# document

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created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:09
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"Implementation of the NCCAP will require all the stakeholders within and outside Government at the national and county levels to play their role, building on the partnerships forged through the NCCAP process. Considering the ambitious nature of the Action Plan, support, partnerships, investment and technology innovations are required for the implementation of the actions and the achievement of the goal of a low carbon climate resilient pathway."


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"Implementation of the agroforestry option should include data collection to determine the extent of existing tree cover on arable cropland and grazing land. Sustainable land management practices contribute to improving soil fertility and structure, adding biomass and nutrients to the soil, causing minimal soil disturbance as well as conserving soil and water. Three main elements typically contribute to sustainable land management: tillage, legumes and crop residues."


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"Important adaptation actions to improve climate resilience in the environment sector include improving coastal zone management to rehabilitate and conserve vital coastal ecosystems through the implementation of the Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan, the National Disaster Risk Management Response Plan and National Environment Action Plan. Water resource management is important for addressing drought, and forests in water catchments are critical for sustaining water availability, which is needed for generation of hydropower, drinking water and water for irrigation."


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"Importantly, the identified institutional concerns cut across almost all sectors, impact on the effectiveness of regulation, and addressing them requires substantial investment in financial and human resources. Institutional reform is therefore needed to establish a framework that coordinates and mainstreams climate change response across government, achieves policy integration and provides authoritative direction to achieve implementation of priority sectoral actions."


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"Improved Charcoal Production Systems Metal kiln or drum kiln charcoal production technologies, regulations to control illegally produced charcoal.\f6 :  I N D U S T R Y A reduction of process and energy emissions from cement is feasible by replacing a certain amount of clinker with slag or Pozzolana (the latter being volcanic ash that is abundantly available in Kenya), which reduces the generation of CO2 from the heating of limestone to produce clinker."


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"Improved Cook Stoves: Improved cook stoves are characterised by higher fuel efficiency, which results in less fuel wood being used, cost-saving on charcoal and lower indoor air pollution. The Kenya Ceramic Jiko is among the widely used improved cook stoves. The technology is an improvement on the conventional charcoal cook stove developed by placing a ceramic lining on the top half of a metal stove which guarantees improved heat retention thus improving the stoves\u2019 efficiency."


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"Improved Cooking Stoves Programme of Activities in Africa  \ufffd  SimGas Biogas Programme of Activities  \ufffd  East Africa Renewable Energy Programme (EA-REP)  \ufffd There is a specific mention of TT that: Detailed information about the exact technology and measure applied by the individual Small- Scale Programme of Activities (SSC- CPAs) will be provided in the relevant section of the specific SSC- CPA-DD."


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"Improved Cookstoves and LPG Cookstoves - Undertake a programme to support the use of improved cookstoves and of LPG cookstoves, includ- ing increasing awareness of improved cooking practices, undertaking pilot initiatives which promote the use of LPG, increasing awareness of stove quality, increasing access to soft loans, building capacity of stove produc- ers, and improving access to testing facilities."


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"Improved Cookstoves and LPG Cookstoves - Undertake a programme to support the use of improved cookstoves and of LPG cookstoves, including increasing awareness of improved cooking practices, undertaking pilot initiatives which promote the use of LPG, increasing awareness of stove quality, increasing access to soft loans, building capacity of stove producers, and improving access to testing facilities."


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"Improved ability of the Government of Kenya to identify intervention points to mainstream low-carbon development actions, and to raise external funds to support these actions. Areas of relevance Sectors: 1. Agriculture and Rural Development; 2. Environment, Water and Sanitation; 3. Physi- cal Infrastructure Sector; and 4. Tourism Trade and Industry Adaptation \u221a     Mitigation \u221a     Development  \u221a\fKenya s Current status The MPND and MEMR have initiated a process under SC1 to mainstream low-carbon and cli- mate resilience considerations into the Second Medium Term Plan."


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"Improved and ore environmentally friendly charcoal production system using a low-cost retort kiln (Eco-charcoal), Renewable Energy (January). 9 Shammakh, B., Caruso, H., Elkamel, A., Crsoset, E. and Douglas, P.L. (2008). Analysis and Optimization of Carbon Dioxide Emission Mitigation Options in the Cement Industry. Dhahran, Saudi Arabia: Department of Chemical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Science publications. 10 Bellanger, M. (2010). Technical Assistance to the Ministry of Energy. Nairobi: French Development Agency. 11 United Nations (2017)."


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"Improved charcoal production technologies provide improvement on the traditional earth mound kilns which have low material recovery efficiency ranging from between 10 per cent and 22 per cent. The improved technologies use kilns that have greater efficiencies ranging from 30 per cent to 42 per cent. There are several improved charcoal production technologies, including among others, the metal kiln and drum kiln developed by the Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI), the Kuki Gallman retort kiln and the Meko portable kiln."


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"Improved community-level health care and dissemination of information on changing health risks can enhance the response to climate-related diseases. Importantly, increased access to water and sanitation can improve disease vector control. A low carbon action is the use of water filters that provide access to clean water while reducing demand for firewood used to boil water and therefore slowing deforestation."


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"Improved conditions for NMT are important, but levels will decrease over the coming decades if the government meets its development targets. Second, there is a significant overlap with the options for mass rapid transit systems. If designed and priced well, the improved access to transport services and reduced transport inefficiencies resulting from improved transit systems will greatly reduce the number of journeys undertaken by foot."


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"Improved cookstoves and the use of LPG for cooking contribute to increased climate resilience as they lower fuelwood demand and reduce pressure on forests."


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"Improved cookstoves and the use of LPG for cooking contribute to increased climate resilience as they lower fuelwood demand and reduce pressure on forests.\fKenya s b) Transport Kenya\u2019s transport sector is dominated by road transport. The total vehicle population (excluding motorcycles) is estimated to have doubled from 600,000 vehicles in 2000 to 1,200,000 vehicles in 2010. Public transport is relatively under-developed and is dominated by minibuses (matatus). The vast majority of freight transport, including transit freight headed to other countries, is served by trucks."


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"Improved cookstoves reduce the time needed to collect fuel wood, and that time can be put to better productive or recreational use, potentially increasing the standard of living. adaptation and climate resilience impacts In regard to adaptation and climate resilience, improved cookstoves and substituting wood fuels with LPG stoves have the potential to significantly reduce rates of deforestation."


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"Improved cookstoves that reduce the volume of biomass required for cooking have the largest\f  potential for GHG emission reductions, 5.6 Mt CO2e a year in 2030. Replacing kerosene lamps with renewable lighting technologies, using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) instead of fuelwood for cooking, and cogeneration of heat and power in agriculture were also found to have significant abatement potentials of over 1.5 MtCO2e a year in 2030."


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"Improved livestock management also has large mitigation potential since the sector is responsible for 30 per cent of GHG emissions. However actions to mitigate GHG emissions in the livestock sector will need to be considerate of economic and cultural issues. Climate-proofing of improved, expanded, effective and reliable national physical infrastructure is an important and necessary enabler of socio-economic development."


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"Improved management will result in small increases in employment and the methane capture can be combined with baseload electricity production and thus improving energy security. \f  ith an abatement potential of 0.8 MtCO2e in 2030, is the main low carbon development opportunity (see Figure 64). Methane capture can go hand in hand with proper management of solid waste, thereby improving groundwater quality, local air quality, and safety by avoiding dangerous methane gas build-ups, as well as hygienic conditions."


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"Improved management will result in small increases in employment and the methane capture can be combined with baseload electricity production, improving energy security."


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"Improved management will result in small increases in employment and the methane capture can be combined with baseload electricity production, improving energy security. Restoration of forests on degraded land Reforestation of degraded forests REDD (Reducing Deforestation and Forest Degradation)\fKenya s g) Summary of bottom-up assessment of low-carbon development options Figure 6.7 indicates the composite mitigation abatement potential of low-carbon development opportunities in six sectors."


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"Improved water resources management will provide opportunities for the ASALs to achieve food security, improve human health and enable irrigated agriculture. In addition to these socio-economic benefits, water resource management has significant resilience benefits by reducing the impact of droughts and floods, reducing reliance on rain-fed agriculture and improved watershed management."


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"Improvements in estimates of overall livestock populations would also reduce uncertainty.  \ufffd Fossil Fuel Combustion.  Uncertainty in fossil fuel combustion emissions is driven by the uncertainty in the consumption of fuelwood and charcoal in Kenya. A new national survey to characterize wood removal for energy consumption is imperative to improving the quality of the data. Surveys should be conducted for both consumers and producers of fuelwood and charcoal.  A comparison of top-down end-use surveys with estimates of bottom-up harvesting and production could significantly reduce uncertainty."


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"Improving absorptive capacity There are a number of actions that the government can take to improve its capacity to absorb climate finance, which will need to be taken forward concurrently with the creation of the KCF to maximise the effectiveness of the Fund and of GoK climate spending. Three of the most important are the prioritisation of climate funding within the budget, the need to harmonise funding requirements, and efforts to improve the capacity of GoK trust funds."


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"Improving vehicle efficiency is one of the most cost-effective interventions to reduce transport-related emissions.14 Finally, by reducing imported oil use (roughly in direct proportion to the emissions reduction achieved), each option has the potential to improve the security of energy supply. adaptation and climate resilience impacts Most of the mitigation options are not expected to be impacted by climate change. Road and rail infrastructure can be vulnerable to climate change impacts; for example, roads can be severely impacted by flash floods."


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"In  order to determine the strategic issues that will inform the strategic focus for the CSA, the SWOT analyses the impact of climate change on agriculture; greenhouse gas emissions; policy legal and institutional framework; and the cross-cutting issues such as finance, equity and inclusivity, natural resource management, human resource development and, research and development. I."


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"In 1997, at the Third Conference of the Parties (COP3) to the UNFCCC over 180 Parties gathered in Kyoto, Japan to adopt the Kyoto Protocol, which would commit them to reduce GHG emissions.4 The Protocol came into force in 2005. The 2010 records of the UNFCCC Secretariat show that 184 Member States of the United Nations, including Kenya5 have either ratified or acceded to the Protocol."


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"In 2007, brief but also intense rains caused the Fishing in major lakes such as Victoria and Turkana is likely to be affected by recurrent droughts and rising temperatures, conditions that starve the lakes of inflowing water and evaporate more of the water they have, leading to reductions in water levels. Coupled with improper practices such as over-fishing, these reductions in water levels will lead to tremendous reductions in fish stocks."


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"In 2007, drought- induced anthrax in the scrub- peppered northern Kenya plains infested Gr\u00e9vy\u2019s zebras living in the Samburu National Reserve and surrounding area. If it were not for the quick intervention of the KWS, the anthrax would have annihilated the entire population of Gr\u00e9vy\u2019s zebras.\fHeavy tropical storms and sea level rise that are projected with the changing climate will make fishing a dangerous activity."


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"In 2007, drought-induced anthrax in the scrub-peppered northern Kenya plains infested Gr\u00e9vy\u2019s zebras living in the Samburu National Reserve and surrounding area. If it were not for the quick intervention of the KWS, the anthrax would have annihilated the entire population of Gr\u00e9vy\u2019s zebras."


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"In 2009, Kenya experience a mild form of electricity rationing that had a devastating impact on heavy power consumers, such as manufacturers.15 The 2016-2017 drought reduced hydro generation capacity and increased the fuel cost charge levy to KES 3.52 per kilowatt hour in January 2017 from KES 2.34 per kilowatt hour in November 2016.16 Shortages in hydropower generation are replaced by diesel generation, which increases the cost of electricity for industries."


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"In 2010 vehicle  ownership was approximately 30.7 vehicles per thousand population. This level of ownership more than doubles in 2030 to 69.9 vehicles per thousand population.  Figure 51:  On-road vehicle population growth in Kenya (millions)\f  Kenya Population (millions) On-Road Vehicle Population (millions) Freight Vehicles Petrol Freight Vehicles Diesel Buses Petrol Buses Diesel Passenger Vehicles Petrol Passenger Vehicles Diesel Population Millions  Baseline projections of transportation emissions broken down by fuel type and major end-use is indicated in Figure 52."


