climate change and a brief summary of its policy response through national, regional and global efforts to tackling climate change \uf0b7 Section 4 summarises the NDC revision process covering both the mitigation and adaptation contributions."


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"MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2 National circumstances This section provides a brief overview of Malawi\u201fs national circumstances, including the country\u201fs vulnerability to climate change, its natural resources, and its key socio-economic 2.1.1 Vulnerability to climate change In Malawi, natural resources and the environment play a very significant role in influencing social and economic development at both household and national levels (GoM, 2016a)."


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"MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 5 Mitigation contribution Malawi\u201fs mitigation contribution takes the form of a reduction in GHG emissions relative to a business-as-usual (BAU) emissions baseline over the period to 2040. The contribution comprises of two components: \uf0b7 Unconditional contribution: A reduction of 6 per cent relative to BAU in the year 2040; equivalent to an estimated mitigation level of 2.1 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2e) in that year."


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"MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Each key risk is characterized as very low, low, medium, high, or very high. Risk levels are presented for the near-term era of committed climate change (here, for 2030\u20132040), in which projected levels of global mean temperature increase do not diverge substantially across emissions scenarios. Risk levels are also presented for the longer-term era of climate options (here, for 2080\u20132100), for global mean temperature increase of 2\u00b0C and 4\u00b0C above pre-industrial levels."


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"MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Estimated costs for adaptation measures through 2040  \f  MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 7 Monitoring, reporting and verification framework 7.1 Tracking the NDC target All Parties to the UNFCCC are required to implement a domestic monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) system that can annually quantify national GHG emissions by sources and removals by sinks, and report the specific actions made to identify and implemented mitigation measures."


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"MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION IX A detailed assessment of identified GHG mitigation options for Malawi estimates a total emissions reduction potential of around 17.7 million tCO2e in 2040 against the BAU scenario emissions in the same year of 34.6 million tCO2e, equivalent to a reduction of 51 per cent."


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"MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Institutional arrangements for tracking Malawi\u2019s NDC implementation  \f  MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 7.2.1 Role of TCCC&DRM in coordinating NDC MRV Additional to its normal functions, the joint TCCC&DRM shall perform the following functions through the Adaptation and Mitigation EWGs. Where the NDC MRV roles fall beyond the expertise available within the TCCC&DRM, the committee shall co-opt such expertise, as necessary."


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"MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Key data providers for tracking the NDC Mitigation Line Ministry Activity / Indicator Lead Agency Key data providers / stakeholders MOE Energy related Department of Energy Affairs, MERA EGENCO, ESCOM, Department of Mines, MOLG, District Councils, District Energy Offices, District Forestry Offices, Area and Village Development Committees, private sector (mining companies, IPPs) MOTPW Transport related indicators Department of Road Traffic and Safety Services, Department of Rail MOLG, Passenger Associations, Bus Operators Associations, City Councils, Road Transporters Association, Railway Operator, District and City Councils, private sector (transport providers) MOI Industry related indicators Department of Factory Inspectorate, MERA, NCIC EAD, Department of Housing, , Malawi Bureau of Standards, private sector (cement companies) MOFNR, MOLG Waste related indicators City and Town Councils Department of Energy affairs, MERA, EAD, Department of Water Resources MOA Agriculture related indicators MOA Department of Crop Development, Department of Animal Health and Livestock Development, Department of Land Resources and Conservation, MOFNR, DADOs, LUANAR, ADDs MOFNR Forestry related indicators Department of Forestry FRIM, LUANAR, District Agriculture Development Offices and District Forestry Offices Adaptation Line Ministry"


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"MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Key focal points informing NDC mitigation analysis  Because the measures identified for analysis were based upon existing studies, sources and official documents which have applied multi-criteria evaluation and extensive in-country stakeholder consultation to arrive at prioritised measures (i.e. INDC, TNC, NAMAs and various sectoral policy documents), a revised bottom-up evaluation of all potential mitigation options was not undertaken."


