# document

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"A further desk review included an assessment of similar actions previously completed within the country, at national and/or subnational levels. It is important to note that costs for some actions may change over time; it may be necessary to reconsider cost estimates as new information comes to light."


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"A growing community of development partners, private sector and government institutions is pulling together behind for the need to address climate impacts to achieve global climate goals.5 Namibia has embraced the NDC Partnership\u2019s integrated planning process to strengthen coordination, resource mobilisation and transparency on NDC implementation.  1.5 Namibia\u2019s Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation: Policy and Planning 1.5.1 Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation activities Namibia developed a national climate change strategy and action plan for the period 2013-2020, with two mitigation themes: sustainable energy and prioritized low carbon development, and transportation."


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"AFOLU had the least increment (3%) because of the nature of options created which are non-technological and the mitigation potential of the sector is almost saturated. Beyond that limit, AFOLU may shift to being an emitter of GHGs."


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created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:24
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"According to the analysis, mitigation measures identified within the AFOLU sector account for the highest proportion (approximately 79%) (Table 2.4) compared to other sectors.  \f  FIGURE 2.1. MITIGATION CONTRIBUTION AGAINST BUSINESS-AS-USUAL (BAU).  Figure 2.1 illustrates the emission projections for the BAU scenario and Namibia\u2019s mitigation contribution for all measures (unconditional and conditional). By 2030 avoided emissions are estimated to be around 21.996 MtCO2e, representing a reduction against BAU of around 91% (figures are given in Table 2.4.)."


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"Accounting Methodologies The implementation and outcome of the contribution will be tracked and accounted for on the basis of the national GHG inventories compiled and presented in the National Communications and Biennial Update Reports submitted regularly to the UNFCCC secretariat. The method used for compiling the inventories will be those recommended by IPCC, namely the IPCC 2006 Guidelines and software. The Global Warming Potentials adopted are from the IPCC Second Assessment Report."


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"Adaptation action Ministry Co-benefits (mitigation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Conditional/ Unconditional Gender Youth Private sector SDGs Bush biomass utilization and value addition (Bush based animal feed production, biochar application, drought resilience, improved food security, bush- to-energy, employment & income creation)  Biodiversity conservation Conditional \u2022 Include gender indicators in forestry management monitoring and evaluation.  authorities, policymakers, general public, etc)  Support agroforestry interventions to ensure food security (biomass of fodder, meat and Non-Timber Forest Produces (NTPs)) in Namibia\u2019s most vulnerable communities."


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"Adaptation action Ministry Co-benefits (mitigation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Conditional/ Unconditional Gender Youth Private sector SDGs Improve water demand management, particularly at the local level and in the agricultural, industrial, mining and tourism sectors Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform. \u2022 Improvement in synergy and engagement between/among water users \u2022 Improved water allocation and abstraction limits \u2022 Improved productivity Conditional Monitor and control groundwater use more strictly Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform."


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"Adaptation action Ministry Co-benefits (mitigation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Conditional/ Unconditional Gender Youth Private sector SDGs Improvement of support services and capacity building to crop production resilient to climate change by promoting research, trials and up-scaling climate-smart farming systems that increase resilience to climate change."


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"Adaptation action Ministry Co-benefits (mitigation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Conditional/ Unconditional Gender Youth Private sector SDGs Install sea walls barriers and barrages Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources \u2022 Protection of infrastructure and property \u2022 Reduced replacement, maintenance and insurance costs Conditional Tourism  Promote sustainable tourism and provide capacity building for climate change innovation in Namibia\u2019s tourism sector."


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"Adaptation action Ministry Co-benefits (mitigation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Conditional/ Unconditional Gender Youth Private sector SDGs Promoting climate resilience in livestock management through strategies such as the creation of fallback grazing areas and mixing small and large stock herds of various breeds (Climate Smart Agriculture) Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform."


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"Adaptation action Ministry Co-benefits (mitigation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Conditional/ Unconditional Gender Youth Private sector SDGs Support community- based adaptation practices in both rural and urban areas Ministry of Urban and Rural Development (MURD) \u2022 Establishment of alternative means of income i.e. diverse livelihoods, networks, social protection, etc."


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"Adaptation action Ministry Co-benefits (mitigation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Conditional/ Unconditional Gender Youth Private sector SDGs Water resources  Provide full support for integrated water resources management Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform. \u2022 Sustainable management of water resources \u2022 More positive and water conservative attitudes and practices \u2022 Cross-sectoral use of water monitoring and management data  Unconditional \u2022 Establishment of well-defined gender-inclusive mandates with responsibilities for the implementation of many of the elements of the IWRM Framework."


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"Adaptation action Ministry Co-benefits (mitigation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Conditional/ Unconditional Gender Youth Private sector SDGs create a space of certainty within which investments, planning and development activities can be undertaken. 3. Safety net and buffer for people shortly after a catastrophic event 4. Insurance can spur transformation by incentivizing risk reduction behaviour and fostering a culture of prevention- focused risk management.  TOTAL ADAPTATION FUNDING REQUIREMENT:  \f  BLANK PAGE"


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"Adaptation action Ministry Co-benefits (mitigation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Conditional/ Unconditional Gender Youth Private sector SDGs of vulnerability to climate change \u2022 Monitoring gender balance in fisheries and aquaculture production \u2022 Timely decision- making processes for mitigation and adaptation to climate change. These are crucial to avoid the costs of inaction and to ensure environmental, social and economic sustainability of seafood production."


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"Adaptation action Ministry Co-benefits (mitigation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Conditional/ Unconditional Gender Youth Private sector SDGs the resources needed, and even in the event of a concurrent emergency important to note that gender roles and relations can either enable or constrain adaptive capacities. \u2022 Identify gender- oriented opportunities to adapt to climate change and to enhance health equity."


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"Adaptation action Ministry Co-benefits (mitigation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Conditional/ Unconditional Gender Youth Private sector SDGs \u2022 Decrease in vector and water-borne diseases (malaria, cholera) Climate-proof the public health system Ministry of Health and Social Services  Conditional Strengthen and provide capacity building for water and sanitation systems Ministry of Health and Social Services  Conditional Disaster risk management  Strengthen capacities for disaster risk preparedness, contingency planning and risk reduction Ministry of Urban and Rural Development (MURD) \u2022 Establishment of necessary regulatory quality for disaster risk standards to be applied effectively."


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"Adaptation action Ministry Co-benefits (mitigation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Conditional/ Unconditional Gender Youth Private sector SDGs \u2022 Increase in literacy encourages change in attitudes and behaviour. It also enables the local community to adapt to climate change trends including collection, analysis and reporting of gender data, to better understand the health implications of climate change and climate policies."


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"Adaptation is thus an obligation for the country to fulfil its role within the international context. The INDC on adaptation has been developed on the basis of the sectoral strategies, plans, and vulnerability and adaptation assessments to climate change conducted for the country. These assessments have been undertaken to guide policies and strategies, mainstream adaptation to climate change in the development programmes to enable the country adapt while building resilience in the medium to longer term."


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"Adaptation measures proposed in this updated NDC cover the following aspects; minimise the loss of human life, property and damage to the environment from hazards of natural and ecological origin, advocate an approach to disaster risk management that focuses on reducing risks especially to those sections of the population who are most vulnerable due to poverty and a general lack of resources (both urban and rural communities), advocate for a shared awareness and responsibility to reduce disaster risk in communities, and in society generally, and to facilitate partnerships in this regard between organs of state, the private sector, non- governmental organisations and communities."


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"Additionally, data are collected by the various government departments and fed to the National Statistics Agency for regular analysis to help assess progress and achievement of government plans and enable updating of strategies and plans. These analyses will serve as a barometer and support Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) for identifying vulnerability areas, mitigation activities and other more specific needs. They will also serve as indicators to evaluate progress of both m-INDC and a- INDC initiatives."


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"Already involved in data collection and transmission activities. Agribank of Namibia Loan provider\f  Name of Stakeholder Current role in climate change management Meat Cooperation of Namibia (Meatco) (Parastatal) Data provider of the GHG emissions inventory on the livestock sector. Already involved in data collection and transmission activities. National Commission on Research Science and Technology Research clearance Namibia Meteorological Services Data provider on adaptation."


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"Already involved in data collection and transmission activities. Namibia Energy Institute Serves as a national information resource base for sustainable energy use and management. Already involved in data collection and transmission activities. International University of Management (IUM) Already involved in data collection and transmission activities. Desert Research Foundation Studies and surveys for GHG inventory and EFs Namibia Medical Society Works towards cost-effective and efficient health service provision to the people of Namibia through the existing medical capacity and capability."


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"Already involved in data collection and transmission activities. Office of the Prime Minister Member of NCCC and technical working groups.\f  Name of Stakeholder Current role in climate change management Environmental Investment Fund (EIF) Fund supporting the protection of the environment, its biological diversity and ecological life-support functions; and the promotion of sustainable natural resources use for economic development by supporting green and environmental enterprises. Expertise in gender."


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"Although the degree of contribution to global warming varies, Namibia has committed to reducing carbon dioxide emissions into the  6 (Republic of Namibia, 2016a) 7 (Office of the President, 2004)\f  atmosphere because our planet is at stake8. Namibia fully supports the goals of COP21. That is why, during the Harambee period, Namibia is targeting a primarily renewable energy mix. The International Community is called upon to support Namibia in financing renewable energy9."


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"An effective MRV system is necessary to successfully implement Namibia s NDC, which enables the country to monitor the effectiveness of its mitigation and adaptation measures and facilitates access to climate finance. Following the national institutional framework for climate change management, the climate change unit in the Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism is responsible for tracking progress. The Project Management Unit coordinates the day-to-day issues related to the development of reports. Sector leads have been identified for each of the IPCC sectors, see Figure 5.1."


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"As part of climate change adaptation policies and investments, Namibia needs to focus on reducing its vulnerability and planning for measures to mitigate natural disaster risks."


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"As such, cross-sectoral and multi-stakeholder initiatives, such as this collaboration, are significant to support education and public awareness for adapting to and mitigating the impacts of climate change and continuing to oversee the implementation of these activities in line with the Harambee Prosperity Plan.6  1.6 Namibia\u2019s medium- and long-term development plans Namibia\u2019s Vision 2030 document adopts a strategic approach for long-term sustainable development."


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"As such, the country will not be able to allocate adequate funding to meet the climate change agenda, even if this is of prime importance to it. Efforts, including incentives to attract private investors, have been deployed to bring in the funds needed.  5 MONITORING, REPORTING AND VERIFICATION FOR NDC TRACKING  5.1 MRV systems in Namibia Namibia\u2019s efforts will undoubtedly contribute to the global efforts to mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change."


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"Assessment and evaluation of essential baseline data and variables, such as GDP, industrial production, population, consumption, expenditure, land-use, soil quality, water quality, precipitation and evaporation are critical fields. In essence, the NDC partnership plan is to make provision for the collection of baseline data as well as the expansion of tracking and monitoring data related to the various aspects of the NDC implementation process."


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"Barriers to adaptation include reduced extension service and slow uptake of Climate Smart Agriculture and Conservation Agriculture techniques.  3.2.3 Coastal zones Tide gauge records from L\u00fcderitz and other localities on the west coast of southern Africa over the last 30 years have revealed an estimated sea-level rise that is comparable with the global measurements.20 Given the lack of natural and human-made protective infrastructure to storm surges, the coastal areas are highly vulnerable to sea-level rise."


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"Based on the 2016/17 Namibia Intercensal Demographic Survey and the 2006/07 National Demographic and Health survey, the main causes of death in children under five years (diarrhoea (42%), undernutrition (40%), malaria (32%), acute respiratory infections (30%)) have a strong environmental component linked to climate. The main causes of adult mortality are AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. Since these diseases often co-occur, it is difficult to establish the exact cause of death."


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"Based on the collection of data and other information for producing the last 3 GHG inventories and mitigation and needs chapters of the 3 BURs, it is evident that the present institutional arrangements for the MRV of Emissions (GHG inventory) are still weak and need strengthening while the MRV for Mitigation and Support are still in their infancies."


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"Baseline scenarios used in this report demonstrate emissions that would have occurred in the absence of certain mitigation policies. Baselines can also be used as a reference to set a target (\u201ctarget baselines\u201d); this updated NDC will focus on baseline targets as communicated within Parties\u2019. The baseline scenarios were built on Key Assumptions linked to driving variables such as GDP, industrial output, population, consumption, investment etc. Namibia\u2019s NDC target has been expressed in relation to the baseline scenario."


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"Biological options are more natural, less likely to produce adverse consequences and more cost-effective than most physical  20 (\u201cThe Report on 1.5\u00b0C Global Warming-Relevant Aspects for Climate Services,\u201d 2019)\f  options. They include dune cordons, estuary and wetland rehabilitation, and kelp beds. Institutional options are policy or decision-making responses. Added options include vulnerability mapping and risk communication, design and implementation of appropriate and effective legislation, the establishment of early warning systems, research and monitoring and design of appropriate insurance products to address sea-level rise."


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"Broad avenues for adaptation to climate change in the future will come from: \uf0b7 Improving technical capacity at the national and sub-national levels to develop a greater understanding of climate change and its effects; \uf0b7 Developing and implementing appropriate responses and adaptation strategies to reduce the impacts of floods, low rainfall and high temperatures on people, crops, livestock, infrastructure and services; \uf0b7 Agricultural adaptation strategies could include: coordinating the timing of ploughing and crop planting with rainfall events; using drought-resistant crop varieties and livestock breeds; shifting livestock to alternative grazing areas and; implementing soil and water conservation policies and practices; \uf0b7 Improving ecosystem management, protection and conservation; \uf0b7 Developing common goals and facilitating better integration of different policies and practices in vulnerable sectors; and \uf0b7 Developing policies and programmes that accommodate and encourage new and diverse livelihood options while generating financial capital."


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"Building off progress already made through Namibia s existing climate plans and policies, the Namibia NDC Partnership Plan identifies priority areas set by the government for implementation of its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) under the Paris Agreement. The Plan takes ongoing action into account but, more importantly, looks to the future for development partners to deliver on their responsibility in supporting the global south to fight climate change."


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"Bush biomass utilisation and value addition (Bush based animal feed production, biochar application, drought resilience, improved food security, bush-to-energy, employment & income creation)  MEFT\f  Adaptation action Lead Ministry Timeline SDG link 17. Support agroforestry interventions to ensure food security (bush-based livestock feed, other biomass for fodder, meat, and Non-Timber Forest Produces (NTFPs)) in Namibia\u2019s most vulnerable communities. MEFT Coastal zones  18. Introduce legislation to reduce property and infrastructure development in environmentally sensitive areas and areas at risk of sea-level rise MFMR 19."


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"Changes in the quality of wildlife viewing, wildlife numbers and vegetation because of climate change are expected to affect the demand for wildlife tourism, which is estimated to be as much as a 15 % reduction in tourism demand.  3.2.6 Disaster risk management With climate change contributing to an increase in disaster risk, disaster risk management becomes a vital and urgent component of any climate change adaptation program."


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"Civil aviation office Data provider of the GHG emissions inventory on LTOs and bunkering Already involved in data collection and transmission activities. Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME) Data provider for mitigation and adaptation policies, specifically responsible for information on energy policies and electricity generation. Namibia Roads Authority (NRA) Data provider of the GHG emissions inventory on vehicles and road transport. Already involved in data collection and transmission activities. Namibia Airports Authority (NAA) Data provider of the GHG emissions inventory on civil aviation."


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"Climate Public Expenditure and Institutional Reviews (CPEIRs), and numerous international databases Statement of gaps, barriers, and needs Understand resources needed to execute near-term action or planning National assessment; subnational (sector, location, etc.)"


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"Climate change goal and context, the long term vision for GHG emissions management Namibia is located in the South western region of the Africa continent, covers a land area of 825 418 km2 and has a 1 500 km long coastline on the South Atlantic Ocean. The country is one of the biggest and driest in sub-Saharan Africa with characteristic high climatic variability in the form of persistent droughts, unpredictable and variable rainfall patterns, high temperature variability and scarcity of water."


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"Climate change is already exacerbating the causes of infant and adult mortality, and this will likely worsen in the future.  Adaptation needs and barriers in the Namibian health sector include cross-sectoral cooperation and collaboration, accessibility, and effectiveness of health care infrastructure, especially among the poor segments of the population, a lack of understanding of the linkages between climate and health in Namibia."


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"Climate change trends, impacts and vulnerabilities Historical climate data analysis shows an increase of about 0.2oC for every decade. Projections made using dynamical downscaling of 6 and 10 Global Circulation Models (GCM\u2019s), indicated increases of the order of 0.6 to 3.8oC for the 2035 - 2065 time period relative to 1961 - 2000. The highest temperature rise is projected to be inland. Historical rainfall data indicate a decreasing trend accompanied by changes in precipitation pattern."


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"Comprehensive regulatory framework for environmental protection and sustainable development is in place. Most of the country\u2019s coastal areas are protected, national parks and significant areas of the EEZ have restrictions in place regarding access to and the use of natural marine resources. There are existing structures and procedures to monitor industry activities and the exploitation of natural marine and coastal resources."


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"Conditional Rehabilitate wetlands and estuaries Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources \u2022 Restoration of ecosystems and conservation of biodiversity \u2022 Water pollution remediation and reduction Conditional\f  No."


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"Coordinate use of surface and groundwater resources and artificially increase the recharge rate of groundwater aquifers to reduce evaporation MAWLR 4. Improve water demand management, particularly at the local level and in the agricultural, industrial, mining and tourism sectors MAWLR 5. Establish nation-wide monitoring and control of groundwater use more strictly MAWLR 6. Prioritize seawater desalination MAWLR Agriculture  7. Promoting diversification of crops to hedge against erratic rainfall and shorter seasons (Climate Smart Agriculture) MAWLR 8."


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"Current GHG emissions profile \u2013 data source: Latest national GHG inventory (based on IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories covering  13 (Vaidyula & Hood, 2018)\f  CO2 emissions, CH4 and N2O emissions, and HFC emissions including PCFs, SFs). If not available, proxies for estimating current GHG emissions profiles, governmental annual estimates. Sources include inventory reports, Biennial Reports and Biennial Update Reports, and National Communications, sector-specific analyses.  TABLE 2.2. TYPES OF INFORMATION USEFUL FOR CONTRIBUTIONS INCLUDING ADAPTATION COMPONENTS."


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"Current and planned adaptation undertakings and support Adaptation to climate change has been an unconditional part of the national development system since quite some time now as a means to build resilience. It can be anticipatory or reactive, private or public, autonomous or planned. Government has already acted in these directions with a preference for risk reduction and enhancement of resilience, constituting the medium to long term process, as opposed to the reactive approach."


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"Current/potential adaptation options and issues in the agriculture and forestry sectors include implementation of Climate-Smart Agriculture, bush-thinning and the sustainable utilisation of bush biomass, improved water management, improved monitoring and early warning, the development of knowledge and decision-support systems, and the development of new crop varieties and technologies to support farming."


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"Despite these challenges, and while our contribution to GHG emissions is just 0.003% of the global share, we are committed to climate leadership and intend to promote more successful and bold steps to solve the climate problem facing the world today. In our revised NDC, we have made aggressive proposals to avoid 91% of our BAU emissions by 2030. In addition, if we obtain sufficient foreign funding and aid, we will aim to reach net-zero beyond 2030."


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"Development of improved crop varieties that adapt to climate change (Climate Resilient Agriculture) MAWLR 9. Enhancing access to farming inputs (i.e. seed and fertilizer) availability and maintain consistency in yields (Climate Resilient Agriculture) MAWLR 10. Promote protected cultivation and improved planting methods for enhancing water use efficiency and crop productivity (e.g., greenhouses net houses, mulching, spot MAWLR\f  Adaptation action Lead Ministry Timeline SDG link planting/zero tillage) (Climate Resilient Agriculture) 11."


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"Development of improved crop varieties that adapt to climate change (Climate Resilient Agriculture) Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform. \u2022 Improved plant genetics \u2022 Increased resilience to climate change and natural disasters \u2022 Improved food production Conditional Enhancing access to farming inputs (i.e. seed and fertilizer) availability and maintain consistency in yields (Climate Resilient Agriculture) Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform."


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"Efforts have been deployed to develop the MRV systems and build capacity domestically to sustainably assess and report emissions, mitigation actions, including emissions reductions and support needed and received within the framework of the UNFCCC."


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"Emissions come from the use of fuelwood, production of charcoal and wood removals for construction and other purposes, especially in the rural areas. The livestock industry is also a major contributor through mainly enteric fermentation but offers restricted mitigation avenues on account of the extensive production system."


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"Emissions of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) used as refrigerants are addressed by the commitments made under the Kigali Amendment of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer which have been ratified by the Republic of Namibia in May 2019. To prevent lock-in of highly climate-damaging HFC refrigerants in the time between now and the first Kigali Amendment phase-down step in 2029, the Republic of Namibia aims to implement early action on the reduction of HFCs and the introduction of climate-friendly alternatives."


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"Energy Electricity generation Transport Solar Thermal Road Map - 20 000 Solar Water heaters (SWH), 3% Solar Rooftop Systems (45 MW PV) - replacing REFIT 170 MW PV - replacing imports plus Ruacana, 45% Embed generation - 13 MW PV replacing \u2026 Omburu 20 MW PV & 20 MW Solar IPP Power Plant - replacing Baynes Hydro - Luderitz Wind 40 MW & 50 MW Wind IPP Power Plant - replacing imports , 4% Biomass Energy plant 40MW - replacing imports, Fuel switching - Hydrogen replacing diesel, Vehicles - replacing Transport \u2013 LDV \u2013 reducing fuel use by 20 per cent, Promote passenger vehicle fuel efficiency, IPPU including RAC AFOLU Replace 23% clinker in cement production, 77% Split residential air conditioners - switch to Car air conditioning - safe disposal of old car Domestic refrigeration - switch to R600a (isobutane) and safe disposal of old refrigerators, 1% Commercial refrigeration (Stand-alone equipment) - switch to R290 (propane) and R744 (CO2) and safe disposal of old Commercial refrigeration (Condensing units) - switch to R290 (propane) and R744 (CO2) and safe disposal of"


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"Enhancement of understanding of gender differences and addressing inequities. These are critical for improving the effectiveness and sustainability of marines and fisheries. engagement in addressing constraints to improving gender equity and equality in coastal zones and fisheries \u2022 Engagement and active involvement of women in potential adaptation actions including building adaptive capacity through education and information, protecting property or land, increasing awareness of impacts, maintaining well-being, sustaining economic growth, or taking advantage of new opportunities.  2."


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"Ensure participation of women on an equal footing in the green economy, notably in regard to their access to clean energy and technology as users and providers of services as well as in subnational, national and multilateral processes related to climate change and disasters/emergency situations."


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"Ensure women equal participation and capacity-building of women and men are the cornerstones of effective intervention."


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"Equity and Ambition Namibia is geared towards a progressive decoupling of GHG emissions from economic growth to match the low carbon pathway embedded in its policies and strategies. Namibia is now taking steps and presenting its contribution to reduce its emissions while also increasing its sinks subject to the conditional provision of the needed resources by the international community."


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"Existing local and regional structures involved in climate change related activities will similarly form part of the implementation committees at their levels within their areas of jurisdictions.  Hence, this same structure will be adopted for the implementation of activities of the INDC. The National Planning Commission (NPC) which is usually the government institution responsible for monitoring implementation of the development programme can assist in monitoring of activities stemming from the INDC also."


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"For example, costs may decrease over time due to falling technology costs or barriers being removed by relevant policies.  4.1 Mitigation Funding requirements Figure 4.1 provides an estimated $3.61 billion in funding required for any identified mitigation options by 2030. These represent the requisite capital investment costs for equipment and infrastructural resources. Investment levels for each sector are roughly equal to the projected mitigation shares for each emitting sector. AFOLU accounts for 49% of the total funding requirements for the 2020-2030 timeline."


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"For the RAC sector the main barriers hindering the uptake of highly efficient, low-GWP RAC appliances include 1) The absence of market guidance and/or incentives for investment in energy-efficient and climate-friendly products, 2) Standardised technician training regarding maximisation of energy efficiency and safe-handling and installation of climate-friendly (natural) refrigerants which are flammable and/or toxic limited and requires\f  strengthening and expansion, 3) Lack of a standardised MRV system, 4) Lack of public awareness of climate- friendly refrigerant alternatives, such as natural refrigerants, 5) Current lack of financial mechanisms to support the replacement of high-GWP and inefficient units."


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"From an adaptation perspective, bush thinning and the sustainable utilisation of bush biomass in line with the restoration of savanna rangelands thus yield significant benefits. Corresponding activities and value chains are supported by the National Rangeland Management Policy and Strategy and the ongoing Bush Control and Biomass Utilization projects/initiatives.  Most of the current climate change adaptation projects, and programs in Namibia tend to focus on capacity building, knowledge communication, field implementation, and policy formation and integration, with all nationally implemented projects supporting community-based adaptation."


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"Fuel economy (FE) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission standards regulations will be used as one of the main instruments available to Namibia to achieve significant improvements in fuel consumption and GHG emissions from light-duty vehicles (LDVs). These standards through continued development and application of fuel-efficient technologies will reduce carbon emissions by 3% of total GHG emissions."


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"Further measures that will build on Namibia\u2019s existing efforts include fuel switching to replace inefficient fuels with cleaner and economical alternatives, such as substituting hydrocarbons for hydrogen or electric energy. Complimented by modern equipment upgrades, fuel switching is a simple approach that Namibia will use in reducing energy consumption and costs for end-users, while also curbing carbon emissions."


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"Further work, brainstorming and consultation with stakeholders has led to the design of an improved MRV concept which will take on board objectively performing institutional arrangements to make the systems functional in the coming years, after appropriate capacity building. The proposed new concepts for the 3 MRV systems are presented in the BUR3, the intent being to meet the requirements of the Paris Agreement (PA)."


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"Furthermore, a National Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan for the period 2013-2020 has also been developed and paves the way to the strategic options to be adopted for coping with climate change challenges while contributing to the international agenda to meet decisions  of the Conference of the Parties (COP).  The cross-sectoral National Climate Change Committee (NCCC), which was created in 1999, oversees all climate change related activities."


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"Furthermore, reduction of wood removals, reducing deforestation, reforestation, forest management, preservation of protected areas and reserves, improved pasture management and curtailing of wild fires will be tracked by respective Ministries through the responsible Directorates, and in close collaboration with other institutions and the private sector. Since this sector is being refined, namely the maps f0r more accurately evaluating changes, Namibia reserves its right to amend this component of its INDC in the future."


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"GHG inventory lead for the Energy sector, including mitigation. Involved in data collection and transmission activities Ministry of Water, Agriculture and Land Reform (MAWLR) It oversees monitoring and reporting in key sectors of climate change mitigation (AFOLU) and adaptation in agriculture, forestry, and water management.  GHG inventory lead for AFOLU Sector, including mitigation.  Already involved in data collection and transmission activities. Ministry of Industrialisation Trade and SME Development (MITSMED) It oversees monitoring and reporting on IPPU adaptation and mitigation.  GHG inventory lead for IPPU Sector."


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"Gaps, Barriers and Needs Some of the recurrent gaps faced by the country are inadequate human capacity, lack of in-depth vulnerability studies, restricted access to the latest technologies, limited coverage of the country for systematic observation, relatively low awareness of a large segment of the population and, last but not least, insufficient funds to correct the gaps and barriers while enabling the country to embark on adaptation in sectors already strained by climate change."


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"However, Namibia takes climate change issues seriously and the submission of the INDC is a clear testimony that the country is committed to fight climate change. To this end, Namibia has put in place policies and strategies to deal with the adverse impacts of climate change. We see climate change as a major threat to the economic development and the general welfare of the Namibian society. Implementation of this INDC will represent a major challenge to the government of Namibia."


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"However, local institutions such as the Environmental Investment Fund also provide support to climate change adaptation activities.  3.2 Impacts and priorities for adaptation. For the development of the Fourth National Communication19, climate change impacts and vulnerability was assessed for the most vulnerable sectors, namely water resources, agriculture, forestry, coastal zones, tourism, human health and disaster risk management.  3.2.1 Water resources Namibia relies on dams, ephemeral rivers and aquifers for its water supply."


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"However, the resulting emissions will be accounted for under the Energy sectors.  TABLE 2.5. SUMMARY OF ESTIMATED GHG MITIGATION POTENTIAL FROM ALL MEASURES."


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"However, women are also said to have limited access to capital, productive land, knowledge and services and these factors, in turn, decrease the resilience and adaptive capacities of women. As part of this NDC update, Namibia acknowledges the importance of addressing gender issues, particularly women\u2019s participation in climate action. Most priority actions have a specific target for women\u2019s participation.  In the implementation phase of this NDC, detailed baseline gender/youth climate assessments and evaluations which include just transition strategies are to be conducted."


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"INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR NAMIBIA\u2019S NDC MRV MANAGEMENT: RESPONSIBILITIES AND ROLES IN CLIMATE CHANGE MANAGEMENT. Name of Stakeholder Current role in climate change management Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism (MEFT) Responsible for coordinating, managing climate change issues in the country and implementation of the UNFCCC. The MEFT is also responsible for the coordination of the transposition and implementation of environmental laws in the field of environmental and climate change."


id: 5e15f41f73f3442c6da887723584364a
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"If the funding available under the financial mechanism of the UNFCCC remains at its current level and continues to rely mainly on voluntary contributions, it would not be sufficient to address the estimated future financial flows needed for mitigation and adaptation. However, with the right policies and/or incentives, a substantial part of the required additional investment and financial flows could be covered by currently available sources."


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"Implementing mitigation actions in the AFOLU sector is challenging given a lack of data and complexities associated with multiple stakeholders at multiple scales. Land ownership coupled with high financial costs, a harsh arid climate, lack of technology and capacity are some of the challenges facing Namibia.  Limited waste is generated in Namibia (due to a small population). There are long distances between the municipalities making it expensive to transport waste. There is also inadequate waste characterisation."


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"Improve access to timely and relevant information MHSS 34. Strengthen the policies required to effectively address both slow-onset and catastrophic events MHSS 35. Develop health-centred adaptation strategies MHSS 36. Climate-proof the public health system MHSS 37. Strengthen and provide capacity building for water and sanitation systems MHSS Disaster risk management  38. Strengthen capacities for disaster risk preparedness, contingency planning and risk reduction MURD 39. Implement vulnerability and risk mapping MURD 40."