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"In 2013, electricity in Kenya was generated mainly from hydropower, geothermal and thermal sources.  Figure 25 and Figure 26 show the electricity generation by sources in 2013. The total installed electricity generation capacity in Kenya was 7,890 GWh.  Figure 24 shows the electricity generation by sources for the period 2004 to 2013. Hydropower, the main source of electricity, reduced considerably in 2009 due to reduced rainfall and reduced hydrology in the main catchment areas of the major rivers on which generating dams are constructed."


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"In 2015, the leading source of emissions was agriculture at 40% of the total national emissions, mostly due to livestock enteric fermentation, manure left on pasture and agricultural soils and fertilizer application. This was closely followed by LULUCF at 38% because of deforestation and energy, including transport at 18%. The balance is from industrial processes and product use (IPPU) at 3% and waste management at 1%."


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"In 2016, Kenya\u2019s production of coal, natural gas and crude oil was insignificant and\fN D C  S E C T O R  A N A LY S I S  R E P O R T  2 0 1 7 Figure 4.3. Comparison of 2030 Baseline Emissions and INDC Target Emission Reductions (MtCO2e) Figure 4.4. Technical Potential Emission Reductions in 2030 of Mitigation Options\f4 :  E N E R g Y generated no GHG emissions."


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"In Chapter 7, specific agricultural research areas that address climate change have been highlighted, \u2022\ufffd developing an innovative Insurance Scheme \u2013 low premium micro-insurance policy \u2013 which together with low-interest loans will insure farmers against crop failure due to droughts, pests or floods, \u2022\ufffd enhancing agricultural extension services to train farmers on how to better cope with climate variability and change, \u2022\ufffd strengthening integrated and environmental friendly pest management systems to cope with increased threats from insects, pathogens, and weeds, and \u2022\ufffd developing proper food storage facilities to cater for surplus harvest while promoting traditional and modern food preservation methods."


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"In Kenya Gazette Supplement No. 155 (Acts No. 34). 4 Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) (2016). Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015 - How Are the World\u2019s Forests Changing? (Second Edition). Rome: FAO. 5 Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (2013). Legal Report on Forest Governance, REDD+, and Sustainable Development in Kenya. Nairobi: Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. 6 Government of Kenya (2016). National Forest Programme 2016-2030. Nairobi: Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources."


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"In Kenya a lot has been done on methane capture, namely in the production of biogas, but much more could be done. Methane capture from landfills is a technology that involves prevention of emissions of methane gas and other pollutants from landfills by extracting the gaseous mixture using a series of wells and a blower/flare system. In Kenya feasibility studies have been undertaken on use of landfill gases from municipal waste dumps but there are no concrete plans for implementation."


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"In Kenya there is neither specific policy nor legislation on transfer and\fKenya s diffusion of technologies but there are references made in other sectoral  policies and legislations such as the Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA 1999); National Climate Change Response Strategy; Energy Policy (2004) and Act (2006) promoting geothermal and renewable energy technologies; Forestry Act promoting community-driven technologies; Vision 2030; and various Finance Acts that provide  incentives for cleaner production and renewable energy generation technologies."


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"In Kenya, integrated approach to water resources development and management is embedded in the \u2018Integrated River Basin and Large-Water Bodies-based Natural Resource Management Programme\u2019, which is expounded upon below. Integrated River Basin and Large-Water Bodies-based Natural Resource Management For sustainable utilisation of natural resources in Kenya, there are basin-based institutions such as the six regional development authorities (RDAs). The Action Plan annexed to this Strategy presents details on RDAs. The RDAs are mandated to plan, implement and coordinate integrated basin-based natural resources management programmes."


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"In Kenya, the Kenya Meteorological Department (KMD) has provided data of temperature and rainfall changes over the last fifty years. 2.1.1 Temperature Trends The tables below summarise time series of annual minimum and maximum temperatures in different parts of the country since the early 1960s."


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"In Kenya, the civil society is known to be a powerful agent of change through public awareness creation, policy research and analysis, and advocacy on key socio-economic issues including climate change. They also undertake vulnerability assessments, baseline studies and research; advocacy, capacity building and awareness creation; policy development and promotion of good governance; information sharing; gender mainstreaming in climate change; monitoring and early warning systems; livelihood support; promotion of improved technologies and ef\ufb01cient use of energy; humanitarian support; and promotion of use of indigenous knowledge."


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"In Kenya, the transport sector emissions are growing rapidly due to increases in private car use that is expanding as incomes rise, the middle class expands and the public transport sector continues to erode."


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"In Nairobi and other major cities, severe traffic congestion, especially during the extended peak hours, contributes to local air pollution and leads to significant economic losses in time and fuel. That said, the majority of individual trips in cities are still by foot because public transport services are comparatively expensive and private cars are out of the financial reach of the majority of Kenyans."


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"In October 2002, Kenya submitted their first inventory with Kenya\u2019s First National Communication (FNC). The FNC inventory was prepared for the reference year 1994 in compliance with Articles 4 and 12 of the UNFCCC and in accordance with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines of 1996."


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"In a 2008 report titled the \u2018Deadly Dozen,\u2019 the World Conservation Society (WCS) observes that the spread of these diseases\f2009 due to \u2018extraordinary and prolonged dry seasons.\u2019 Lately, the reduction in the volume of the Mara River due to climatic variations and the destruction of the Mau catchment has had a toll on one of the wonders of the natural world \u2013 the spectacular migration of hundreds of wildebeests across the Mara River as they migrate between the Serengeti National Park in Tanzania and the Maasai Mara Reserve in Kenya."


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"In accordance with the Guidelines, emissions from International Bunkers and burning of biomass are not included in the national totals, but are reported separately as Memo Items in the Inventory.  Complete documentation of methods, activity data and emission factors along with references of all data sources are reported in Kenya\u2019s National GHG Inventory Report 2010.  The calculation of emissions was assisted using UNFCCC\u2019s Non-Annex I National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Software (version 1.3.2)."


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"In accordance with the recommendations, an attempt was made in the inventory to ensure that estimates of greenhouse gas emissions and removals were not biased. Estimate precision varied depending on each sector\u2019s available data as well as resources that could be investigated for determining emission factors that suited circumstances in Kenya. Where emissions and removals were identified in the key category analysis as the most important overall, emphasis was given, where possible, to ensuring that the best activity data and emission factors available were used."


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"In accordance with the same decisions, developing countries are required to undertake Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) in the context of sustainable development, supported and enabled by technology, financing and capacity building. The voluntary implementation of NAMAs is aimed at achieving a deviation in emissions relative to \u2018business as usual\u2019 emissions by 2020. There is also a requirement of robust measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) system and submission of biennial reports and national communications (every four years) by all countries."


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"In achieving this, most line ministries particularly those offering development and infrastructural services have developed climate change response programmes and projects, which form and are included in the Action Plan of this Strategy. While Kenya stands to benefit immensely from the advanced technology of developed countries, efforts should be made to support local technology generation and application through institutional capacity building programmes."


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"In addition livestock and agriculture/agroforestry/rangelands, Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) will be developed and implemented to mainstream sustainable land management. The use of fire in rangeland and cropland management will be minimized to limit emissions."


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"In addition private sector companies need to integrate climate change risks in their environmental and social safety guards. Ongoing projects/initiatives Magadi Siltation Project, Development of Mining Bill. Gaps Awareness, \ufb01nancing, capacity building. Short Term Sub-actions \u2022\ufffd Build the capacity of the Mining, Health Safety and Environment division on climate change adaptation. \u2022\ufffd Conduct an assessment of impacts of mining, oil and gas exploration to ecosystems and communities with respect to climate change variability and future change."


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"In addition small and medium sized enterprises in Kenya operated by the youth are at the forefront of innovation in technology and require adequate support to upscale and increase uptake of these innovations in order to enhance resilience. Examples of ongoing projects/initiatives Prototype and innovation testing by the Kenya Climate Innovation Centre and African Enterprise Challenge Fund, UNDP Low Emissions, Climate Resilient Development Project. Gaps Knowledge on climate smart technologies, \ufb01nancing, capacity building Short Term Sub-actions \u2022\ufffd Promote development of technology prototypes."


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"In addition to a wide-range of private sector entities, the major institutions include: \u2022\ufffd Kenya Meteorological Department (KMD), conducts research on climate information packages, develops seasonal climate information products and disseminates the same to the public for early warning and preparedness. KMD also has a flagship project proposal for weather modification for rainfall enhancement over the drylands of the country; hail suppression over the western part of the country and snow-pack augmentation over the glaciers on Mt Kenya."


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"In addition to international funding agencies such as the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF), the Mobilisation Plan also covers external resources from development partners and regional funding agencies such as multilateral development banks e.g. the African Development Bank (AfDB)."


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"In addition to providing jobs and contributing to the GDP growth, the sector can help build climate change resilience through its products and services, whilst robust national and international trade will become a crucial instrument to alleviate weather-induced food supply shortages. Climate change has the potential to curtail the success of private sector development (which is crucial to the Kenyan economy and underpins Vision 2030), through, for instance, supply chain disruptions, leading to the need of speci\ufb01c adaptation actions."


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"In addition to the NCCS, the Ministry comprises of the following departments and institutions, which also play a role in the national climate change response: \u2022    National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) \u2013 This is a state corporation established by the Environmental Management and Coordination Act No.8 of 1999 whose mandate is to supervise and coordinate all matters related to the environment."


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"In addition to the NCCS, the Ministry comprises of the following departments and institutions, which also play a role in the national climate change response: \u2022\ufffd Directorate\ufffdof\ufffdEnvironment\ufffd(DoE) \u2022\ufffd Kenya\ufffdMeteorological\ufffdDepartment\ufffd(KMD) \u2022\ufffd Mines\ufffdand\ufffdGeology\ufffdDepartment\ufffd \u2022\ufffd Department\ufffdof\ufffdResource\ufffdSurveys\ufffdand\ufffdRemote\ufffdSensing\ufffd (DRSRS) \u2022\ufffd National\ufffdEnvironment\ufffdManagement\ufffdAuthority\ufffd(NEMA)\fKenya s Ministry/ agency Description Ministry of Planning and  National Development This is the primary ministry with responsibility for national development planning and associated monitoring and evaluation in Kenya."


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"In addition to these extreme events, the slow creeping change in temperature and precipitation patterns over the longer-term are likely to negatively impact vegetation and wetlands, with associated consequences for birds and animals higher up the food chain. The distribution of forests in Kenya is largely determined by precipitation, which means climate change has the potential to cause significant forest dieback and biodiversity loss. This would have associate detrimental consequence for rural livelihoods that are\f  dependent on forest goods and services."


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"In addition, Kenya needs to develop expertise and capacity to know where to target efforts to access climate finance.  Kenya\u2019s climate change challenges require both mitigation and adaptation interventions. Prudent management of resources requires a balance in the allocation of mobilised resources to both mitigation and adaptation to address the climate change needs of the country. Criteria are needed to identify an appropriate allocation of resources in a manner that proportionately responds to both climate resilience and low carbon priority needs."


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"In addition, Kenya stands to benefit from carbon markets by putting in place mitigation measures including the promotion of energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies e.g. solar, wind, geothermal, biomass and small hydro plants, as well as a properly planned low- carbon public transportation system. These interventions are covered under Mitigation in Chapter 4. Other measures covered include growing trees for rehabilitation and restoration of degraded landscapes, particularly the five water catchment areas and trust-lands."


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"In addition, Kenya\u2019s INDC represents her aspiration to increase the resilience to climate change by introducing a comprehensive programme for adaptation action across sectors in support of livelihoods, and economic well-being of the Kenyan people. This represents a high level of fairness and ambition in light of Kenya\u2019s national circumstances.  4. Planning process Kenya\u2019s planning process on mitigation and adaptation hinges on the NCCAP and the NAP. The two shall be reviewed every five years to inform the MTP."


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"In addition, Nairobi is the only city for which detailed studies of BRT and LRT systems are available. For this reason the current analysis is limited to Nairobi, but could be extended to other cities in the future. Aviation \u2013 International aviation is not counted as part of national GHG emissions, as per the IPCC GHG inventory methodologies. In regard to domestic aviation, there are limited mitigation options and low associated development benefits."


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"In addition, a key finding of the 2008 Davos Conference on Climate Change and Tourism was that carbon dioxide emissions from the tourism sector\u2019s transport, accommodation and other activities are estimated to account for between 4 and 6% of total emissions, and this figure is likely to increase by approximately 150% over the next 30 years.17 Air transport is greatly responsible for these emissions and currently there are negotiations on how best to address the emissions for global aviation."