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"MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION MEASURES LINE MINISTY (FOCAL POINT) OTHER KEY ACTORS ESTIMATED FUNDING MITIGATION BENEFITS ALIGNMENT WITH SDGs TIMELINE CLIMATE SERVICES EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS AND HAZARD MONITORING Nationwide community-based EWS and flood monitoring, prioritized in problematic rivers Ministry of Forestry and Natural Resources (Department of Water Resources) DODMA, DCCMS million uc: US$ 70m c: US$ 180m Protection of assets that promote low carbon development and mitigation \uf061 Designing, testing, and executing multi-hazard contingency plans Ministry of Homeland Security Department of Disaster Management Affairs DCCMS, Department of Water Resources million uc: US$ 75m c: US$ 100m Protection of assets that promote low carbon development and mitigation \uf061 \uf061 \uf061 Integrating DRM risk assessment and monitoring in all sectors, including public works and transport infrastructure Ministry of Homeland Security Disaster Management Affairs MOEPD&PSR US$ 75 million uc: US$ 55m c: US$ 20m Protection of assets that promote low carbon development and mitigation \uf061 MEASURES LINE MINISTY (FOCAL POINT) OTHER KEY ACTORS ESTIMATED FUNDING MITIGATION BENEFITS ALIGNMENT WITH SDGs TIMELINE WATER DROUGHT MANAGEMENT MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION MEASURES LINE MINISTY"


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"MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Overview of Institutional Arrangements Policy and strategic decision levels Roles and Responsibilities MOEPD&PSR (EPD) The MOEPD&PSR is responsible for: \uf0b7 Tracking and reporting on finance provided to NDC measures (domestic and international) \uf0b7 Overall coordination of M&E activities from planning, data collection, and reporting at all levels \uf0b7 Preparing annual MGDS III reports using the sectoral contribution reports including the environmental and natural resources sector and ensuring that NDC MRV forms part of the annual reporting \uf0b7 Monitoring macroeconomic indicators and ensure their integration within the NDC planning, updating and reporting as relevant National Planning Commission (NPC) The National Planning Commission (NPC) shall be responsible for coordinating the design and implementation of, and reporting on medium to long term NDC measures to ensure alignment with the MGDSIII and Malawi Vision 2063."


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"MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Prioritised needs for Agriculture and Water Sectors, Adaptation Technologies Sector Priority (rank) Adaptation technology Agriculture Landscape restoration for improved land productivity Integrated crop-livestock-aquaculture-forest production systems Community-based agricultural extension Water Rainwater harvesting Integrated river basin management Integrated flood management Source: GoM (2020) \f  MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION References European Commission (EC), 2021. Malawi NDC Energy Sector Report. Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), 2020. Global Perspectives Studies. Online forecast data, accessed 15 October 2020. See www.fao.org/global-perspectives- Government of Malawi (GoM), 1998."


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"MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Proposed land areas for FOLU mitigation measures (hectares, ha)  Estimated net reductions from FOLU mitigation measures through 2040 \f  MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Evaluating the measures Economic analysis indicates that many of the identified projects will require significant financial support. Developing country Parties to the UNFCCC are asked to identify the \u201emeans of implementation\u201f relating to their NDC mitigation measures, including the scale of international support required."


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"MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Table 6-2   Strategic adaptation actions Objective Pillar Strategic Adaptation Actions Adaptation actions Promote enabling environment to facilitate CCA mainstreaming Institutional framework  1. Establishment of the institutional arrangements for the multi-sector coordination of climate change actions, including the definition of its composition and mandate NAP\u201fs mandate 2."


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"MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION X Figure ES-1 NDC emission reduction scenarios (excl. FOLU)  Adaptation Malawi\u201fs adaptation contribution prioritises adaptation interventions and develops sector- level performance indicators and targets."


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"MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION XV Contents FOREWORD . i PREFACE ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . iii ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . vii INTRODUCTION 1 Background . 1 Outline of this document 2 NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES . 3 MALAWI\u2019S CLIMATE CHANGE RESPONSE . 7 NDC REVISION PROCESS . 9 Mitigation . 9 Adaptation . 12 MITIGATION CONTRIBUTION 13 Overview 13 GHG emissions inventory . 14 Mitigation potential . 18 Implementation plan . 32 Funding requirements 45 ADAPTATION CONTRIBUTION . 47 Overview 47 Vulnerability and resilience 47 Methodological approach . 52 MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION XVI Resilience and assessment of adaptation responses 53 Targets and indicators for resilience . 61 Implementation plan . 61 Funding requirements 84 MONITORING, REPORTING AND VERIFICATION FRAMEWORK . 86 Tracking the NDC target . 86 Institutional arrangements . 87 Data provision . 94 MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION . 98 Finance needs . 98 Capacity building and technology transfer 100 REFERENCES . 104 MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION At the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) in Paris, on 12 December 2015, Parties to the United Nations Framework"


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"MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION reductions are presented as a GHG volume (tCO2e) through the NDC period rather than for a single end target year. These are shown as conditional and unconditional target values as summarised below in Figure 5-10. At present, Malawi\u201fs FRL is provisional only and so the estimated net emissions reductions measures arising from additional FOLU interventions through 2040 are not quantified in relation to the FRL."