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"Improve access to timely and relevant information Ministry of Health and Social Services  Unconditional Strengthen the policies required to effectively address both slow-onset and catastrophic events Ministry of Health and Social Services \u2022 Improved health and reduced resources use, \u2022 Increased resource efficiency, \u2022 Economic security, \u2022 Sustainability of ecosystems \u2022 Increased economic dynamism Conditional Develop health- centred adaptation strategies Ministry of Health and Social Services \u2022 Enhance and further mainstream climate- related awareness \u2022 Mitigation of slow onset and catastrophic events (e.g."


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"Improve information flow and communications between formal structures at the national regional and community levels MURD 41. Support community-based adaptation practices in both rural and urban areas MURD 42. Improve monitoring and documentation of extreme events MURD\f  Adaptation action Lead Ministry Timeline SDG link 43. Develop pro-poor disaster insurance schemes MURD  3.4 Cross-cutting areas In this update, crucial areas of climate change policy and implementation are adequately addressed, specifically 1) Gender; 2) Youth involvement; and 3) Private sector engagement."


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"Improve monitoring and documentation of extreme events Ministry of Urban and Rural Development (MURD) \u2022 Improvement in monitoring and evaluation \u2022 Improved disaster management and response efforts Conditional Develop pro- poor disaster insurance schemes Ministry of Urban and Rural Development (MURD) 1. Poverty alleviation and enhanced resilience to climate change impacts. 2. Insurance promotes opportunities by helping to lessen financial repercussions of volatility and, in the longer term, Unconditional\f  No."


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"Improvement in, and an optimal combination of mechanisms, such as the carbon markets, financial mechanism of the Convention, ODA, national policies and, in some cases, new and additional resources\u2013 will be needed to mobilize the necessary investment and financial flows to address climate change.  \f  4.5 Barriers and Opportunities towards the NDCs implementation The implementation of mitigation actions faces multiple barriers in various areas such as institutional, organisational, financial and technology technological issues."


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"Improvement of support services and capacity building to crop production resilient to climate change by promoting research, trials and up- scaling climate-smart farming systems that increase resilience to climate change. MAWLR Forestry  15. Restoration of the savanna through bush thinning for increased land productivity, improved food security, improved groundwater recharge and increased biodiversity. MEFT 16."


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"In 2010 reductions of the order of 162 Gg CO2-eq was achieved unconditionally through government funding and this is estimated to exceed 216 Gg CO2-eq in 2015.  This emission reduction will result from investments made through the Solar Revolving Fund, the commissioned hydro generation plant of Ruacana and other DSM measures being implemented and planned. This unconditional share will represent about 10% of the mitigation potential when taking into consideration implemented and planned measures up to 2030."


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"In 2015 the Namibian Government submitted its ambitious NDC with a pledge to reduce its national emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) by 89% by 2030. Since then, the Parties have agreed to announce a new round of enhanced NDCs. Hence Namibia has taken this major step to raise its mitigation ambition from 89% in 2015 to 91%."


id: aae9167399bda0d11b24979fe16dcf3d
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"In addition to capacity building and technology transfer, Namibia estimates that some US$ 22.6 billion at 2015 prices will be required to implement the a-INDC component successfully. Means of Implementation The Cabinet of Namibia is the Government entity responsible for approving policies. The INDC will not be an exception to this rule and after the required technical validation, it will be officially endorsed by Cabinet before submission to the UNFCCC."


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"In addition to putting in place gender-friendly infrastructure, adaptation measures are to address the underlying causes of vulnerability, such as poverty, lack of empowerment, and weaknesses in health care, education, social safety nets and gender equity. \u2022 Undertake gender- sensitive assessments and gender- responsive interventions that enhance health and health equity. \u2022 Conduct gender- sensitive research, depression, etc and the need to prepare and build resilience in the face of extreme events due to the changing climate."


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"In many cases, legislation can be outdated and can be a serious barrier to implementation of some of the measures of the INDC. In the case of Namibia, there is an urgency to review existing legislation, regulations and norms to frame these in accordance with climate change concerns."


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"In the cement industry use of extenders and other materials to replace GHG-intensive clinker has been one way of reducing the GHG intensity of cementitious products. The challenge is that the long-term properties of these products are not known. This makes it difficult to find an appropriate \u201cproperties\u201d metric to use as the denominator."


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"In the preparation of this report, we prioritised and favoured options from the very broad possibilities that exist for both mitigation and adaptation, as well as the most attractive ones, on the basis of their potential for successful adoption at national level. Some of these actions will yield positive results in both mitigation and adaptation areas while benefiting other sectors of the economy at large.\f6  Mitigation Contribution  Timeframe Type of Contribution The contribution will be economy-wide."


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"In this context, the country is strengthening the existing institutional arrangements, to ensure a robust and transparent climate action that would enable to build a vibrant national Measurement, Reporting and Verification system (MRV). The system is expected to harmonize and track all data needs of the relevant local and international stakeholders."


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"In this updated NDC Namibia aims to reduce emissions by 91 per cent below 2030 BAU levels.  1.3 NDC implementation process 1.3.1 Building Namibia\u2019s Adaptive and Mitigative Capacities Namibia has put in place a National Climate Change Policy of 2011 and the National Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 2013-2020 (NCCSAP), aimed at building the country s adaptive and mitigative capacities by  N Namibia commits to reduce unconditional part and 77% conditional part) in 2030 compared to BAU (24.167 MtCo2e)."


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"Institutional arrangements for Namibia\u2019s NDC MRV management: Responsibilities and roles in climate change management. . 39\f EXECUTIVE SUMMARY  Introduction Namibia is resolutely committed to the Paris Agreement, and to taking practical and ambitious action to reduce emissions and ensure a climate-resilient economy. The revised NDC allows for a robust assessment of Namibia\u2019s mitigation and adaptation actions supported by a comprehensive stakeholder-driven dialogue mechanism and enhanced data."


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"Integrated Rural Development and Nature Conservation Works towards improving the lives of rural people by diversifying the socio-economy in Namibia\u2019s communal areas to include wildlife and other valuable natural resources. Provides capacity building training with a focus on building women\u2019s leadership skills. Namibian Development Trust Seeks to ensure improved livelihoods and empower rural communities Media Institute of Southern Africa (NAMIBIA) MISA is a media institute, providing media and literacy training and access to information."


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"Investments in energy\f  facilities account for the bulk of the remaining requirement. The AFOLU (49%) and energy sector (38%) mitigation actions require the most funds and these are mostly conditional upon international support. FIGURE 4.1. MITIGATION INVESTMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR ALL MEASURES.  Energy USD 1.36 billion  IPPU including RAC USD 0.23 billion AFOLU USD 1.75 billion Waste USD 0.27 billion Total USD 3.61 billion  4.2 Adaptation funding requirements The following figure 4.2 summarises the financial needs by sector in the adaptation as reported by each Ministry."


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"It also incorporates new development opportunities and aims to address challenges that have emerged after the formulation of NDPs.  1.6.3 National Development Plan For the first time in a National Development Plan (NDP5), Namibia included an intermediate emissions reduction target (Greenhouse gas emissions 30% reduction against Business As Usual projection, by 2022). This target is a carbon budget which the country can \u201cspend\u201d in diverse ways by allocating emission rights and commitments among those sectors most responsible for greenhouse gas emissions."


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"It can accommodate unforeseen changes in exogenous factors through recalculation.13 Accounting method: Relative to base year/period emissions. Compares net emissions in the target year(s) with net emissions in the base year/base period. The difference between the two values is applied toward target achievement. Accounting under this approach reflects changes in emissions relative to past performance."


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"It further drastically decreases the suitability for eco-tourism and specifically the carrying capacity for both livestock and wildlife in large parts of Namibia, thus adversely affecting the land productivity and rural livelihoods. Bush thinning improves the livestock industry resilience to climate change. This industry accounts for 90% of all agricultural production in Namibia with approximately 60% of households owning cattle, including nearly 40% of poor households."


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"It has been estimated that this could result to an annual decrease of the GDP by some 6.5%. The resulting decline of the GDP will seriously hinder the country\u2019s progress while also preventing the empowerment of the poorest segments of the population that are most vulnerable to climate change."


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"It is also important to highlight an additional area related to Youth. During the NDC implementation and particularly for mitigation measures in the AFOLU, Namibia will seek to promote youth participation in climate change projects and awareness campaigns. Since young people and future generations will inherit the worst impacts of the climate crisis and bear the future costs of the decisions made today21, Namibia recognises that the youth are a driving force for higher climate ambition."


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"It is envisaged that a shared vision will be realised and that all these constituencies will be effectively harmonised in the implementation of the long-term strategy.  8 (Republic of Namibia, 2016a) 9 (Republic of Namibia, 2016b)\f  2 MITIGATION CONTRIBUTION  The mitigation contribution from Namibia is in the form of a reduction in GHG emissions compared to a business- as-usual (BAU) baseline over the period 2015-2030."


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"It is for this reason that Namibia has joined the NDC Partnership, and we believe that it will be a valuable partnership to assist the country to achieve NDC targets and contribute to the overall goals outlined in the Paris Agreement.  Investment in climate mitigation activities will be associated with high perceived and actual risks related to environmental, technological, financial, and regulatory uncertainties."


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"It is not only the largest employer and also critical to livelihoods and food security. Over two-thirds of households practice subsistence cropping and pastoralism, mostly on communally held lands. Agricultural production ranges from the intensive production of horticultural crops) to large-scale production of cereals, mainly maize and millet. Less than 10% of the land surface is used for crop production, while nearly 75% is used for livestock production."


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"It is thus of vital importance that the Green Climate Fund be capitalised rapidly in order to provide the much needed funds to the developing countries to enable them to meet their intended targeted contribution.  Namibia will need the support of the international community to overcome existing barriers, for the appropriation of technologies for both mitigation and adaptation, a sustained capacity building programme in the prioritized areas, technical support and funding to the tune of some 33 billion US$ at 2015 prices."


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"It is to comprise of the following components: mitigation, adaptation, GHG inventory, support received, and support needed. \f  5.1.1 Barriers and Opportunities to MRV Namibia presented conceptual MRV systems in its BUR1 and BUR2, with the intent of implementing the same. To date, some progress has been recorded but this is still insufficient to meet the reporting requirements."


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"Its gender policy is aimed at contributing to better health for both women and men, through health research, policies and programmes which give due attention to gender considerations and promote equity and equality between women and men. Member of NCCC and responsible for resource mobilization for NCCC. National Planning Commission (NPC) Responsible for all national planning activities."


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"Key research areas for mitigation are forest inventories for better assessing the loss in sink capacity, refine emissions and removals estimates and the development of national emission and stock factors.  Sufficient sustained support for capacity and funding will be needed to implement the NAMAs and NAP once they are finalized. \f17  The implementation spans over the full period of 15 years to 2030 and some of the measures have already been planned."


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"Long-term and near-term adaptation visions, goals and targets Namibia is still to prepare its NAP and as such has not yet developed an advanced adaptation strategy and plan. Yet, past experiences of disastrous climate change impacts have obliged government to incorporate climate change adaptation in the development agenda. While the near term vision is prevention and repair, the long term goals and targets are to instil resilience to impacts of climate change in the most vulnerable sectors of the economy."


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"Low GWP Transform 70% MSW to compost and electricity, Increase Recycling of plastic waste and e-waste by 65 per Methane net zero emissions by 2050 (achieve 75% of the\f  technology options, particularly natural refrigerant technology options, exist as an alternative to HFCs for almost any RAC appliance."


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"Low Global Warming Potential technology options, particularly technology with natural refrigerants, exist as an alternative to HFCs for almost any RAC appliance. In the AFOLU sector, the main driver of the 2030 goal is to reduce the deforestation rate. The next 10 years will see a decrease in CO2 equivalents by over 13.5 MtCO2e. Namibia has acknowledged that reforestation, agroforestry and urban forests are vital to both carbon and timber productivity through best forest management practices."


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"MET, N. (2013). National Policy on Climate Change for Namibia. Ministry of Mines and Energy. (2017). National Renewable Energy Policy for Namibia (Issue July). Namibia Statistics Agency. (2019). Namibia Census of Agriculture 2013 2104 - Communal Sector Report (Revised Report) (Issue November). NAZCA. (2019). Climate Ambition Alliance: Net Zero 2050. NDCPartnership. (n.d.). Youth Engagement | NDC Partnership. Retrieved May 15, 2021, from  Nexentury. (2021). O&L Nexentury Acquires KFW/DEG Grant for Green Hydrogen Study | O&L hydrogen-study/ NPC. (2017)."


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"MRV SYSTEM Archiving (NSA & CCU unit- MEFT QA/QC Coordinator (CCU unit - MEFT) Capacity Building (CCU unit - MEFT & International Consultant) Computation of Emissions and QA (International Consultant) Data Providers NSA & other stakeholders Energy Sector Lead (Ministry of Mines and Energy) Water Sector Lead (Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism) IPPU Sector Lead (Ministry of industrialisation, Trade &SME development) AFOLU Sector Lead (Ministry of Agriculture, Water and LAnd Reform)\f  TABLE 5.1."


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"Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture \u2022 Implement effective environmental monitoring systems including environmental and sanitary surveillance and warning system along the coastline. \u2022 Establish partnerships to facilitate the generation of knowledge (basic and applied) through the alliance of research institutions, public regulators, and ocean and marine industries. \u2022 Identify and proclaim marine protected areas to conserve biologically sensitive sites. \f  6. Marine Mining \u2022 Ensure that exploration and mining within the Protected Areas comply with the environmental and economic regulatory frameworks."


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"Meanwhile, in Namibia smaller stationary fuel cell systems have also started to be piloted for residential and tourism consumers 17 The country\u2019s transition to modern fuels in the industry could also be a major area of potential growth for green hydrogen. Namibia is in the process of building the means towards clean energy sources. Currently, a feasibility study to explore whether Namibia can become a leading global contributor to green hydrogen is underway 18."


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"Measure GHG amount % of BAU scenario ENERGY  Increase share renewables in electricity production from 33% to 70% Increase energy efficiency and DSM Mass transport in Windhoek, car and freight pooling IPPU  Replace 20% clinker in cement production AFOLU  Reduce deforestation rate by 75 % Reforest of 20 000 ha per year Restore 15 M ha of grassland Reduce removal of wood by 50 % Afforest 5000 ha per year Plant 5000 ha of arboriculture per year Fatten 100 000 cattle heads in feedlots Soil carbon WASTE  Transform 50% MSW to electricity and compost  Emissions already avoided unconditionally by Namibia prior to 2010 are included in the BAU scenario."


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"Measure GHG amount % of BAU scenario Reduce deforestation rate by 75 % Reforest of 20 000 ha per year Restore 15 M ha of grassland Reduce removal of wood by 50 % Afforest 5000 ha per year Plant 5000 ha of arboriculture per year Fatten 100 000 cattle heads in feedlots Soil carbon WASTE Waste can be valorised through various systems to curb down emissions usually associated with the management practices being used presently."


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"Measure Mitigation % of BAU scenario in 2030 Energy Electricity generation: 1) Renewable Energy Feed-in Tariff (REFIT) 70 MW PV - replacing imports plus Ruacana 2) Solar Rooftop systems (45 MW PV) - replacing imports 3) Embedded generation - 13 MW PV replacing imports 4) Solar power - Omburu 20 MW PV - replacing imports & 20 MW Solar IPP Power Plant 5) Wind power - Luderitz Wind 40 MW replacing imports & 50 MW Wind IPP Power Plant 6) Biomass Energy plant 40MW - replacing imports 7) Hydropower - Baynes Hydro 300 of 600 MW 8) Solar Thermal Road Map - 20 000 Solar Water heaters (SWH) Transport: 9) Promote passenger vehicle fuel efficiency standards (in 80 % of total passenger vehicle population) 10) 10 000 Electric Vehicles - replacing gasoline 11) Fuel switching to low-carbon fuels - Hydrogen replacing diesel 12) Light-duty vehicles (LDV) \u2013 reducing fuel use by 20% Subtotal IPPU including RAC Industry: 13) Replace 23% clinker in cement production Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (Climate-friendly and energy-efficient alternatives): 14) Split residential air conditioners \u2013 switch to"


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"Measures evaluated in the AFOLU sector are: \uf0b7 Increasing the number of livestock heads in feedlots to reduce enteric fermentation by some 4%; \uf0b7 Reducing N2O emissions by about 10% through production of biogas from the feedlot manure; \uf0b7 Reducing chemical fertilizers by 20% through conservation and climate smart agricultural practices, use of organic manure and composts; \uf0b7 Reducing deforestation rate by 75% in 2030; \uf0b7 Reforesting 20 000 ha annually as from 2018; \uf0b7 Implementing agroforestry systems over 5000 ha annually during the commitment period as from 2018; \uf0b7 Converting 5000 ha of grassland annually as from 2018 to arboriculture up to \uf0b7 Reducing wood removal in forests by 50%; \uf0b7 Combating forest and grassland fires; \uf0b7 Restoring 15 million ha of grasslands by 2030; and \uf0b7 Conservation agriculture is practiced over about 80 000 ha by 2030."


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"Meeting the additional investment and financial flows would require a combination of: \u2022 commitments by developed countries to provide additional financial assistance to developing countries under the Convention; \u2022 appropriate national policies to encourage private investment and domestic government investment in mitigation and adaptation measures; \u2022 optimal use of the funds available under the Convention and from other sources to spread the risk across public and private sources; \u2022 expansion of the carbon market through more stringent commitments by Annex I Parties to increase demand and possible additional mechanisms to increase supply; and \u2022 new sources of predictable funds to provide additional external financial flows to developing countries for adaptation and mitigation."


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"Methodologies, latest available data, emissions factors: National objectives and priorities \u2013 data sources: Laws, climate change strategy, economic development strategies and plans, energy planning and policies, transportation plans, water plans, coastal zone plans, agriculture plans, forest protection and management plans, electricity plans, green growth plans, five-year budget documents."


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"Minister Pohamba Penomwenyo Shifeta Minister of Environment, Forestry and Tourism iv ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AAP NAM Africa Adaptation Project in Namibia AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use BAU Business as Usual BUR Biennial Update report CCA Climate Change Adaptation CCU Climate Change Unit COP Conference of The Parties CRM Climate Risk Management DEGREE Demonstration Gobabeb of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency FE Fuel Economy GCF Green Climate Fund GDP Gross Domestic Product GHGs Greenhouse Gases HFCs Hydrofluorocarbons ICTU Information for Clarity, Transparency and Understanding INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contributions IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPU Industrial Processes and Product Use LDVs Light-Duty Vehicles MAWLR Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform MEFT Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism MFMR Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources MHSS Ministry of Health and Social Services MRV Monitoring, Reporting and Verification MSW Municipal Solid Waste v NAD Namibian dollar NAMREP Namibian Renewable Energy Programme NAP National Adaptation Plan NC National Communication NCCSAP Namibia Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan NDC Nationally Determined Contributions NDPs National Development Plans NEEP Namibia\u2019s Energy Efficiency Programme"


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"Ministries with adaptation relevance proposed a total of 49 priority actions. The agriculture, tourism and fisheries sectors are especially critical for adaptation, and several ministries have set goals for both youth and women s participation. Therefore, in Namibia, we see gender-balanced training and the promotion of the youth and women as relevant.  Means of implementation."


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"Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism (MEFT)  Conditional Health  Strengthen the capacity of health professionals in epidemic preparedness and response Ministry of Health and Social Services \u2022 Established mechanisms for developing and implementing an Emergency Risk Management Programme \u2022 Competence in the management of the risks of internal and external emergencies, including epidemics; \u2022 Adaptation to the specific challenges of an epidemic, whatever the nature of the disease and Conditional \u2022 Provision for a climate change sensitive gender dimensions of health care (including mental) and health- seeking behaviours."


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"Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism (MEFT) \u2022 Lower Ecological Impact \u2022 Conservation of biodiversity \u2022 Reduction of land, air and water pollution \u2022 Support of local communities by direct engagement and stimulating their economies \u2022 Environmentally aware and conscious tourists Conditional Engage and ensure active participation of women in \u2022 discussing policy development, decision-making, and strategies for climate change adaptation and mitigation at all levels of action."


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"Mitigation action Baseline and targets Sector GHG mitigation potential - % of BAU scenario Finance costs (USD) Conditionality Renewable Energy Feed- in Tariff (REFIT) 170 MW PV - replacing imports plus Ruacana Energy USD Unconditional Solar Rooftop systems 45 MW PV - replacing imports Energy USD Unconditional Embedded generation 13 MW PV replacing imports Energy USD Unconditional Solar power generation MW PV - replacing imports & 20 MW Solar IPP Power Plant Energy USD Unconditional Wind power generation Luderitz Wind replacing imports & 50 MW Wind IPP Power Plant Energy USD Unconditional Biomass Energy plant replacing imports Energy USD Conditional Hydropower generation Baynes Hydro MW Energy USD Unconditional Solar water heaters Through the Solar Thermal Road Map SWH Energy USD Unconditional Passenger vehicle fuel efficiency standards Promote passenger vehicle fuel efficiency standards in 80 % of total passenger vehicle Transport USD Unconditional\f  No."


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"Mitigation action Baseline and targets Sector GHG mitigation potential - % of BAU scenario Finance costs (USD) Conditionality Savanna grassland restoration million ha of grassland savanna and soil carbo Restoration USD Conditional Agroforestry practice ha of trees per year under Agroforestry Forestry USD Unconditional Urban Forestry Plant 5,000 ha of trees under Urban Forestry Forestry USD Unconditional Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) transformatio n MSW to electricity and compost Waste USD Conditional Waste recycling Increase Recycling of plastic waste and e-waste by Waste USD Conditional Methane net zero emissions Methane net zero emissions of the target Waste USD Conditional  TOTAL MITIGATION FUNDING REQUIREMENT: dollars)  \f Appendix 2: Detailed Adaptation Measures  No."


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"Mitigation action Baseline and targets Sector GHG mitigation potential - % of BAU scenario Finance costs (USD) Conditionality population by Electric Vehicles Vehicles - replacing gasoline Transport USD Conditional Fuel switching Hydrogen replacing diesel Transport USD Conditional Light-duty vehicles (LDV) Reducing fuel use by 20% Transport USD Unconditional Replace clinker clinker in cement production Industry USD Unconditional Split residential air conditioners Switch to R290 (propane) RAC USD Conditional Car air conditioning Safe disposal of old car ACs RAC USD Conditional Domestic refrigeration Switch to (isobutane) and safe disposal of old refrigerators RAC USD Conditional Commercial refrigeration (Stand-alone equipment) Switch to R290 (propane) and and safe disposal of old equipment RAC USD Conditional Commercial refrigeration (Condensing units) Switch to R290 (propane) and and safe disposal of old equipment RAC USD Conditional Reduce deforestation reduce deforestation rate by 75 % Forestry USD Conditional Reforestation Reforest of 20,000 ha per year Forestry USD Conditional\f  No."


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"Mitigation contribution against business-as-usual (BAU).  12 Figure 2.2. Mitigation potential from all mitigation measures.  13 Figure 4.1. Mitigation investment requirements for all measures. . 31 Figure 4.2. Summary needs for adaptation actions.  32 Figure 5.1. Institutional arrangements for NDC tracking.  38  List of tables  Table 2.1. Further information for clarity on baseline target (mitigation).  8 Table 2.2. Types of Information Useful for Contributions Including Adaptation Components.  9 Table 2.3."


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"Mitigation measures (USD) Adaptation measures (USD) Total (USD) Unconditional Conditional Total (USD)  Water resources Agriculture Forestry Coastal zones Tourism Human helth Disaster risk management USD 1.72 billion\f  Extensive research and consultations with sectoral leads were conducted as part of the NDC revision phase to generate conditional and unconditional cost forecasts for mitigation and adaptation steps from 2020 through 2030."


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"Monitoring and Reporting Progress .  \fii  List of acronyms and abbreviations  \u00b0C Degrees centigrade AFOLU Agriculture, Forest and Other Land Use a-INDC Adaptation INDC BAU Business As Usual CCU Climate Change Unit Methane CIA Central Intelligence Agency Carbon dioxide CP or COP Conference Of Parties CSO Civil Society Organisation DSM Demand Side Management eq Equivalent GCM Global Circulation Model GDP Gross Domestic Product Gg Gigagram GHG Greenhouse Gas ha Hectare INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution IPCC Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change IPPU Industrial Processes and Product Use km kilometre M Million MET Ministry of Environment and Tourism m-INDC Mitigation INDC Nitrous oxide NAI Non Annex I NAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action NAP National Adaptation Plan NCCC National Climate Change Committee NGO Non-governmental Organisation NPC National Planning Commission UNFCCC United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change US$ United States Dollar\f1  INDC of the Republic of Namibia to the UNFCCC Preamble Namibia as a Non-Annex I Party to the UNFCCC does not have commitments under the Convention."


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"More effort and investment are being put in place by Namibia to achieve this goal in Namibia\u2019s forest areas. Over 13.5 Mt CO2 equivalent will be mitigated in the next 10 years.  Namibia recognises that reforestation, agroforestry, and urban forestry are key emissions reduction strategies (Table 2.5).  Through the restoration of 15.5 million hectares of degraded savanna, it is expected that 2.3 Mt CO2 equivalent will be reduced from total emissions in 2030 (Table 2.5)."


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"Multiple shortcomings and constraints will have to be overcome while fulfilling the needs for systemic, Institutional and human capacity building, access and transfer of the latest environment friendly and clean production technologies, mitigation techniques and sufficient financing in a timely manner for smooth and successful implementation of the INDC. It is thus of vital importance that the Green Climate Fund be capitalised rapidly in order to provide the much needed funds to developing countries to enable them to meet their intended targeted contribution."


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"Multiple shortcomings and constraints will have to be overcome while fulfilling the needs for systemic, individual and institutional capacity building, access and transfer of the latest environment friendly and clean production technologies, mitigation and adaptation techniques and sufficient financing in a timely manner for smooth and successful implementation of the INDC."


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"NATIONAL GHG EMISSIONS (MT, CO\u2082-EQ) BY SECTOR (2010 - 2015).14  Trend Energy  IPPU  AFOLU Waste  Total emissions Note: The area graphs show the trend in emissions from 2010 to 2015 for the 4 IPCC sectors and total emissions. \f  2.3 Baseline targets in NDCs In this updated NDC, baseline scenarios are defined as a future projected reference level of emissions against which a goal has been established or progress is to be measured."


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"Name of Stakeholder Current role in climate change management Development Bank of Namibia Provides finance for larger enterprises in key economic sectors that are expected to deliver development impact, economic activity and employment. The Bank finances previously disadvantaged Namibians and women entrepreneurs. The DBN has been instrumental in availing climate mitigation funding to non-state actors. University of Namibia Develop national emission factors. Already involved in data collection and transmission activities. Namibia University of Science & Technology Develop national emission factors."


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"Name of Stakeholder Current role in climate change management NBC As the public broadcaster of Namibia, NBC is uniquely positioned to increase the awareness of the public on climate change mitigation, adaptation and reporting. FAO Supports strengthened capacity for disaster risk reduction, resilience building and climate change adaptation and mitigation in Namibia IOM IOM is the leading inter-governmental organization in the field of migration, and works on climate change-induced migration."


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"Namibia Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan NDC Nationally Determined Contributions NDPs National Development Plans NEEP Namibia\u2019s Energy Efficiency Programme NPC National Planning Commission NSA Namibia Statistics Agency RAC Refrigeration and Air Conditioning RES Renewable Energy Sources SADC Southern African Development Community SPA Strategic Priority on Adaptation UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USD United States Dollar vi CONTENTS FOREWORD III ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS . IV CONTENTS VI List of figures .viii List of tables viii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 Introduction 1 Mitigation contribution . 1 Adaptation contribution . 2 Means of implementation. . 2 Measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) framework 2 INTRODUCTION . 3 Namibia\u2019s commitment . 3 A fair and ambitious contribution to achieve the Conventions objective 3 NDC implementation process 3 1.3.1 Building Namibia\u2019s Adaptive and Mitigative Capacities 3 Status of the NDC process in Namibia 4 Namibia\u2019s Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation: Policy and Planning 5 1.5.1 Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation activities 5 Namibia\u2019s medium- and long-term development plans. 5 1.6.2 Harambe Prosperity Plan 5 1.6.3 National Development Plan 6 NDC alignment with long-term mitigation strategies . 6 MITIGATION CONTRIBUTION 7 Accounting for baseline targets in the NDCs ."


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"Namibia Statistics Agency (NSA) Has the national legal mandate to collect and archive all national data; hence they will be a crucial stakeholder for sex- disaggregated data collection in the project.  Key data provider of the GHG emissions inventory, archiving and socio-economics scenarios.  Already involved in data collection and transmission activities. Namibia Agronomic Board (NAB) AD and info on agriculture, fertilizer and practices. Already involved in data collection and transmission activities."


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"Namibia acknowledges that climate change impacts directly the entire chain of national development and is likely to have negative impacts on efforts to achieve development objectives, including the long-term objectives and targets of Namibia\u2019s Vision 2030. The goal of the NPCC has been to contribute to the attainment of sustainable development in line with Namibia\u2019s Vision 2030 through the strengthening of national capacities to reduce climate change risk and build resilience for any climate change shocks."


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"Namibia aims at the introduction of climate-friendly and energy-efficient appliances through the inclusion of a ban on high GWP equipment and the introduction of minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) that generate emission reductions, both from the use of refrigerants (direct emissions) and from low energy consumption (indirect emissions). The measures aim to achieve a penetration of 60% climate- friendly and energy-efficient residential air conditioners, as well as domestic and commercial refrigeration units by 2030."


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"Namibia aspires to continue its development for improving the welfare of its population while reducing poverty index, increase food security, eliminate societal inequalities, guarantee access to safe water and health, empower and educate all citizens."


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"Namibia aspires to continue its development for improving the welfare of its population while reducing poverty index, increase food security, eliminate societal inequalities, guarantee access to safe water and health, empower and educate all citizens. Some of the facts provided below give the status of the country within the global context."