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"In addition, actions to help farmers and pastoralists adapt to climate change, discussed in Adaptation chapter of this Second National Communication , should be undertaken in a manner that is as low-carbon as possible, complemented by awareness raising and education."


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"In addition, actions to help farmers and pastoralists adapt to climate change, discussed in Chapter 5 of the Action Plan, should be undertaken in a manner that is as low-carbon as possible, complemented by awareness raising and education. e) Forestry and other land use Forestry and other land use related emissions accounted for 19.6 MtCO2e in 2010, or about 32 per cent of national emissions. Emissions primarily originate from deforestation, where forests are cleared for fuelwood and charcoal production or to create agricultural land."


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"In addition, affordable high-quality mass rapid transit has the potential to help improve social equality and reduce poverty, contributing to SDG 1. Shifting freight from road to rail also realises strong benefits in regard to congestion, road safety, air quality and road quality, and contributes to achievement of SDG 3. However, the smaller number of heavy-duty vehicles and smaller level of displacement through rail (only certain types of freight lend themselves to rail transport) would result in lower overall benefits than major public transport initiatives."


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"In addition, all governmental and non- governmental institutions need to mainstream climate change proofing and responsiveness in their programmes and projects."


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"In addition, burning agricultural residues of maize, wheat, sugarcane and rice crops is a common practice. Approximately 2,300,000 hectares of these crop residues are burned annually, leading to emissions of 0.93 MtCO2e per year. This mitigation option would prevent 60% of the rangeland and cropland burning that occurs each year."


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"In addition, challenges of invasive species in cropping systems, grazing systems and fisheries (e.g. water hyacinth, Prosopis juliflora and Striga weed) and the establishment and implementation of mechanisms for resolving natural resource use conflicts will be undertaken."


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"In addition, changes in ocean circulation are predicted to lead to loss of certain fish populations or establishment of new ones. Temperature changes will likely result in changes of up-welling patterns, which might affect fish spawning period and success of larvae, thereby altering the entire life cycle and size of fish populations. 17  Davos Conference, 2008 report by the United Nations World Tourism Organization \u2013 UNWTO. Climate change is likely to lead to the emergence and re- emergence of certain wildlife diseases."


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"In addition, due to the high risks in agro-based enterprises, there is low agro-based investments and low technology uptake for production and value addition. Though physical and social infrastructure is needed to adapt to climate change, build resilience and exploit opportunities that arise due to climate change, Kenya currently has inadequate and, in some cases inappropriate infrastructure such as for irrigation. Agricultural production relies heavily on finite resources that include land, water, forest and pastures."


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"In addition, efforts will be made to mobilize technical and financial support from development partners and civil society to realize the objectives of this strategy. A CSA fund basket shall be established and proper mechanisms set up for oversight and governance. Both levels of government will explore possibilities of benefiting from the climate change fund provided for in climate change Act 2016 for inclusion of budgetary provisions for CSA at both national and county levels."


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"In addition, emissions arise from agricultural machinery, post-harvest practices, and agro-processing and residue management. Livestock Land degradation is a key issue in pastoral and agro-pastoral areas where communities keep livestock as the main source of livelihood. Overstocking is a common practice which in effect leads to overgrazing. The practice of overgrazing and burning of pasture in rangelands lead to both reduced carbon sinks and enhanced emissions in rangelands.\f emerging crops, trees, livestock and fish issues are being neglected."


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"In addition, fishing in major lakes such as Victoria and Turkana is likely to be affected by recurrent droughts and rising temperatures, conditions that starve the lakes of inflowing water and evaporate more of the water they have, leading to reductions in water levels."


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"In addition, in 2013, Kenya nominated the Director, Kenya Industrial Research and Development Institute (KIRDI) as the National Designated Entity (NDE) for the Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN). Kenya\u2019s NDE will serve as the national entity for the development and transfer of technologies and a focal point for interacting with the CTCN regarding requests from the country about its technology needs. The institutional structures to efficiently operationalise the NDE functions are currently being put in place."


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"In addition, it is important to improve estimates of how much carbon is released in relation to these conversions.  INVENTORY GAPS, NEEDS AND RECOMMENDATIONS  A number of significant gaps, needs and constraints were identified during the preparation of the Second National Communication (SNC) inventory for Kenya. Gaps include not only information on activity data, but also resources and capacity."


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"In addition, it provides for the exercise of a development control function of approving specific land uses, a role now undertaken by county governments.  Intellectual property \u2013 such as patent protection, is pertinent to climate finance and the national objective of attaining low carbon climate resilient development. The Industrial Property Act (Cap 509) regulates the promotion of inventive and innovative activities, and facilitates the acquisition of technology through the granting, regulation and protection of patents."


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"In addition, it shall serve as the liaison office between the programme divisions and the Secretariat. Its divisions or departments shall be: \u2022\ufffd a Designated National Authority (DNA), responsible for carbon emissions/CDM trading and technology transfer under the Kyoto Protocol or its future successor, \u2022\ufffd a REDD and Land-Use Division, \u2022\ufffd an Adaptation Programmes Division, \u2022\ufffd a Communications, Education and Public Awareness Division, \u2022\ufffd a Research, Early Warning and Disaster Management Division, and \u2022\ufffd a Monitoring & Evaluations (M&E) Division."


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"In addition, it should also be the office to develop appropriate climate change mainstreaming strategies and action plans for all key sectors, and ensures mainstreaming of climate change adaptation and mitigation measures in ongoing and future activities of all key sectors. Functions of the proposed divisions of the Programmes Office include the following: a) Emissions Trading, CDM and Technology Transfer Division: the DNA This will be the national focal point (Secretariat\u2019s division) responsible for CDM projects, i.e. it will be the DNA."


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"In addition, new fisheries may become available as fish populations shift geographic distributions. In aquaculture production systems, increased water temperatures, variability in water\f Forestry sub-sector According to the NCCAP 2013-2017, forestry and other land use related emissions accounted for 19.6 MtCO2e in 2010, or about 32% of national emissions. Deforestation, forest and grassland fires, land clearing for agricultural production are the major sources of greenhouse gas emissions. However, farmers do not relate land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) to carbon emissions."


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"In addition, not only are geothermal plants environmentally less disruptive, but also have the highest capacity utilisation factor (above 92%). In addition, they are immune to extreme weather conditions arising from climate change30 and escalations in the cost of traditional fossil fuels such as petroleum. 4.2.2.2 Accelerate the development of green energy including wind, solar and renewable biomass Green energy sources refer to those sources with zero or low levels of GHG emissions."


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"In addition, poor waste management, as is the case in Nairobi and other urban areas, increases the burden of diseases that are not necessarily climate change-related, but which affect the less affluent, who are also the most vulnerable to climate change. For instance, respiratory ailments linked to air pollution are most likely to affect those living near sources of pollution such as dumpsites."


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"In addition, research needs to be conducted to determine the potential impacts of climate change elements like rainstorms on the country\u2019s power transmission infrastructure, road and rail networks, rising temperatures on solar energy systems, and changing As Kenya expands and modernises its infrastructure, it is important that the country introduce measures that will assure the resilience of infrastructure over its lifespan, particularly in the face of climate change, i.e."


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"In addition, sector experts provided information on climate-relevant projects and programmes in the sector as a basis for developing a climate change registry of mitigation and adaptation actions. Following the validation meetings, final revisions to the NDC analysis were undertaken and the final report developed."


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"In addition, seed funding of Ksh. 500 million will be required to allow the climate finance mechanism (Climate Change Fund) to financially support activities, as well as support any role it may play to coordinate and track climate finance. This seed fund is expected to support technical advisory, capacity building, research and feasibility studies in the 2016/2017 financial year; moving toward support of low carbon and climate resilience activities in later financial years."


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"In addition, stopping 60% of cropland burning would involve providing extension services to a significant proportion of farm-owning households in Kenya, or approximately 3.58 million households. Reducing enteric methane in the livestock sector is the fourth priority mitigation action, consistent with the Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Strategy, 2016-2025, that prioritizes the reduction of emissions from livestock.22 A short-term action is to reduce emissions in the dairy sector."


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"In addition, the Act defines the roles of both national and county governments in mainstreaming and implementation of climate change actions in the country. It also defines the role of non-state actors in the  reporting and management of emissions."


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"In addition, the Government should enact a law that would compel vehicle owners to install pollution-control devices, such as the three- way catalytic converters that can inter alia converting nitrogen oxides including the infrared-active global-warming causing nitrous oxide (NO2) to nitrogen and oxygen, \u2022\ufffd developing a Light Rail Transit (LRT) in major cities and towns to decongest traffic, and \u2022\ufffd improving the rail-network to facilitate low-cost and low-carbon long-distance transportation of cargo and passengers. 4.2.5 Carbon Markets: a Benefit of Mitigation Developing countries (also known as Non-Annex 1) such as Kenya can choose to undertake mitigation projects in the sectors described above (e.g."


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"In addition, the Strategy\fwill identify key agencies to implement these actions and provide indicative costs needed to implement these actions in line with existing development and economic plans, especially the Vision 2030. These recommendations will be supported by a well-defined implementation and monitoring framework. \u2022\ufffd Develop comprehensive national education and awareness- creation programmes  The level of understanding of climate change and its impacts is low countrywide."


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"In addition, the act makes provision for the participation of forest communities in participatory forest management, including rules of access as well as benefit sharing of revenues derived from forest management activities.  The Energy Act, 2006 \u2013 promotes mitigation of climate change through energy efficiency and renewable energy, and provides explicitly for the Ministry in charge of energy to use the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and carbon trading to promote renewable energy programmes."


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"In addition, the carbon pool harvested wood products is included.  (c) How the Party has taken into consideration paragraph | Kenya s NIR describes the sources considered insignificant and  31 (c) and (d) of decision 1 /CP.21;  reported as not estimated. The NIR provides justifications for exclusion in terms of the likely level of emissions and how these are in line with the thresholds specified in decision 24/CP.19. A similar approach, consistent with decision 18/CMA.1 will be used for reporting under the Paris Agreement."


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"In addition, the country\u2019s capacity to respond to natural disasters has been stretched due to climatic events such as drought and floods. This objective will further seek to strengthen institutions involved in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) to enable them cope with climate disasters."


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"In addition, the environmental and social conditions resulting from the country\u2019s growth together with increased competition over resources, may intensify the country\u2019s vulnerability to climate risks. Transitioning to a low\fKenya s carbon climate resilient development pathway will reduce the country\u2019s vulnerability to climate risks and improve Kenya\u2019s ability to prosper under a changing climate while contributing towards the global efforts to reduce GHG emissions. The Government of Kenya (GoK) is taking climate change and its impact on development seriously."


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"In addition, the financing from the private sector has been Fisheries Kenya\u2019s aquatic ecosystem and species are prone to diverse anthropogenic threats. Pollution, uncontrolled water abstraction, deforestation, siltation, and unregulated physical developments have serious and significant impacts on the breeding areas of coastal and inland waters. The proliferation of alien aquatic flora and fauna invasive species (e.g. water hyacinth) threatens sustainability of the indigenous species. Forestry Forests and related forestry activities contribute to improved agricultural productivity through conserving soil and water, and enhancing soil fertility."


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"In addition, the formulation of improved feeds and feed additives to reduce enteric fermentation will be undertaken. The development of breeding schemes and improvement of herd health to enhance efficiency in production; and the support for innovations in livestock management systems that enhance productivity will also be promoted."


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"In addition, the framework is expected to provide a full overview of aggregate financial support in line with tracking achievement toward the overall global climate change goal.  As part of this Transparency Framework, Kenya is expected to provide information no less frequently than biennially on support needed and received under Articles 9 (finance for mitigation and adaptation), 10 (technology development and transfer) and\f 11 (capacity building)."


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"In addition, the institutional structure recognises the role of the Designated National Authority (DNA) on the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and the National Implementing Entity (NIE) for the Adaptation Fund, currently located at NEMA, which requires capacity building to effectively contribute to the implementation of the Action Plan. The Ministry in charge of planning has a crucial role of spearheading the implementation of the Climate Change Action Plans through mainstreaming climate change into the national development planning processes."