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"MINISTY (FOCAL POINT) OTHER KEY ACTORS ESTIMATED FUNDING MITIGATION BENEFITS ALIGNMENT WITH SDGs TIMELINE MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION MEASURES LINE MINISTY (FOCAL POINT) OTHER KEY ACTORS ESTIMATED FUNDING MITIGATION BENEFITS ALIGNMENT WITH SDGs TIMELINE INFRASTRUCTURE HEAT AND DROUGHT-PROOFING\uf020 Installation of solar shading devices Department of Housing\uf020 Department of Energy Affairs Cost unknown Use of renewable energy sources and promote energy efficiency \uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 Location of appliances that generate waste heat outside the insulated envelope Department of Housing\uf020 Department of Energy Affairs\uf020 Cost covered under Mitigation interventions\uf020 Use of renewable energy sources and promote energy efficiency \uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 Minimizing hard landscaping materials which absorb heat during the day and re-radiate it at night Department of Housing Department of Energy Affairs US$ 39 million uc: US$ 24m c: US$ 15m Use of renewable energy sources and promote energy efficiency \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 Application of ventilation and cooling strategies Ministry of Transport and Public Works (Buildings Department) Department of Energy Affairs US$ 39 million uc: US$ 31m c: US$ 8m Use of renewable energy sources and promote energy efficiency \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 MALAWI\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION MEASURES LINE MINISTY (FOCAL POINT) OTHER KEY ACTORS ESTIMATED FUNDING MITIGATION"


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"MOA (Department of Animal Health and Livestock Development) Department of Land Resources and Conservation, MOFNR, LUANAR, NGOs, donors US$ 43 million  uc: US$ 4m c: US$ 39m Increased food security and resilience of livestock farmers and rural communities through enhanced yields. Increased access to clean and sustainable energy sources."


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"MOA (Department of Animal Health and Livestock Development) MOFNR, LUANAR, NGOs, donors US$ 2.3 billion  uc: US$ 1.6bn c: US$ 0.7bn Increased food security and resilience of livestock farmers and rural communities through introduction of more drought resistant livestock species and enhanced yields.  \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 Improved farm management Establishing biogas digesters, promotion of collective farms, improved manure management and promotion of slurry systems, resulting in reduced or avoided N2O and CH4 emissions."


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"MOA (Department of Animal Health and Livestock Development) MOFNR, LUANAR, NGOs, donors million  uc: US$ 48m c: US$ 72m Increased food security and resilience of livestock farmers and rural communities through enhanced yields."


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"MOA (Department of Crop Development) Department of Land Resources and Conservation, MOFNR, LUANAR, NGOs, donors million  uc: US$ 148m c: US$ 221m Enhanced effectiveness of fertilizer application supports resilience and agricultural efficiency of vulnerable farmers. Reduced compostable waste related health risks such as dengue fever. Enhanced soil fertility and reduced soil erosion.  \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 Improved rice management practices  Deep organic fertiliser application and improved biomass and fertilizer management in rice and nitrification inhibitors application, resulting in reduced N2O emissions from mineral N- fertilizer use."


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"MOA (Department of Crop Development) MOFNR, LUANAR, NGOs, donors million  uc: US$ 233m c: US$ 100m Enhanced effectiveness of fertilizer application supports resilience and agricultural efficiency of vulnerable farmers. Reduced compostable waste related health risks such as dengue fever. Enhanced soil fertility and reduced soil erosion.  \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 LIVESTOCK\uf020 Improved livestock husbandry Improved livestock husbandry through expansion of new fodder area under Brachiaria and Napier, reducing CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation and increasing biomass carbon stock."


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"MOA (Department of Crop Development)\uf020 Department of Land Resources and Conservation, MOFNR, LUANAR, NGOs, donors < US$ 1 million\uf020 Increased food security and agricultural resilience through enhanced soil fertility, increased crop stability and reduced soil erosion."


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"MOA (Department of Crop Development)\uf020 MOFNR, LUANAR, NGOs, donors million  uc: US$ 236m c: US$ 236m Increased food security and agricultural resilience through enhanced soil fertility, increased crop stability and reduced soil erosion. Cleaner water provision, through reduced nutrient and soil runoff.\uf020  \uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 \uf061\uf020 Conservation agriculture: conservation tillage Support and implementation of the planned expansion targets for conservation tillage to improve soil conservation, resulting in increase of soil carbon stock and  improved crop yields."