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"Namibia commits to reduce its GHG emissions conditionally by 14% (under limited domestic and international support) and towards 77% (with substantial international support) in 2030 compared to the Business As Usual levels, corresponding to a total reduction by 21.996 MtCO2e. Namibia is committed to combating climate change and accelerating the transition to a climate-resilient, low-carbon sustainable mode of development.  Namibia continues to play a part in an effective global response to climate change."


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"Namibia has placed more focus on adaptation that is currently implemented under four key critical themes, that is, food security and sustainable biological resources; sustainable water resources base; human health and wellbeing; and infrastructure development. Namibia has placed more focus on adaptation that is currently implemented under four key critical themes, that is, food security and sustainable biological resources; sustainable water resources base; human health and wellbeing; and infrastructure development. Awareness-raising efforts are a key feature of reaching the goals of Namibia\u2019s climate change policy."


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"Namibia has significant renewable energy potential and has taken steps to direct investment and creating an enabling environment for private sector investment in renewables. Namibia\u2019s transport is dominated by the road component for both passengers and goods. Taking into consideration the extended geographic nature of the country with low population densities outside its urban areas, there is little prospect for the transport landscape to change in the short or medium term.  4.5.2 IPPU including RAC."


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"Namibia has started to set up a Measuring, Reporting and Verification system and further actions will be taken to strengthen it and make it fully operational within the shortest possible lapse of time. The country also intends to set up a carbon register\f12  to record the outcome of all development activities linked with emission reductions and removals. The same carbon register will be used for emission offsets and trading on the international market."


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"Namibia is currently developing a robust transparency reporting system on its NDC and this would be a final instrument for the national MRV system."


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"Namibia is home to two global biodiversity hotspots (Succulent Karoo floral kingdom and the Namib escarpment) which also happen to be home to a vast array of endemic plants, animals, and other organisms. Notably, Namibia is home to the world\u2019s largest cheetah population and many impressive environmental features, including the oldest desert in the world and Africa\u2019s largest river canyon.  \f  iii  FOREWORD  The existential danger to Namibia remains climate change. We are one of the countries most vulnerable to its adverse impacts."


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"Namibia is providing this information to give greater clarity, transparency and understanding of its baseline and thus, the baseline target, which will facilitate greater understanding of its NDCs, and progress towards and achievement of the mitigation target (Table 2.1).  TABLE 2.1. FURTHER INFORMATION FOR CLARITY ON BASELINE TARGET (MITIGATION). Baseline choice: The dynamic baseline can more easily isolate the level of effort associated with meeting a target since it is recalculated to account for changes in exogenous drivers."


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"Namibia is therefore potentially one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change. The predicted temperature rise and evaporation increase as well as higher rainfall variability will exacerbate the existing challenges that Namibia is facing as the driest sub Saharan country. The potential effects of these climatic changes could prove catastrophic to the communities, population and economy at large."


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"Namibia is to implement an economy-wide target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from 91 per cent below 2015 levels by 2030. The general statement by most countries is to agree to the Talanoa Dialogue2, which states that there should be no backsliding but progression over time. Namibia endorses the Talanoa Dialogue s commitment to no backsliding in this matter."


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"Namibia will explore various de-risking instruments that include insurance, guarantees and derivative-based products, as tools that can directly improve the risk-return profile in favour of low carbon technologies.  It is also expected that the technical and financial support provided by the NDC Partnership will facilitate the closure of information gaps in areas that are critical to determining the status and effectiveness of the NDCs."


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"Namibia will seek to aggressively mobilize funding for innovation in these areas through multilateral financing mechanisms such as the Green Climate Fund and Global Environment Facility, and through bilateral relationships and partnerships with the private sector.  1.7 NDC alignment with long-term mitigation strategies  Ensuring buy-in and ownership of the final strategy by key ministries, departments and agencies, along with non-governmental stakeholders, is crucial."


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"Namibia, as a responsible Party, has showed the willingness to tackle climate change in support to international efforts and has already unconditionally embarked on mitigating GHG emissions. The country is geared towards a progressive decoupling of carbon emissions from economic growth to match the low carbon pathway embedded in its policies and strategies. Namibia is now presenting its ambitious potential contribution to reduce its emissions while also increasing its sinks conditional on the support of the international community."


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"Namibia\u2019s 5th National Development Plan (NDP 5). Office of the President. (2004). Namibia Vision 2030. Republic of Namibia. (2015a). Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) of The Republic of Namibia to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Issue September). Republic of Namibia. (2015b). Republic of Namibia National GHG Inventory Report (Issue August). Republic of Namibia. (2016a). Harambee Prosperity Plan: Namibian Government\u2019s Action Plan towards Prosperity for All. In Harambe Prosperity Plan. Republic of Namibia. (2016b). Harambee Prosperity Plan 2016 - 2020."


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"Namibia\u2019s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution \fi  Namibia\u2019s NDC UPDATE  REPUBLIC OF NAMIBIA  \f  ii  Namibia\u2019s NDC UPDATE C O V E R  P A G E  \u00a9 Cover page image: The demise of Namibia\u2019s oldest and largest trees, the baobabs, some of which have lived for 1,700 years, have begun dying in the last 15 years, because of climate change. The fingerprints represent Namibia\u2019s unique environment and biodiversity which identifies the country."


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"Namibia\u2019s development is guided by its long-term National Policy Framework, Vision 2030, which transcribes into National Development Plans for 5 year periods. The country is currently in its fourth NDP that privileges sustainability within the economic development agenda and aims at a low carbon economy."


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"Namibia\u2019s first NDC in 2015 did not identify blue carbon ecosystem strategies or plans to leverage this potential. As Namibia works to enhance its climate commitments and revise its NDC, there is an opportunity to explore blue carbon potential. In this update, Namibia seeks to highlight the integration of blue carbon in its future NDC revision process. Namibia expects to include these ecosystems in NDCs to benefit from the additional services they provide, including coastal protection, wildlife habitat and water filtration."


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"Namibia\u2019s land sector is reported as a large net sink and will remain so even in the scenario of increased bush biomass harvest. Even the largest upscaling scenarios of bush biomass utilization are not expected to compromise this terrestrial sink. Furthermore, the net impact of bush thinning in combination with the restoration of savanna rangelands is still subject to further research, especially with regards to changes in soil organic carbon."


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"Namibia\u2019s long-term development vision, Vision 2030 aims to achieve a prosperous and industrialised Namibia.7 Actions on reducing current and future emissions include using renewable energy sources and energy-efficient technology among many other actions. Mitigation is rooted in the \u201ctransition to move toward a low-carbon development path\u201d taking into consideration Namibia\u2019s long-term Vision 2030. 1.6.2 Harambe Prosperity Plan The Harambee Prosperity Plan (HPP) acknowledges climate change is a reality of our time."


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"Namibia\u2019s tourism industry has undergone rapid growth in the past three decades, with an average increase in international arrivals of 16% per year on average. This growth rate has made tourism the fastest-growing sector of the Namibian economy. Tourism in Namibia relies largely on the wildlife sector."


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"Nampower Data provider of the GHG emissions inventory on electricity generation. Already involved in data collection and transmission activities. Namibian Dairies Data provider of the GHG emissions inventory on information on cattle feeds. Already involved in data collection and transmission activities. Ohorongo Information on carbon emissions related to Portland clinker production. Already involved in data collection and transmission activities. Ohlthaver & List Group of Companies Data provider of the GHG emissions inventory on the IPPU sector. Already involved in data collection and transmission activities."


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"National Climate Change Committee (NCCC) The multi-sectoral National Climate Change Committee (NCCC) consisting of representatives from relevant ministries and other stakeholders including the private sector, NGOs, academia and implementing partners, oversees the implementation of the climate change policy, including the preparation of National Communications (NC) and Biennial Update Reports (BUR) Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME) The ministry is in charge of monitoring and reporting in the key sectors relevant to climate change mitigation including energy management, energy efficiency and renewable energy."


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"National GHG emissions (MT, CO\u2082-eq) by sector (2010 - 2015). . 10 Table 2.4. Summary of BAU emissions and NDC emissions reduction.  11 Table 2.5. Summary of estimated GHG mitigation potential from all measures.  16 Table 2.6.  Updated Mitigation Contributions (Mt CO2e) by sector.  19 Table 3.1. Adaptation actions. . 24 Table 3.2. Proposed Future adaptation activities in Namibia\u2019s blue economy. . 29 Table 4.1. Estimated mitigation and adaptation finance needed. . 32 Table 5.1."


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"National policies can assist in shifting investments and financial flows made by private and public investors into more climate-friendly alternatives and optimizing the use of available funds by spreading the risk across private and public investors."


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"No regrets options are efforts that are undertaken even if climate change were not happening. In the context of sea-level rise, no regrets options available to Namibia include enforcement of development restrictions within the coastal buffer zone; reduce the degradation of wetlands, estuaries, dune cordons and sandbars; integration of sea-level rise scenarios into future planning decisions; incorporate sea-level rise risks in disaster management strategies and alleviate poverty and improve living conditions."


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"OWL excludes areas with the tree, shrub, or bush cover just specified but of less than 0.5 hectares and width of 20 meters, as well as land predominantly used for agricultural practices (FAO 2000, 2001). 16 The term \"urban forestry\" refers to the management of all trees within a densely populated area, including trees in parks, on streetways, and on private property.\f  TABLE 2.6.  UPDATED MITIGATION CONTRIBUTIONS (MT CO2E) BY SECTOR."


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"On account of this climatic situation, Namibia stands a high risks to suffer from the impacts of climate change. This has prompted government to take necessary actions to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Hence, the National Policy on Climate Change for Namibia was produced in 2011 to better translate government\u2019s will and commitment to tackle climate change."


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"On behalf of the Government and the People of Namibia, I am delighted to present this document as our resolve to do our part in the fulfilment of our national obligations to the UNFCCC and the international community at large. Let us save the planet  Hon."


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"On the other hand, other options are new interventions or investments, additional to the business as usual and existing efforts, designed to improve wellbeing, maintain the environment, and ultimately counter sea-level rise. These options can be classified into physical, biological, and institutional responses. Physical options are hard engineering techniques such as seawalls, groynes, detached breakwaters, and revetments."


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"Our contribution to achieving resilient growth is evidenced by a range of ongoing projects, such as the Community Based Adaptation programmes focusing on agricultural and pastoral communities in the north-central and far northeast region of the country, undertaking community-based projects to build resilience to climate change by increasing resilience against climate-induced land degradation. Also, this NDC will encourage efforts to achieve the government s vision for a  green economy  that encourages balanced economic development while safeguarding our environment."


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"Over the years by 2030, Namibia\u2019s adoption of such standards will result in a market transformation towards vehicles that are increasingly fuel-efficient-consuming less fuel per kilometre driven and thus emitting less GHG. The total mitigation potentials of the RAC sector are essential to Namibia s mitigation options including both direct and indirect emission reductions through climate-friendly refrigeration and air conditioning."


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"Policy on Coastal Management for Namibia, states that one of the policy implementation strategies is to improve the resilience of coastal systems to climate and environmental change. \u2022 Develop a blue economy strategy or policy."


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"Potential contribution of the different measures in the energy sector are listed below. Measure GHG amount % of BAU scenario Increase share renewables in electricity production from 33% to 70% Increase energy efficiency and DSM Mass transport in Windhoek, car and freight pooling  IPPU Namibia is not a highly industrialized country and thus emissions from this sector are minimal. However, there exists a cement production unit with clinker production integrated."


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"Primary economic sectors which are natural resource based such as agriculture, fisheries and mining account for about one third of the total GDP. Income distribution in Namibia is unusually inequitable. With an estimated Gini coefficient of 0.6 (2015 CIA World Factbook), Namibia has one of the most inequitable income distribution in the world. More than half of the population depends on subsistence agriculture and in drought years, food shortages are a major problem in rural areas."


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"Progress has been made but there remain challenges relating to: \u2022 Systematic availability of all data required for the UNFCCC reports; \u2022 Sufficiency of resources to implement the MRV components exhaustively; \u2022 Adequate capacity to undertake mitigation assessments; and \u2022 Formalised roles and responsibilities of institutions and individuals for accountability.  5.1.2 MRV Capacity Needs A major gap identified is the inability of the system to effectively aggregate the cumulative effects of individual mitigations and adaptation actions as well as evaluating policy measures."


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"Projections for rainfall are more difficult and remain uncertain with a higher probability for a reduction. The most destructive first order climate risks, most evident and experienced in the recent years, are long lasting floods and droughts. These in turn impacted heavily and directly on the population, and indirectly on human activities and resources such as agriculture, livestock, water, the coastal zone, natural ecosystems, biodiversity and health, amongst others."


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"Promote community-based natural resource management data collection and archiving MEFT 28. Diversify livelihoods in communities dependent on CBNRM initiatives such as the Namibian Conservancy programme and Community Forests. MEFT\f  Adaptation action Lead Ministry Timeline SDG link Health  29. Strengthen the capacity of health professionals in epidemic preparedness and response MHSS 30. Recruit and train community health workers to provide emergency first aid MHSS 31. Improve staff training on prevention and treatment of malnutrition MHSS 32. Enhance and further mainstream climate- related awareness MHSS 33."


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"Promote the use of water targeting only irrigation of high-value crops (Climate Resilient Agriculture) MAWLR 12. Promoting climate resilience in livestock management through strategies such as the creation of fall-back grazing areas and mixing small and large stock herds of various breeds (Climate Smart Agriculture) MAWLR 13. Enhance integrated pest management as an ecosystem approach to crop production and protection (Climate Resilient Agriculture) MAWLR 14."


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"Promotes the application of meteorology to aviation, maritime operations, water resources, agriculture, health, energy, tourism, environment and other sectors of the national economy. To acquire and preserve Namibia s national climate data for use by the present and future generations and posterity. City Council of Windhoek Data provider of the GHG emissions inventory and mitigation on the waste sector. Already involved in data collection and transmission activities. TransNamib Data provider of the GHG emissions inventory on rail transport. Not involved in data collection and transmission activities."


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"REPUBLIC OF NAMIBIA  Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) of The Republic of Namibia to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change  \fi  Table 0f Contents  Page Preamble  Summary  National Circumstances . Mitigation Contribution . Adaptation Contribution  Means of Implementation . Summary of Needs ."


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"Recognising this gap in the reporting framework, this is a very urgent item on the agenda of the country and is considered of utmost importance in the near future, in line with the revision of the NDC and its implementation post-2020."


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"Recruit and train community health workers to provide emergency first aid Ministry of Health and Social Services Personnel are fully aware of their roles in preparing for, and responding to, an emergency, improving community well-being and confidence in the health care system Unconditional Improve staff training on prevention and treatment of malnutrition Ministry of Health and Social Services \u2022 Improved local community being wellbeing \u2022 Early detection of malnutrition \u2022 Greater awareness in the local community in nutrition planning and supplementation \u2022 Improved health care system Conditional Enhance and further mainstream climate-related awareness Ministry of Health and Social Services \u2022 Better understanding by the local community on health and other impacts of global warming and measures to address climate change Unconditional\f  No."


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"Red Cross Society Support gender-responsive disaster management and humanitarian action related to climate change. The Namibian Association of Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) Support Organisations (NACSO) As an association comprising 8 Non-Government Organisations (NGOs) and the University of Namibia, NACSO provides services to rural communities seeking to manage and utilise their natural resources in a sustainable manner. Could provide support on the linkages between gender and climate change."


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"Regions within Namibia that are particularly targeted for adaptation interventions are the northern parts of the country, including Kavango, Zambezi, Oshikoto, Oshana, Ohangwena, Omusati, and the northern part of Kunene Region.  Most of the adaptation activities are implemented with funding donor and international multilateral institutions such as the Green Climate Fund, Adaptation Fund, Global Environmental Fund (GEF), European Union (EU), United States Agency for International Development (USAID), GIZ, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), etc."


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"Renewable Energy, Engineering and Built Environment \u2022 Enhance the use of renewable energy potential across the ocean and coastal environments (hydro, desalination, fogging, solar, wind, biomass and geothermal) \u2022 Improve climate-resilient engineering and building standards for infrastructure in housing, rail, transport, coastal, waste management, telecoms, refrigeration, and energy. 2. Coastal Land Use Planning \u2022 Protect the 1500 km coastline beaches against erosion, which will include the prioritization of EBSAs (islands, wetlands, and riverine basins)."


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"Republic of Namibia. (2016c). National GHG Inventory Report NIR 2 (Issue September). Republic of Namibia. (2018). National GHG Inventory Report NIR 3 (Issue October). Republic of Namibia. (2019). National GHG Inventory Report NC4 (Issue September). Republic of Namibia. (2020). Namibia\u2019s Fourth National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Issue March 2020). The report on 1.5\u00b0C global warming-relevant aspects for climate services. (2019). Climate Services. UNDP. (2018). NDC Partnership | UNDP in Namibia.\f  partnership.html UNFCCC. (2018). 2018 Talanoa Dialogue Platform."


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"Research and monitor sea-level rise MFMR 20. Undertake vulnerability mapping MFMR 21. Collaborate with the insurance market to guide investment in coastal areas MFMR 22. Develop an early warning system MFMR 23. Rehabilitate wetlands and estuaries MFMR 24. Install sea walls barriers and barrages MFMR Tourism  25.  Promote sustainable tourism and provide capacity building for climate change innovation in Namibia\u2019s tourism sector. MEFT 26. Implement conservancies, tourism and adaptation programs based on community- based natural resource management (CBNRM) MEFT 27."


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"Resource management capacities of women are an important basis for designing meaningful responses to climate change and disaster prevention, response  Implement vulnerability and risk mapping Ministry of Urban and Rural Development (MURD) Identification of other vulnerable groups that would otherwise be missed and incorporated into the planning and mitigation/adaptation process Unconditional Improve information flow and communications between formal structures at the national regional and community levels Ministry of Urban and Rural Development (MURD) Increased awareness and effective regulation and dedicated investments in disaster management Unconditional\f  No."


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"Sector INDC Updated Variance %   Change Energy  IPPU (including RAC) AFOLU Waste  TOTAL  Green hydrogen, which uses renewable energy to produce hydrogen from water, is taking off around the globe including Namibia. Green hydrogen will play a crucial role in reaching the emissions neutrality goal, and it would be economically convenient. Opportunities exist today to pilot both green hydrogen for low-emission transport solutions and fuel cells for remote power provision."


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"Sector Mitigation potential % BAU scenario Energy IPPU Namibia aims at a reduction of about 89% of its GHG emissions at the 2030 time horizon compared to the BAU scenario. The projected GHG emissions to be avoided in 2030 is of the order of 20000 Gg CO2-eq inclusive of sequestration in the AFOLU sector and compared to the BAU scenario\f3  AFOLU Waste Total The measures contributing to mitigation in the different sectors are provided in the table below."


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"Sector Mitigation potential % of BAU scenario Energy IPPU AFOLU Waste Total The sectors covered in this INDC are the four IPCC sectors Energy, Industrial Production and Product Use, Agriculture Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) changes, and Waste. ENERGY The rationale behind the measures in the energy sector relates to broad actions to shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources, improve energy efficiency through various DSM measures, and reduce fossil fuel consumption through a series of measures in the road transportation sector."


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"Sector Mitigation potential (MtCO2e) % Reduction compared to BAU scenario in 2030 Energy IPPU & RAC AFOLU Waste Total  1 (Ministry of Mines and Energy, 2017) Namibia commits to reduce its GHG emissions conditionally by at least 91% of its BAU scenario emissions by 2030.\f  Adaptation contribution Adaption is still a relevant feature in Namibia and the country is considered one of the most vulnerable countries to the impacts of climate change. The country is particularly vulnerable to flooding and droughts."


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"Sector-wise, Energy outnumbered the other three with 31 actions, followed by eight in AFOLU, three in Waste and one in IPPU. Out of these, 24 actions have been completed or implemented in the Energy sector and 7 in the AFOLU sector."


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"Sectoral activities rest with the respective Ministries through their concerned Directorates. The Namibian Government and development stakeholders have come together to join forces in delivering on the country s commitments to advance the Paris Agreement. A newly developed Partnership Plan connects international resources for climate mitigation and adaptation to five priority areas set by the government and builds a community around climate action in Namibia."


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"Several members of the NDC Partnership have already pledged to support Namibia\u2019s ambitions through the Partnership Plan, including the African Development Bank, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the French Development Agency (AfD), the European Commission, the Federal Republic of Germany  3 (Republic of Namibia, 2015a)\f  (through GIZ and KfW), the United Nations Development Programme, the World Bank and World Resources Institute. Several Namibian banks, including the Namibia Development Bank and NedBank, have shown strong interest in investing in climate-smart projects."


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"Several stakeholder consultations and reviews of ongoing initiatives, partnerships and programmes in various sectors are part of this revised NDC. Efforts were also made to ensure that this NDC is aligned with all the strategies, plans and visions of the Republic of Namibia. Namibia is committed to achieving a climate-resilient and low-emission pathway."


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"Shade provision, soil fertilization, fruit production, or timber value, because they provide diversified habitats, income sources, and allow alternative adaptation Unconditional  Coastal zone and fisheries  \f  No. Adaptation action Ministry Co-benefits (mitigation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Conditional/ Unconditional Gender Youth Private sector SDGs Introduce legislation to reduce property and infrastructure development in environmentally sensitive areas and areas at risk of sea-level rise Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources \u2022 Reduced pollution \u2022 Conservation of marine ecosystems Conditional 1."


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"Similarly, a baseline target was used in this updated NDC to express Namibia s mitigation response relative to a counterfactual baseline scenario in which certain emissions reductions and associated policies (that could have a direct or indirect effect on emissions) do not occur. Namibia is providing this information to improve the clarity, transparency, and understanding of its baseline.  2.4 Mitigation contributions by sector In the BAU scenario, overall GHG emissions in 2030 are expected to rise by up to 24.167 MtCO2e."


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"Similarly, in  11 Namibia is member of Climate Ambition Alliance, brings together countries, businesses, investors, cities, and regions who are working towards achieving net-zero CO2 emissions by 2050.\f  this updated NDC, a baseline target was used to express Namibia\u2019s mitigation response relative to a counterfactual baseline scenario under which certain emissions reductions and associated policies (that could have a direct or indirect effect on emissions) do not take place. Accounting for baseline targets thus depends on a clear understanding of the baseline scenario."


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"So, wide stakeholder consultation is current practice in the country when it concerns national issues such as mitigation of GHGs which is the cause for global warming and the resulting climate change. Stakeholders included the parliamentarians, ministries, government departments, city councils, the private sector, NGOs, CSOs, the academia and the communities."


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"Social roles and a gender-specific division of labour lead to different and specific degrees Through innovative youth-centred approach engagement of youth on the forms of emergency and disaster situations that can occur because of climate change a various preparedness and response actions.  \f  No. Adaptation action Ministry Co-benefits (mitigation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Conditional/ Unconditional Gender Youth Private sector SDGs sector to more effectively build capacity and reduce disaster risks."


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"Some of the key barriers are: \uf0b7 Lack of coordination and conflicting programme implementation; \uf0b7 Framing of climate change as an environmental issue; \uf0b7 Lack of access to information; \uf0b7 Lack of effective decentralization and limited institutional capacity at the local level; \uf0b7 Reactive approach versus long-term planning; and \uf0b7 Insufficient evidence based on benefits of adaptation versus costs."


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"Some of the major adaptation actions under way are:\f15  \uf0b7 Risk reduction to lower the vulnerability of the people and production systems; \uf0b7 Setting up appropriate early warning systems to avoid losses and reduce impacts; \uf0b7 Elimination and control of the invader bush to restore pastureland to their original state; \uf0b7 Promotion of Climate Smart Agriculture and Conservation Agriculture; \uf0b7 Urban and peri-urban agriculture; \uf0b7 The green scheme (establishing of irrigation schemes along the perennial rivers of Namibia for food security); \uf0b7 Promotion of better adapted crop varieties and livestock species; \uf0b7 Biodiversity conservation; \uf0b7 Protection of forests; \uf0b7 Community forest management; \uf0b7 Rationalization of the use of water resources for different economic sectors; \uf0b7 Improved rural water supply; \uf0b7 Recycling of Windhoek\u2019s wastewater into potable water; \uf0b7 Artificial recharge of aquifers \u2013 \u2018banking water\u2019; \uf0b7 Surveillance and prevention of diseases; \uf0b7 Protection of the shoreline and beaches; \uf0b7 Dredging of the port of Walvis Bay; and \uf0b7 Surveillance of the lagoon protecting the port of Walvis Bay."


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"Some of the observed impacts to-date that will be exacerbated in the future are:\f14  \uf0b7 Lower crop yields and risk of crop failure; \uf0b7 Reduced livestock production; \uf0b7 Decline in fish stocks, catch and production; \uf0b7 Reduced water availability and lower water quality, impacting economic development, food security, health and sanitation; \uf0b7 Increased occurrence of water- and vector-borne diseases; \uf0b7 Increased pressure on cities following urbanization; \uf0b7 Increased damage to infrastructure; \uf0b7 Risk of extinction of endemic species and loss of biodiversity; \uf0b7 Loss of ecosystem services (such as medicinal plants and biomass energy); \uf0b7 Loss of soil fertility and increased soil erosion; \uf0b7 Decline in nature-based tourism due to ecosystem degradation; and \uf0b7 Shifts in wildlife distribution."


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"Some of the other prerequisites for a successful and quick implementation of the INDC are: \uf0b7 Political stability; \uf0b7 Good governance; \uf0b7 An independent efficient judicial system; \uf0b7 Appropriate legislation; \uf0b7 Provision of incentives; and \uf0b7 Implementation of robust awareness campaigns. It is of note that these factors constitute the environment for attracting investors while offering the guarantee and trust to funding agencies."


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"Some of the other prerequisites for a successful and quick implementation of the INDC that the country will ensure are: \uf0b7 Political stability; \uf0b7 Good governance; \uf0b7 An independent efficient judicial system; \uf0b7 Appropriate legislation; \uf0b7 Provision of incentives; and \uf0b7 Implementation of robust awareness campaigns  The present existing structure for the implementation of climate change activities will be adopted for the INDC."


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"Start year or period: Emissions drivers, their values and assumptions and data sources: Key drivers that can affect calculations of baseline scenarios in this updated NDC include drivers of economic activity (GDP, sectoral composition), structural changes in economic sectors, energy prices, supply and demand of fuel type, land-use practices and technology development. Policies and actions (planned and implemented) to include in the baseline: The number of actions on policies, plans and strategies are 11."


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"Strengthening finance from domestic and external sources will also be key in supporting the implementation of the mitigation and adaptation actions.  Similarly, this NDC update includes conditions for their full implementation, such as additional or enhanced international support in the form of finance, technology transfer, technical assistance and capacity-building. Improving access to public and private financing sources is, therefore, a high priority for Namibia."


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"Subject to provision of appropriate resources after the submission of the INDC, Namibia will strengthen its systemic, institutional and human capacities for the successful implementation, monitoring and reporting on its INDC. Namibia will need the support of the international community to overcome existing barriers, for the appropriation of technologies for both mitigation and adaptation, a sustained capacity building programme in the prioritized areas, technical support and funding to the tune of some 33 billion US$."


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"TYPE OF INFORMATION PURPOSE OF INFORMATION EXAMPLES OF DATA SOURCES Climate change trends, impacts, and vulnerabilities Identify vulnerable groups and sectors within the country National Communications to the UNFCCC; reports by national, multinational, and civil society organizations; IPCC Fifth Assessment Report; academic research; national, sub-national or local assessments and studies associated with projects; international databases such as CRED or insurance industry databases Statement of long-term goals or vision Help guide further adaptation planning and action, if such a goal or vision exists National planning documents; records of planning meetings, including stakeholder consultation processes Statement of current and near-term planning and action Identify current efforts that an INDC can build upon National planning documents; national policies, regulations, or procedural guidelines; national or sectoral databases of projects and programs; subnational (for example, city, state, county, province, district) records of activities and investments Summary of support Understand existing support that can be used for implementation National records; national databases or studies such as Climate Public Expenditure and Institutional Reviews (CPEIRs), and numerous international databases Statement of gaps, barriers, and needs Understand resources needed"


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"Table 3.1 provides a summary description of prioritised adaptation actions, timelines for adoption, accountable lead ministries, and the link with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). More details on adaptation measures are outlined in appendix 2. Furthermore, blue economy opportunities are highlighted in Table 3.2.  \f  TABLE 3.1. ADAPTATION ACTIONS. Adaptation action Lead Ministry Timeline SDG link Water resources  1. Provide full support for integrated water resources management in Namibia MAWLR  2. Establish best practice systems for improving the efficiency of water use particularly in irrigation MAWLR 3."


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"Table 5.1 summarises Namibia\u2019s framework for tracking and reporting on the progress of implementing the mitigation and adaptation goals outlined in this NDC. It summarises the institutions\u2019 roles and responsibilities to guide and support the implementation of NDC MRV at the national level including policy and strategic decision levels."


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"The AFOLU sector remained the leading emitter throughout this period followed by Energy, for all years under review.  TABLE 2.3."


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"The CCU is supported directly by a formalized multi-sectoral NCCC for the implementation and coordination of sector-specific and cross-sectoral activities while also providing advice and guidance on climate change issues.  Since climate change affects directly or indirectly all socio-economic development sectors, it pays that all Ministries through their various departments, other Organizations and Agencies also actively collaborate and contribute in the implementation of INDC activities at the local, regional and national levels."


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"The MEFT is the coordinator of the GHG emissions Inventory and is the lead for the estimates of the Waste Sector."


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"The MET, which is responsible for all environmental issues in the country and is also the National Focal Point to the UNFCCC will report on INDC activities to the UNFCCC. Met will also monitor, track and follow COP decisions on INDCs, including funding possibilities and transmit these to the concerned institutions. Sectoral activities will rest with the respective Ministries through their concerned Directorates."


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"The NCCC reports to Cabinet through the NPC while the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Economics, Natural Resources and Public Administration advises Cabinet on relevant policy matters for the INDC also3. The MET, which is responsible for all environmental issues in the country and is the National Focal Point to the UNFCCC and reports on NDC activities to the UNFCCC.  MET monitors, tracks and follows COP decisions on NDCs, including funding possibilities, and transmits these to the concerned institutions."


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"The NDC implementation is set to provide employment opportunities and providing support for youth entrepreneurship. Climate change impacts do not discriminate between men and women; however, the level of resilience differs within the gender stream. According to the Agricultural Survey by the Namibia Statistics Agency22, the greatest percentage of subsistence farming households in the country is headed by women."