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"In addition, the research agenda on CSA is largely set by development partners through provision of targeted funding and not demand driven. There is also low public expenditure on research and limited participation by the private sector coupled with poor management of agricultural research information. (v) Data and information on Climate Smart Agriculture Strategic decision making and implementation of CSA initiatives require accurate, current, reliable data and information. This includes collection, storage, access, collation, synthesis and dissemination of climate smart agriculture data and information."


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"In addition, they improve livelihoods, \u2022\ufffd multi-use approach to development of water-basins, e.g. multi-purpose dams for flood control; hydropower generation; water use (domestic, industrial and irrigation); tourism as well as environmental conservation, and \u2022\ufffd promotion of eco-tourism and cultural activities such as religious sites that contribute to conservation efforts. The country is vulnerable to a number of diseases including malaria, tuberculosis, diarrhoea, Rift Valley Fever and dengue fever. Changing climate and weather patterns influence the spread of these diseases."


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"In addition, this division shall oversee an in- ventory of GHG emissions in Kenya by source and location through: \u2022\ufffd measuring anthropogenic GHG emissions by source, location and quantity, \u2022\ufffd developing a national inventory of GHG emissions, \u2022\ufffd establishing inventories of forests and other ecosystems that absorb GHG, and \u2022\ufffd providing periodic emissions reports to the M&E office on GHG emissions, status of carbon sinks and emissions trading."


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"In addition, this knowledge has often been ignored in policy and research, even though it can increase the effectiveness of adaptation strategies. Policy Statements  The Government will: 1. Identify research and technology needs; and promote strategic and systematic climate change-related research, impact and vulnerability assessments, and technology development and diffusion. 2. Put in place mechanisms to encourage and facilitate locally appropriate climate change technological development, including strategies to enhance and maintain human capacity, especially amongst the youth. 3."


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"In addition, youth face limited opportunities for technical and vocational skills training.  Figure 9: Population pyramid for Kenya, 2004 compared with 2009  Source: Derived from the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics data  A narrowing of the pyramid particularly for 50+ years indicates a shorter life expectancy. Females outnumber males at older ages (65-69 years) reflecting a higher life expectancy of females. Women represent 51 per cent of the  The majority of the Kenyan population (about 67.7 per cent) resides in rural areas."


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"In addressing climate change issues, public entities are required to undertake public awareness and consultations, and ensure gender mainstreaming, in line with the Constitution and the Climate Change Bill (2014).  5. Means of implementation Kenya\u2019s contribution will be implemented with both domestic and international support. It is estimated that over USD 40 billion is required for mitigation and adaptation actions across sectors up to 2030."


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"In agriculture, these activities include large scale agriculture, introduction of new pesticides, large scale pest control programs, widespread introduction of new crops and animals, widespread introduction of fertilizers, irrigated agriculture exceeding 50 hectares, major developments in biotechnology including the introduction and testing of genetically modified organisms."


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"In air transport, Kenya is currently served by 6 international airports, and around 300 mostly unpaved airfields.6 The Nairobi commuter rail system will be upgraded to provide efficient movement of passengers from the SGR terminal in Syokimau to the city centre. This upgrading is part of the Nairobi Metropolitan Mass Transport Master Plan that aims to create a mass rapid transport (MRT) system comprised of bus rapid transit and commuter rail, complemented by NMT."


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"In all cases, provisions will need to be in place so that technologies can be locally supplied, managed and maintained to the greatest extent possible. 10.3.7 Water sector As for the forestry sector, technologies will pave the way for adaptation to climate change in the water sector."


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"In all of the above, access to more funding both domestically and externally is therefore necessary to training staff, upgrading equipment, plants and instruments required for improved information, products and services. Specific areas of needs277 include: \ufffd Infrastructure including suites of in situ sampling, observation and monitoring systems, and remote sensing imagery and imaging devices. \ufffd Finance increase from Government and external sources. \ufffd Robust and accessible information management systems. \ufffd Skilled manpower and equipment."


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"In any case, even this proposed figure is considered by many as a gross underestimate because it is based on a scenario where the global temperature increase would be limited to 2oC, whilst some climate models show that current emissions pathway leads us to a much warmer world (3oC and upward) and consequently higher costs. International efforts to combat climate change have so far focused more on mitigation, i.e. reducing GHG emissions. The next stage of international efforts must deal squarely with adaptation, i.e."


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"In any circumstance, there are still considerable uncertainties with the projection. Important data gaps and assumptions include: 1. The use of the Vision Expansion Scenario as a realistic baseline for overall electricity generation in Kenya.  Note that we do not assume the same penetration of renewables in the baseline as the Vision Expansion Scenario \u2013 and that we assume that much of this renewable capacity would still be met by cheaper coal generation. 2."


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"In as much as cost is fundamental and seems as the major barrier to development of all the prioritised technologies in the country, it is recognised that it is only part of the picture. Their development has as much to do with local private sector interest in the technology, availability of quality equipment and market awareness."


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"In certain instances, there maybe concurrent performance of climate change related functions by the two levels of government. It is therefore necessary to review the overall legislative and institutional arrangements that govern climate change actions. Various sectoral laws and policies that will provide the legislative basis for specific actions will need to be analysed for potential amendments to enhance their capability to tackle climate change challenges and exploit emerging opportunities."


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"In coastal locations, ports and transport infrastructure is particularly exposed due to flooding, together with tourism assets and settlements situated close to the coast. Human Health: Climate change is expected to put human health at risk by exacerbating the magnitude and occurrence of existing impacts, such as heat stress, air pollution, asthma, vector-borne diseases (such as malaria, dengue, schistosomiasis \u2013 also referred to as swimmer\u2019s itch or snail fever \u2013 and tick-borne diseases), water-borne and food-borne diseases (such as diarrhoeal diseases)."


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"In coastal locations, ports and transport infrastructure is particularly exposed to climate impacts, together with tourism assets and settlements. Riverine flooding and landslides have the potential to cause significant damage to physical infrastructure such as roads, bridges, water pipelines and power lines, resulting in widespread disruption. The resulting mobility challenges are multiplied by the existing poor state of many roads in rural Kenya."


id: e99f407904456de4a616889542f1a0f0
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"In coastal locations, ports and transport infrastructure is particularly exposed, together with tourism assets and settlements situated close to the coast. Riverine flooding and landslides have the potential to cause significant damage to physical infrastructure such as roads, bridges, water pipelines and power lines, resulting in widespread disruption, a requirement for additional capital expenditure and wider environmental damage."


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"In conjunction with Ministry of Ministry for Planning and National Development Other Information Considered Relevant For Implementation Of The Convention TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Steps taken to integrate climate change into relevant policies Key policies containing measures to mainstream climate change Kenya\u2019s National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS) . 194 Kenya\u2019s National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) 194 Technology Transfer Status of Kenya\u2019s Technology Needs Assessment . 195 Priority Sectors and Technology Options . 197 Identified Barriers to Technology Needs and Enabling Environments 203 Current Mechanisms for Technology Transfer in Kenya 203 Technology Transfer under the GEF Mechanism . 205 Research and Systematic Observation Kenya\u2019s Systematic Observation, Monitoring and Research . 207 Status of National and Regional Programmes . 213 Education . 215 Training and Public Awareness 217 Capacity Building Constraints and Gaps, and Related Financial, Technical and Capacity Needs . 218 National Communication Process Constraints and Needs 218 National Communication Sector Specific Constraints and Needs . 220 ANNEX 1: TABLES AND FIGURES INTRODUCTION This report provides information of other information considered relevant to the achievement of the objectives of"


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"In conjunction with Ministry of Ministry for Planning and National Development. Charcoal Consumption Tonnes per year year\f  Agricultural Residues Tonnes per year (dm) year Based on data from Environment Programme (2006). Kenya: Integrated assessment of the Energy Policy With focus on the transport and household energy sectors. In conjunction with Ministry of Ministry for Planning and National Development."


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"In developing the modalities for providing resources to the KCF it will be necessary to establish the processes by which development agency and government resources (as appropriate) are provided to the Fund through a joint financing agreement. Furthermore, measures could be taken by the Government to enhance on-going efforts to improve the operational and absorptive capacity of trust funds with a focus on the KCF. With Treasury\u2019s support, strong financial management capabilities within the Fund could improve disbursement and project implementation."


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"In developing this strategy, policies, legislations and strategies related to climate smart agriculture which are spread across different Government Ministries and State Agencies have been reviewed and reference made to the Constitution of Kenya to ensure coherence, alignment and identification of gaps. 2.1.3.1 Policies and strategies in relation to agriculture and climate change a) Kenya Vision 2030 To achieve the objectives of Kenya Vision 2030, agriculture is expected to be innovative, commercially oriented and modern."


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"In fulfilment of the EU precondition to lifting the ban, the Kenyan Government through the Ministry of Livestock Development had to initiate a programme to create disease free zones. Avian influenza, cholera, ebola, Lyme disease, plague, tuberculosis, sleeping sickness, yellow fever, Rift Valley Fever, red tide and babesiosis are some of the diseases that are expected to spread as temperatures rise and precipitation patterns change."


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"In future, the country plans to apply new technologies to pave way for low carbon climate resilient development.  Despite the aforementioned Kenya\u2019s technology needs assessment reveal ESTs adoption, diffusion and application has remained low, mainly due to financial constraints, limited capacity and awareness amongst users.  Status of Kenya\u2019s Technology Needs Assessment  Kenya, being a developing country, does not have adequate technological capacity to effectively mitigate Climate Change. Kenya therefore needs to transfer, develop and adapt appropriate technologies for Climate Change mitigation and adaptation."


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"In general, annual highest rainfall events indicate that the 24-hour intense rainfall amounts observed in the recent years are relatively lower than those in the early 1960s; essentially, these values have been reducing (negative trend) with time. These trends are also depicted in the time series of the \u2018Long Rains\u2019 season which contributes a significant amount of rainfall to annual totals over most Executive Summary\f\u2018together we can tackle climate change\u2019 National Climate Change Response Strategy parts of the country."


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"In general, annual highest rainfall events indicate the 24-hour intense rainfall amounts observed in the recent years are relatively lower than those in the early 1960s. Effectively, these values have been reducing (negative trend) with time."


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"In implementing MTIP, the government seeks to prioritize investments across the country\u2019s major agro-ecological zones. 2.4.3 Extension and agro-weather advisory services 2.4.3.1 Extension services The extension service is one of the critical change agents required in transforming subsistence farming to modern and commercial agriculture in order to promote household food security, improve income and reduce poverty levels."


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"In its Fifth Assessment Report, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) noted that total annual anthropogenic GHG emissions increased by about 10 gigatonnes of CO2 equivalent between 2000 and 2010. This increase directly came from the energy (47%), industry (30%), transport (11%) and building (3%) sectors (medium confidence).15 The entire African energy system is responsible for only 1 to 4% of total global emissions.16 In Kenya, the energy sector\u2019s contribution to GHG emissions is expected to increase sharply from 2015 to 2030."


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"In line with the NAP, large energy projects should therefore be \u201cdesigned, constructed and operated in a way that accounts for anticipated risks and opportunities that result from climate change, thus ensuring that they are not compromised in the future.\u201d31 Their\fN D C  S E C T O R  A N A LY S I S  R E P O R T  2 0 1 7 final design and materials of construction should be able to withstand anticipated climate risks such as sea level rise and extreme weather events."


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"In line with the UNFCCC Standing Committee on Finance\u2019s (SCF) recommended operational definition, this report considers climate finance to include all finance that specifically targets low-carbon or climate-resilient development. As such, climate finance includes domestic budget allocations, public grants and loans from bilateral and multilateral agencies, and private sector investment."


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"In line with the UN\u2019s \u2018Acting on Climate Change, the UN System Delivering as One\u2019 report, the following are as some of the key critical areas for Kenya where capacity building should be targeted: Training on Climate Change Competencies and Strengthening Institutions: \u2022\ufffd regional and sub-regional preparatory workshops for climate change negotiators where Kenya would participate with other developing countries, SIDS and LDCs, on the UNFCCC negotiation process, \u2022\ufffd technical and policy support to Kenya as a party to the UNFCCC for preparing its National Communications, \u2022\ufffd support to the country in its efforts to implement UNFCCC decisions through country-driven approaches, \u2022\ufffd awareness-raising, development of communication tools, training and planning workshops at local, national, regional and global levels, \u2022\ufffd capacity building and support for the modernisation and development of national meteorological services e.g."


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"In order to achieve the 7.5 MtCO2e recommended NDC target for emission reductions in 2030 (see Figure 4.3), there is flexibility and it is not necessary to fully implement all 12 mitigation options. The technical mitigation potential in 2030 of the 12 energy mitigation options organized by sub-sector is presented in Figure 4.4. Based on Figure 4.4, many different scenarios can be envisioned to achieve the 7.5 MtCO2e low emission reduction target for the energy supply and residential and commercial demand sector."


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"In order to achieve the goal of a low-carbon developed society, Kenya should pursue an energy mix that greatly relies on carbon-neutral energy sources such as geothermal and other renewables. The implementation and use of renewables will increase Kenya\u2019s energy security. In addition, it will assist in mitigating climate change, which forecasts indicate will cause more intense and frequent droughts throughout the country. These droughts will affect all sectors that are rainfall-dependent including hydropower electricity generation, which is currently Kenya\u2019s main source of electricity."


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"In order to achieve the minimum 1.6 MtCO2e recommended NDC target for emission reductions in 2030 (see Figure 3.3), there is flexibility and it is not necessary to fully implement all mitigation options. The technical mitigation potential in 2030 of the three agriculture mitigation options is presented in Figure 3.3. Livestock is not included in Figure 3.3, but mitigation action in this sub-sector is considered a priority because of the large amount of GHG emissions from this sector."


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"In order to achieve this objective, the Strategy will recommend an education and awareness programme, as well as define a communication framework for inclusive stakeholder interaction to enable effective communication of targeted climate change information. \u2022\ufffd Conduct periodic vulnerability assessments, impacts monitoring at national and local levels, GHGs monitoring, and provide capacity building framework  There is inadequate national and local information on how climate change elements (e.g."


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"In order to attain low carbon growth, the government will take steps outlined in this Policy by implementing regulatory mechanisms that mainstream low carbon growth options into the planning processes and functions of the national and county governments. Mainstreaming Climate Change into the Planning Process Climate change mainstreaming is necessary to equip various coordinating and sectoral agencies of the Kenyan national and county governments with the tools to effectively respond to the complex challenges of climate change."


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"In order to attract these technologies, the Government needs to tackle barriers that have and continue to hinder FDI in the country. These include insufficient human capabilities, high transaction costs, trade and policy barriers as well as institutional limitations such as weak intellectual property protection laws and enforcement. The FDI remains the major channel of technology transfer to developing countries like Kenya, and Kenya\u2019s private sector can therefore play an important role."


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"In order to be able to analyse demand side mitigation options, it is critical that fuel consumption and related emissions be allocated to end-uses.  Historical information on the total consumption of different energy consumers (urban households, rural households, commercial and industry) is available from the data on petroleum fuels sales and a number of reports. However, there is little comprehensive information available on the end-use demand where these fuels are ultimately consumed, such as for cooking, lighting and heating water."


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"In order to deliver this, the Government is supporting a range of schemes to improve the access, quality, equity and relevance of education and training in Kenya (such as curriculum development and review, and delivering appropriate sectoral training). Climate change plays a role in education. Climate related-shocks such as drought, for example, can contribute to children being taken out of school. Similarly, climate impacts can lead households to divert \ufb01nancial resources from education towards food."


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"In order to do this, Kenya, as a country, has had to identify the technology needed to address Climate Change in line with the country\u2019s Vision 2030 and other national development priorities. It is for the above reason, and in conformance with Article 4, paragraph 5 of the Convention, with decision 4/CP7 that Kenya has carried out two fully participatory Technology Needs Assessments (TNAs) that involved many stakeholders, including the Government, Private Sector, Civil Society and International Organisations."


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"In order to get the technology operational in Kenya it is crucial that the following enabling actions be undertaken: improved rates of waste collection and disposal; creation of a regulatory framework that allows for the rights to landfill gas to be licensed for developers for capture and use; plans for future landfills to allow for landfill gas to be captured and utilised; and creation of financial incentives for households to install  methane capture facilities for energy generation. 10.3.3 Industrial process sector The most significant low carbon development opportunity in the industrial process sector is the introduction of more efficient kilns for charcoal production."


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"In order to look at low-carbon options that differentiate between personal passenger, bus and freight vehicles it is necessary to divide the total consumption of on-road transportation fuels into these end-uses. This is challenging because there is limited information on the fuel usage by end-use in Kenya. The basis for the on- road allocation by end-use was vehicle registration data between 2000 and 2006 and detailed vehicle registration data on new vehicles available for 2005 and 2008."


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"In order to meet the below 2 \uf0b0C objective, all countries will need to undertake mitigation based on the common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities in accordance with the Convention. In addition, Kenya particularly notes that the Lima Call to Action agrees that each Party\u2019s contribution will \u201crepresent a progression beyond the current undertaking of that Party\u201d. Kenya is determined to continue playing a leadership role in addressing climate change by communicating a fair and ambitious contribution."


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"In order to meet the below 2\u00b0C objective, all countries will need to undertake mitigation based on the common but  differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities in accordance with the Convention.  Kenya is determined to continue playing her role in addressing climate change by communicating a fair and ambitious contribution. This update builds on the initial NDC in which Kenya undertook to make a contribution that targeted a high proportion of its mitigation potential, and was dependent on the level of international support available."


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"In order to understand capacity needs, a range of activities were carried out, including a desk review of documents from MDAs and Non-State Actors (NSAs); case studies of three MDAs, key stakeholder interviews, meetings and workshops, and internal consultations within the NCCAP team. A Capacity Development Plan was produced that assesses existing institutional capacities and identifies gaps at various levels, with particular attention to data generation, data processing, data analysis, data sharing, outcomes and impact level reporting, and existing information technology support (i.e. computers, software)."


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"In particular the contribution of the following County Executive Committee members of the Intergovernmental Thematic Working Group on Policy and Legislation, Dr. David Okeyo Odiwour, Saphia Sheikh Omar, Caroline Lentupuru Tenges, Jenaro Guantai and Laurian Killikho. I sincerely thank the World Bank through the Kenya Adaptation to Climate Change in Arid and Semi- arid Lands (KACCAL) project for funding the development process of this strategy."


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"In particular will be the energy intensive activities such as mining; production of iron and steel products; irrigation of large tracts of land for food security; operation of petroleum pipelines for both crude and refined fuel oils amongst others. The level and intensity of commercial energy use in the country will certainly be a key indicator of the degree of its economic growth and development."


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"In particular, climate change refers to a change apparent from the mid to late 20th century onwards and attributed largely to human activities that increase levels of greenhouse gas emissions, especially atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels. Climate change is sometimes referred to as global warming, which specifically refers to the long-term trend of a rising average global temperature."


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"In particular, sufficient budgetary allocation for all institutions performing climate change functions will be prioritised to ensure that the necessary human, technical and financial resources are available. 10.3.3 This Policy underscores the Government\u2019s commitment to increase PPP initiatives for actions that help to achieve low carbon climate resilience development. Policy Statements  The Government will: 1. Allocate resources for climate change actions in national and county budgetary processes. 2. Build capacity to mobilise and enhance absorption of resources for climate change interventions. 3."


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"In particular, the livestock and agriculture sectors were the most affected by the 2008 and 2011 drought events, with respective drops in productivity of 72 per cent and 13 per cent.146 Along with these direct impacts, climate-related events affect the overall performance of the economy in the long run."


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"In particular, the livestock and agriculture sectors were the most affected by the 2008 and 2011 drought events, with respective drops in productivity of 72 per cent and 13 per cent.51 Along with these direct impacts, climate-related events affect the overall performance of the economy in the long run."


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"In particular, there is a need to develop human capacity, generate new and relevant knowledge, facilitate the establishment of research infrastructure, and bridge the divide between research results and socio-economic outcomes.  In the context of more frequent reporting of national GHG inventories by non-Annex I Parties, it is imperative that the preparation process shift from a project-based approach to a more internalised and institutionalised approach (UNFCCC, 2012)."


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"In recent years, evidence of higher frequency and intensity of extreme climate events such as droughts and floods has been noted in Kenya."


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"In recognition of the serious threats posed by climate change and in adhering towards the implementation of the Convention the Government as discussed below has taken and continues to take bold measures to secure the country\u2019s development against the risks and impacts of climate change."


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"In recognition of this, in 2012, Kenya developed a National Framework for Climate Knowledge Management and Capacity Development within its NCCAP. The framework focuses on climate change, it builds on and work in tandem with the country\u2019s initial work of the same under the National Capacity Self-Assessment (NCSA) programme by GEF.  The capacity development framework is fundamental to enable the full, effective and sustained implementation of the Convention."


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"In regard to energy demand, direct fuel combustion of biomass from wood sources, such as fuelwood and charcoal, is the dominant fuel source in Kenya (for domestic usage) accounting for almost 70 per cent of primary, non-electricity, non-transport energy demand. Eight low carbon development options were analysed in the energy demand sector. Improved cookstoves that reduce the volume of biomass required for cooking have the largest potential for GHG emission reductions, 5.22 Mt CO2e a year in 2030."


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"In regard to livestock, priority low carbon climate resilient actions will be considerate of local cultural practices and include improved management of grazing systems, livestock diversification, and breeding of animals to improve their ability to adapt to climate change and produce lower emissions. Adaptation actions to improve the resilience of livestock are particularly important for the ASALs."


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"In relation to climate change,  the Ministry of Finance is responsible for the allocation of funds from the exchequer. Ministry of Energy The Ministry of Energy is mandated to facilitate provision of clean, sustainable, affordable and secure energy for national development while protecting the environment. The Ministry has a department of renewable energy and other associated relevant institutions which include: Geothermal Development Company (GDC), Kenya Electricity  Generation Company (KENGEN), Kenya Power and the Kenya Electricity Transmission Company Limited (KETRACO)."


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"In relation to climate change, the Ministry is responsible for the allocation of funds from the exchequer and is the National Designated Authority to the Green Climate Fund Ministry of Energy and Petroleum The Ministry is mandated to facilitate provision of clean, sustainable, affordable and secure energy for national development while protecting the environment."


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"In response to the challenges posed by Climate Change, Kenya has developed a National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS 2010), National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP 2013), and a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) - under preparation which provides a vision for low carbon and climate resilient development pathway, while a National Climate Change Framework Policy and legislation are in their final stages of enactment to facilitate effective response to climate change."


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"In rural areas, waste is mainly burned or disposed of in an unregulated fashion.3 Sewerage coverage was estimated to be only 12% in 2010, with only 5% of the national sewerage treated effectively.4 The percentage of waste collected daily (but not necessarily disposed of at designated sites) varies from one urban centre to another."


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"In some cases, depending on the degree and stage of the crop, hailstorm damage may trigger rapid translocation of photosynthates from the vegetative parts of the plant to the reproductive (yield determining) parts. This may in turn enhance the achievement of better yields. Frosts are more prevalent in the upper highlands, affecting mainly tea and horticultural crops, thereby reducing the yields and quality of the produce."


id: f78ac08eb04c51eb9a45ff26556d1d4c
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"In summary, capacity development for the MRV+ System and NPBMF requires a deliberate, pre-planned and budgeted capacity building and training programme for GoK officials, especially those in the CPPMUs responsible for ensuring information transmission on progress and outcomes of development projects through the existing electronic M&E and financial systems of government."


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"In terms of climate resilience benefits, efforts to maintain and increase forest cover will help offset anticipated changes in forest growth patterns due to climate change. Forests are vitally important for water catchment management, for mitigating flooding and landslides, for reducing erosion and sediment discharge and for improving soil health."


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"In terms of electricity supply, the installed capacity in Kenya in 2010 was 1,425 megawatts. Generation was dominated by hydroelectricity, medium-speed diesel and geothermal power which respectively accounted for 51, 30 and 13 per cent of electricity sent to the national grid. Rapidly increasing demand for electricity and fluctuating hydroelectric output have led to an increase in diesel-based generation in recent years. In addition, there has been a strong focus on expanding geothermal power, which is considered a key enabler for Kenya\u2019s economic growth."


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"In terms of mitigation, Chapter 6 discusses the considerable emphasis on geothermal electricity generation in the energy sector and identifies a complementary role for landfill gas, solar PV and wind power. In the transport sector, the development of new or improved public transport systems (light rail and/or bus rapid transit) will be a priority. Important mitigation opportunities are also available from agricultural co-generation, improved charcoal manufacturing in the industrial sector and in advanced cookstoves and efficient electrical appliances in the household energy sector."