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"The Parliamentary Standing Committee on\f16  Economics, Natural Resources and Public Administration which usually advises Cabinet on relevant policy matters will do so for the INDC also. The MET, which is responsible for all environmental issues in the country, is also the National Focal Point to the UNFCCC. It is the coordinating body for all climate change activities through its Climate Change Unit (CCU) of the Directorate of Environmental Affairs."


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"The Plan does not replace but complements the long-term goal of the National Development Plans [NDPs] and Vision 2030. HPP introduces an element of flexibility in the Namibian planning system by fast-tracking development in areas where progress is insufficient."


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"The assumptions made when calculating emissions for the BAU scenario for the Land sector which governs mitigation are: \u2022 National programmes for the protection of Forest lands in the north-eastern regions are deemed to reduce deforestation to a strict minimum with a loss of 7500 hectares annually.\f  \u2022 Other wooded land (OWL)15 will also stabilize as woody encroachment into grassland in the central and southern part of the country is estimated to be not occurring due to rainfall being limiting."


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"The central parts of the country are covered by thornbush savanna, which is increasingly being encroached by indigenous woody bush species. This is considered a serious form of land degradation, adversely impacting biodiversity, groundwater recharge and land productivity as well as accessibility for eco-tourism activities. In total, it is estimated that in total 45 million hectares are affected by woody encroachment at varying intensities."


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"The contribution will be economy-wide and addresses the IPCC sectors Energy, IPPU, AFOLU and Waste. The reference is the Business As Usual (BAU) scenario to the 2030 time horizon based on the GHG inventory of 2010 and socio-economic projections (Table below). Year  Emissions (Gg CO2-eq)  Mitigation will be achieved in all sectors and the major contributor will be the AFOLU sector as depicted below."


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"The cost of implementation of the INDC components of Namibia will require about US$ 33 billion at 2015 prices. In spite of the country\u2019s socio-economic development being constrained by various factors, Namibia is already unconditionally contributing a share of its resources to combat climate change. This is expected to be about 10% of the INDC requirements in the future."


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"The country s climate vulnerability is closely related to its aridity and high-water scarcities. The Namibian land sector is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and is already hard hit. Besides the increasing variability of dry spells and flood events, woody encroachment is having a major impact on this key sector. \f  Among the drivers of woody encroachment is anthropogenic climate change itself. Woody encroachment has adverse impacts on savanna ecosystem services such as groundwater recharge and biodiversity."


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"The current updated NDC seeks to accelerate Namibia\u2019s socio-economic growth by a holistic approach to addressing sector-specific vulnerabilities and directing funding to adaptation for effective climate action. This NDC will seek to foster new jobs and lead to resilient communities across the country. The Government listed seven sectors as being especially vulnerable: water resources; agriculture; forestry; coastal zones; tourism; health; and disaster risk management."


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"The details of Namibia\u2019s new contribution are going to be set out in this updated NDC to aid transparency, clarity and understanding.  1.2 A fair and ambitious contribution to achieve the Conventions objective Namibia s second updated nationally determined contribution is an ambitious, fair and reasonable contribution to the global efforts to fight climate change. The target is a significant progression above Namibia\u2019s 2015 commitment."


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"The estimated emissions reduction under the NDC scenario will be approximately 21.996 MtCO2e in 2030 (91% reduction of which 78.7% is from the AFOLU) (Table 2.4).  TABLE 2.4. SUMMARY OF BAU EMISSIONS AND NDC EMISSIONS REDUCTION. Sector Mitigation potential (MtCO2e) % Reduction compared to BAU scenario in 2030 Energy IPPU & RAC AFOLU Waste Total  The total mitigation potential is estimated at around 21.996 MtCO2e in 2030 compared to BAU emissions in the same year of 24.167 MtCO2e (Figure 2.1)."


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"The estimated net cost for the established NDC mitigation measures is expected to be about 3.61 USD billion and more than USD 1.72 billion for adaptation goals, reflecting a combined requirement of about USD 5.33 billion in financing. Table 4.1 summarises the approximate worth of the finance needed over the next ten years. The unconditional measures make up 10 per cent of the overall projected support and for the conditional measures 90%.  TABLE 4.1. ESTIMATED MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION FINANCE NEEDED."


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"The first NDC for Namibia expressed its baseline target as unconditionally reducing 89% of its GHGs below BAU for 2030."


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"The following capacity building needs were identified: \u2022 Training on the latest IPCC, UNFCCC guidelines, data processing. \u2022 Capacity-building on GHG data management and institutional arrangements. \u2022 Continuous training of GHG experts, especially new experts on GHGs at the international level; and \u2022 Assessment and monitoring of the effects of GHGs on the policy level for mitigation and adaptation actions.  \f  5.2 Institutional arrangements to track NDC implementation."


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"The funding pool would constitute a mix of national and international funding.  TABLE ES-2. ESTIMATED MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION FINANCE NEEDED.  Mitigation measures (USD) Adaptation measures (USD) Total (USD) Unconditional Conditional Total (USD)  Measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) framework Namibia has institutional reporting arrangements in place. The National Climate Change Committee and its sub- working groups will oversee and track the implementation of the updated NDC."


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"The global goal is to meet the ultimate objective of the Convention namely, the stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system and limit global warming to below 2oC and Namibia is willing and strongly committed to contribute its fair share in this global objective. This is so despite the fact that the country is already operating with low emissions compared to the developed countries."


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"The goal is the substitution of existing higher emission technologies with cleaner, more efficient, and lower-cost technologies. Namibia\u2019s efforts in renewables will contribute to a 30% reduction equivalent in the quantity (2.668 TWh) of electricity imported in 2018 which would result in 0.8 TWh (800 GWh) in new RE generation of 330 MW of Solar PV per annum until 2030."


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"The government has prioritized action on climate change and introduced a national climate change policy; however, the success in the implementation of these actions is closely related to donor engagement and financing.  3.3 Prioritised measures Mitigation and adaptation often coexist together and quite a few adaptation actions do have mitigation co- benefits. The Namibian Government is currently formulating the National Adaptation Plan (NAP). The NAP will serve as the guiding document to implement adaptation actions in Namibia."


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"The latter are implemented by the Ministry of Environment and Tourism (MET) through the climate change unit (CCU) that was created to follow and monitor climate change projects. This unit also ensures that the reporting obligations of the country towards the Convention are met as and when necessary. Namibia has thus produced and submitted two National Communications and was the first NAI Party to submit the Biennial Update Report which, included impacts of GHG emission reduction for initiatives implemented up to 2010."


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"The mitigation contributions in this updated NDC are based on a relative decrease in GHG emissions from 2015 to 2030. The baseline scenarios included in this report depict emissions that would have occurred if specific mitigation strategies had not been implemented. Baselines can also be used to set an objective (\"target baselines\"). Namibia s first NDC stated its baseline target as unconditionally reducing its GHGs below BAU by 2030."


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"The most significant drivers of climate change risks and vulnerability that are of importance to coastal environments and fisheries are modification of terrestrial climatic and hydrologic processes; change in coastal and oceanic circulation processes; ocean acidification; increased sea surface temperature; sea-level rise; increase in sea storminess and changing wind systems. The adaptation measures proposed for coastal zones can be classified broadly into \u201cno regrets\u201d and \u201cadditional\u201d options that are proactively designed to counter sea-level rise."


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"The multi-sectoral NCCC will oversee the implementation and coordination of sector- specific and cross-sectoral INDC activities while also providing advice and guidance on them. The NCCC will report to Cabinet through the NPC while the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Economics, Natural Resources and Public Administration which usually advises Cabinet on relevant policy matters will do so for the INDC also."


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"The new MRV systems will enable the country to monitor the effectiveness of its mitigation and adaptation measures including access to the means of implementation particularly climate finance.  \f  1.1 Namibia\u2019s commitment amibia s second Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) according to Article 4 of the Paris Agreement reflects its continued adherence to the goals of the Paris Agreement, to keep the rise in global average temperature well below 2oC above pre-industrial levels."


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"The overall expected cost of the NDC mitigation defined by Namibia by 2030 is estimated to be about USD 3.61 billion and USD 1.72 billion for adaptation goals, reflecting a total finance need of about USD 5.33 billion (approximately 77 billion Namibia dollars) (Table 4.1).  4.4  NDC financing strategy Finance is critical for the implementation of the mitigation and adaptation actions set out in Namibia\u2019s updated NDC. International public financing sources will provide the large-scale investment needed."


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"The pie charts indicate the relative contribution made from measures within the key sectors of energy (electricity generation and transport), IPPU (Cement industry and RAC), AFOLU (forestry), waste (solid waste transformation and recycling), against the BAU baseline described above.  BAU Mitigation\f  FIGURE 2.2. MITIGATION POTENTIAL FROM ALL MITIGATION MEASURES."


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"The potential mitigation contribution from Agroforestry, represented by the total C storage of trees outside natural forest lands estimated at 0.358 MtCO2e. However, this figure is a total of \u224810,000 ha of land by 2030. Like any other land use in Namibia urban forestry16 and its management can have immense potential in mitigating C emissions and performing other environmental services. The transformation of MSW to compost and electricity is the most significant mitigation potential under the Waste sector."


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"The preparation of the INDC report focused mainly on existing policies, strategies and action plans developed and currently being implemented. In the preparation of this report, we prioritised and favoured options from the very broad possibilities that exist for both mitigation and adaptation, as well as the most attractive ones, on the basis of their potential for successful adoption at national level. Some of these actions will yield positive results in both mitigation and adaptation areas while benefiting other sectors of the economy at large."


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"The priority areas set by the Government, and supported by the development community, private sector and  \u2022 Development of better framework conditions for effective climate change governance. \u2022 Strengthening financing of projects that help reduce emissions and enhancing the country s resilience against the effects of climate change. \u2022 Tracking progress toward greenhouse gas emission reduction targets. \u2022 Strengthening coordination across national and international stakeholders to fast-track decisions and interagency collaboration."


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"The process used all the data to build an economy-wide business-as-usual scenario as well as to assess various mitigation scenarios and their impacts in the NDC update design process (Table 2.2).  2.2 GHG Inventory Namibia\u2019s GHG inventory data in the base year 2015 are shown in Table 2.3 according to IPCC reporting categories for all GHG emissions sources.  Total emissions from all the sectors excluding forestry were estimated at 4.22 MtCO2e for 2015. Total national emissions increased by 1.7% over the period 2010 - 2015."


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"The projected GHG emissions avoided is of the order of 20 000 Gg CO2-eq in 2030, inclusive of sequestration in the AFOLU sector when compared to the BAU scenario. Emissions avoided prior to 2010 are included in the BAU scenario. Post 2010 reductions of the order of 162 Gg CO2-eq achieved unconditionally through government funding are not accounted for in the BAU scenario. It is estimated at some 216 Gg CO2-eq in 2015, already representing about 1% of the BAU scenario in 2030."


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"The projected net cost of the NDC mitigation measures to be implemented in Namibia is expected to be approximately USD 3.61 billion by 2030 and more than USD 1.72 billion for adaptation targets, representing a total funding need of approximately USD 5.33 billion (or NAD 77 billion). Table ES-2 outlines the estimated funding requirements and conditions for the updated NDC. The unconditional measures comprise about 10 per cent of the total expected funding and 90 per cent for the conditional measures."


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"The salient features are: \uf0b7 Increase share of renewable energy (hydro, solar, wind and biomass) in electricity production from 33% in 2010 to about 70% in 2030; \uf0b7 Implement an energy efficiency programme to reduce consumption by about \uf0b7 Commission of a mass transport system in City of Windhoek to reduce number of cars (taxis and private) by about 40%; \uf0b7 Implement a car pooling system to reduce fossil fuel consumption; and \uf0b7 Improve freight transportation through bulking to reduce the number of light load vehicles by about 20%\f8  These measures are expected to result in a reduction of some 1300 Gg CO2-eq."


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"The setting up of an appropriate climate observation system is of prime importance. Research will be essential to develop and project climate change scenarios at higher resolutions for the different regions of the country, enable precise evaluation and development of vulnerability indices for successful adaptation in the different economic sectors, assess and adapt technologies for adoption under the national circumstances and develop indigenous technologies to support resilience building."


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"The study will investigate the costs to produce, process and transport the hydrogen. Namibia expects that the decarbonization plan of the electric matrix by 2030 will bring a significant GHG emissions reduction through green hydrogen.  Climate change continues to be a real threat to Namibia\u2019s development progress. The country already has a harsh desert and a low precipitation climate. Population growth, extreme inequalities, and development trends will further exacerbate and worsen current challenges and other existing vulnerabilities, with changing rainfall patterns and rising temperatures."


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"The target is an important signal for private stakeholders and potential investors, giving them the incentive to find mitigation opportunities. NDP5 targets10 are subject to domestic monitoring and annual reporting: The Government of Namibia will necessarily follow an emission monitoring and reporting system based on the rules of the Paris Agreement (which were agreed at COP24).  The transition to low carbon and climate-resilient economy offers considerable opportunities to address challenges such as energy and water insecurity."


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"The total financing needed for adaptation actions is just over USD 1.72 billion. The largest funding is required for agriculture (26%, USD 564 million), forestry (21%, USD 454 million), and coastal zones (12%, USD 255 million). Most of the requested funding depends on international support.  \f  FIGURE 4.2. SUMMARY NEEDS FOR ADAPTATION ACTIONS.  Financial needs remain high amid ongoing efforts. Most actions that need financing and mobilisation of future resources will be a fair blend of national and foreign funds."


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"The unconditional share will reach about 10% when taking into consideration implemented and planned measures up to 2030 which are accounted for in the BAU scenario.\f7  National emissions (Gg CO2 Eq.) BAU and mitigation scenarios for the year 2030 BAU Mitigation scenario Reduction of emissions by 89 % compared to the BAU scenario in emissions and removals in the AFOLU sector  Sectors The contribution of the IPCC sectors are given in the table below."


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"The working group members are currently responsible for collecting and providing activity data from their sectors. Namibia Statistics Agency (NSA) has played a key role in providing key national statistics, especially on imports and exports of commodities. Currently, data archiving is done by the MEFT, however, discussions have started to have this task under the NSA. Current existing institutional arrangements are depicted in Figure 5.1. \f  FIGURE 5.1. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR NDC TRACKING."


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"Their \u201cvisible and felt\u201d support and participation are vital if long- term strategies are to be influential in guiding short, medium as well as long-term planning and investment decisions across all societal levels. The overall objective is to initiate an effective and just transition to a low greenhouse gas emission and resilient future. This will require; involvement of political leadership at the highest level, the creation of institutional arrangements for long-term planning, supportive legal frameworks and stakeholder engagement."


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"There has been one on one consultations and group meetings as the situation dictates to end up with national workshops for developing the INDC, validating it and\f13  buy in the participation of all in its implementation.  Adaptation Contribution  Rationale and process for developing INDCs on adaptation Namibia is known to be one of the driest countries in sub-Saharan Africa, and is dependent on development sectors highly sensitive to climate."


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"There is a need to speed up the process, review and update the following important legislation and/or regulations:  \uf0b7 Feed-in tariffs for the general public and other organisations to supply the grid with electricity; \uf0b7 Finalize Power Purchase Agreements rapidly following the delivery and signature of IPP licences; \uf0b7 Implement regulations on energy efficiency, particularly energy audits in the industrial sector that are heavy consumers of energy; \uf0b7 Implement the DSM strategy and set regulations to ensure import of energy efficient appliances; \uf0b7 Review the taxation policy and legislation to promote the update of cleaner technologies and promote energy savings; \uf0b7 Strengthen the enforcement of legislation and regulations; \uf0b7 Review the legislations regulating forest exploitation to fit them to the new agenda; and \uf0b7 Implement land policy reforms to promote reforestation and afforestation by the different land owner groups."


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"There is an urgent need to improve the enabling environment for tracking climate change activities. Many barriers have been removed in recent years to speed up the implementation of mitigation projects. The existing challenges cannot be addressed alone, and coordinated and concerted efforts of all partners are needed."


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"Therefore, the implementation of this INDC is fully conditioned to the provision of the differential 90% of means of implementation required such as finance, technology transfer and the associated capacity building from Annex1 Parties as stipulated under Article 4 of the UNFCCC."


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"These are to include priority sectors of AFOLU, agriculture, energy, waste and IPPU.  Consequently, informed capacity building and planning for gender/youth- oriented climate actions and just transition training will be carried out in defined focal points. Considerations are to be given to the following: \u2022 Establishment of a gender/youth climate and risk management working group. \u2022 Review of gender/review climate legal framework and policy. \u2022 Develop and incorporate into NDCs gender/youth climate strategy."


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"These can be implemented as soon as the enabling environment is created and the necessary appropriate support is made available.  Given the urgency for actions to curb down emissions and enhance sinks, it is important that the international community reaches an agreement and sets up the needed framework for providing the required support."


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"These initiatives contributed to a reduction of some 160 Gg CO2-eq of its emissions in 2010. Considering this and the above facts, Namibia therefore considers its INDC as fair, equitable, ambitious and adequate, given its development status and national circumstances. Institutional Arrangements and Planning Process The reference document for identifying mitigation opportunities was the GHG inventory that provided the necessary information on activities responsible for emissions and removals and the level of these at national level."


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"These measures if implemented successfully will result in a combined reduction of\f10  emissions and removals of the order of 18 500 Gg CO2-eq in 2030. Emission reduction (Gg CO2 Eq.) in AFOLU sector in 2030 BAU Mitigation potential  The potential contribution of the different measures in the AFOLU sector is provided in the Table below."


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"These water resources are supplemented to a limited extent by unconventional sources such as reclaimed water and desalination. The absence of perennial rivers in Namibia\u2019s interior means that the country is reliant on rainfall as its natural water source. The semi-arid climate over most of the country coupled with high evaporation rates makes the country one with a net water deficit (mean annual rainfall minus potential evaporation), ranging from -4000 mm in the southeast to -1600 mm in the northeast."


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"These will be reviewed to reduce emissions from both municipal solid waste and wastewater. It is planned to convert municipal solid waste and sludge from wastewater management systems from the main cities to energy. This measure will lead to a reduction of some 200 Gg CO2-eq. Additional benefits such as a cleaner environment, better sanitation, with fewer risks for health problems, will be reaped while the treated water can be used for irrigation to alleviate problems linked with water scarcity."


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"They also play a unique role in protecting coastlines from the increasing impacts of climate change by absorbing incoming wave energy, providing storm surge protection, and preventing erosion 24. Namibia has therefore, proposed future blue economy adaptation activities (Table 3.2).  TABLE 3.2. PROPOSED FUTURE ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN NAMIBIA\u2019S BLUE ECONOMY. Industry Adaptation Objectives 1."


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"This NDC update improves the first NDC, on comprehensive scientific review and robust stakeholder involvement. Detailed sector- based modelling for mitigation has now been conducted to evaluate the mitigation potential and to develop quantified conditional and unconditional commitments by 2030.  2.1.1.1 ACCOUNTING FOR NDC MITIGATION TARGETS Namibia shall account for its nationally determined contributions. In accounting for anthropogenic emissions and removals corresponding to its nationally determined contributions, the country shall promote environmental integrity, transparency, accuracy, completeness, comparability, consistency, and ensure the avoidance of double counting."


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"This also includes climate change effects on physical health and building capacity in the resiliency of communities, families, and young people to climate impacts. \u2022 Engagement of youth on adaptation strategies of possible ways communities, youths included, can address anticipated, current, and future climate threats to public health."


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"This also includes issues such as assessment of the vulnerability of World Heritage sites to climate change impacts and the potential implications  Implement conservancies, tourism, and adaptation programs based on community- based natural resource management (CBNRM) Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism (MEFT)  Conditional\f  No. Adaptation action Ministry Co-benefits (mitigation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Conditional/ Unconditional Gender Youth Private sector SDGs Promote community- based natural resource management data collection and archiving Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism (MEFT)  Unconditional  for and of tourism."


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"This document will clarify national goals and objectives regarding climate change and lay out a plan for implementing, reporting and monitoring a series of priority activities to implement the updated NDC.  1.4 Status of the NDC process in Namibia The present existing structure for the implementation of climate change activities consists of a multi-sectoral NCCC which oversees the implementation and coordination of sector-specific and cross-sectoral NDC activities while also providing advice and guidance on them."


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"This enhanced Measuring, Reporting and Verification framework will better track progress and outcomes of the INDC activities, which will be reported in the National Communications and Biennial Update Reports regularly submitted to the secretariat."


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"This is a necessity as climate change is a reality in the everyday life of all Namibians. Being complacent will only aggravate the situation, as climate change is here to stay and all will have to live with it in the longer term."


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"This is in line with the guidelines adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Agreement.  2.1.1.2 BASELINE TARGETS IN NDCS Baseline scenarios defined in this updated NDC are presented as a future projected reference level of emissions against which a goal has been established or progress is to be measured. The mitigation contributions presented in this updated NDC are based on achieving a relative GHG emissions reduction through 2015-2030."


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"This is partly due to our peculiar geographical climate. Extreme conditions such as persistent droughts and flooding frequently expose our land. In addition to these challenges, we are now tackling a range of global challenges that also threaten our capacity to cope and our desire to achieve sustainable growth. This is clear from the current COVID-19 pandemic, which has further intensified our vulnerability to external shocks. Thus, without external assistance, the government s recovery strategies and stronger policies cannot be efficiently enforced."


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"This option will ensure that these activities are integrated within the national strategies and plans with the proper feedback to Cabinet. This will also ensure a good follow-up of activities of a cross-cutting nature as well as those having both mitigation and adaptation benefits concurrently. The private sector will be a privileged partner of government for implementing the INDC, either on their own or as funding partners.  Summary of Needs Implementation of this INDC represents a major challenge to the government of Namibia."


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"This process offers a potential for mitigation through the partial replacement of clinker in cement production. Replacing some 20% of the clinker will abate emissions by about 35 Gg CO2-eq.\f9  BAU Mitigation scenario Emission reduction (Gg CO2 Eq.) in IPPU sector in 2030  Potential contribution of the different measures in IPPU sector are listed below. Measure GHG amount % of BAU scenario Replace 20% clinker in cement production AFOLU The AFOLU sector is a key category and among the highest emitters."


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"This report provides an update on the latest policies, measures and actions that will drive significant emission reductions whilst promoting a climate-resilient Namibia.  The updated NDC presents a progressive shift above the 2015 pledge to reduce emissions from 89% to 91% by 2030.  Mitigation contribution Namibia s mitigation commitment is in the form of a decrease in GHG emissions compared to the Business as Usual (BAU) baseline over the 2015-2030 period."


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"This update presents an improvement in the commitment of the devotion of Namibia to meeting the Paris Agreement goal and following the road to net zero emissions by 2050. In the energy sector, the national sustainable energy strategy of Namibia looks to introduce new emissions- reducing technologies and encourage healthier practices that are more energy efficient.1 The updated NDC includes climate-friendly and energy-efficient refrigeration and air conditioning (RAC)."


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"This update presents an increase in the ambition of Namibia\u2019s11 commitment to achieving the objective of the Paris Agreement and in line with a path to net-zero emissions by 2050.12 To drive this ambition over time, the Paris Agreement contains an \u2018ambition mechanism\u2019 or \u2018ratcheting mechanism\u2019. This requires countries to submit an updated NDC, with a progression from previous submissions (i.e."


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"This will be accomplished by switching from inefficient HFC-based equipment to energy-efficient natural refrigerant-based equipment. These measures are complemented by training technicians on the proper servicing and handling of low GWP refrigerants. They are to be also trained in the safe and proper disposal of old refrigerators as well as car air conditioning equipment. The mitigation potential for HFC emissions is projected to be 0.031 MtCO2e in 2030. Significant indirect (energy-related) mitigation potential exists, i.e. around 0.048 MtCO2e in 2030."


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"Those activities contributing most to GHG emissions (IPCC key categories) were prioritised and targeted for action as well as areas such as waste management that has a direct bearing on the quality of the environment and can provide multiple side benefits. Namibia\u2019s policy is to practice an open transparent economic development with a wide range of partners."


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"Though clear mitigation and adaptation plans have not been fully developed up to now, the endeavour is real since these strategies have been mainstreamed in the overall national policy, strategies. Namibia is presently developing its first Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA) and is working on its National Adaptation Plan (NAP) to better guide the country on its way to mitigate and adapt to climate change. The preparation of the INDC report focused mainly on existing policies, strategies and action plans developed and currently being implemented."


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"Though mitigation potential from waste sources is, by comparison limited, the potential to expand the actions is high. Overall, the updated NDC had a significant increment (22%) in mitigation potential across all sectors from 2015 targets (Table 2.6). Efforts under the IPPU sector increased three times more than the first NDC targets. The energy sector\u2019s mitigation potential also grew in the period 2020 \u2013 2030 due to more technology-based options being availed to reduce GHG emissions."


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"Thus, adaptation is of prime importance to the country and is high on government\u2019s agenda to guarantee the welfare of the people while reducing risks and building resilience. Furthermore, Namibia is host to unique biodiversity within fragile ecosystems and is a biodiversity hotspot. The country\u2019s biodiversity stands too high a risk to allow these ecosystems to be destabilized by climate change which will result in the loss of such a precious world heritage."


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"To inform the NDC update process, the Namibian Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism has compiled existing analysis on the sectoral composition of emissions, projected GHG emissions through 2030, sectoral mitigation actions in the sectoral plans, and possible co-benefits, among other issues. Based on this analysis, Namibia prioritised additional data needs in the agriculture, forestry, and other land uses (AFOLU) sectors."


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"To meet the emission reduction goals, we have set aggressive plans to increase our share of renewable energy in the energy mix through various initiatives. Our NDC puts equal emphasis on further improving our adaptation and developing future climate resilience to reduce climate threats to our populations and their livelihoods."


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"Tourism\u2019s positive role in helping to secure the future of many World Heritage sites in a changing climate is to be taken into account.  Diversify livelihoods in communities dependent on CBNRM initiatives such as Namibian Conservancy Programme and Community Forests."


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"UNIDO Specialized agency of the United Nations promoting industrial development for poverty reduction, inclusive globalisation, and environmental sustainability. GIZ Specialized agency of the German cooperation for supporting climate action in developing countries. Friedrich-Ebert Stiftung Promotes democracy, development, social justice and peace through capacity-building, policy research, public dialogue, and international exchange. Commissioned research on youth and climate change in Namibia.  \f  Kirui, T. K. (2018). Countries in Africa With the Longest Coastlines - WorldAtlas.  MET. (2015). National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 \u2013 2020."


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"Under the waste sector, energy utilisation measures such as Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) transformation into compost and electricity are the most important opportunities. In the BAU scenario, overall GHG emissions in 2030 are expected to rise by up to 24.167 MtCO2e. The estimated emissions reduction will be 21.996 MtCO2e through 2030 (91% reduction of which 78.7% is from the AFOLU) (Table ES-1). Table ES-1. Sectoral share and percentage of BAU GHG emissions in 2030."


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"United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Vaidyula, M., & Hood, C. (2018). Accounting for baseline targets in NDCs: Issues and options for guidance. Climate Change Expert Group Paper No.2018(2). World Bank. (2020). Green Hydrogen in Deeveloping Countries. In Energy Sector Management Assistance Program. WWF. (2020). Enhancing NDCs through nature-based solutions: 8 simple recommedations for integrating nature into NDCs. Authors: Martin, S., Bartlett, R., Kim, M. (S. Martin, R. Bartlett, & M. Kim (Eds.); Issue March).  \f  Appendix 1: Detailed Mitigation Measures No."


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"Viable waste to energy projects requires access to reliable and suitable feedstock which, given the current system, presents may present a potential barrier. Finally, administrative, and technical capacity requirements tend to be quite high.  Namibia is aware that the implementation of our NDC presents several challenges, particularly in terms of financial and technological resources. Substantial funding is required to enable Namibia to meet its pledges. Namibia, as a developing country, faces numerous difficult challenges to maintain the welfare of its population."


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"While the mitigation impact of bush thinning and rangeland restoration has not been determined conclusively, the climate change adaptation benefits of these measures are undisputed and manifold. Although Namibia\u2019s land sector is very much likely to remain a sink, it may become CO2 neutral under the scenario of increased harvest and use of the invader bush."


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"With no measures, emissions are estimated to total around 24.167 MtCO2e, equal to 8% more than the mitigation scenario by 2030.  Figure 2.2 summarises the estimated emissions reduction potential in 2030 for all mitigation measures assessed from the \u2018long list\u2019 of all mitigation measures presented in appendix 1."


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"With regards to possible financing possibilities, the government of Namibia tables on the following; \uf0b7 Part contribution of the government; \uf0b7 Grants from bilateral and multilateral partners; \uf0b7 Soft and low interest loans from national, international and partner countries institutions; \uf0b7 Foreign Direct Investments; \uf0b7 Independent Private Partners; and \uf0b7 The Namibian Private sector."


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"assessments;\f  adaptation project reports or evaluations Monitoring plans Identify existing monitoring systems that can be used to track the goals and/or activities that may be included in the INDC National assessment and/or stakeholder consultation processes; project/program monitoring and evaluation data; national census data or other national statistical bureau resources; environmental monitoring systems, including satellite data."


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"clinker in cement production Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (Climate-friendly and energy-efficient alternatives): 14) Split residential air conditioners \u2013 switch to R290 (propane) 15) Car air conditioning \u2013 safe disposal of old car ACs 16) Domestic refrigeration - R600a (isobutane) and safe disposal of old refrigerators 17) Commercial refrigeration (Stand-alone equipment) \u2013 switch to R290 (propane) and R744 (CO2) and safe disposal of old equipment 18) Commercial refrigeration (Condensing units) \u2013 switch to R290 (propane) and R744 (CO2) and safe disposal of old equipment Subtotal AFOLU 19) Reduce deforestation rate by 75 % 20) Reforest of 20,000 ha per year 21) Restore15.5 million ha of degraded savanna 22) Plant 10,000 ha of trees per year under Agroforestry 23) Plant 5,000 ha of trees under Urban Forestry Subtotal Waste 24) Transform 70% MSW to electricity and compost 25) Increase Recycling of plastic waste and e-waste by 70% 26) Zero waste by 2050 through re-use and recycling (75% of target achieved by 2030) Subtotal TOTAL Approximately 8.9% or about 7,290,000 ha of Namibia is forested and reducing the deforestation rate by 75% from 0.9% per year to below 0.25% will be the major drive to achieving the 2030 target (Figure 2.2)."


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"greenhouses, net houses, mulching, spot planting/zero tillage) (Climate Resilient Agriculture) Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform. \u2022 Increased productivity facilitates reduced deforestation and helps the integrity of forests which are important carbon sinks Conditional Promote the use of water targeting only irrigation of high-value crops (Climate Resilient Agriculture) Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform. Water conservation and increased availability in other sectors Conditional\f  No."


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"identifying potential adaptation and mitigation options that can pave way for low carbon and climate-resilient economy. The NCCSAP will be replaced by the NDC Implementation Strategy and Action Plan for 2021-2030."


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"no backsliding), reflecting the highest possible ambition given their national circumstances. 2.1 Accounting for baseline targets in the NDCs The preparation of the INDC report focused mainly on existing policies, strategies and action plans developed and currently being implemented. In the preparation of this second update report, the focus is on broadening the existing mitigation and adaptation strategies, on the basis that the new actions will yield positive results in both mitigation and adaptation areas while benefiting other sectors of the economy at large."


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"safe disposal of old Commercial refrigeration (Condensing units) - switch to R290 (propane) and R744 (CO2) and safe disposal of old Reduce deforestation rate by 75 per cent, Reforest of 20,000 ha per year, 9% Restore 15.5 million ha of grassland savanna and soil Plant 10,000 ha of trees per year under Plant 5,000 ha of trees under Urban Waste In the energy sector, Namibia\u2019s National Renewable Energy Policy aims to drive emerging technologies that reduce emissions and support cleaner practices."


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"\u2022 Achievement of critical development objectives \u2022 Reduced poverty \u2022 New partnerships between smallholder farmers and agribusiness. There is potential for more resilient agriculture. Through partnerships, businesses can reduce their losses as well as support the public Unconditional Integrate into the vulnerability and risk assessment gender analysis to establish the different ways in which disasters affect men and women. A full understanding of gender roles and norms is decisive for all vulnerability and risk assessments."


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"\u2022 Consideration of women\u2019s and men\u2019s relative and different capacities, power, social resilience, vulnerabilities and resources in climate change adaptation strategies. It is \u2022 Awareness raising and conscientisation of the youth of various health- related issues that may arise as a result of climate change. This includes consideration of psychological vulnerabilities such as mental illness,  \f  No."


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"\u2022 Continual development of institutions, political awareness, financial resources, technology systems, and the wider social and cultural enabling environment \u2022 Establishment of early warning systems, designing evacuation strategies of exposure and vulnerability for women and girls concerning men and boys. Ensure adaptation and risk management policies and practices take into account the dynamic nature of vulnerability and exposure, and directly address the drivers of vulnerability, in particular those related to gender."


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"\u2022 Decrease in water losses and wastages \u2022 Decrease in water costs Unconditional Coordinate use of surface and groundwater resources and artificially increase the recharge rate of groundwater aquifers to reduce evaporation Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform. \u2022 Improved allocation between users and uses; \u2022  Decrease in pressure and treatment of other water resources \u2022 Stimulation of water-saving and use efficiency Unconditional\f  No."


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"\u2022 Development of a just transition strategy and a green job assessment model for Namibia.  To measure the impact of climate measures on key development indicators, such as GDP, jobs, skills, revenue distribution and inequalities and gender inequality, a national Green Jobs Assessment Model will be developed. The assessment s findings and process of multi-stakeholder dialogues will help Namibia foster evidence-based NDC policymaking and a just transition.  21 NDCPartnership, \u201cYouth Engagement | NDC Partnership,\u201d"


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"\u2022 Development of leadership and other managerial/functional capacities in areas such as stakeholder engagement, situation assessment and vision definition, formulation of policies and strategies, etc \u2022 Training in first aid for community members and survival skills in adverse conditions Unconditional and recovery. Efficient programming requires a balance between the liabilities and capabilities of both women and men."


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"\u2022 Empower youth and define mechanisms to enable their engagement and integration of different water resources management processes  \u2022 Partner with the government on investment for key water infrastructure projects, including rehabilitation and modernization of existing infrastructure.  Establish best practice systems for improving the efficiency of water use Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform."


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"\u2022 Enact a legal framework benchmarked against environmental global best practices to facilitate sound marine exploration and environmentally sustainable mining activities. 7. Value-Addition and Food Manufacturing \u2022 Reduce fish meal-based by-products emanating from fresh fish. \u2022 Promote innovations in food processing, food losses and waste. 8. Coastal Agriculture \u2022 Scale-up climate-smart technologies to increase the crop, livestock, and fisheries productivity. \u2022 Adapt conservation agriculture approach as the basis for sustainable coastal farming and improved food security."


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"\u2022 Ensure clear roles and responsibilities in government administration and management of coastal areas \u2022 Investment in crucial infrastructure and research as well as research and development  Collaborate with the insurance market to guide investment in coastal areas Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources \u2022 Adequate risk assessment and eventuality planning and adaptation \u2022 Better understanding of climate change property risks and appropriate cover Unconditional Develop an early warning system Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources \u2022 Preparation of diverse sectors and communities for climate-related events \u2022 Protection of human lives, biodiversity, infrastructure and property, land, jobs and supports long term sustainability \u2022 Facilitate public and private sectors in planning, protecting economies and saving money in the long run."


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"\u2022 Environmental observations and forecasts \u2022 Early detection of water pollution and rapid response \u2022 Risk assessment data for pollution impact Conditional Undertake vulnerability mapping Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources Guidance on climate change planning and support of resilience to anticipated climate change by enhancing understanding of planners of the nature Conditional\f  No."


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"\u2022 Improve research on understanding impacts and responses to sea-level rise at some of the vulnerable coastal areas, and through data exchange between Benguela countries and ocean-based economies. \u2022 Establish comprehensive early warning and disaster prevention systems specific to areas in the ocean and coastal environments. 4. Eco-Tourism and Wildlife \u2022 Support conservation and technological development to enable the tourism sector to deal properly with climate change. 5."


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"\u2022 Improved knowledge, capacity and buy-in by other agricultural sector players \u2022 Job creation and improved capacity of youth involved in the agriculture business Unconditional Forestry  Promote savanna restoration through bush thinning for increased land productivity, improved food security, improved groundwater recharge and increased biodiversity  \u2022 Improved food security and water management; \u2022 Conservation of biodiversity USD Conditional \u2022 Facilitate affected women\u2019s participation in decision making, thereby assuring that their points of view on forest use are taken into account."


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"\u2022 Increased productivity facilitates reduced deforestation and helps the integrity of forests which are important carbon sinks \u2022 increase the carbon sequestration potential of agricultural soils by contributing to their building up of soil organic matter (SOM). Conditional\f  No. Adaptation action Ministry Co-benefits (mitigation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Conditional/ Unconditional Gender Youth Private sector SDGs Promote protected cultivation and improved planting methods for enhancing water use efficiency and crop productivity (e.g."


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"\u2022 Increased resilience to climate change and natural disasters \u2022 Promotion of climate-friendly agriculture business value chain Conditional \u2022 Inclusion of gender considerations in climate agriculture initiatives  \u2022 Engagements and investments in climate-smart agriculture targeting youths both in  \f  No. Adaptation action Ministry Co-benefits (mitigation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Conditional/ Unconditional Gender Youth Private sector SDGs (Climate Smart Agriculture) \u2022 Sustained/increased productivity and profitability  urban and rural areas."


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"\u2022 Promote and increase women\u2019s equal participation via gender goals or affirmative action. Engagements and active participation of youth in sustainable forestry initiatives, adaptation, and policy reforms.  \u2022 Promote and engage the private sector to monitor rates of deforestation and share with affected and interested stakeholders (e.g., scientists, land managers, traditional \f  No."


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"\u2022 Reduced land degradation \u2022 Improved pasture and agroforestry practices Conditional Enhance integrated pest management as an ecosystem approach to crop production and protection (Climate Resilient Agriculture)  \u2022 Decreases negative impacts on the broader ecosystem, making farming systems more resilient to climate change. \u2022 Revitalises the important role of extension, research and the public and private sectors for pest forecasting, surveillance, detection and control, as these are vital services to increase resilience. USD Conditional\f  No."


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"\u2022 Reduced losses and wastages \u2022 Improved productivity Unconditional Prioritize seawater desalination Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform. \u2022 Diversification of water supply. \u2022 Increased resilience to reduce per capita freshwater availability. \u2022 Provision of safe drinking water due to the high quality of output water. \u2022 Decrease in pressure and treatment on other water resources Conditional Agriculture  Promoting diversification of crops to hedge against erratic rainfall and shorter seasons Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform."


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"\u2022 The National Research and monitor sea- level rise Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources \u2022 Keeping track of ocean and coastal areas\u2014monitoring and assessing how these areas are changing\u2014will facilitate keeping coastal communities, economies, and ecosystems healthy."


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"\u2022 The area of Wetlands and Other lands is estimated to remain stable.  The targeted national mitigation contribution from the AFOLU sector is expected to result from the implementation of different strategies that relate mainly to natural forest management (reforestation and urban forestry) and agroforestry, either with domestic or international support. The total area of intervention is expected to reach 15,000 ha with merely domestic support and 20,000 ha with international support."


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"\u2022 Update the agro-ecological zones to include ocean industries and areas and strengthen coastal beach erosion management systems. \u2022 Establish a Coastal Vulnerability Index to sea-level rise. 3. Services (Technology, Weather, Health, Research) \u2022 Expand and modernize the coastal weather observation network with technological systems such as the oceanographic and meteorological buoys to ensure adequate climate information service for adaptation."


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"\u2022 Use irrigation water-saving technologies and organic soil nutrient sources. 9. Water Use Efficiency and Management \u2022 Promote integrated water resources development and management practices including artificial replenishment of groundwater tables. \u2022 Attract investments for desalinization of seawater for human use, blue forestry and urban greening, and food security interventions. \u2022 Advance wastewater reuse and recycling technologies at the municipal and industry level."


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"\u2022 With no further encroachment of woody species occurring, the Grassland area of 3.8 million ha will remain the same. The utilisation of the encroacher bush in OWL is not expected to affect this land class as it will be primarily bush thinning as opposed to a full clearing. \u2022 Settlement\u2019s area will increase marginally by 100 ha on an annual basis from OWL as inclusion from Cropland or Grassland is estimated not to occur."


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"\u2022 addressing tourism climate change- related issues such as women\u2019s employment in tourism, working conditions, women\u2019s participation in planning and management, gender roles, women\u2019s rights.  Possibility for youth awareness raising engagement and active involvement in tourism- related issues and adaptation in a changing climate."


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"\uf0b7 Carbon Dioxide \uf0b7 Methane \uf0b7 Nitrous Oxide The accounting methods used for the Land sector will consist of tracking land use changes and fires through remote sensing technology, and forest inventories for improving and developing national emission and stock factors."


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"\uf0b7 Emission reduction measures and actions have already been implemented unconditionally, using the limited resources of the country within the national budgets. \uf0b7 Thus, international support will be required to top up on the country\u2019s efforts and initiatives to meet the differential between the unconditional and conditional targets fixed in the INDC. The cost of implementation of the m-INDC component is estimated at US$ 10.4 billion at 2015 prices."


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"\uf0b7 Namibia does not rule out the use of international market-based mechanisms to achieve its 2030 target in accordance with agreed accounting rules. Reference The reference is the Business As Usual (BAU) scenario to the 2030 time horizon based on the GHG inventory of 2010 and socio-economic projections. Year Emissions (Gg CO2-eq)  Target level Namibia aims at a reduction of about 89% of its GHG emissions compared to the BAU scenario at the 2030 time horizon."


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"\uf0b7 Namibia\u2019s contribution in  Global emissions \u2013 0.059% in 2010 \uf0b7 The country was a net sink over period 2000 to 2010 but the capacity decreased \uf0b7 Net per capita removals decreased from 10 to 0.6 Gg CO2-eq \uf0b7 Per capita emissions decreased from 0.0146 Gg CO2-eq to 0.0130 Gg CO2-eq from \uf0b7 GDP production increased from US$ 198 to 304 per unit emission Moreover, the Government of Namibia has invested in mitigation and sequestration of GHGs for more than a decade unconditionally which is a legitimate proof of the commitment of the country to reduce the global warming threat to humanity."


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"(t) Supporting indicators Solid waste Landfil gas (LFG) utilisation # Sites with LFG capture LFG generation (MW) Waste-to-energy (WtE) # WtE sites WtE generation (MW) Aerobic composting Amount produced (t) Composting rate (% organic waste composted) Wastewater Wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) # WWTP facilities # Households connected to WWTP International finance and support International contribution to finance mitigation measures (indicate activities and amounts) Technology transfer and capacity building activities (indicate activities) Other factors Developments in waste infrastructure investment and management measures (indicate activities developed) Development of national and regional waste regulations and enforcement Waste recycling progress (e.g."


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"1 of 24  REPUBLIC OF RWANDA INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (INDC) FOR THE REPUBLIC OF RWANDA INTRODUCTION Rwanda, known as the \"land of a thousand hills\" is a landlocked country of 26,338 square kilometres, geographically located in Central Africa between 1\u00b004\u2019 and 2\u00b051\u2019 of south latitude and between 28\u00b045\u2019 and 31\u00b015\u2019 of east longitude1."


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"13 of 24  reduce locally- specific hazards observation facilities to provide all climate information necessary for future monitoring, climate trend detection, management of climate variability, early warning and disaster management Rwanda will establish of additional observations in order to provide climate information necessary for future monitoring, climate trend detection, management of climate variability, early warning and disaster management by upgrading and maintenance of existing stations and calibration of meteorological instruments including weather radar."


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"20 of 24  focus on e energy efficiency improvements through the installation of less energy intensive equipments and technologies for drying, roasting packaging, improvements of water efficiency through loss minimization, recycling and reuse.  of Eco-industrial park of Green Industry complex Rwanda has prioritized the development of industrial parks and special economic zones (SEZs) for export oriented markets."


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"2020-2025 and 2025-2030. Estimates were made by referring to different planning documents, among others, the National Strategy for Transformation (NST1: 2017-2024), Sector Strategic Plans (SSPs) and the cost of other similar projects. Some interventions will be contingent on the availability of external financial support (conditional) while others may be implemented through internal funding (unconditional) or co-financing (internal and external sources of budget). The total amount of NDC adaptation interventions is estimated at above 5.3 billion USD through 2030 as detailed in Table 6.2."


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"21 of 24  shared resources. Any remaining emissions, from regulated energy sources must be reduced to zero The actual emission reduction potential can vary greatly based on the actual level of low carbon technologies implemented and in implementing \u201czero-carbon\u201d principle, the emission reduction potential can be as high as 80-100% compared to a baseline based only on carbon intensive energy source."


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"7 of 24  build economic resilience in rural areas that is less dependent on linear commodity flows of raw goods leaving rural areas unprocessed and without added value. Group based organizations involved in agriculture production and running agro processing facilities were estimated at 10% of the total operating group based organizations in 2014. The target is for this percentage to increase by up to 90% by 2030."


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"A bottom-up \u2018long-list\u2019 was developed through close consultation with various stakeholders and experts, based on Rwanda\u2019s NDC (GoR, 2015a); an assessment of NAMAs in Rwanda (GoR, 2015b); an \u201cadjusted\u201d list of NDC options, as contained in the Rwanda NDC Implementation Plan (GoR, 2017b); and Rwanda\u2019s TNC to the UNFCCC (GoR, 2018a). A workshop was held in June 2019 in order to identify and discuss the \u2018long-list\u2019 according to sector-based discussion groups3."


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"A monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) framework has been developed for adaptation, including MRV on financing of adaptation measures. An approach has been proposed to organize the MRV framework in a way that facilitates reporting at selected levels. The levels have identified indicators that are relevant at global and national levels."


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"A set of criteria was chosen according to these three broad categories, drawing from international literature and guidance on good practice climate policy development (IPCC, 2007). On the balance of the criteria evaluation framework, and informed by stakeholder and cross- departmental consultation, the majority of the assessed options were considered to be \u2018high priority\u2019 or \u2018medium priority\u2019 options; no options are considered inappropriate as part of Rwanda\u2019s mitigation contribution."


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"A successful implementation of this INDC requires a close coordination and collaboration between MINIRENA, REMA and all potential stakeholders incuding the private sector, civil society and public institutions including Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources, the Ministry of Trade and Industry, Ministry of Local Government, the Ministry of Infrastructure, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugee Affairs, Rwanda Meteorology Agency, National Institute of Statistics, Rwanda Development Board, Rwanda Standards Board, Rwanda Agriculture Board; Rwanda Energy Group; Water and Sanitation Corporation; Rwanda Natural Resources Authority; Rwanda Biomedical Centre; Rwanda Transport Development Agency; Rwanda Housing Authority; Rwanda Revenue Authority; National Industrial Research and Development Agency; research centers and Universities."


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"A vision for 2050 based on the Green Growth and Climate Resilience Strategy envisages Rwanda as a developed climate-resilient, low carbon economy, with a strong services sector, low unemployment and low levels of poverty. It would be a country where agriculture and industry have a minimal negative impact on the environment, operating in a sustainable way, and enabling self-sufficient basic necessities for all living in it."


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"ADAPTATION CONTRIBUTION Rationale and process for adaptation contribution Rwanda is highly vulnerable to climate change, as it is strongly reliant on rain-fed agriculture both for rural livelihoods and for exports of mainly tea and coffee. With the highest population density in Africa5, adaptation concerns are central to the INDC. In recent years, extreme weather events in Rwanda increased in frequency and magnitude what, in some parts of the country, led to significant losses including human lives6."


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"According to data from the National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NSIR), real gross domestic product (GDP) across the period 2007-2017 rose from RWF 3.26 trillion to RWF 6.69 trillion, or by an average of 7.45% per year (GoR, 2018b). For the year 2015, the NSIR reports the working population (16 years and above) in Rwanda to be 6.4 million, with females representing 54% and males 46%. The majority (82%) live in rural areas and 18% live in urban areas."


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"According to the Rwanda Energy Group Ltd (REG), national electricity generating capacity is currently around 150 MW of which hydropower accounts for around one third (50 MW) and fossil based units the remaining two thirds (99 MW), mainly from oil- fired generation and recently added peat-fired capacity. Several small solar PV and biomass installations account for around 2 MW (REG, 2019). Increasing investment in generating capacity and improving access to electricity represent important energy policy aims, and recent years have seen major improvements."


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"According to the analysis, mitigation measures identified within the agriculture sector accounts for 49% of the total potential, followed by energy (34% of total), waste (14%), and IPPU (3%). Within agriculture, soil conservation measures \u2013 which include terracing, conservation tillage, multi-cropping and crop rotation practices \u2013 account for around half of the sector\u2019s mitigation potential."


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"Adaptation benefits and linkages with the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are also shown. BAU Energy IPPU Waste Agriculture All NDC measures Domestic measures\fGREEN RWANDA Measures Timeline Line ministry (Implementing entities) Funding estimates Adaptation benefits Alignment with SDGs Unconditional measures Electricity generation Grid-connected hydropower generation Development of 56.75 MW large hydro capacity (capacity > 5 MW), 24.5 MW small and mini hydro projects (capacity <5MW) and 75 MW regional projects by 2030."


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"Adaptation investment levels from the total 5.3 billion USD through 2030 Agriculture Water Cross-Sectoral Land and Forestry Human Settlement Health Transport Mining GREEN RWANDA Activity Intervention Uncon- ditional Condi- tional IWR planning and management Develop a National Water Security through water conservation practices, wetlands restoration, water storage and efficient water use Develop water resource models, water quality testing, and improved hydro-related information systems Develop and implement a management plan for all Level 1 catchments Climate Resilient Value Chain Development Develop climate resilient crops and promote climate resilient livestock Develop climate resilient postharvest and value addition facilities and technologies Strengthen crop management practices (disease prevention, diagnostic, surveillance and control) Develop sustainable land management practices (soil erosion control; landscape management) Expand irrigation and improve water management Expand crop and livestock insurance Sustainable management of forestry and Agroforestry Development of Agroforestry and Sustainable Agriculture (control soil erosion and improved soil fertility) Promote afforestation / reforestation of designated areas Wood Supply Chain, Improved Efficiency and Added Value Improve Forest Management for degraded forest resources Table 6.2 Estimated costs of adaptation interventions UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED"


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"Adaptation measures SN Intervention Indicator Line Ministry (implementing entities) Timeline Category of indicator Funding estimate Mitigation benefits Alignment with SDGs Water Develop a National Water Security through water conservation practices, wetlands restoration, water storage and efficient water use Water storage per capita MoE/MINAGRI (RWRB/ REMA/ RAB, Private sector) A 164.3 million USD Improved quantity and quality of water resources which sustain new and existing hydropower plants Renewable water resource availability per capita per annum (m\u00b3 / capita/a) MoE / MININFRA (RWRB/REMA/ WASAC, Private sector) B Develop water resource models, water quality testing, and improved hydro-related information systems Percentage of catchments with water balance and allocation models MoE (RWRB/ Private sector) B 10 million USD Develop and implement a catchment management plan for all Level 1 catchments Number of operational hydrological stations MOE (RWRB/ Private sector) B 360 million USD Percentage of water bodies with good ambient water quality MoE (RWRB/ Private sector) B Agriculture Develop climate resilient crops and promote climate resilient livestock Number of climate resilient crop varieties developed MINAGRI (RAB, NAEB, REMA, Private sector, Civil society) B 24"


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"Adaptation vision and goals Vision  for adaptation Rwanda s long term vision is to become a climate resilient economy, with strategic objectives to achieve Energy Security and a Low Carbon Energy Supply that supports the development of Green Industry and Services; Sustainable Land Use and Water Resource Management that result in Food Security, appropriate Urban Development and preservation of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, as  5 World Bank Data 2015 6 The assessment of economic impacts of the 2012 wet season flooding in Rwanda 2013 7 Rwanda baseline climate change vulnerability index 2015 8 Green Growth and Climate Resilience Strategy 2011 9 IPCC Fifth Assessment Report 2013\f3 of 24  well as to ensure Social Protection, Improved Health and Disaster Risk Reduction that reduces vulnerability to climate change impacts10 Sector goals The priority adaptation actions have been identified in Rwanda s Green Growth and Climate Resilient Strategy (2011), are on-going and will be partially or fully achieved by 2050."


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"Additionally, an approach has been proposed to organize M&E framework in a way that facilitates reporting at selected levels. The levels have identified indicators that are relevant at global and national levels (see above). The national level reporting will respond to data and information demands at strategic levels including NST and sector strategic plans that inform joint sector reviews and other reporting requirements at the prime minister and MINECOFIN levels at the central government and Imihigo reporting for sub-national entities in particular."


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"Agriculture Programme of Action Actions Descriptions and Goals/Targets Mitigation benefit intensification of agriculture agro ecology techniques using spatial plant stacking as in agro forestry, kitchen gardens, nutrient recycling, and water conservation to maximise sustainable food production; Seasonal shortages of food supply as a result of poor harvests caused by droughts and flooding and soil erosion are among the most significant signs of how the agriculture sector is vulnerable to climate change in Rwanda."


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"Agriculture accounts for approximately one-third of Rwanda\u2019s GDP, and around one-half of power generation comes from small-scale hydropower. Economic growth was solid, averaging 6.1% over (2013-2016) against the target of 11.5% over the period 2013-2020. Growth in all sectors while positive and resilient in the face of a slowing global economy, did not meet targets. Agriculture averaged 4.1% compared to 8.5% (targeted). These sectors provide jobs and income for a majority of Rwanda\u2019s population."


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"Agro-forestry also helps combat soil erosion, provides fodder, improves soil fertility and contributes to social well-being and green economic growth (GoR, 2018a). 2.5.2 Services and tourism The services and tourism sector is a major driver of economic growth in Rwanda, contributing 47% to national GDP in 2015 (GoR, 2018a). Key growing service areas include banking, insurance, and transport. Services exports grew by 10% per annum between 2009 and 2014."


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"All measures were also considered to be potentially applicable for implementation before 2030, subject to financial support and overcoming implementation challenges. In common with many other developing country Parties, Rwanda mitigation contribution has been developed according to two different components: \u2022 Unconditional contribution: Those mitigation measures and policies which will be implemented \u2018unconditionally\u2019 through domestic efforts alone (e.g."


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"All the existing 53 gauging stations will be upgraded to automated real time data stations by 2030.  5.3 Develop a National Water Security Plan to employ water storage and rain water harvesting, water conservation practices, efficient irrigation, and other water efficient technologies. Rwanda will establish a comprehensive National Water Security Plan to expand water storage and irrigation infrastructure, rainwater harvesting, water conservation and water efficiency practices. This strategic action brings together the national policies and strategies for irrigation, water supply and sanitation, IWRM and energy."


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"Also the installed capacity of agro processing installations is to reach 1,200,000 MT by 2030 from 400,000 MT12 in 2014. In addition, Rwanda targets to have 100% of farmers with access to services for post harvest treatment and storage of food crops and reduce post harvest losses to at least 1% by 2030 from maize, beans and rice respectively. The use of solar energy in warehouses will be actively promoted."


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"Although good at  increasing yields, intensive use of inorganic fertilisers has adverse impacts to the environment in general and climate change in particular. In contrast, the use of organic fertilisers by composting has many environmental benefits whereby it provides an excellent way to manage the huge volume of organic waste and utilise it in a productive manner. The effectiveness of composted organic waste can be further improved by enriching and blending it with nutrients (Nitrogen phosphorus)."


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"Although these do not represent dramatic shifts in emissions sources, they clearly indicate the growing contribution from fossil fuels to national emissions, arising from increasing demand for power generation, road transport services and other modern energy uses. At the same time, despite potential for increased productivity, agricultural output is expected to be limited due to land availability, thereby limiting emissions growth from this sector."


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"An additional seasonal increase of between 0.1 \u00b0C and 0.3 \u00b0C is projected on top of the annual mean temperature throughout the country, except for the northern region where a decrease of 0.06\u00b0C is expected. Furthermore, a decreasing trend in mean rainfall and number of rainy days is projected (GoR, 2018a). This explains why increased dry spells are anticipated across the country, especially in the eastern region."


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"An initial assessment of the funding requirements for the identified measures has been described in this document, and implementation costs will be refined as more evidence- based information is obtained. Rwanda intends to meet its conditional contribution through the use of climate finance and international market mechanisms where appropriate, building upon the experience of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and other existing market mechanisms. These include the potential involvement in international cooperative approaches under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement."


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"As it is true of most African nations, Rwanda\u2019s contribution to climate change in the form of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is relatively small, although emissions from deforestation, agriculture, and land use, combined with strong expected emission growth from expected economic development and energy use, and are significant enough within Rwanda\u2019s carbon footprint to demand a mitigation response."


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"As set out in the country\u2019s vision for continued economic development5, Vision 2050, Rwanda aspires to reach Middle Income Country (MIC) and High-Income Country (HIC) status by 2035 and 2050, respectively. The Vision will be delivered through a series of seven-year National Strategies for Transformation (NST1), underpinned by detailed sectoral strategies (World Bank, 2019). The current NST1 covers the period 2017-2024 (GoR, 2017a). GDP growth assumptions consistent with the Vision have been used as the base assumption for the BAU emissions projections."


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"As shown in Figure 6.1, the methodology considered the development of a long list of adaptation actions, their prioritization, and indicators development which informed the framework for the updated NDC activities and the NDC implementation plan."


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"At an aggregate level, total emissions are forecast to more than double over the 2015-2030 period, GDP growth averaged 7.5% over the decade to 2018 while per capita GDP grew at 5% annually (World Bank, 2019). The medium scenario predicts a total population growth of around 39% over the period 2015-2030; this rises to 43% under the high scenario and falls to 32% under the low scenario."


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"At the international and regional levels, it has ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) as a Non-Annex 1 Party in 1995 and later the Kyoto Protocol. Rwanda has also ratified the Paris Agreement, which deals primarily with greenhouse emissions mitigation, adaptation and financing. As part of the PA implementation, Rwanda is submitting a revision of the NDC with clear results framework and resource mobilization targets that will realistically guide its successful implementation."


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"At the national level, NDC MRV will be monitored, analyzed and reported semi-annually at the E&CC TWG and the ENR SWG (uploaded on the RBME system) using national planning driven process coordinated by MINECOFIN to inform policy and strategic planning and action oriented decisions. REMA has longstanding experience in reporting to UNFCCC through National communications (NC) and Biennial Update Reports (BURs)."


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"BAU GHG emissions projection, all NDC sectors Wastewater Manure management Industry Solid Waste Enteric fermentation Electricity Rice cultivation IPPU Urea application Buildings Managed soils Transport This pattern is consistent with developing countries emissions trajectories; see for example historic Non-Annex B emissions in   Note that this value is \u2018corrected\u2019 to account for data errors in the TNC reported data (GoR, 2018a)."


id: 466c41b3c9b9da73b84a6ca37f7cf66
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"BAU projections GHG forecast by sector and IPCC category 2015-2030 Sensitivity cases Mitigation assessment GHG emission reductions calculations Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) Evaluation of options Criteria based evaluation of mitigation options Prioritisation of options GHG reduction pathways (NDC) Mitigation options grouped into GHG reduction scenarios  Calculations of impacts 2015- 203 against BAU projections Sensitivity cases Technical Outputs Emission reduction outputs (absolute; per capita; per GDP) Economic outputs (abatement costs; investment needs)  Sectoral outputs (e.g energy use; power generation mix)\fGREEN RWANDA The development of BAU projections was based on detailed bottom-up modelling of activity and GHG forecasts developed for each emitting sector through 2030."


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"Based on number of registrations, total vehicle numbers are estimated to have grown from 47,631 in 2006 to 161,925 in 2015, representing an increase of over 300%1. Motorcycles accounted for around 51% of total vehicles in 2015, followed by passenger cars (34%), and other vehicles including buses and trucks (15%). To reduce the number of accidents on Rwanda\u2019s roads, motor vehicle inspection centres has been created."


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"Based on this analysis, mitigation measures have been grouped according to two different components: \u2022 Unconditional contribution: A reduction of 16 per cent relative to BAU in the year 2030; equivalent to an estimated mitigation level of 1.9 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2e) in that year. This is an unconditional target, based on domestically supported and implemented mitigation measures and policies."