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"In the 105- year history of accurate measurements on Lake Victoria, water levels have fluctuated widely since 1970 due to rainfall variability. This threatens the fisheries sub-sector on which the local population relies for household food security and income generation. Climate change is also a factor towards increased intensity of El Ni\u00f1o and La Nina events, resulting in more severe and frequent floods and droughts. These events have become more intense since 1900 than at any time in the last 130,000 years."


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"In the Act, the functions of the NLC relevant to CSA include: recommending a national land policy to the national government; conducting research related to land and the use of natural resources, and make recommendations to appropriate authorities; monitoring and oversight responsibilities over land use planning throughout the country."


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"In the Agriculture Sector Development Strategy (2010-2020), social inclusion and equity of Women, Youth and Vulnerable Groups (WY&VG) in the agriculture sector activities is emphasized including safeguarding of their interests and rights for sustainable sector growth in the light of climate change. Nevertheless, discrimination against WY&VG in the light of climate change issues persists to date and would be largely responsible for low adaptive capacity and reduced resilience of farming systems leading to problems of food and livelihood insecurity."


id: 6f5a5a0c524fb2afb3e544d1489319e1
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"In the UNFCCC\u2019s 2008 report on CDM, about 36% of 3,296 registered and proposed CDM projects involve technology transfer according to claims made by project Even though environmentally sound technology is a key means to achieving a climate-resilient/ low carbon growth trajectory as well as technology transfer to developing countries being a major component of the UNFCCC, achievements in the area have been minimal."


id: a15f4b266fe1cdfc37233697ef0905fd
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"In the absence of such a framework, substantial obstacles will emerge in translating the identified priority actions into implementable initiatives with tangible climate change benefits. While the process of developing a comprehensive climate change policy and related legislation is now well underway, as demonstrated by the existing climate change institutional architecture and debates on  future legislative framework for climate change response, these efforts need to be taken forward as set out in the actions recommended in this chapter."


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"In the agricultural sector, research is needed to develop superior (drought-tolerant, fast-maturing, disease and pest-resistant) crop varieties. As with the agricultural sector, the energy sector is also vulnerable to climate change. Some of the research areas that will need strengthening and focus include energy efficient innovations and technologies especially of the less advanced and low-cost energy appliances, tools and sources. Some of these include the development of powdered fuel burner from agricultural wastes, solar water heaters fabrication, and biodiesel processor development, among others."


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"In the case of biomass fuels (firewood, charcoal and agricultural residues), CO2 emissions are not accounted for in total energy sector emissions. Renewable fuels do not generate net emissions and emissions associated with the non-renewable part are included in the Land-Use Change and Forestry sector.  CO2 emissions from combustion of fuels supplied for international water-borne navigation and international aviation (the so- called bunker fuels) are reported in accordance with Decision 17/CP.8, but not accounted for in total energy sector emissions."


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"In the case of developed countries, this will be through voluntarily pledged \u2018targets.\u2019 The Copenhagen Accord is silent on whether this fund will address adaptation needs; it only mentions \u2018needs of developing countries,\u2019 without specifying which needs these are-adaptation, mitigation or both. International efforts to combat climate change have so far focused more on mitigation, i.e. reducing GHG emissions. The next stage of international efforts must deal squarely with adaptation, i.e., ways of coping with climatic impacts that cannot be avoided."


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"In the case of natural forests, technologies will be applied to support the removal or reduction of barriers to natural regeneration, such as competition with weedy species, protection from animal grazing, wood harvesting and wildfires. In the case of degraded forest plantations, technologies  will be applied to support species selection, production of tree seedling, site preparation, planting of seedlings and tending of saplings.\fKenya s The forestry sector is an important source of income for many communities in Kenya."


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"In the cement industry, which is the highest emitting industry in Kenya, about 50% of emissions are process-related emissions (discussed above), while 40% are direct energy-related emissions from fossil fuel combustion used to heat the kiln and 5 to 10% are indirect energy-related emissions from electricity consumption used to power machinery. 9 This cement energy efficiency improvement mitigation option looks at a reduction of indirect energy-related emissions by introducing energy-efficient technologies."


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"In the forestry sector, climate change will firstly affect the growth, composition and regeneration capacity of forests resulting in reduced biodiversity and capacity to deliver important forest goods and services. This will then cause desertification, deforestation and forest as well as land degradation as communities strive to derive their livelihoods on declining forest resources. This is already evident in many places including upper parts of Eastern Province like Machakos and Kitui, and Taita Taveta in Coast Province as well as all ASALs of Kenya."


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"In the implementation of the institutional arrangements, it will be important to put in place transitional arrangements to tap from the knowledge, information and lessons acquired over the years by the current coordinating institutions. The implementation of the different actions in the NAP will require the involvement and contribution of all the stakeholders across the different sectors and levels."


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"In the past there has been heavy reliance on hydro power plants for energy production, which over recent years have demonstrated vulnerability to extreme events such as droughts and \ufb02oods, projected to become more frequent with climate change. Programmes are under way to promote renewable energy, energy ef\ufb01ciency and extending access to electricity across the country. Rigorous incorporation of climate change considerations into current and future sectoral actions is required to build a resilient energy system that reinforces Kenya\u2019s development."


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"In the period leading to 2003, the estimated value of the production of forest products was Ksh. 2 billion per annum, which was equal to about 10% of the country\u2019s GDP.15 Horticulture is the fastest growing in the agricultural sector, generating over US$ 300 million in foreign exchange earnings, while the capital value of the 46% (approx 15.2 million heads) of Kenya\u2019s livestock that is kept by pastoralists is approximately US$ 860 million."


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"In the process of \ufb01nalising the NAP, the actions were subjected to further scrutiny by the TWG. For each planning sector, the following were identi\ufb01ed: macro adaptation action, related sub-actions, ongoing projects/initiatives, timeframe, budget and proposed implementing agencies. It is recommended that the adaptation actions be implemented with gender considerations such that all data collected for monitoring and evaluation purposes is gender disaggregated and analysed accordingly."


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"In the year 2015, the United Nations adopted the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. This has seventeen Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The SDGs cover issues addressed in the Kenya Vision 2030 (GoK, 2007)."


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"In these centres, it is possible for the local communities to receive, information on weather, climate, health and other developmental information in web format without the necessity of the services of Internet Service Provider (ISPs). This is made possible through the use of worldspace digital receivers connected to computers through a worldspace pc adaptor. In addition to reaching the rural communities on weather and climate, RANET- Kenya takes the initiative to develop malaria prediction models for application in specific high risk zones of Kenya."


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"In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires \u2014 \u201cadaptation\u201d means adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities; \u201call levels of government\u201d means all departments and agencies of the national and county governments; \u201cAuthority\u201d means the National Environmental Management Authority established by the Environmental Management and Coordination Act, 1999 or its successor legislation; \u201cCabinet Secretary\u201d means the Cabinet Secretary of the Ministry for the time being responsible for matters relating to climate change; \u201cclimate change\u201d means a change in the climate system which is caused by significant changes in the concentration of greenhouse gases as a consequence of human activities and which is in addition to natural climate change that has been observed during a considerable period; \u201cclimate change duties\u201d means the statutory obligations conferred on public and private entities to implement climate change actions consistent with the national goal of low carbon climate resilient development; \u201cclimate change resilience\u201d means the capability to maintain competent function and return to some normal range of"


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"In this context, mainstreaming implies the integration of climate change policy responses and actions into national, county, and sectoral planning and management processes. This requires explicitly linking climate change actions to core planning processes through cross-sectoral policy integration. This integration operates horizontally by providing an overarching national guidance system, such as through this Policy and national climate change legislation; and vertically by requiring all sectors and levels of government to implement climate change responses in their core functions."


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"In this context, mainstreaming implies the integration of climate change policy responses into national, county and sectoral planning, budgeting and management processes. 5.1.3 Accordingly, climate change mainstreaming is a new approach that provides the framework to achieve coordinated action on climate change across government functions."


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"In this context, resource mobilisation will be closely linked to Kenya\u2019s climate finance strategy, particularly in regard to mobilising external financing. 10.3.2 Governments at all levels will be required to integrate climate change response actions into budgetary processes. This will complement and be in addition to any external climate finance resources."


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"In this respect, because of their contribution to healthy forests, the priority mitigation actions also contribute to SDGs 2, 6 and 12, described in Table 5.2. Table 5.3 provides an overview of development impacts of the mitigation options in the forestry sector based on analysis for the NCCAP 2013-17 and updated to include SDGs. development impacts Restoration of Forests on Degraded Lands can increase adaptive capacity in vulnerable areas like mountain slopes, and fragile ecosystems like natural forests and wetlands."


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"In this sense, the mitigation options are comparable to the reference case in terms of resilience. Bioethanol could be vulnerable to climate change as weather conditions and rainfall could directly impact crop yields and availability of water for irrigation.\fN D C  S E C T O R  A N A LY S I S  R E P O R T  2 0 1 7 Table 7.3."


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"In total these climatic events cost the country around 2.4 per cent of GDP per year.118  CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS  Present Climate Change (Trends and baseline)  Observed Temperature Trends Temperatures in Kenya vary dramatically from region to region, with high altitude regions experiencing substantially cooler temperatures than the coastal and lowland zones."


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"In view of this, efforts need to be enhanced to\ufffdpromote\ufffdfoods\ufffdrich\ufffdin\ufffdmicronutrients\ufffdand\ufffdincludes\ufffdfruits,\ufffdvegetables,\ufffdand\ufffdlivestock\ufffdand\ufffdfish\ufffdproducts.\ufffd Maize\ufffdhas\ufffdbeen\ufffdthe\ufffdmajor\ufffdstaple\ufffdcrop\ufffdfor\ufffdmajority\ufffdof\ufffdKenyans.\ufffdHowever,\ufffdits\ufffdproduction\ufffdhas\ufffdbeen\ufffdfluctuating\ufffd over the years, which threatens household food security and income sources (GoK, 2015). The demand of maize in the country has been on the increase exceeding the domestic production. The shortfall in national production is met by maize imports (Figure 6)."


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"In view of this, it is proposed that: \u2022\ufffd a dedicated and adequately resourced Climate Change be established within the Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources, with several offices and divisions as shown in figure 5 on the next page, \u2022\ufffd a National Climate Change Steering Committee (NCCSC) be established by MEMR to help it gather and collate input and advice from key climate change stakeholders for its use in the coordination of Kenya\u2019s climate change activities, and \u2022\ufffd the NCCACC will continue to serve in its current advisory capacity."


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"In view of this, the following section highlights some of the channels through which technology transfer to and within Kenya may be achieved including through: \u2022\ufffd the Kyoto Protocol\u2019s CDM or its future successor, \u2022\ufffd the United Nations Industrial Develop- ment Organization (UNIDO), \u2022\ufffd accelerating South-South transfer of technology, \u2022\ufffd accelerating North-South transfer of technology through Foreign Direct In- vestment (FDI) including taking advan- tage of \u2018free-patent\u2019 technologies, \u2022\ufffd development partner initiatives, \u2022\ufffd establishment and capacity enhancement of local technological innovation cen- tres which will help strengthen institu- tional technology generation and transfer through learning-by-doing approach, \u2022\ufffd technology transfer within a future cli- mate change agreement framework, and \u2022\ufffd including climate change research and development in all budgets of Ministries with substantial allocations to institu- tions of higher learning to strengthen research capacities. 7.2.1 Technology Transfer through the CDM or its Future Successor The CDM does not have an explicit technology transfer mandate but it usually leads to such, i.e."


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"In water transport, Mombasa Port was dredged and widened, and a new berth developed.5 Recent developments in railway transport include upgrading of Nairobi commuter rail systems, completion of Phase 1 (Mombasa to Nairobi) of the Standard Gauge Railway (SGR) Project and initiation of the second phase (Nairobi to Naivasha)."


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"Inappropriate communication and extension approaches Development of institutional and organisational capacity  Inadequate awareness/training for farmers Conduct adequate information and awareness campaigns  on benefits especially in ASALs Drip irrigation High Cost of initial installation and maintenance Reduce interest rates and increase credit facilities leading to adequate credit. Furthermore if tax rebates and incentives (tax waiver) are provided, the cost of importing kits will be reduced."