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"Basing on the experiences in reporting at global level (including expectations of adaptation investment funds) and national level (including projects), the indicators outlined in the table below were divided into categories A and B for global and national reporting, respectively. The indicators are also aligned with baselines and adaptation targets that have drawn from existing national initiatives on climate change adaptation and resilience."


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"Basing on the experiences in reporting at the global level (including expectations of adaptation investment funds) and national level (including projects), the indicators have the potential to position Rwanda\u2019s envisaged robust engagement and efforts at addressing challenges of measurement of climate adaptation/resilience."


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"Because Rwanda is highly vulnerable to climate change, adaptation is a key concern and a priority for the country. As is true of most African nations, Rwanda\u2019s contribution to climate change in the form of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is relatively small, however, although emissions from deforestation, agriculture, and land use, combined with strong expected emission growth from expected economic development and energy use, and are significant enough within Rwanda\u2019s carbon footprint to demand a mitigation response."


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"Both the 2017 and 2018 Rwanda NDC implementation and partnership plans identified the following areas to have broadly captured the demonstrated gaps that need to be addressed and strengthened (GoR, 2018c): \u2022 Institutional and regulatory framework for sector coordination \u2022 Data availability, collection, management, reporting and verification \u2022 Limited financing opportunities for flagship projects implementation \u2022 Institutional and technical capacity among sectors involved in adaptations strategies (government, private sector, and Civil Society Organizations), particularly for developing bankable projects for domestic and external funds mobilization \u2022 Challenges on the operational level focus on metrics, data management, monitoring, reporting and verification."


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"By 2050, development will be achieved with low carbon domestic energy resources and practices, reducing the country\u2019s contribution to climate change while allowing it to be independent of imported oil for power generation. Finally, Rwanda will have the robust local and regional knowledge to be able to respond and adapt to changes in the climate and the resulting impacts.  Rwanda is pleased to submit this INDC to replace the preliminary INDC submitted to the Convention in September 2015."


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"Capacity Building and technology transfer Under the Paris Agreement, developed countries have also committed to provide technology transfer and capacity building to developing countries. Many developing countries will require enhanced capacities to effectively track inflows of bilateral and multilateral resources and support and identify pending gaps and needs.\fUPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION It is critical that the Paris Agreement\u2019s capacity building provisions are implemented successfully. Technology transfer and capacity building will be required to fully implement Rwanda\u2019s mitigation and adaptation contributions."


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"Cattle predominate on the larger farms in the east and central regions while in the southern parts where farms are often as small as 0.5 ha, few households own cattle. In these areas, the government is promoting the One-Cow-per-Poor-Family, or Grinka, program.\fGREEN RWANDA Fish production has increased significantly since 2011 (for example, rising from 11.662 tons in 2011 to 24,550 tons in 2013; GOR, 2018a)."


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"Centers inKigali,Standardiz ed Route Optimization planning and implementation,Pl anning, rehabilitation and construction of intra-modal passenger terminals, Construction of 17 km BRT main corridor and modern interchanges which will results in GHG emissions reductions estimated n of dedicated \u201crush hour\u201d high speed bus lanes, Improvement of traffic and pedestrian controls and street lighting using solar pannels Enforcing Fleet renewal and scrappage (heavy, medium, mini- bus), Setting emission standards (equivalent to Euro standards)\f19 of 24  for new vehicles, Use of higher fuel efficiencies and low carbon technologies for new vehicles, Standardized compliance and inspections for non-Rwandan registered vehicles,Integratio n with International Airport and convention/busine ss center."


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"Change in land area covered by agroforestry MINAGRI / MoE / MINALOC, (RAB, REMA, RLUMA, RFA, Private sector, Civil society) A 92 million USD Improved GHG sink capacity/ reduced emissions UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Promote afforestation / reforestation of designated areas Hectares of forest restored/ afforested in program area and hectares of protected forest in project/ program area MoE/ MINAGRI / MINALOC, (RAB, REMA, RFA, RLUMA, Private sector, Civil society) B 16.8 million USD Improved GHG sink capacity/ reduced emissions Percentage of forest area (to the land area) A Improve Forest Management for degraded forest resources Number of Ha of private forest restored and whose owners are grouped into cooperatives MoE/ MINAGRI / MINALOC, (RAB, REMA, RFA, RLUMA, Private sector, Civil society) B 8.1 million USD Improved GHG sink capacity/ reduced emissions Number of Ha of forest plantation whose management is transferred to the private operators B Change in Forest area degraded/ rehabilitated B Integrated approach to planning and monitoring for sustainable land management National land use development master plan (NLUDMP) that includes comprehensive measures and procedures for sustainable land use practices MoE / MINAGRI / MININFRA / MINALOC (RLUMA, RAB, RHA, REMA, RFA, Districts, Private sector, Civil society) B"


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"Changes in temperature and precipitation and their distributions are the key drivers of climate and weather-related disasters that negatively affect Rwandans and the country\u2019s economy, including through droughts, floods, and landslides which results in damage to infrastructure, loss of lives and property (including crops) and contribute to soil erosion and water pollution. Rwanda is highly reliant on rain-fed agriculture both for rural livelihoods and exports of tea and coffee, in addition to depending on hydropower for half of its electricity generation."


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"Changes in temperature and precipitation and their distributions are the key drivers of climate and weather-related disasters that negatively affect Rwandans and the overall economy. The main risks/impacts that adversely affect the population include droughts, floods, landslides and storms. These are associated with damages to infrastructure, loss of lives and property including crops, soil erosion, water pollution, etc. (GoR, 2017b; REMA, 2015). A rise in temperature is predicted across Rwanda in the coming years up to 2050, especially during the dry seasons."


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"Climate and climate change impacts Rwanda has a tropical climate moderated by hilly topography stretching from east to west. The country is divided into four main climatic regions: the eastern plains, central plateau, highlands, and regions around Lake Kivu. The eastern plains receive an annual rainfall of between 700 mm and 1,100 mm, with mean annual temperature oscillating between 20\u00b0C and 22\u00b0C. The central plateau region enjoys rainfall of between 1,100 mm and 1,300 mm, with an annual mean temperature of between 18\u00b0C and 20\u00b0C."


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"Climate change adaptation is being mainstreamed in the transport sector by increasing the number of all-weather roads through improving road infrastructure from unpaved to paved roads with a focus on national roads. In 2018, from a total length of national roads of 2749km, 1385.5km were paved (50%). Financial limitation is one of the major challenges among others, which results in gaps for technical and technological capacity, as well as pressure on natural resources linked to high population density."


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"Climate change has been taken seriously in Rwanda as evidenced by the policy prescriptions including Vision 2050, NST and the GGCRS and the regional and global programs to which Rwanda subscribes including NDC, Africa Agenda 2063 and the SDGs. However, significant gaps have been equally evident in how climate change actions in these programs are prioritised for financing that is essential for implementation.\fGREEN RWANDA The global climate financing agencies often create artificial divisions between climate change and development."


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"Climate change will also upset the north-west highlands and south-western districts of Rwanda with a rise in rainfall intensities. According to the TNC, there is a high probability that the number of days with extreme temperature will continue to increase by 2050 whereas the days with extreme rainfall will be relatively constant (GoR, 2018a). Rwanda is highly reliant on rain-fed agriculture both for rural livelihoods and exports of tea and coffee, and depends on hydropower for half of its electricity generation."


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"Climate compatible mining Phasing out of diesel gensets for on-site electricity consumption, to be replaced with grid and/or on-site renewable power production. MOE (RMB, mining companies) Up to 5 million USD. Reduced reliance on energy imports through use of indigenous energy resources. Efficient brick kilns Phasing out use of clamp kilns, and applying energy efficiency measures in the brick manufacturing industry. MININFRA (RHA, REMA, RFA, brick companies) 13 million USD Increased resilience of brick manufacturing industry. Reduced reliance on biomass energy and related air pollution."


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"Collectively, our task is to move forward on a path towards sustainable development while balancing environmental, social and economic variables. In 2011, Rwanda developed its Green Growth and Climate Resilience Strategy to guide the country\u2019s response to climate change. The strategy has positioned Rwanda to play its part in the global response and, as a result, the country hosted the 28th Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol at which the Kigali Amendment was agreed."


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"Conditional measures Electricity Solar mini-grids 68 MWp of solar mini-grids to be installed in off-grid rural areas by 2030, as reflected in the Rural Electrification Strategy. Displacement of traditional biomass fuels, diesel and kerosene for domestic energy use. MININFRA (REG, EDCL) Total costs est. 206 million USD (incl. battery replace- ments) Reduced dependence on availability of traditional biomass fuels, which is vulnerable to climate variability. Reduced pressure on forests and forest biodiversity."


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"Conservation tillage: Reduction in vertical movement of soil, leaving more crop residue on the soil surface, thereby reducing soil erosion, reduction of CO2 and N2O emissions and carbon sequestration in soils. MINAGRI (RAB) 128 million USD Increased food security through enhanced soil fertility, increased crop stability and reduced soil erosion. Cleaner water provision, through reduced nutrient and soil runoff."


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"Costs and investment levels: Higher cost projects and those requiring significant investment levels are typically considered more suitable to international support given national budget and resource constraints. 2. Inclusion within existing national policies and sector plans: Several projects and measures are already included within national policy planning and budgeted within sector plans: these can therefore be viewed as domestically supported. 3."


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"Creation of revenue generation opportunities of stakeholders in the waste management process chain. Improved quality of water, soil and local atmosphere. Increased access to electricity and reduced dependency on traditional biomass energy. Waste-to-energy (WtE) plants Development of WtE plants in Kigali and other urban areas through energy recovery options other than LFG. Avoided CO2 emissions from displacement of fossil-based electricity use. MININFRA, MINALOC (RURA, REMA, CoK/ municipal and local government, WASAC) Total costs est. 8 million USD per year."


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"Creation of revenue generation opportunities of stakeholders in the waste management process chain. Increased access to electricity and reduced dependency on traditional biomass energy. Aerobic composting Development of commercial scale aerobic composting systems for agricultural and forestry residue, manure, food processing, household kitchen and garden waste, and biosolids (organic solids from treated sewage). Reduction in CH4 emissions, since methane-producing microbes are not active in the presence of oxygen."


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"Development of such industrial parks will require significant energy and the concept of establishing green industrial parks will focus on reducing the carbon footprint of goods produced in these industrial zones through a greater use of renewable, energy efficient technologies and Rwanda will establish Eco- Industrial Parks / Green Industries Complex where following principles will be applied: The production of goods and services in the industrial park must, at a minimum comply with defined standards; Any CO2 emissions that remains after consideration of heating, cooling, fixed lighting and ventilation must be less that or equal to a pre defined carbon compliance limit."


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"Discussion of contact points and specific arrangements for follow-up data collection. A modified \u2018long list\u2019 emerging from the workshop discussions was further refined, based on subsequent meetings held between the consulting team, government officials and sector experts though July 2019 - January 2020. The projects identified in the NDC were re-assessed, as well as additional projects and programmes. In some cases, the details, and context, regarding many of the projects were found to have changed since the time of INDC submission."


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"Displacement of GHG emissions from fossil fuel power generation (peat, diesel oil). MININFRA (REG, EDCL) Total plant capital costs estimated at 328 million USD. Potential for improved water management through flood and drought control. Increase in agricultural production due to improved water management and reduced exposure to extreme climate events. Solar street lighting Installation of solar lighting and LED systems to replace high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps for street lighting and public spaces within populated areas and main roads by 2024. Reduction of grid-based GHG emisisons."


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"Economic Cluster Working Groups Monitors implementation of NST1 in different clusters and will serve as a platform for integrating NDC MRV into high level decision making at the national level. Provide strategic guidance and orientation on policies and investments and will guide on the crucial role of NDC to deliver NST1 results."


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"Economic sectors 2.5.1 Agriculture, fisheries and forests Agriculture is an important sector of the Rwandan economy, contributing 33% to national GDP in 2015 (GoR, 2018a) with almost 90% of households practice traditional subsistence agriculture, mainly on narrow plots of land exhausted by continuous utilization (ibid). National crop production comprises tubers and roots (37%) such as cassava, followed by banana (28%) and cereals (11%), legumes and pulses (8%), and vegetables and fruits (5%). Coffee and tea constitute Rwanda\u2019s main export crops."


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"Efficient use of irrigation water reduce nitrogen losses including nitrous oxide emissions. diversity in local and export markets 2.1 Add value to agricultural products through processing to meet its own market demand for food stuffs; Food stuff distribution faces challenges when it comes to rural community market places where traded commodities can be damaged under extreme weather conditions."


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"Emissions from IPPU represented just 0.08 million tCO2e, equivalent to around 2% of total emissions in 2015; mainly associated with calcination CO2 emissions from clinker production. Emissions from livestock, predominantly CH4 from enteric fermentation in cattle, represented the largest emissions source category in the base year, followed by N2O emissions from managed soils in crop production."


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"Emissions from industrial processes and product use (IPPU) represented just 0.08 million tCO2e, equivalent to around 2% of total emissions in 2015 and mainly associated with calcination CO2 emissions from clinker production. Under a BAU projection, Rwanda\u2019s total emissions are forecast to more than double over the 2015-2030 period, rising from 5.3 million tCO2e in the base year to 12.1 million tCO2e in 2030."


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"Encroachment on sensitive areas will persist until land Combined actions under this programme will result in availing more land space which might be\f11 of 24  reforms are completed. Rwanda will implement rigorous planning and zoning regulatory framework to manage the changing demands on land. In addition to initiatives like systematic land registration and implementation of land tenure regularization reform."


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"Energy  Programme of action Actions Description and targets Adaptation benefits Baseline scenario Mitigation scenario carbon energy mix 1.1 Establishment of new grid connected renewable electricity In the current national energy mix , fossil fuel Rwanda will increase the share of renewable Through these initiatives, there will be\f14 of 24  generation capacity in the form of large-scale hydro power plants and solar PV power electricity generation makes 32% of the total generation capacity, with a projection of 46% in 2020 and much more in under business as usual scenario."


id: e25138d6bbd805d5ffdd6ea969f159fe
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"Enhanced soil fertility and reduced soil erosion. Soil and water conservation (terracing) Installation of 165,000 Ha land protection terracing structures in sloped arable areas to present soil erosion, leading to reduction of CO2 and N2O emissions and carbon sequestration in soils. MINAGRI (RAB) 924 million USD Increased food security through enhanced soil fertility, increased crop stability and reduced soil erosion. Cleaner water provision, through reduced nutrient and soil runoff."


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"Enhancing data quality and reliability will require growing application of information technology (IT) developments. Rwanda has demonstrated ample opportunities to bundle M&E systems with IT enabled processes and tools to improve data and information systems in a number of areas/sectors that can benefit climate information generation and use."


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"Environment and natural resources Rwanda\u2019s socio-economic development is dependent on the environment and natural resources such as land, water, air, minerals and biodiversity. Total arable land is estimated at 14,000 km2 or 52% of the country\u2019s total surface area (26,338 km2). However, in 2014 the total cultivated area increased to 1,747,559 hectares or 66% of the national territory. This means that some mountainous and protected areas have progressively been cultivated, exposing the country to more climate change and climate variability impacts (GoR, 2018a)."


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"Environmental and engineering guidelines developed (for climate resilient road infrastructure) MININFRA / MINEMA ( RTDA, RHA, Meteo Rwanda; Districts) B 600 million USD Reduced GHG emissions from improved transport services which reduces motorized private transport Reduction of length of roads vulnerable to flood and landslides B Number of passengers using the public transport each year MININFRA (RTDA, Private Sector) B Mining Climate compatible mining Percentage of companies deploying climate compatible mining MoE/ MINICOM (RMB, Private Sector, Civil society) B 59.3 million USD Reduced GHG emissions from energy efficiency measures Cross-cutting Disaster risk monitoring Population covered by Disaster risk reduction (DRR) programs MINEMA / MoE (Meteo Rwanda, REMA, RWRB, MINALOC, MININFRA, NISR) B 20 million USD Reduced GHG emissions from community-based DRR programs such as improved farming techniques Number of effective city contingency plans developed B Establish an integrated early warning system, and disaster response plans Percentage of extreme weather events for which advance warning was provided at least 30 minutes in advance A 10 million USD Institutional capacity building and development for cross-sector NDC implementation Number of staff who acquired technical skills to effectively coordinate and report on NDC implementation MoE (REMA and other NDC participating sectors) B 6 million"


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"Estimated GHG mitigation potential in 2030 from all mitigation measures Industrial Processes and Product Use Waste Increased pozzolanas in cement F-gases substitution Landfill gas utilisation Waste-to- energy Aerobic compositing Waste-water treatment\fGREEN RWANDA Solar mini grids Solar water heaters Efficient cook stoves Electric vehicles Efficient lighting Vehicle standards Hydropower Solar irrigation Other solar On-farm biogas Industry Improved fertilisers efficiency Soil conservation (terracing) Conservation tillage Soil Conservation (multicropping) Soil Conservation (rotation) Improved livestock husbandry Improved livestock species Compost production Manure management Energy Agriculture\fUPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Evaluating the options The identified mitigation options were assessed according to a multi-criteria evaluation framework."


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"Estimated investment requirements for NDC measures Sector Electricity generation Manufacturing industry Transport Buildings Agriculture Energy - total IPPU - total Fertilizer use and composting Manure Livestock Soil and water conservation Agriculture - total Solid waste Wastewater Waste - total TOTAL US Million Conditional Measures Domestic Measures\fUPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Adaptation Contribution Introduction Rwanda is heavily dependent upon its natural resources including land, water, and forests. Over two-thirds of the population engage in agriculture, forestry, and tourism for income and food security."


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"Evaluation MINEMA Ministry of Emergency Management MINAGRI Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources MINALOC Ministry of Local Government MINECOFIN Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning MINEDUC Ministry of Education MININFRA Ministry of Infrastructure MoE Ministry of Environment MRV Measuring, Reporting and Verification Mt Million metric tonnes MW Megawatt NAP National Adaptation Plan NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NISR National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda NLUDMP National Land Use Development Master Plan NST National Strategy for Transformation ODS Ozone depleting substances PA Paris Agreement PoA Programmes of Action PPCR Pilot Program for Climate Resilience PV Photovoltaic RAB Rwanda Agriculture Board RBME Results Based Monitoring and Evaluation REG Rwanda Energy Group Ltd REMA Rwanda Environment Management Authority RFA Rwanda Forestry Authority RHA Rwanda Housing Authority RLMUA Rwanda Land Management and Use Authority RMPGB Rwanda Mines, Petroleum and Gas Board RTDA Rwanda Transport Development Agency RURA Rwanda Utilities Regulatory Authority RWRB Rwanda Water Resources Board RWFA Rwanda Water and Forestry Authority SPCR Strategic Program for Climate Resilience v UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION SREP Scaling Up Renewable Energy Program SSP Sector Strategic Plan SWH Solar water heater SWG Sector Working Group t Tonne TNC Third National Communication under the UNFCCC TWG Thematic"


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"F-gases not to exceed the following percentages: (a) 2020 to 2024: 95%; (b) 2025 to 2028: 65%; (c) 2029 to 2033: 30%. MOE (RSB, REMA, private sector) Additional capital costs est. 3.2 million USD. Material costs est. 20 million USD Reduction of climate impacts from F-gases with high GWP, which results in enhanced population resilience to adverse climate impacts."


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"Figure 6.2 below summarizes the funding requirements per sector associated with all identified adaptation interventions, estimated at 5.3 billion USD through 2030."


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"Finance of mitigation measures \u2022 Track climate finance flows for NDC implementation, including international public finance, national domestic budgets and private climate finance, to improve the overall transparency of climate finance flows, and \u2022 Assess whether the scale/type of financing requirements for NDC implementation are being addressed.\fUPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION An MRV framework consistent with these requirements is presented in the Annex to this document."


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"Floods and landslides were increasingly reported in the high altitude Western and Northern Provinces, whereas droughts made severe damages in the Eastern Province7.  Summary of climate change trends, impacts and vulnerabilities Rwanda has experienced a temperature increase of 1.4\u00b0C since 19708, higher than the global average, and can expect an increase in temperature of up to 2.0\u00b0C by the 2030s from 1970. Rainfall is highly variable in Rwanda but average annual rainfall may increase by up to 5-10% by the 2030s from 19709."


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"Following the endorsement, REMA will communicate NDC MRV through the normal national reporting channels including the ENR SWG and the economic cluster chaired by the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MINECOFIN) to inform policy and strategic decisions that ensure NDC MRV effectively supports national sustainable development."


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"Following these agricultural sources, major sources included CO2 emissions from fuel combustion for heating and cooking in buildings (LPG, kerosene), which accounted for 14% of the total, and CO2 emissions from liquid fuel use in road transport (diesel, gasoline), which accounted for 13% of the total. Rwanda\u2019s GHG emissions by source in 2015, MtCO2e Source: Rwanda National GHG Inventory data (as of September 2019); forestry excluded."


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"For example, during the period between 2012 and 2015, electricity generation increased by 72% and access to electricity improved from around 5% to 36% although lower than the 50% targeted in 2016 (GoR, 2018a). Rwanda is also undertaking various energy efficiency programs including the distribution of compact fluorescent lights (CFL), the \u2018SolaRwanda\u2019 Solar Water Heaters (SWH) project, and the replacement of high-pressure sodium lamps with LEDs in street lights."


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"For example, finance, capacity building and technical support have a direct impact on implementation of mitigation and adaptation actions. Therefore, Rwanda\u2019s NDC MRV system will be instrumental in monitoring and reporting progress and use of support as well as facilitate identification of challenges to inform policy changes essential to improve implementation. Rwanda has a robust national planning process coordinated by the Ministry of Finance Economic Planning and Research (MINECOFIN) through sector working groups (SWGs) that track implementation of sector priorities."


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"For instance in City of Kigali, levels of waste entering landfill sites increased from 141.38 tons per year in 2006 to 495.76 tons per year in 2015. A standard \u201ccollect and dump\u201d approach is the dominant waste management in most Rwandan cities. Increased involvement of the private sector increased the coverage of solid waste collection service; for example, 90% of the population in Kigali had access to solid waste collection service in 2015 compared to 44% in 2012."


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"Forest Land - - Sources and Emissions Sources on Land 3.C.3. Urea application 3.C.4. Direct N2O Emissions from managed soils 3.C.5. Indirect N2O Emissions from managed soils 3.C.6.  Indirect N2O Emissions from manure management 3.C.7. Rice cultivation 4.A.  Solid Waste Disposal 4.B.  Biological Treatment of Solid Waste 4.C.  Incineration and Open Burning of Waste 4.D."


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"Forestry Programme of action Actions Description and goals/targets Mitigation benefits Forestry, Agroforestry and Biomass Energy afforestation/refore station of designated areas through enhanced germplasm and technical practices in planting and post-planting processes; The Rwandan forestry sector provides the main part of the primary energy needs (97% of cooking energy) to the population. Since 2002, there have been consistent gap in wood products supply and demand with deficits reaching 12 million cubic meters in 2009."


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content:
"Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Pachauri, R.K. and Reisinger, A. (Eds.). IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland MIDIMAR, 2015. The National Risk Atlas of Rwanda. Kigali: MIDIMAR. MINIRENA, 2010. Second national communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Ministry of Natural Resources (MINIRENA), Kigali, Rwanda. MINIRENA, 2012. Second National Communication under the United National framework Convention on Climate Change (U.N.F.C.C.). Kigali: Ministry of Natural Resources-Republic of Rwanda. MINIRENA, 2014. Forest Landscape Restoration Opportunity Assessment for Rwanda."


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"Framework of analysis and scope for the adaptation work Conceptual Approach: Long list based on programs of actions: GGCRS/SPCR/FIP/N DC Plan & adaptation measures in National Communication Assess and prioritise adaptation actions / investments: \u2022 Actions / investments Set criteria for priority setting \u2022 Identify sector priority adaptation actions Develop adaptation indicators and targets: \u2022 Identify indicators and baselines from existing reports \u2022 Categorise metrics: Global / National and program and project levels Framework for NDC implementation / MEL: \u2022 Institutional coordination and sector capacity building - RBME linkages \u2022 Status of adaptation finacing and resouces mobilisation\fUPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Consultation with experts from multiple sectors was conducted based on the developed analytical framework."


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"Furthermore, farm ownership per household has decreased significantly, from 1.2 ha in 1984 to 0.89 ha in 1990 and 0.6 ha in 2010 (GoR, 2018a). These smaller plots are overexploited, leading to degradation and a decrease in soil fertility (GoR, 2018a).\fGREEN RWANDA Rwanda\u2019s hydrographic system is split into two basins divided by the Congo-Nile ridge, with water systems to the west of the ridge flowing into the Congo basin, and those to the east of ridge flowing into the Nile basin."


id: 8cc1e50ec8a41a02027262126e6ab942
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"Furthermore, in 2019, a new Environment and Climate Change Policy was adopted with the following relevant objectives (MoE, 2019): \u2022 Greening economic transformation (resource efficiency, low carbon, climate resiliency, circular economy, green technology and procurement, green urbanization and settlements, and green mobility); \u2022 Strengthening meteorological and early warning services (climate and weather services production and mainstreaming into all sectors of Rwanda\u2019s socio-economic development, production and access of meteorological, climate and weather services for better planning in all sectors of economy; \u2022 Promoting climate change adaptation, mitigation and response (strengthen mitigation and adaptation in both planning and implementation); \u2022 Strengthening environment and climate change governance (mainstreaming of environment and climate change into all sector policies, national coordination for the management of critical ecosystems, inclusive decision-making and interventions for environment and climate change management, education & awareness of Rwandan society on environment, weather and climate change, and strengthen the institutional framework and coordination mechanisms); and \u2022 Promoting green foreign and domestic direct investment and other capital inflows (strengthening environment & climate financial mechanisms for more efficiency, effectiveness and impact and strengthening climate"


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"Furthermore, the country intends to use mixed-species approaches which contribute greatly to the achievement of both mitigation objectives and adaptation benefits of ecosystem resilience and biodiversity. Through this strategic action, the country\u2019s target is to achieve an overall 30% sustained forest cover of the total national land surface by 2030 from 28.8% in 2013. Improved Forest Management for degraded forest resources; Land scarcity is a primary constraint to the expansion of Rwanda\u2019s forest resources."


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created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:25
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"GHG inventory data in the base year 2015 are shown in Table 5.1 according to IPCC reporting categories for all GHG emissions sources, and summarised in aggregated form in Figure 5.1. Total emissions excluding forestry are estimated at 5.33 million tCO2e for 2015. The agriculture sector accounted for the largest share of the total (2.94 million tCO2e, 55% of total), followed by energy (1.68 million tCO2e, 31% of total) and waste (0.64 million tCO2e, 12% of total)."


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"GHG mitigation estimates made in the context of NAMAs and the TNC (GoR, 2018a), and a variety of other official data and information sources. The analysis comprised of three main stages: \u2022 Stage 1: Develop BAU emissions forecasts: Based on the national GHG inventory emissions described above for the base year of 2015, develop a revised BAU baseline scenario through 2030 according to key drivers of national GHG emissions e.g. GDP, population, sectoral output projections."


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"GREEN RWANDA\fLivestock Improved livestock species and population: Replacement of 10% domestic cows with improved cow species; expansion of fish farming, poultry and other small livestock to increase protein food supply without increasing cows; and change in livestock mix. Reduction in CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation. MINAGRI (RAB) 156 million USD Increased food security through introduction of more drought resistant livestock species and enhanced yields."


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"GREEN RWANDA\fUPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Funding requirements Figure 5.7 below shows the funding requirements associated with all identified mitigation options, estimated at 5.7 billion USD through 2030. These represent the capital investment costs required for new plant, installations and equipment. The investment levels for each sector broadly correspond to the estimated mitigation shares across each emitting sector, with agriculture and energy projects accounting for the majority (each accounting for 47% of the total 2020-2030 respectively)."


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"GREEN RWANDA 5.3.3 Mitigation assessment A detailed assessment of GHG mitigation options for Rwanda was undertaken in order to determine which options are most suitable within the NDC. The analysis was undertaken according to a three-step process: \u2022 Step 1: Identifying mitigation options. A \u2018long-list\u2019 list of potentially suitable emission reduction projects and measures was developed through discussions and consultation with government officials, technical and sector experts, and other stakeholders."


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"GREEN RWANDA Adaptation The adaptation inputs depicted in this updated NDC are based on producing quantified targets for adaptation/resilience, evaluate priority interventions, develop monitoring and evaluation (M&E) framework for adaptation interventions. This was conducted through the evaluation of updated NDC adaptation long list of interventions based on updated information and an in-depth assessment of the country\u2019s vulnerability to climate change."


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"GREEN RWANDA Although heath facilities in Rwanda (public and private) have increased in number since 2009, the country faces challenges to improving the country\u2019s health and reducing levels of disease. May such diseases have a close linkage with climate change, such as malaria, which is a vector borne disease, tuberculosis which is affected by environmental pollution and malnutrition which may indicate the persistence of food insecurity among population."


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"GREEN RWANDA MoE Proportion of land surface covered by forest [Forest cover]. This excludes agro-forestry area."


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"GREEN RWANDA NDC Revision Process Rwanda submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to the UNFCCC in September 2015, setting out its adaptation and mitigation goals. With the entry into force of the Paris Agreement in November 2016, the INDC became Rwanda\u2019s first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC). The first NDC is built upon the Green Growth and Climate Resilience Strategy (GGCRS), as well as other key national policies and guiding documents."


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"GREEN RWANDA National Circumstances This section provides a brief overview of Rwanda\u2019s national circumstances, including the country\u2019s geographic profile, its climate and climate change impacts, key socio-economic characteristics, natural resources and economic sectors. Geographic profile Rwanda is a country located in the east of central Africa between 1\u00b04\u00b4 and 2\u00b051\u00b4south latitude, and 28\u00b053\u00b4 and 30\u00b053\u00b4 east longitude, and covers an area of 26,338 km2."


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"GREEN RWANDA National GHG Inventory Rwanda\u2019s latest GHG inventory data is reported in its Third National Communication (TNC) to the UNFCCC (GoR, 2018a) covers emissions up to the year 2015. This is the year adopted as the NDC baseline year. As part of the NDC revision process, a review of the GHG inventory data was undertaken. This resulted in the correction of some errors and inconsistencies."


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"GREEN RWANDA Overview At the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) in Paris, on 12 December 2015, Parties to the United Nations Framework on Climate Change (UNFCCC) reached a landmark agreement to combat climate change and to accelerate and intensify the actions and investments needed for a sustainable low carbon future. The Paris Agreement (PA) entered into force in November 2016, following the universal adoption of the Agreement by Parties."


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"GREEN RWANDA References Government of Rwanda (GoR), 2011. Green Growth and Climate Resilience: National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon Development. Republic of Rwanda, Kigali. GoR, 2015a. Intended Nationally Determined Contribution for the Republic of Rwanda. Republic of Rwanda, Kigali. GoR, 2015b. Rwanda report on Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions, sectoral analysis. REMA, Kigali. GoR, 2017a. 7 Years Government Programme: National Strategy for Transformation (NST1), 2017-2024. Rwanda, Kigali GoR, 2017b. Detailed Implementation Plan for the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) of Rwanda. Kigali: REMA. GoR, 2018a."


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"GREEN RWANDA This is a demonstration of the progressive policy relevance of climate change to Rwanda\u2019s economic growth and development that lends the momentum to address climate change in general and adaptation/resilience in particular as an integral component to national development priorities."


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"Government of Rwanda\u2019s update of its first Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) for mitigation and adaptation for the period to 2030."


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"Guided discussions focused on three elements: 1. Review of NDC options: What is the current status of these projects? What is the planned timing? What are the implementation arrangements and needs? 2. Discussion of additional options: What other options could be applicable in Rwanda? What are the key challenges? What are the policy gaps and support needs? 3. Identifying data sources and gaps: What are the existing information sources? Where are the key data gaps required for detailed analysis?"


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"G\u00e9ographie du Rwanda, A. De Boeck-Bruxelles. United Nations (UN), 1987. Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. United Nations, 1987. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Human Development Report 2019: Rwanda. See:  World Bank, 2019. Rwanda overview. Updated 30 September 2019."


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"However, it is also with sheer optimism and a shared sense of purpose that Rwanda continues to make progress not only as part of the Paris Agreement, but also as part of the moral and ethical leadership required to leave a better future for the generations that follow. Rwanda\u2019s Nationally Determined Contribution is submitted in full recognition of not only the enormity of the task, but also with the knowledge of the disastrous consequences in the event of failure."


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"However, the full implementation of the strategic mitigation actions is conditional on the support of international stakeholders. The implementation of the prioritised policies and actions assume the continued use of existing and planned national and international financial sources. Rwanda intends to meet its conditional contribution through the use of climate finance and international market mechanisms where appropriate, building upon the experience of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and other existing market mechanisms."


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"However, the impacts of climate change have increasingly undermined the economic gains in recent years. NST1 asserts that agricultural growth was mainly affected by crop diseases and climate change effects. In response to the growing climate change challenges to the economy, Rwanda has put in place a legal, policy and strategic framework to deal with climate change and climate variability induced risks and economic losses through (among other approaches) reducing vulnerability and building resilience to the impacts of climate change."


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"Human Settlement High density buildings and informal settlement upgrading Storm water management Health Strengthen preventive measures and create capacity to adapt to disease outbreaks Transport Improved transport infrastructure and services Mining Climate compatible mining Cross Sectional Disaster risk monitoring Establish an integrated early warning system, and disaster response plans Capacity building and development for cross-sector NDC implementation Access to finance\fGREEN RWANDA Rwanda has developed an MRV framework consistent with these requirements that will allow the government to effectively track progress of the mitigation activities identified in this NDC consistent with UNFCCC reporting standards, and carry out ongoing evaluation of whether the country is on course to meet its targets through 2030."


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"Hydropower, covering large- and small-scale new generation, represents the largest share of the identified GHG reduction potential, followed by the use of solar energy for water heating, pumping for agricultural irrigation and off-grid electricity\fUPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION which together account for around a quarter of all mitigation. Emissions reductions arising from use of electric vehicles and vehicle fuel economy standards are also considered to be potentially significant, although assumptions around the rate of implementation over the coming decade (e.g."


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"Identifying and assessing mitigation measures Rwanda\u2019s first NDC identified seven broad programmes of action, covering a number of interventions within each of the country\u2019s key emitting sectors. However, these were only partially assessed for their GHG mitigation potential. The analysis used to develop this updated NDC has involved identifying a range of mitigation options from within each of the NDC sectors for further consideration and quantitative analysis."


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"Important to note however is that Rwanda\u2019s  fertility rate has reduced from 6.1 in 2005 to 4.2 in 2014 and that food crop production growth has grown more twice that of the population between 2007 and 2014 while per capita income has tripled from US$ 211 in 2001 to US$ 718 in 20144."


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"Importantly, these should ideally be guided by the ENR RBME framework which has oversight over cross cutting areas of environment and climate change in the national planning and budgeting framework. Finally, the selection of indicator driven data will be required for program and projects design, implementation and reporting to funders. This reporting framework demands periodic and timely data collection, analysis and overall management to ensure efficient reporting."


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"Improved health and reduction of harmful pollutants, enhacing resilience of population to disease and adverse climate impacts. Electric vehicles (EVs) The e-mobility programme plans for the phased adoption of electric buses, passenger vehicles (cars) and motorocycles from 2020 onwards, resulting in displaced conventional vehicle sales, transport fuel imports and associated GHG emissions. MININFRA (RTDA, REMA, RURA CoK, transport operators) Total costs including EVs and charging infrastructure est. up to 900 million USD."


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"In 2015 national parks counted 72,790 visitors, of which 44% visited the Volcano national park and 44% visited the Akagera national park (GoR, 2018a). 2.5.3 Trade and industry Rwanda\u2019s industry sector mainly comprises construction, manufacturing, mining and quarrying. In 2011, the Ministry of Trade and Industry (MINICOM) developed a national export strategy aiming to transform Rwanda into a globally competitive export economy. The industry sector has since grown to contribute 14% to national GDP (GoR, 2018a)."


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"In addition to the above-mentioned impacts and vulnerability to climate change, other challenges to the implementation of adaptation and resilience options are mainly classified at policy/strategic; global/national (sub-national); program and project levels."


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"In addition to the countrywide vulnerability index that was completed recently, Rwanda will conduct risk assessments and initiate \f12 of 24  vulnerability mapping to develop effective disaster management systems. Risk assessments will be conducted and completed countrywide by 2030. Every five years, Rwanda will be updating the recently developed climate change vulnerability index as to reflect the real situation of vulnerability to Climate change at any given time in the country."


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"In addition, MINIRENA has been accredited as implementing entity for Adaptation Fund and Green Climate Fund (GCF) while REMA has been nominated as national designated authority for GCF. These institutions are based on a sectorwide approach and work closely with development partners, civil society, academia and the private sector. Participation in international market mechanism and other emission reduction mechanisms The Government of Rwanda intends to sell carbon credits during the period to contribute towards achieving its Green Growth and Climate Resilience Strategy."


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"In addition, after conducting an assessment of economic impact of climate change in 2009, the GoR decided to establish a department of climate change within REMA to advise the government on all climate change related issues in the country. Rwanda\u2019s Green growth and Climate Resilience Strategy The Rwanda Green Fund (FONERWA) was established in 2012 and invests in sustainable wealth creation and poverty reduction by providing strategic financing that accelerates Rwanda\u2019s commitment to building a strong climate resilient and green economy."


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"In addition, more recently available information and survey data allowed for actual activity and energy consumption data to replace previously estimated values. The historic and base year data described below are therefore based on this revised dataset which is considered the most recent and accurate information available against which to assess NDC mitigation contributions. These will be reflected in Rwanda\u2019s forthcoming Biennial Update Report (BUR) and in the next National Communication."


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"In addition, other assessments (such as national communication) with a vulnerability assessment will be conducted periodically. 7.2 Establish an integrated early- warning system, and disaster response plans Rwanda is exposed to climate related disasters like droughts, floods and landslides. In addition to existing disaster management initiatives mainly focusing on preparedness, assessment, mitigation and disaster reduction , Rwanda  will establish and early- warning system in order to prevent the impact of natural climate disasters on humans."


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"In addition, the GoR revised its environment law in 2018 to include a number of articles that are relevant to climate change mitigation and adaptation. It covers a wide variety of articles on environment and climate change such as mainstreaming the environment and climate change into planning process, reporting, education on the conservation, and response measures on climate change and technology transfer."


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"In fact, heavy rains lead to soil Reduction of methane emissions from landfills  10 Green Growth and climate resilience Strategy, 2011 11 Fourth Population and Housing Census, 2012\f4 of 24  erosion resulting in fertility decline and low productivity. Rwanda intends to promote recovery and reuse of both organic waste and wastewater in order to restore and maintain soil fertility."


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"In general, there are no centralized wastewater treatment systems although the main hotels, hospitals, new real estates, major governmental buildings and some industries have installed their own treatment systems. There are several plans to develop wastewater treatment (WWT) systems over the coming years, including a Kigali central WWT project in Nyarugenge and a centralized sewerage system for Kibagabaga and Kinyinya catchments in the Gasabo District. The government also plans to increase waste recycling initiatives, including through the use of aerobic biological treatment (composting)."


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"In order to adapt to this situation, Rwanda intends to mainstream agro ecology technologies in its current agriculture intensification programme and other natural resource-based livelihood programmes. 100% of the households involved in agriculture production will be implementing agro forestry sustainable food production by 2030."


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"In order to adapt to this, Rwanda intends to promote sustainable pest management techniques that incorporates a cropping system based on producing multiple crop and fodder yields but which is also designed to control plant parasites and pathogens such as stemborers and striga weed. Rwanda also intends to implement push-pull system using Napier grass and desmodium legume to manage pests under maize, sorghum, millets and rain- fed rice plantations."


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"In order to coordinate and monitor the implementation of the adaptation and mitigation actions in the different sectors, Rwanda has set up different bodies and operationalized institutional arrangements, namely the Green Economy Technical Coordinating Committee and  the National Fund for Environment and Climate change (FONERWA) as a national green fund to mobilize additional internal and external climate funds."


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"In order to influence effective mainstreaming of climate adaptation in sector priorities, and consequently in a strategic way for national uptake including at the NST and therefore policy levels, clear adaptation metrics including indicators and targets were generated and agreed upon as measures to guide the collection of gender disaggregated data. 6.3.2 Prioritised measures The table below presents a summary of prioritized sector adaptation interventions, corresponding indicators, indicator category, and timeline for the implementation, responsible government ministries, and implementing lead agencies, and the estimated adaptation funding requirement, mitigation benefits and the alignment with SDGs that are directly relevant to the sector intervention."


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"In order to reduce locally-specific hazards, relocation from high risk zones is considered as one of the strategic actions. In addition to households previously relocated from high risk zones, Rwanda will relocate additional 30 000 households by 2030."


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"In relation to adaptation, there is a particular need to design strategic ways to build and further develop capacity of sector experts in monitoring and evaluation. There is evidence of a protracted period within which implementation of programs has created demand for reliable metrics. Such demand has clearly been manifested in the series of poverty reduction strategies including the most recent EDPRS 2 and currently the NST."


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"In the fourth quarter of 2017, Rwanda\u2019s total trade amounted to USD 959.48 million, an increase of 19.8% over the fourth quarter of 2016. Exports totalled USD 157.53 million, imports totalled USD 724.15 million and re-exports were valued at USD 77.70 million (NISR, 2017). The deficit in the balance of formal trade in goods was USD 136.17 million in January 2018, a decrease of 24% compared to the previous month of December 2017."


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"In the health sector, major issues are related to the capacity gaps particularly at the district level (district health units) that limits effective coordination of health services. In the fiscal year 2016/2017, 308 malaria incidents per 1,000 population were reported and the malaria proportion mortality rate was at 5.7 per 1,000 in the same year."


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"In this context, the Government of Rwanda plans to: \u2022 Promote and encourage the development, transfer and diffusion of climate technology; \u2022 Promote and encourage the mainstreaming of gender considerations in climate change issues; \u2022 Promote and enhance climate change education, public awareness and capacity development through communication, training, information and knowledge management; \u2022 Provide adequate support for policies and programmes that take into account the interactions between population dynamics, climate change and development, including the link between the national and sub-national governments."


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"In this regard, an assessment of the current water storage capacity will be carried out and the improved water storage will be the main outcome of the assessment with reference to the IWRM subsector strategic plan. Rwanda will also implement the water resources master plan which identified potential sites for multipurpose dam construction countrywide for improved water storage. In addition to the detailed design for one of the identified, others will be initiated and finished by 2030."


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"Increased adaptative capacity as a result of increased off-farm business for rural community having access to electricity/ energy. UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION\fTransport Public transport infrastructure Wide range of measures including bus rapid transport (BRT) project, bus lanes, non-motorised transport lanes, and other modal shift projects contained in the Transport Sector Strategic Plan as part of the NST1. MININFRA (RTDA, REMA, RURA, CoK, transport operators) 50 million USD (but cost estimates are limited to bus mea- sures only). Increased resilience of transport infrastructure."


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"Indicators are proposed which monitor both the emissions and also non-GHG indicators of progress linked, closely to each of the mitigation actions within each of the key emitting sectors. The choice of indicator has also been informed by existing indicator frameworks applied internationally in the context of climate change, which also support the metrics required under the Paris Rulebook."


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"Industry Programme of action Actions Description and targets Adaptation benefits Baseline scenario Mitigation scenario and private sector development up resource efficiency to reduce energy demand in agro processing industries Industrial emissions are mainly resulting from non efficient technologies that are  being used by plants during the production process. As Rwanda pursues industrialization and development,unde r the BUA scenario, the industrial sector is expected to be the fastest growing sources of GHG emissions."


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"Inform and develop consensus on the costing of climate adaptation specific priority actions, including an outline of sources of finance categorized as \u201cconditional\u201d (where the Party would be willing to increase its ambition level given certain conditions were met, otherwise referred to as supported measures) and \u201cunconditional\u201d (unilaterally funded); 5. Agree on the MRV to report which in the case of adaptation focuses on monitoring and reporting on financial flows to address adaptation/resilience action."


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"Institutional arrangements  At the institutional level, the Ministry of Natural Resources (MINIRENA) is the Ministry responsible for formulating and monitoring national policies related to climate change and environment, while the Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA) is the official organ responsible for implementing national policies and strategies related to climate change and environment."


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"Institutional arrangements for tracking Rwanda\u2019s NDC MRV implementation MoE (Chair) ENR Sector working group (ENR SWG) RBME Oversight National reporting International reporting to UNFCCC: NDC MRV, NC and BUR NISR Data quality oversight REMA (Chair) Environment and Climate Change Thematic Working Group (TWG) NDC MRV Technical Working Committee MINECOFIN / Rwanda Green Fund Reporting on finance NDC finance (conditional / unconditional) Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Inventory Capacity building and technology Mitigation Adaptation \u2022 Ministries, other public institutions, local government institutions (districts, etc.)"


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"Integration of clear and simplified climate analytics into the ENR RBME will play a significant role in establishing a framework that Rwanda can use to build a reliable and informative database on climate adaptation metrics that systematically guides ambitious climate action. The technical support provided to the GoR on climate change analysis has proposed to harmonize the various national reporting initiatives and streamline a reporting structure on climate adaptation analytics."


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"Internationally, the implementation of an MRV system is the basis for understanding the current GHG emission levels, the ambition of the existing efforts, and the progress made in contributing towards the goals of the Paris Agreement. All Parties to the UNFCCC are required to implement a domestic MRV system that can annually quantify national GHG emissions by sources and removals by sinks, and report the specific actions made to identify and implement mitigation measures."


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"Investment requirements for all identified measures through 2030 USD Bn Transport Industry energy Electricity generation Waste-water Soil and water conservation Solid waste Building Agriculture energy Fertilizer use and composting Livestock Manure Management\fGREEN RWANDA Investment requirements for all mitigation measures (USD million) Figure 5.8 shows the estimated funding requirements according to the unconditional (domestically supported) and conditional contributions for the periods 2020-2025 and 2025-2030, and through to 2030 as a total."


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"Investments in waste facilities account for the bulk of the remaining requirement. In order to achieve the projected mitigation outcomes, around half of the total 5.7 USD billion will be required in the period 2020-2025 and half in the period 2025-2030."


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"It is difficult to directly predict the future use of wood resources or BAU, due to various streams of use, therefore the mitigation (sink) potential is derived for the savings of wood resources not used under alternative emission scenarios. Rwanda will apply a Sustainable Charcoal Value Chain to reduce the demand of wood in charcoal production and downstream activities, leading to a potential net reduction in wood use of approximately t between  2016 \u2013 (equal to saved)."


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"It is expected that under the busines as usual scenario, the annual increase in population vehicles will reach A high rate increase  in population of vehicles and light duty vehicles would lead to the high GHG emission scenarios in the future as explained in the BAU. To avoid these emissions, By 2030, Rwanda will implement the following actions:Constructi on of central Bus Terminal(s) and Customer Service Increase of climate resilience by creating affordable, reliable and accessible transport services to the community."


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"It is imperative that despite the enormous sacrifices required, the nation as a whole move forward together with the international community in a way that fully recognizes the challenges threatening our shared future and fully acknowledges the responsibility each of us must take to correct the global response that has thus far proved inadequate."


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"It is important to recognize that technical knowledge resides with sector specialists and any capacity building and effective application of technology for mainstreaming climate change must draw from that experience and facilitate cross learning among climate change experts and subject matter experts from sectors. It is imperative that this harmony/coherence is continually utilized to guide successful mainstreaming of climate change into sector priorities building on existing country driven policy mechanisms and institutional arrangements."


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"It lies approximately at 120 km south of the equator, at 1,100 kms from the Indian Ocean, at 1,920 km from the Atlantic Ocean, at 3,750 km from the Mediterranean Sea, and at 3,980 km from South Africa Cape. It is bordered by Uganda at the North, Tanzania at the East, Burundi at the South and the Democratic Republic of Congo at the West (GoR, 2018a)."


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"It should also be noted that the net emissions of Rwanda as per second national communication (emissions net of sequestration) were negative in 2005.  Despite this, Rwanda has established mitigation targets in different sectors through its Green Growth and Climate Resilience Strategy and mainstreamed Green Economy in its Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy. In this context, Rwanda considers that its Contribution is equitable and ambitious."


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"It should be noted that the indicated timeline shown in Table 6.1 from 2020 to 2030 corresponds to the implementation of the mentioned adaptation interventions, but that this does not exclude the fact that a number of these interventions were implemented upon the submission of the first NDC, i.e. the period from 2015 to 2020."


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"Joint Action Development Forum (JADF) at District level Although the central government institutions are engaged in reporting through the JSRs, primary data and information is generated at levels coordinated by Districts through MINALOC. Therefore relevant data will be collected and shared with sectors/ institutions for processing and analysis to facilitate and inform overall national NDC MRV."


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"MINAGRI (RAB, NAEB, Private sector, Civil society) B 3 million USD Reduced GHG emissions from improved crop management Develop sustainable land management practices (soil erosion control; landscape management) Area of Land under erosion control measures and used optimally MINAGRI (RAB, NAEB, RLUMA, Districts, Private sector, Civil society) B 346.1 million USD Reduced GHG emissions from improved land use changes Percentage of arable land (to the land area) A Expand irrigation and improve water management Number of hectares under irrigation within IWRM framework MINAGRI/ MoE (RAB, NAEB, RLUMA, RWRB, Districts, Private sector, Civil society) A 2,261 million USD Efficient irrigation reduces nitrogen losses including emissions from nitrous oxide Expand crop and livestock insurance Ha of crops under insurance MINAGRI (RAB, NAEB, Banks, insurance companies, Private sector) B 109.6 million USD Reduced GHG emissions from improved management of crop failure Number of cows under insurance B Land and Forestry Development of Agroforestry and Sustainable Agriculture (control soil erosion and improved soil fertility) Change in land area covered by agroforestry MINAGRI / MoE / MINALOC, (RAB, REMA, RLUMA, RFA, Private sector, Civil society)"


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"MINALOC, Districts, REMA, RWFA, RLUMA, Private Sector, civil society UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION RWRB Freshwater withdrawal rate / National Water Security Plan to employ water storage and rain water harvesting, water conservation practices, efficient irrigation established and operational (NDC)."


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"MINECOFIN leads the national development planning, implementation coordination, and budgeting functions to ensure sectors and districts\u2019 plans are aligned to NST1 priorities. MINALOC supports the coordination and follow up on implementation of District Development Strategies. Thus, the NDC MRV as outlined in Table 7.2 above is embedded in the national planning and implementation processes that guide and facilitate results based review of development policies and strategies with the aim of continually applying policy relevant reforms to achieve national sustainable development targets."


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"MININFRA (REG, RHA) 6.4 million USD (assumes 1.6 million CFL replacements with 7 year lifetime and 2 USD unit cost). Increased opportunities for education, indirectly increasing population resilience to extreme weather events. Reduced household expenditure on energy enhances resilience. Efficient cook stoves Dissemination of modern efficient cook stoves to 80% of the rural population and 50% of the urban population by 2030, achieving a more sustainable balance between supply and demand of biomass, and reducing firewood and fossil energy consumption for cooking."


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"MININFRA, MINALOC (RAB, RURA, REMA, CoK, municipal and local government, WASAC) Capacity building and program implementation costs 5 million USD. Annual costs est. 6 million USD. Improved retention of soil fertiliser and enhancing soil buffering capacity. Increased food production and nutrition security. Creation of revenue generation opportunities for local communities."


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"MININFRA, MINALOC (REG, EDCL, local govern- ment, RAB) 62 million USD Reduced dependence on availability of traditional biomass fuels, which is vulnerable to climate variability."


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"MININFRA, MINICOM (REG, EDCL) Total lighting, battery and installation costs estimated at 28 million USD. Reduced reliance on grid-based power generation and infrastructure, and imported energy. Manufacturing industry Energy efficiency in agro-processing A range of energy efficiency measures focused on reducing firewood and electricity consumption in the coffee and tea sector. MINICOM (NIRDA, NAEB) 2 million USD Increased resilience of tea and coffee plantations. Reduced pressure on forests resources, with reduced impacts from extreme rainfall events."


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"MININFRA, MINICOM (RTDA, REMA) Incremental vehicle costs and scheme administration est. 190 million USD. Reduction of harmful pollutants from conventional diesel and gasoline vehicles, enhancing resilience of population to disease and adverse climate impacts. Buildings and agriculture Efficient lighting in buildings Further dissemination of CFL and LED lamps in residential, commercial and institutional buildings. Supported by government subsidies and VAT exemptions on energy saving lamps. Reduction of grid-based GHG emisisons."


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"MININFRA, MOE (EDCL, RFA, FONERWA) 380 million USD (new stoves, training and scheme monitor- ing). Reduced dependence on availability of traditional biomass fuels, which is vulnerable to climate variability. Reduced pressure on forests resources, with reduced impacts from extreme rainfall events. Solar pumping for irrigation Use of solar water pumping systems for irrigation within agricultural production to replace diesel pumps, displacing fossil fuel use and associated GHG emissions. MININFRA, MINAGRI (RAB, RWRB) 285 million USD. Reduced dependence on imported energy and increased food security."


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"MITIGATION CONTRIBUTION Timeframe up to 2030 Type of Contribution Emission reductions from projected emissions resulting from the deviation of BAU emissions for the year 2030 based on policies /actions conditional on availability of international support for finance, technology and capacity building. Estimated GHG emissions reduction Estimated impact of policies/actions is underway and will be informed by the Third National Communication Report which will be completed by 2017. Sectors covered  Energy, Transport , Industry, Waste and Forestry, GHG covered CO2, N2O, CH4."


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"MOUs and MINECOFIN Reports - Soil erosion and soil loss (To be further elaborated and confirmed) RWFA/IWRM - Ha of crops under insurance (To be further elaborated and confirmed) MINAGRI Adaptation The table below presents the high-level indicators for the proposed reporting arrangements highlighting the source documents (References) that provide information on metadata for the selected indicators. The code classification and sources referenced from the RBME, for which MoE is the custodian."


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"Many of the actions specified under the sectors programmes have both mitigation and adaptation benefits."


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"Means of Implementation  The Government of Rwanda already spends a substantial portion of its annual budget on infrastructure and the provision of social services, which contribute to low carbon and build climate resilience. However, the full implementation of this INDC will require predictable, sustainable and reliable support in the form of finance, capacity building and technology transfer."


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"Measures Timeline Line ministry (Implementing entities) Funding estimates Adaptation benefits Alignment with SDGs Unconditional measures Crops and managed soils Soil and water conservation (crop rotation) Continous crop rotation of up to 600,000 Ha, leading to prevention of soil erosion and reduction of CO2 and N2O emissions and carbon sequestration in soils. MINAGRI, MOE (RAB, RFA, RWRB) 235 million USD Increased food security through enhanced soil fertility, increased crop stability and reduced soil erosion. Cleaner water provision, through reduced nutrient and soil runoff."


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"Measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) framework The successful implementation of Rwanda\u2019s NDC requires an effective Measuring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) framework, enabling the country to monitor the effectiveness of its mitigation and adaptation measures and facilitating its access to climate finance. Internationally, the implementation of an MRV system is the basis for understanding the current GHG emission levels, the ambition of the existing efforts, and the progress made in contributing towards the goals of the Paris Agreement."


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"Mitigation Business-as-usual (BAU) emissions forecasting The mitigation contributions presented in this updated NDC are based on achieving a relative GHG emissions reduction through 2015-2030 against a counterfactual baseline emissions projection representing the national emissions pathway in the absence of the mitigation measures. This requires developing sectoral BAU forecasts of output/activity and associated emissions through the NDC period; the subsequent tracking of progress against this baseline through implementation of mitigation projects will require the ongoing updating of the baseline."


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"Mitigation actions Vision for mitigation On the road to a low carbon economy, Rwanda aims to achieve Energy Security and a Low Carbon Energy Supply that support the development of Green Industry and Services and avoids deforestation."


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"Mitigation measures \u2022 Monitor the implementation of the mitigation measures (e.g. implementation of renewable energy generation measures, low carbon transport measures, waste projects); \u2022 Assess whether the mitigation measures deliver the targeted impact on GHG emissions; \u2022 Assess whether the mitigation measures deliver the expected low emission development impact (e.g. implementation of solar water heating systems in households)."


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"Mitigation measures: Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) Mitigation measures: AFOLU (Agriculture) UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION\fLivestock Improved livestock husbandry Promotion of better livestock feed (i.e. legume fodder species) and training in better livestock management, under the Rwanda Livestock Master Plan. Reduction in CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation. MINAGRI (RAB) 279 million USD Increased food security through enhanced yields. Improved manure management Adoption of more efficient manure management systems, including promotion of collective farms and training, under the Rwanda Livestock Master Plan."


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"Mitigation measures: Waste Measures Timeline Line ministry (Implementing entities) Funding estimates Adaptation benefits Alignment with SDGs Unconditional measures Solid waste Landfill gas utilisation Extraction and utilization of landfill gas (LFG) for power generation in connection to semi- or fully- controlled landfills for urban areas. Reduced CH4 emissions from landfill sites and avoided CO2 emissions from displacement of fossil-based electricity use. MININFRA, MINALOC (RURA, REMA, CoK, municipal and local government, WASAC) Investment in LFG plants and improved landfills est. 28 million USD."


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"Mitigation potential from IPPU sources is by comparison relatively limited, with the majority of emissions reductions arising from increased use of clinker substitute for cement production (volcanic pozzolanas), followed by reduction of fluorinated gases (F-gases), in line with the 2016 Kigali amendment of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (UN, 1987)."


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"MoE REMA, FONERWA, all institutions\fGREEN RWANDA Mitigation Monitoring and reporting requirements for Parties to the Paris Agreement are encapsulated within the UNFCCC process by way of new requirements set out in the Paris Rulebook governing implementation of the agreement. Drawing on the Paris Rulebook, Table 7.2 below lists some of the key aspects of an MRV system needed to track progress consistent with the mitigation component of NDC implementation."


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"MoE serves as chair of the ENR Sector Working Groups (SWG) & JSRs A forum for dialogue, ownership and accountability of the development agenda and making a case for NDC MRV to all stakeholders at sector level."


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"Monitoring tables are provided for the four main IPCC reporting categories: Energy; IPPU; AFOLU; and Waste (noting that AFOLU includes only agriculture in this NDC). In addition, an aggregated economy-wide overall NDC progress monitoring template is presented. Adaptation The Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting framework that includes MRV on financing in the case of adaptation aligns with the options and the relevant analytics agreed to by various stakeholder consultations."


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"Morbidity data indicate that acute respiratory infections are the leading causes of death in the country, followed by malaria and intestinal parasites (GoR, 2018a). According to the UNDP, life expectancy in Rwanda was 68.7 years in 2018, compared to 55.3 years in 2005 (UNDP, 2019). Rwanda is experiencing a rapid urbanization process associated with rapid population growth in its towns and cities. This increase is resulting in huge waste generation and high demand in public services including solid waste management services."


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"Moreover, the global versus national clustering will serve as a useful guide to identify targeted resources mobilization from both domestic and external sources. To the extent possible, national and global indicators design features must make a strong case for mobilizing resources and therefore must be smart and results oriented and formulated as outcome and/or impact level indicators. The general guide to the selection of adaptation indicators has considered the following factors as critical: \u2022 Differentiate between climate change related issues and business-as-usual development."


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"Most notable benefits resulting from this measure are mainly; improved forest productivity, improved access to efficiently produced domestic fuels, jobs creation, and potential lower fuel (charcoal) cost. Fairness, equity, ambition and means of implementation (cross-cutting for both mitigation and adaptation) Fairness, equity and ambition Rwanda is part of the Least Developed Countries and has a low human development index according to the Human Development Report 2014."


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"Muhire, I. and Ahmed, F., (2016). Spatio-temporal trends in mean temperatures and aridity index over Rwanda. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 123: 399-414. National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR), 2011. Rwanda statistical yearbook 2011, NISR Kigali- Rwanda. NISR, 2014. Rwanda statistical yearbook 2014, NISR Kigali-Rwanda NISR, 2017. Formal External Trade in Goods Statistics report (Q4, 2017) NISR, (2018), Formal external trade in Goods report (January 2018) NISR, 2018. Rwanda statistical yearbook 2018, NISR Kigali-Rwanda Rwanda Energy Group (REG), 2019."