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"Incentives could include purchase price subsidies or rebates, import tax exemptions, support for electric vehicle charging infrastructure network and license fee reductions. improving hdv stock efficiency The option assumes fuel efficiency improvements of up to 10% in 2030 through improved rolling resistance of tyres, tyre pressure monitoring and on-road testing of emissions regulations for all heavy-duty vehicles. Other options for achieving efficiency improvements include eco-driving training, regular maintenance, tracking and route planning with global positioning systems, and real-time engine and driver telemetry."


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"Income Tax Act (Cap 470) legal tools, such as withholding tax for professional services and taxes on company revenues are complemented by various incentives provided under the same law. The Value Added Tax Act (2013) further provides for levying of taxes on certain goods and services, and relates closely with investments in production of goods and services that maybe necessary as climate change interventions.  Investment promotion legislation \u2013 is central to entry of structured foreign and domestic investments into Kenya."


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"Incorporation of climate proofing in economic planning, budgeting and implementation systems can help to ensure that actions to address national development priorities do not exacerbate vulnerability to climate change. of the National Emissions Profile  2.3.1  The last official GHG emissions inventory for Kenya, required for UNFCCC reporting, was completed for the year 1994 for the First National Communication."


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"Increase participation rates in all sectors of education and training as a long- term measure to address human capital challenges and support livelihood diversification. 5. Focus on livelihoods improvements to enable adaptation to increased climate variability over the short term and to change over the medium term. 6. Strengthen the NDMA to ensure it is responsible for the supervision and coordination of all drought management activities and coordination of all stakeholders implementing any drought management program in Kenya."


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"Increase tree cover to 10 per cent per year to contribute to reduced erosion, flood risk, environmental integrity, improved livelihood sustainability and ecosystem based adaptation. Mainstream climate change risks and opportunities within and across major vulnerable sectors including the Coastal Zone Management Plan, the National Disaster Risk Management Response Plan and the National Environment Action Plan. Improve and strengthen climate change information management systems and enhance awareness creation of climate risk management and opportunities."


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"Increasing climate resilience and achieving the mitigation potential in each of these sectors will require a range of enabling actions, such as institutional strengthening, capacity building, improved information systems, and mainstreaming climate change across policies and programmes. These enabling actions are discussed in Section 4.3.2."


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"Increasing the share of renewable electricity can have benefits in terms of energy security (through decreased energy imports) and reduced costs of generation. In particular, geothermal power can provide low- cost base load generation, facilitating economic activity and development. It would also reduce the current reliance on hydropower thereby improving climate resilience. Source: GoK NCCAP Mitigation Analysis 2012 Note: The methodological approach for the electricity sector analysis deviates from a traditional analysis of climate mitigation options."


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"Increasing the share of renewable electricity can have benefits in terms of energy security (through decreased energy imports) and reduced costs of generation. In particular, geothermal power can provide low-cost base load generation, facilitating economic  activity and development. It would also reduce the current reliance on hydropower thereby improving climate resilience.  As part of the NCCAP implementation, the Kenya has already developed a NAMA for the acceleration of geothermal development in Kenya. This NAMA has been posted in the NAMA registry."


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"Increasing water temperatures and decreasing water levels are likely to negatively impact fish stocks, with detrimental consequences for the rural communities such systems support. With respect to marine fishing activities, direct effects of climate change on marine capture fisheries include sea level rise, sea temperature change, lower ocean pH levels, and changes in rainfall that will affect estuarine fisheries, changes in ocean circulation, increased storm frequency and intensity."


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"Increasingly warmer temperatures are reducing plant and vegetation productivity in semi-arid environments, affecting wildlife diversity and distribution. This results in wildlife competing with domestic livestock and human beings for both food and water. Kenya\u2019s coastline and beaches are prime attractions for tourists, especially during the northern hemisphere winter months. However, the main coastal areas are susceptible to sea level rise due to low altitude, high temperatures and high humidity levels."


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"Indeed, across the country, some tree species including Melia volkensii, Terminalia spinosa, Delonix elata, and Hyphenea corriaceae in the North Eastern Province, and Psychotria species in the Taita Hills, Coast Province, are either tremendously dwindling in or extinct. Further, climate change is also associated with increased flooding/sedimentation. In the low- lying coastal area where mangroves occur, a A deforested section of the Mau Forests that acts as the catchment for the Mara River."


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"Indeed, strategic actions that improve climate change journalism can themselves be forms of adaptation because accurate, timely and relevant information is a critical component of resilience.18 \u2022\ufffd Academia and research institutions: This group of actors plays a key role in building the country\u2019s adaptive capacity. They will provide the evidence for knowledge based decision making by the national and county governments, private sector, development partners and civil society amongst others."


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"Indeed, the world corporate sector, essentially the World Business Council on Sustainable Development (WBCSD), has realised the role it can play in helping developing countries grow sustainably. In 2008, the WBCSD formed the Eco-Patent Commons initiative to encourage the sharing of patents that provide environmental benefit but do not represent an essential source of business advantage. This sharing of environmental patents \u2018can promote environmental sustainability including eco- efficiency, enabling technology innovation to meet social innovation\u2019 (WBCSD, 2008)."


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"Indicative timeframe - Quick win opportunity r Launch timeframe: Short-term \u2013 within one year Duration of the Action: December 2012 to December 2013 Cost associated with the Action in Kenyan Shillings The cost of a capacity building program that builds on the SC1 process to expand capacity build- ing on the low-carbon development tools, and to mainstream low-carbon considerations in flag- ship project, county plans and sectoral plans is estimate to be Ksh 21 million (US$250,000). Immediate next steps 1."


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"Indicative timeframe - Quick win opportunity r Launch timeframe: can be started immediately Duration of the Action: 15 years Cost associated with the Action in Kenyan Shillings The cost of achieving the full mitigation potential to 2030 is estimated to be Ksh 877\u2013 1,115 bil- lion. Short-term costs include Ksh 21 million for the barriers and needs analysis, and development of a full NAMA proposal that is fundable and implementable. Immediate next steps 1."


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"Indicative timeframe Launch timeframe: (1-3 months) Duration of the Action: (6-12 months) Cost associated with the Action in Kenyan Shillings Ksh 10,000,000 (drafting committees and consultation processes) Immediate next steps Establish the path forward for the legislative drafting process, including constituting of a technical task force to undertake the drafting of initial provisions consistent with NCCAP recommendations, and build consensus amongst key stakeholders for the approach taken. Timeframe: September-December 2012."


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"Indicative timeframe Launch timeframe: (2 -3 months) Duration of the Action: (1-2 months) Quick win opportunity  \u221a (depending on parliamentary priorities) Cost associated with the Action in Kenyan Shillings Ksh 10,000,000 (drafting committees and consultation processes) Immediate next steps Develop and draft sector specific enabling legislative or regulatory provisions for all NCCAP priority actions and where necessary compile these into a Miscellaneous Amendments Bill for tabling before Parliament. Timeframe:  September - December 2012."


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"Indicative timeframe Launch timeframe: (9 months) Short term Duration of the Action: long term and possibly post V2030 Quick win opportunity\u00fe Cost associated with the Action in Kenyan Shillings The indicative cost for the action is Ksh 630 million Immediate next steps The plan for implementing the MRV+ system is set out in a roadmap (Gantt chart), which accompanies the Stage 2 report.  This lists all the main activities, and the outputs and milestones."


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"Indicative timeframe Launch timeframe: 6-12 months The legislative mandate for a Climate Change Secretariat could be included in a framework Climate Change Law with the institution made operational in the near-term subject to sufficient resourcing. Cost associated with the Action in Kenyan Shillings Establishment of the Climate Change Secretariat in law (no additional cost). Establishment and operationalisation of the Climate Change Secretariat: estimated annual operational cost Ksh 300 million. Immediate next steps Integrate the Climate Change Secretariat concept into a draft framework Climate Change Bill."


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"Indicative timeframe Launch timeframe: launch feasible in 18 to 24 months Duration of the Action: permanent action Quick win opportunity r The quick win box should be checked when the SC team recommends that this is an obvious \u2018quick win\u2019 action.  If the action is designated as \u2018quick win\u2019 it should have been agreed with the Lead Agency."


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"Indicative timeframe Launch timeframe: short term Duration of the Action: 5 months This is a short term, priority action.  It will underpin the MRV+ system and processes.  The action should be completed as soon as possible, and ideally by the end of 2013, in order to ensure a smooth roll-out of the NPBMF. Quick win opportunity \u221a Cost associated with the Action in Kenyan Shillings The indicative cost for the action is Ksh 20 million."


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"Indicative timeframe: The initial processes and setting up will take one to six months after which the planning cycle of five years will take its course. Cost associated with the action in Kenya Shillings: About 100 million Kenya Shillings will initially be needed to mobilise and harness the support of the key publics through consultative forums and engagement activities. Immediate next steps: 1. Mobilise the different stakeholders and win their commitment and support; 2."


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"Indicative timeframe: Three years Cost associated with the Action in Kenya Shillings: Estimated cost of system development without hardware costs: approximately Ksh 200 million. Immediate next steps 1. Recruitment of the NCCS staff 2. Map the job descriptions of the NCCS to the actions of the NCCAP\fKenya s Action 4: PROVIDE CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT SUPPORT TO ACTORS AT NATIONAL AND COUNTY LEVEL TO MOVE FORWARD WITH IMPLEMENTING THE NCCAP (BASED ON AN ANNUAL IDENTIFICATION OF PRIORITIES)."


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"Indigenous closed canopy is the second largest class at approximately 33 per cent, with public and private plantations and mangroves making up the remaining share.  Figure 11: Forest area trend, Kenya, 1990-2010  Source: Global Forest Resource Assessment Country Report\f  Kenya has experienced a decline in forest cover (Figure 11)."


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"Indirect greenhouse gas emissions of NMVOC and SO2 are the result of road paving with asphalt and food and beverage production. Table 13 and Table 14 identify these emissions over time.  Table 13: Total Industrial Process NMVOC Emissions (Gg) Source Sub-Sector NMVOC Emissions (Gg) Change Mineral Products 6 Road Paving with Asphalt Other Production 2. Food and Drink TOTAL INDUSTRIAL PROCESS EMISSIONS  \f  Table 14: Total Industrial Process SO2 Emissions in (Gg) Source Sub-Sector SO2 Emissions (Gg) Change Mineral Products 1. Cement Production Other Production 1."


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"Indirect greenhouse gas emissions of NMVOC are estimated for the application of paints and for domestic household product use. Table 15 identifies these emissions over time.  Emissions related to other solvent and product use categories such as degreasing, dry-cleaning and chemical products were not estimated due to insufficient data availability."


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"Indirect greenhouse gas emissions of NOX and CO are the result of prescribed burning of savannahs and field burning of agricultural residues.  Table 20 and Table 21 identify these emissions over time."


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"Indirect greenhouse gases including Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOC), Carbon Monoxide (CO) Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) and Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) are also reported as they have an important influence on chemical reactions in the atmosphere. The IPCC Revised 1996 Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (Volumes 1, 2 and 3) and the Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories were used as the basis to undertake the necessary calculations on GHG Emissions and Removals."


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"Individual CPA operators who do incorporate technology transfer elements into the design of their CPAs will state so explicitly in the CPA DD. African Clean Energy Switch \u2013 Biogas (ACES- Biogas)  \ufffd There is a specific mention of TT that: - It is anticipated most of TT will be South-South (i.e. between non- Annex I countries). This is because there is limited usage of small-scale biogas systems in Annex I countries. TT from Annex I countries may come from larger institutional biogas systems."


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"Individual producers who do not have access to sufficient capital to deploy improved production processes may be negatively impacted; but the elimination of the middleman structure could have a positive overall effect on income generation in the sector. Another potential benefit of formalizing the sector is increased tax payments to government. Energy efficiency improvements that decrease electricity use or the need to import fossil fuels improve energy security in Kenya, and achieve SDG 7."


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"Industrial Processes Lime production data is based on an international agency source (US Geological Survey) Country-level data should be collected by the industry sub-sector (at Kenya Association of Manufactures or KEPSA) and available from the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. Information on the amount of HFCs imported annually in bulk and in products is not complete and has a high degree of uncertainty."