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"NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION UPDATED REPUBLIC OF RWANDA\f\fNATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION UPDATED REPUBLIC OF RWANDA\f\fi UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Forward Like all Parties to the Paris Agreement, Rwanda must take the necessary actions to fulfill the commitments in its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and achieve inclusive and sustainable development. These contributions are the instruments that guide Rwanda\u2019s climate action to limit the increase in global average temperature, raise global resilience and mobilize public and private investments."


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"NDC MRV will be regularly presented to the forum by implementing institutions to ensure cross sector oversight over NDC to provide policy and strategic advisory and influence timely delivery of results. Development Partners Coordination Group (DPCG) The forum discusses achievements, challenges, policy actions, and propose measures to fast track implementation of NST1. It also facilitates alignment of programming and financing with priority areas outlined in NST1 and will provide support for finance as part of the NDC implementation including NDC MRV to track finance."


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"NISR supports surveys including vulnerability to climate change analysis and autheticates data and information for internal and external use and consumption Directly populates data portals providing interactive access, to data and metadata to these portals and as such a critical NDC MRV reporting channel REMA serves as the Chair of the Environment and Climate Change Thematic Working Group (E&CC TWG) E&CC TWG, a national planning forum chaired by REMA will host a core team that forms the NDC MRV technical working committee with the following responsibilities: \u2022 Creating guidelines and common standards, formats and templates to be used for reporting MRV results as part of NC and BURs to UNFCC, \u2022 Defining and using common data sources."


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"NISR will facilitate development and application of data protocols and annually review national level standards and guidelines for data inputs and aggregation to guide sector and/or agency generated data and information on mitigation/adaptation. MINECOFIN is the ideal national institution for tracking NDC MRV related finance. FONERWA as the national fund for environment and climate change will liaise with MINECOFIN to manage data on finance and provide a platform to access finance data and information for national reporting."


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"NISR, EICV Proportion of land surface covered by forest [Forest cover]. This excludes agro-forestry area. RWFA, Forestry department-GIS Report {FMES : IND005} Percentage of extreme weather events for which advance warning was provided at least 30 min in advance Rwanda Meteo, Quarterly high impact weather report Total amount of finance mobilized for Green Investments (by major category \u2013 Climate Change mitigation; Green Energy production etc.)"


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"Nationally protected areas are mainly represented by four national parks: (i) Volcanoes National Park which is famous worldwide due to the presence of mountain gorillas and a wide variety of plants and animal species, (ii) Nyungwe National Park which has more than 1,200 species of flora and 275 species of birds, (iii) Akagera National Park which covers 108,500 ha and has more than 900 species of plants and 90 mammals, and (iv) Gishwati-Mukura National Park covering an area of 4,520 ha."


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"Nevertheless, the targets presented here are a testament not only to the level of technical capacity needed to achieve them, but also the shared sense of responsibility and agency that will make the actions possible. It is with this full commitment and acknowledgement of the gravity of the global consequences of climate change that Rwanda remains wholly supportive of the Paris Agreement and to all of the responsibilities and actions outlined therein."


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"New requirements are mainly covered by Article 13, which establishes a new Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF) through which Parties must regularly account for their NDCs alongside other reporting requirements similar to those contained in NCs, BURs and the International Consultation and Analysis (ICA)."


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"New requirements are mainly covered by Article 13, which establishes a new Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF) through which Parties must regularly account for their NDCs alongside other reporting requirements similar to those contained in National Communications (NCs), BURs and the International Consultation and Analysis (ICA)."


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"No indicators are proposed for these, but they can be tracked as part of a monitoring framework in order to understand, and report on, their influence upon NDC implementation. Monitoring tables are provided for the four main IPCC reporting categories: Energy; IPPU; AFOLU; and waste (note that AFOLU is at present focused only on agriculture). In addition, an aggregated economy-wide overall NDC progress monitoring template is presented."


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"Note also that due to the lack of an intentionally recognised GHG accounting methodology, emissions reductions arising from utilisation of methane from Lake Kivu for electricity generation have not been quantified or included within this contribution. This may be revised in future contributions subsequent to development of suitable accounting and reporting guidance, and the development of relevant project data. The coverage of the contribution includes the three main greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and also hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)."


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"Organic waste use through composting, currently used at a small scale, will be implemented to reach 100% of the households involved in agriculture production countrywide by 2030. Waste water irrigation, mainly practiced in correction centers under national prisons services will be implemented countrywide by 2030. 1.3 Using fertiliser enriched compost Rwanda relies on imported inorganic fertilisers for its agriculture intensification activities. For instance, 36000 Mt of these were imported in 2014 and these importations are likelly to increase in the near future."


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"Other documents and reports that were reviewed to significantly inform and influence the revision process were the SPCR along with the Gaps and Needs Analysis, Forest Investment Plans (FIP) and the NDC implementation plans (2017 & 2018) as well as the national reports on the vulnerability index (2015 and 2019) and the Third National Communication. The Sector Strategic Plans (SSPs) served as the critical reference documents for sector consultations and included identifying and refining the analytical framework that captures climate adaptation/ resilience."


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"Over 80% of Rwandan households use wood for their cooking fuel, followed by charcoal, crop waste, gas or biogas. Households are also the dominant consumers of electricity (51%), the bulk of which demand is primarily used for lighting. The industrial sector (42%) is the second largest consumer of energy, which mainly comes from motor- drivers and lighting. Public sector consumption of electricity (6%) is mainly used for public buildings, street lighting and water pumping."


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"Parties have been requested to submit their updated and revised NDCs to the UNFCCC Secretariat in 2020. In this context, Rwanda\u2019s is submitting this updated NDC ahead of the 26th Conference of the Parties (COP26) to be held in Glasgow in 2021."


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"Plan SWH Solar water heater SWG Sector Working Group t Tonne TNC Third National Communication under the UNFCCC TWG Thematic Working Group UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USD United States (US) dollar WASAC Rwanda Water and Sanitation Corporation Limited WtE Waste to Energy vi GREEN RWANDA Contents Forward i Acronyms and Abbreviations iii Contents vi Executive Summary Introduction Introduction 1.2 Outline of this document National Circumstances 2.1 Geographic profile 2.2 Climate and climate change impacts 2.3 Environment and natural resources 2.4 Socio-economic characteristics 2.5 Economic sectors Rwanda\u2019s Vision for Climate Change NDC Revision Process Mitigation Contribution 5.2 National GHG Inventory 5.3 Mitigation actions 5.4 Implementation plan 5.5 Funding requirements Adaptation Contribution 6.2 Rwanda\u2019s impacts and vulnerability to climate change 6.3 Priorities for adaptation and resilience 6.4 Funding requirements Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework 7.1 Institutional arrangements for tracking NDC implementation Means of Implementation 8.1 Finance needs 8.2 Capacity Building and technology transfer 8.3 Policy mechanisms and Institutional arrangements as a means of effective NDC implementation References UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Executive Summary Introduction This document presents the Government of Rwanda\u2019s update of its first Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) for mitigation and adaptation for the period to 2030."


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"Planning processes Rwanda s INDC has been developed taking into consideration various national guiding documents, including Green Growth and Climate Resilience Strategy (2011), Vision 2020, Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy 2 (2013 - 2018), Sustainable Energy for All (2015 - 2030), and others.  The development of this INDC was achieved through a participatory and transparent process through stakeholder consultations and workshops."


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"Plantation forests supply almost all fuelwood, with charcoal accounting for about 15.2 % of households\u2019 primary energy sources. Rwanda is actively promoting agro-forestry to provide wood for fuel during the transition to available and affordable electricity for all."


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"PoA Area Sustainable intensification of small scale farming Agricultural diversity for local and export markets Integrated Water Resource Management and Planning Sustainable Land Use Management and Planning Low carbon mix of power generation for national grid Sustainable small-scale energy installations in rural areas Green industry and private sector investment Climate compatible mining Efficient resilient transport systems Low carbon urban settlements Ecotourism, Conservation and PES Promotion Sustainable forestry, agro-forestry and biomass energy Disaster Management and Disease Prevention Climate data and projections Source: GoR, 2011\fUPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Most recently, the National Environment and Climate Change Policy was enacted in 2019 with the goal of achieving a climate resilient nation with a clean and healthy environment (MoE, 2019)."


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"Policy mechanisms and Institutional arrangements as a means of effective NDC implementation Rwanda\u2019s NDC is based on and aligned with several existing national policies. The country\u2019s NDC was developed from the Green Growth and Climate Resilient Strategy (GGCRS) (2011), which has also been integrated into District Development Plans and sector strategic plans. The GGCRS is also embedded in the recently developed National Strategy for Transformation (NST) (2017 \u2013 2024), and Rwanda\u2019s 7-year Government Program."


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"Pozzolana material costs est. 7 million USD through 2030. Reduced dependence on imported coal, which results in reduction of cement production costs, thereby contributing to address national cement demand for adaptation to the effects of climate change. Fluorinated gases substitution Fluorinated gases substitution Gradual substitution of F-gases by less polluting substitutes, implemented as part of Rwanda\u2019s commitments to the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer."


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"Prioritized sectors in Rwanda s TNA were agriculture and energy.  Monitoring and reporting progress and MRV The Republic of Rwanda through the Ministry of Natural Resources hold the responsibility to monitor and evaluate the implementation of INDCs through regular statutory stakeholders  consultative engagement including the Environment and Natural Resources Joint Sector Review (JSR) meetings."


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"Processors Survey/Assessment Water storage per capita Source: IWRM, Water Monitoring and Development Unit Number (%) of (a) Households, and (b) Institutions with a Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) system installed."


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"RFA REMA, Rwanda Green Fund, RAB, RLUMA, civil society, districts, Private Sector, MINALOC MINEMA Percentage of extreme weather events for which advance warning was provided at least 30 min in advance Rwanda Meteo MoE, REMA, MINALOC, MININFRA, NISR, UR, MINEDUC, RDF, RNP, civil society Finance and support (Capacity building and technical support including technology transfer) Line Ministry Activity/Indicator Lead Agency Key stakeholders MINECOFIN Total amount of finance mobilized for Green Investments (by major category \u2013 Climate Change mitigation; Green Energy production etc.)"


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"RWRB MoE, MINAGRI, UR/ CAVM, MININFRA, Meteo Rwanda, REMA, RAB, civil society, WASAC, PSF, RLUMA, City of Kigali and MINALOC MINISANTE Change of malaria hazards; RBC MINAGRI, MINALOC, MINEMA, Meteo Rwanda, civil society MINECOFIN Specialized support, and amount of support, including finance, technology and capacity-building, for mechanisms for raising capacities for effective climate change-related planning and management (SDG 13.B.1)."


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"Rainwater harvesting will also be mandatory and will be made an integral part building codes by 2030.  Land use Programme of action Actions Description and goals/targets Mitigation benefits approach to Sustainable Land Use Planning and Management 6.1 Employ an integrated approach to planning and sustainable land use management;  Given the size of the country and its very high demographic pressure, competition for land will continue to grow with increasing pressures from agriculture and livestock making land resources more vulnerable to climate change impacts."


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"Reduced GHG emissions from enteric fermentation conservation and land husbandry 90% of Rwanda\u2019s crop land is on slopes ranging from 5 to 50% which makes it vulnerable to climate change impacts like soil erosion leading to permanent fertility loss."


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"Reduced GHG emissions from land use change resource recovery and reuse through organic waste composting and wastewater irrigation; The steep nature of Rwanda\u2019s topography coupled with very high population density (415 inhabitants / km2)11 leads to several pressures on natural resources, including land, and this remains the main reason for land degradation. Arable lands also show little tolerance when it comes to climate change effects like heavy rains and draughts."


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"Reduced GHG emissions through sequestration Tourism Programme of action Actions Description and goals/targets Mitigation benefits Conservation and Payment for Ecosystem Services Promotion in Protected Areas business tourism (the largest source of export revenues) through strategic conference management in order maximise the distribution and volume of business travellers Rwanda will promote business conferences in efforts to maximize the distribution and volume of business travelers throughout the year."


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"Reduced pressure on forests and forest biodiversity, and food security GREEN RWANDA\fMeasures Timeline Line ministry (Implementing entities) Funding estimates Adaptation benefits Alignment with SDGs Unconditional measures Clinker and cement production Increased pozzolana use in cement Increasing the share of volcanic pozzalanas used within national cement production beyond current cement-to-clinker ratio of 0.7, with target for an incremental 5% substitution of clinker with pozzolana through 2030. Reduced clinker production and associated calcination process CO2 emissions. MOE, MINICOM (REMA, CCL) Capital costs est. 1.2 million USD."


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"Reduced pressure on forests. Energy efficient cement production Use of waste heat recovery (WHR) and increased use of rice husks as fuel within clinker production. MINICOM, MOE (REMA, CCL) 11 million USD Increased resilience of cement industry. Reduced reliance on imported energy supply. Mitigation measures: Energy\fTransport Vehicle emissions standards Measures introduced to increase vehicle emissions performance of national vehicle fleet, including tax incentives and scrappage of older vehicles, and inspection. Reduction of GHG and local emissions from gasoline and diesel use."


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"Reduction in GHG emissions from manure management. MINAGRI (RAB) 30.5 million USD Increased food security through enhanced yields. Crops and managed soils Improved fertilizers Increased use of organic waste in soil fertilizers, supported by target to apply composting within all agricultural households by 2030, and more judicious fertilizer use and promotion of fertigation to enhance fertiliser uptake. MINAGRI (RAB) 77 million USD Enhanced effectiveness of fertilizer application, thereby supporting agricultural activities of vulnerable farmers. Reduced compostable waste related health risks such as dengue fever."


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"Reduction of harmful pollutants, enhacing resilience of population to disease and adverse climate impacts. Buildings and agriculture Off-grid and rooftop solar electrification Penetration of off-grid solar and rooftop solar PV panels consistent with the ESSP targets of around 1,500,000 households to be electrified through, equivalent to 250,000 connections per year. Displacement of grid power and diesel consumption and associated GHG emissions. MININFRA (REG, EDCL, EUCL) 600 million USD Reduced dependence on imported energy and increased resilience and energy security of buildings, households and companies."


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"Reflecting these aims, in 2011 the country adopted the Green Growth and Climate Resilience Strategy (GGCRS) setting out the country\u2019s actions and priorities on climate change relating to both mitigation and adaptation and how these will be mainstreamed within economic planning (GoR, 2011). The strategy provides a vision for how Rwanda can tackle climate change through becoming a climate resilient and low carbon economy, and projects actions to be undertaken to inform Rwanda\u2019s strategy for economic development, Vision 2050."


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"Reflecting these aims, in 2011 the country adopted the Green Growth and Climate Resilience Strategy (GGCRS) setting out the country\u2019s actions and priorities on climate change relating to both mitigation and adaptation and to how these will be mainstreamed within economic\fGREEN RWANDA planning. The GGCRS is also embedded in the recently developed National Strategy for Transformation (NST) (2018 \u2013 2024) in alignment with Rwanda\u2019s 7-year Government Program."


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"Resources Management Results Based Monitoring and Evaluation framework (RBME) used to track and inform progress on NDC implementation towards the NST."


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"Revenues will also increase as a result of  13 Compact fluorescent lights\f17 of 24  continued population growth and urbanisation , this consumption will exceed by 2030 under the business as usual scenario. installation of 35 domestic biogas digesters and institutional biogas digesters annually, and increasing average charcoal yields up to 50% by 2030. In addition, Rwanda will enhance the use of through tax reductions on importations. energy savings."


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"Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA) has the overall responsibility for, and chairs, the Environment and Climate Change Thematic Working Group (E&CC TWG) that has technical oversight over implementation of climate change priorities. The E&CC TWG forum is the ideal platform for guiding the analytical framework, reporting updating and implementing both national mitigation and adaptation priorities."


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"Rwanda Green Fund MOE, REMA Rwanda Development Board (RDB) Capacity building technical support and technology transfer REMA MoE/FONERWA and all NDC supporting institutions and organizations High level National/Global indicators planned to harmonize reporting on climate adaptation/ resilience Line Ministry Activity/Indicator Lead Agency Key stakeholders MININFRA Proportion of the rural population who live within 2 km of an all-season road (SDG RTDA MINECOFIN, MINALOC and Districts MINISANTE/ MINAGRI Percentage of health centres with at least one food and nutrition outreach programme; ECDC/RAB NISR MINEMA Annual loss due to damage caused by weather-related hazards / number of deaths, missing persons and directly affected persons attributed to disasters per 100,000 population (SDG 13.1.1); Rwanda Meteo MoE RAB, REMA, MINALOC, MININFRA, NISR, UR, MINEDUC, RDF, RNP, civil society Number of people with access to improved climate-related early warning information or systems for extreme weather events MINEMA MINAGRI Change in climate sensitive agricultural production / Proportion of agriculture land protected against erosion (NDC); RAB/RWRB NAEB, MINALOC, Districts, REMA, RWFA, RLUMA, Private Sector, civil society UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION RWRB Freshwater withdrawal rate / National Water"


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"Rwanda NDC Implementation Workshop on BAU and mitigation options, held on 18 June 2019, Serena Hotel Kigali As such, the long-list of mitigation options can be considered to be a comprehensive list of mitigation options across Rwanda\u2019s emitting sector but does not represent a technical assessment of the country\u2019s full mitigation potential. Technically possible by highly unfeasible options (e.g. carbon capture storage) were not considered."


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"Rwanda benefits not only from enormous natural resources but also the will of the people to make coordinated progress in reaching our national targets. The vision of the country\u2019s progress is intertwined with both the collective climate action and individual agency required to reduce our carbon footprint for the benefit of all. As the document draws from the input of multiple institutions, so will the combined response build from inter-agency cooperation and engagement."


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"Rwanda has also been an active member of regional and global initiatives to respond to the threat of climate change. These include participation in the East African Community (EAC) Climate Change Policy (2010) and subsequent East African Community (EAC) Climate Change Master Plan 2011\u20132031. Rwanda also joined the NDC Partnership and launched\fGREEN RWANDA its NDC Partnership Plan during the Africa Green Growth Forum held in Kigali in November 2018."


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"Rwanda has been vigilant in addressing the impacts of climate change starting with the NAPA in 2006 to GGCRS that was approved by Cabinet in 2011. The current efforts are aimed at implementing the PA through the NDCs. Additionally, assessments have been carried out to understand the extent of climate change impacts."


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"Rwanda has undertaken various initiatives to identify climate finance. These have included a series of Public Environmental Expenditure Review (including climate change), costing exercise for the GGCRS in addition to what information can be gleaned from the costing of SSPs. The gaps and needs analysis to the SPCR made efforts at tracking climate finance. The Government of Rwanda will continue to commit significant resources to climate change relevant strategies."


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"Rwanda intends to ensure the use of fertilizer enriched compost and shift from using pure inorganic fertilizers by Reduce GHG emissions from fertilizer manufacturing processes\f5 of 24  2030. sustainable pest management techniques to control plant parasites and pathogens Increasing average temperatures, changes in precipitation and water shortage are seen as climate change aspects that result in pests and diseases proliferation."


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"Rwanda intends to expand its soil conservation and land husbandry programmes trough: Installation of land protection structures like radical and progressive terraces where these structures will be installed on 100% of the relevant area by 2030; Development and implementation of an intensive agroforestry programme with Reduced GHG emissions from farm land and increased carbon sink through agro forestry practices\f6 of 24  a target of covering 100% of arable land by 2030. 1.6 Irrigation and water management The Rwandan agriculture mainly rain fed which makes it vulnerable to weather shocks."


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"Rwanda intends to expand local markets by constructing market infrastructure, including roofed market facilities, serviceable road and transport networks, developing decentralized village-based agricultural processing centers that incorporate low-carbon sources of energy, such as biogas- digesters and solar driers, and decentralized compost plants. This forms a conduit for agricultural- based trade based on less food miles for regionally and internationally imported food products. Strengthening local markets will also Reduced GHG emissions as a result of using low carbon energy sources and reduced transport distance."


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"Rwanda intends to increase investment in irrigated agriculture to increase production, harness fresh water resources while ensuring food security to its population. Under this action, district irrigation master plans will be designed and small-scale schemes will be developed where possible based on water catchments, and farmer organisations trained in their development. Agricultural land fitted with operational irrigation infrastructure was estimated at 4% of the total land with irrigation potential in 2012. The overall target of the new irrigation programme is to reach 11% by 2030."


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"Rwanda intends to reduce the plot size for single family houses from current 600 m2 to 300 m2 by 2016 and to 225 m2 by 2030. converted to others uses such as new forest plantations thus serving as carbon sink."


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"Rwanda is participating in the NDC partnership, a process that has so far attracted financing for readiness support on developing a pipeline of projects targeting public and private climate finance. The support packages have come through the \u201cDeep Dive\u201d and Climate Action Enhancement Package \u201cCAEP\u201d which are currently being implemented. Through these initiatives, the various sectors have developed concept notes on both mitigation and adaptation that will be used to develop national priority projects pipeline to accelerate Rwanda\u2019s climate action."


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"Rwanda is turning around a legacy of deforestation in keeping with its 2020 goal to increase forest cover to 30% of national land area (MINIRENA, 2015). Natural forests, which cover 10.8 % of the country, comprise forested belts in National Parks, forest reserves, natural and gallery forests and other remnant forests. Forest plantations of exotic tree species (mostly eucalyptus and pine), woodlots and agro-forestry plantations cover 18.4 % and represent nearly 63% of the country\u2019s total forest cover."


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"Rwanda ratified the United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1995, the Kyoto Protocol in 2004, and the Paris Agreement in 2016. Rwanda submitted its National Adaptation Programmes of Actions (NAPA) in 2006. In line with the Paris Agreement, Rwanda submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) in 2015 which became its first NDC in 2016. Rwanda submitted its first National Communication to the UNFCCC in 2005, its second in 2012, and its third in 2018."


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"Rwanda should maximize the productivity of its many degraded forest plantations which present an opportunity to increase biomass supply without converting additional land. By 2030, Rwanda will implement public private partnerships to sustainably managing all forestry plantations through multiyear contracts with forests operators (in cooperatives) who will plant and maintain young plantations until they reach their commercial size."


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"Rwanda submitted its Third National Communication (TNC) in September 2018, reporting on its national GHG inventory up to the year 2015. The country is currently preparing its first BUR and an updated GHG inventory. The Paris Agreement contains several additional MRV requirements which, when taken together with the existing UNFCCC arrangements, provide an enhanced basis for Rwanda\u2019s international reporting requirements relating to the mitigation component of the NDC."


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"Rwanda submitted its Third National Communication (TNC) in September 2018, reporting on its national GHG inventory up to the year 2015. The country is currently preparing its first Biennial Update Report (BUR) and an updated GHG inventory. The Paris Agreement contains several additional MRV requirements which, when taken together with the existing UNFCCC arrangements, provide an enhanced basis for Rwanda\u2019s international reporting requirements."


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"Rwanda will also improve its capacity in disaster preparedness and mobilization and distribution of relief to populations affected by specific disaster events.  data and projections Employ community-based disaster risk reduction (DRR) programmes designed around local environmental and economic conditions, to mobilise local capacity in emergency response, and to Rwanda will implement the following community based DRR activities: improved farming techniques that mitigate flood and landslide impacts; first aid training; and environmental and public health awareness for disease prevention, particularly following flood and storm episodes."


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"Rwanda will also participate in other international emissions reduction mechanisms such as the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs), and the mechanism for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+). Rwanda supports the development of effective accounting rules under the UNFCCC to guarantee the environmental integrity of market mechanisms."


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"Rwandan communities, private sector and NGOs can also contribute significantly to these climate change-related activities through public-private partnerships. The Rwanda Green Fund, FONERWA, will continue to play a vital role in financing low carbon projects and programmes and leveraging investment. However, the full implementation of the strategic mitigation actions is conditional on the support of international stakeholders. The implementation of the prioritised policies and actions assume the continued use of existing and planned national and international financial sources."


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"Rwanda\u2019s Nationally Determined Contribution is built on data-driven analyses of the main contributors to the country\u2019s greenhouse gas emissions. The report demonstrates Rwanda\u2019s progress and commitment to identifying targets for reducing emissions across sectors through inter-ministerial cooperation, working with sub-national entities, mobilizing domestic resources, and support from bilateral and multilateral donors. This document, therefore, is a testament to the spirit of community that is needed to address climate change."


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"Rwanda\u2019s Nationally Determined Contribution will serve as a blueprint for advancing targeted and measurable climate action in key sectors. The document will also serve to guide coordinated responses for both government agencies as well as international organizations, NGOs, civil society, and community-based organizations. Achieving our targets will depend on sustained, multi-agency action in every segment of Rwandan society."


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"Rwanda\u2019s Third National Communication (TNC) to the UNFCCC (GoR, 2018a) provide long-term emissions projections for Rwanda through 2050 using the Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning System (LEAP) software system (SEI, 2009) and calculations applying IPCC Tier 1 national emissions modelling. The BAU projections used in this updated NDC build upon and strengthen this analysis in several ways: \u2022 Modelling linked to GDP growth and other emissions drivers."


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"Rwanda\u2019s Vision for Climate Change As like many other countries, Rwanda is increasingly experiencing the impacts of climate change. Rainfall has become increasingly intense and the variability is predicted to increase by 5% to 10% (GoR, 2018a)."


id: e4b796fb7c3081654c5c4de1dbee66fb
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"Rwanda\u2019s administrative structure comprises 4 provinces (Eastern, Western, Northern and Southern Provinces) and City of Kigali, all subdivided into 30 districts, 416 sectors, 2,148 cells and 14,816 villages."


id: 82b538d41d81f7a6d7286fbc5329f3ca
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"Rwanda\u2019s latest GHG inventory data is reported in its Third National Communication (TNC) report to the UNFCCC and covers emissions up to the year 2015. This year is adopted as the NDC baseline year. Total emissions excluding forestry were estimated at 5.33 million tCO2e. The agriculture sector accounted for the largest share of the total (2.94 million tCO2e, 55% of total), followed by energy (1.68 million tCO2e, 31% of total) and waste (0.64 million tCO2e, 12% of total)."


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"Rwanda\u2019s transport sector is dominated by land transport due to the improved national and districts road network and increased investment in public transport. Transport is mainly undertaken by road with a current classified road network consisting of national roads (2,749 km), district roads class 1 (3,906 km) district roads class 2 (9,706 km) and other unclassified roads. With increasing demand for travel, the number of vehicles has increased dramatically over the past decade."


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"Scenario Total emissions (MtCO2e) BAU reference case (Vision2050) Domestic NDC measures All NDC measures GHG reduction relative to BAU Domestic NDC measures - All NDC measures - Mitigation contributions in 2030 Implementation plan The following tables present a high-level summary for each of the mitigation measures quantified as part of the unconditional and conditional contributions, shown by sector and summarised by each of the key implementation aspects including responsible government ministries and implementing lead agencies, the planned timeline, and estimated funding requirements."


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"See:   country/rwanda/overview\fGREEN RWANDA Annex A \u2013  Indicators for tracking NDC Implementation Mitigation A high-level framework of progress indicators has been developed for use in tracking and reporting on implementation of the NDC mitigation component, consistent with the MRV requirements of the UNFCCC and Paris Rulebook. A series of MRV tables are shown below, enabling for monitoring of GHG emissions as well as the effectiveness of mitigation measures within each sector."


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"Simply reporting on emissions and activity data is an overly simplistic approach which cannot always help to assess the effectiveness of a given measure in reaching the NDC. Separate tables of indicators are therefore developed for each of the key sectors covered by the NDC, providing a more detailed framework for tracking progress. Each of the sectoral tables is structured as following: \u2022 Headline indicators: These include a breakdown by sector of emissions reductions against the BAU baseline."


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"Soil and water conservation (multicropping) Multicropping of coffee and bananas of up to 40,000 Ha, leading to prevention of soil erosion and reduction of CO2 and N2O emissions and carbon sequestration in soils. MINAGRI (RAB, NAEB) 173 million USD Increased food security through enhanced soil fertility, increased crop stability and reduced soil erosion. Cleaner water provision, through reduced nutrient and soil runoff."


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"Solar water heater (SWH) programme Installation of solar thermal water heaters within urban residential buildings supported by use of loans and grants to subsidise purchase costs, as part of the National Green Building Code minium compliance system. MININFRA (RHA, EDCL) SWH costs est. 52 million USD. Support programme est. 8 million USD. Improved climate resilience of buildings and reduced reliance on material and energy consumption, including energy imports. Promotion of on-farm biogas for energy Increased use of on-farm anaerobic digestion of manure for bioenergy (bio-digestors)."


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"Solid waste Waste water Transport Buildings IPPU 0.1% Urea Application Managed soils Rice Cultivation Enteric fermentation Manure management\fUPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Rwanda\u2019s GHG emissions by source in 2015, MtCO2e IPCC Reporting Categories Combustion Activities Industries 1.A.1.a. Electricity and Heat Production 1.A.2. Manufacturing Industries and Construction 1.A.3.b. Road Transport Sectors Institutional 1.A.4.b. Residential 2.A.  Mineral Industry 2.C.  Metal Industry 2.D.  Non-Energy Products from Fuels and Solvent Use 2.F.  Product Uses as Substitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances 3.A.1. Enteric Fermentation 3.A.2. Manure Management 3.B.1."


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"Some specific needs for capacity building include: \u2022 Institutional development and strengthening; \u2022 Developing human resources through education, training, and research; \u2022 Strong financial support for capacity building targeting Rwanda\u2019s compliance in reporting; \u2022 National ownership of capacity building efforts that is aimed to ensure sustainability; \u2022 Networking, partnerships, and sharing of experiences across sectors and beyond; \u2022 Application of Web-based tools to improve capacity building."


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"Specific national needs relating to mitigation include: \u2022 Access to and overcoming barriers to the diffusion of appropriate clean technologies; \u2022 Building climate information systems; \u2022 Promotion of renewable energies and energy efficiency, including the involvement of the private sector; \u2022 Setting up of public-private partnerships."


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"Such analyses have included the economics of climate change that measured the economic costs of climate change and made a compelling case for increased financing, the Vulnerability index studies at various scales; national and sub-national outlining the vulnerability of districts and the design of investment plans including the SPCR and the FIP.  The NDC partnership document highlighted the extreme need for inter-ministerial coordination mechanisms."