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"Industrial Processes \u2022 The Kenya Association of Manufacturers (KAM) and MOEP\u2019s Centre for Energy Efficiency and Conservation offers energy audits and facilitates loans for energy efficiency actions in industries. The initiative is supported by the Sustainable Use of Natural Resources and Energy Financing project that has invested more than US$ 55 million in renewable energy and energy efficiency up to 2015. \u2022 Bamburi solid waste to energy \u2013 incineration of waste tyres and waste oil to generate electricity for cement production."


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"Industrial crops in Kenya include tea, coffee, sugarcane, cotton, sunflower, pyrethrum, barley, tobacco, sisal, coconut and bixa, all of which contribute about 55% of agricultural exports.5 Farming in Kenya is primarily small-scale, with 75 percent of total agricultural output produced on rain-fed agricultural lands on farms averaging 0.3 to 3 hectares in size."


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"Industrial processes and waste contributed about four per cent and one per cent of GHG emissions respectively. The current total emissions by Kenya account for less than one per cent of the total global emissions. 2.3.2 The NCCAP analysis suggests that GHG emissions in Kenya will increase up until 2030 in all sectors except forestry where emissions are likely to decline after 2020 due to the reduced clearing of forests and increases in the number and size of trees."


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"Industrial, and inland fisheries demand also contributed to the rise in water use, although to a lesser degree. The demand from irrigation will increase further as Vision 2030 seeks to expand irrigable land by 1.2 million ha.60 The demand will be greatest in the Tana and Ewaso Ng\u2019iro catchments that serve the ASALs region."


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"Inefficient biomass cookstoves and over fire cooking contribute directly to GHG emissions in the energy sector through emissions of methane and nitrous oxide, as well as emissions of carbon dioxide originating from biomass that is unsustainably harvested."


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"Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding 1 Quantifiable information on the reference point | mene as appropriate, a base year):  (a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or | Base year for emission projections: 2010 other starting point(s) Reference year for BAU emissions target: 2030  (b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, | The projected emission level in 2030 is 143 Million tonnes of CO;- their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), | equivalents (MtCO:ze)."


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"Infrastructure (for Energy and Transport): Climate change has the potential to compromise infrastructure design, function and performance across a range of settings. In coastal locations, ports and transport infrastructure is particularly exposed. Riverine flooding and landslides have the potential to cause significant damage to physical infrastructure such as roads, bridges, water pipelines and power lines.  Adaptation The development of the draft National Adaptation Plan (NAP) included the development of criteria used to identify priority actions under each Medium Term Plan theme."


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"Infrastructure for electricity generation is a priority to support Kenya\u2019s development ambitions. Improved electricity production helps to ensure a stable and secure supply of power \u2013 which is critical for economic growth and job creation. Increased generation of renewable energy also has the benefit of improved energy security by reducing reliance on fossil fuel imports. A climate resilient pathway includes electricity generating systems and a national grid that can withstand the extreme weather events expected as a result of climate change."


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"Infrastructure \u2013 Climate proof buildings and industrial/manufacturing facilities. Manufacturing \u2013 Develop fiscal incentive measures to encourage businesses to undertake investment in adaptation and resilience building measures. Water \u2013 Promote technologies that enhance water resource efficiency. long term sub-actions Manufacturing \u2013 Implement long term private sector investment in adaptation and resilience building measures. Source: Government of Kenya (2016). Kenya\u2019s National Adaptation Plan, 2015-2030."


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"Initiatives underway to restore forests on degraded lands include: \u2022 Water Tower Protection & Climate Change Mitigation & \u2022 Green Zones Development Support Project promoted the rehabilitation of degraded forest areas and improved \u2022 Miti Mingi Maisha Bora Project improved forest management and governance (2009-2015); \u2022 Strengthening the Protected Area Network within the Eastern Montagne Forest Hotspot; \u2022 Private initiatives (e.g. Northern Rangelands Trust, Mt."


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"Innovative and transformative measures are therefore urgently required to assist stakeholders in the sector across the agricultural value chains to cope with effects of current and projected change in climate patterns. Climate smart agriculture (CSA) has been identified as a viable approach to provide solutions towards increased agriculture sector productivity while addressing impacts of changing climate. For the government to fully and effectively implement climate smart agriculture, sound and enabling strategies that provide set goals and actions that promote investment must be in place."


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"Input at the county consultations indicated that several agroforestry projects are ongoing including in Kisii, Nyamira, Nyeri, Embu, Kisumu, Siaya, Garissa, Kakamega, Uasin Gishu, Kitale, Kericho, Bomet. In arid and semi-arid regions, such as Garissa County where pastoralism dominates, agroforestry is gradually being introduced as a coping strategy against drought and hunger shocks.\fKenya s Lead Agency to take this Action forward The Ministry of Agriculture is requested to lead the work to promote agroforestry."


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"Insecure ownership created by con\ufb02icting laws and insuf\ufb01cient information leave the homes and livelihoods of many Kenyans at risk, especially as climate change further destabilises land ownership and management. Such insecurity hampers economic development by discouraging household investment and increasing internal migration. Examples of ongoing projects/initiatives Preparation of Land Use Policy, National Spatial Plan concept, Revision of Kenya National Atlas, Development of Community Land Bill, County Spatial Plans. Gaps Awareness, capacity building, \ufb01nancing."


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"Institutional coordination Agricultural productivity and integration of value chains approach Building resilience and associated mitigation actions Communication systems on CSA, extension and agro-weather issues Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) Total\f37 REFERENCES D\u2019Alessandro, S.P., Caballero, J., litchte, J. and Simpkin, S. (2015) Kenya Agricultural Sector Risk Assesment Global Practice Technical Assistance Paper, World Bank Group Report. No. 97887, 2015 GoK. (2001). The 1999 population and housing census. Central Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Finance and Planning, Government of Kenya. GoK. (2003)."


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"Institutional coordination component that will strengthen national inter-ministerial collaboration, enhance coordination between the national and county governments and provide an enabling policy and institutional environment for the realization of the overall purpose of KCSAIF.\f ix 2. Agricultural productivity and integration of value chain approach component that will transform Kenya\u2019s agricultural sector into an innovative, commercially oriented, competitive and modern industry\ufffdby\ufffdsupporting\ufffdestablishment\ufffdof\ufffdefficient\ufffdand\ufffdeffective\ufffdvalue\ufffdchains.\ufffdThis\ufffdis\ufffdmeant\ufffdto\ufffdsupport\ufffd a shift in smallholder production strategies from subsistence to satisfying market demand through use of improved technologies and enhanced linkages. 3."


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"Institutions and stakeholders involved in advisory and provision of support services include:   Kenya Meteorological Department (KMD); Department of Resource Surveys and Remote Sensing (DRSRS); Kenya Forestry Service (KFS); National Irrigation Board (NIB); Regional Development Authorities (RDAs); Regional Centre for Mapping Resources for Development (RCMRD); Inter-Governmental Authority Centre on Pastoral Areas and Livestock Development (ICPALD) and NGOs."


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"Institutions involved in formulation of policies related to CSA include the following ministries, departments and state agencies: Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (MENR); Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries (MALF); Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI); Ministry of Lands and Physical Planning (MLPP); The National Treasury (TNT); Ministry of Devolution and Planning (MDP); and Ministry of Energy and Petroleum (ME&P) and County Governments."


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"Integrated National Transport Policy (2010) Provides for transport solutions that have relevance to climate change mitigation  Technology Transfer Kenya\u2019s climate change technology needs are diverse and their deployment requires a range of activities. Kenya has undertaken two Technology Needs Assessments (TNAs), in 2005 and 2013. The latter prioritised Environmental Sustainable Technology (EST) needs for mitigation and adaptation and developed their technology action plans (TAPs)."


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"Integrated landscape management: An umbrella term for natural resource management (NRM) systems that recognize the value of various ecosystem services to multiple stakeholders, and how this leads them to pursue different land use objectives or livelihood strategies. Integrated pest management: An ecosystem approach to crop production and protection that combines different management strategies and practices to grow healthy crops and minimize the use of pesticides."


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"Integrating Indigenous Knowledge in Climate Risk Management \u2013 Nganyi Rainmakers  This is an ICPAC led project linking scientific and indigenous knowledge. The team worked with local community rainmakers (Nganyi in Western Kenya) to develop harmonised consensus forecasts. In the process, it was hoped that traditional knowledge will be better understood and valued, scientific knowledge will be increased, and communities at risk from climate change will have more reliable information in local languages to help them protect their health and livelihoods."


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"Integrating climate into Kenya\u2019s education system While preparing the plan for integrating climate change into the education system, analyses of the curricula for primary, secondary and tertiary institutions prepared by the Kenya Institute of Education (KIE) confirmed that climate change has not yet been integrated into the formal education system. A survey of selected public and private universities, however, indicated that climate change is offered at the University of Nairobi and Kenyatta University."


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"Integration of climate change into curricula.  Reporting on climate change actions.  Enforcement of rights relating to climate change.  Public participation.\fA eee  2016 Climate Change  (3) The Council shall, on recommendation of the Cabinet Secretary publish regulations on design and procedure to ensure efficacy of public consultations to ensure that they make an impact on the threshold of decision making on climate change at all levels of government.  (4) The Council and the Directorate shall publish and publicize all important information within their mandate."


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"Inter-Ministerial and County Government Coordination improved Output 1.1.1: A joint platform for collaboration between ministries responsible for agriculture, livestock, fisheries, irrigation, environment, forestry, water, land, planning, devolution and finance established and strengthened 1.1.1.1 Inter-ministerial, inter- departmental (MDAs) committees coordination mechanism (JCCMAS) 1.1.1.3 Joint sector/intergovernmental CSA programming mechanism (JAS- TWGs \u2022 Institutions and departmental reports \u2022 Baseline survey \u2022 M&E reports \u2022 Established mechanism (JCCMAS ) and committees are functional and stable Outcome 1.2: Partnerships with private sector and civil society organizations strengthened Output 1.2.1: A platform for private sector and CSOs engagement with national and county governments established and strengthened 1.2.1.1 Structured framework for private sector and CSOs engagement at both levels 1.2.1.2 No."


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"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): Established in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the UN Environment Programme (UNEP), the IPCC surveys world-wide scientific\ufffdand\ufffdtechnical\ufffdliterature\ufffdand\ufffdpublishes\ufffdassessment\ufffdreports\ufffdthat\ufffdare\ufffdwidely\ufffdrecognized\ufffdas\ufffdthe\ufffdmost\ufffd credible existing sources of information on climate change. The IPCC also works on methodologies and\ufffdresponds\ufffdto\ufffdspecific\ufffdrequests\ufffdfrom\ufffdthe\ufffdUnited\ufffdNations\ufffdFramework\ufffdConvention\ufffdon\ufffdClimate\ufffdChange\ufffd (UNFCCC) subsidiary bodies."


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"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IVR Interactive Voice Response IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management JAS-IGS Joint Agriculture Sector-Intergovernmental Secretariat JAS-TWGs Joint Agriculture Sector-Technical Working Groups JASSCOM Joint Agriculture Sector Steering Committee JCCMAS Joint Consultation and Cooperation Mechanism for the Agricultural Sector KCSAIF Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Implementation Framework KCSAS Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Strategy KFS Kenya Forest Service xi KMD Kenya Meteorological Department LFA Logical Framework Approach M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MOA&I Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation MOALF Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation MDAs Ministries, Departments and Agencies ME&NR Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources MRV\ufffd Monitoring,\ufffdReporting\ufffdand\ufffdVerification MT Metric Tons MTIP Medium Term Investment Plan MTP Medium Term Plan NASEP National Agricultural Sector Extension Policy NAEP National Agricultural Extension Policy NALEP National Agricultural and Livestock Extension Program NAP National Adaptation Plan NARS National Agricultural Research System NCA National Carbon Accounting NCCAP National Climate Change Action Plan NCCRS National Climate Change Response Strategy NCCSAP National Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan NDCs Nationally Determined Contributions NEMA National Environment Management Authority NEPAD New Partnership for African Development NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations NIB National Irrigation Board NIMES National Integrated Monitoring and Evaluation Systems NRM Natural Resources Management PFCs\ufffd\ufffd Perfluorocarbons\ufffd PPP"


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"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Established in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization and the UN Environment Programme, the IPCC surveys world-wide scientific and\f CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION 1.1.1 The Agriculture Sector Kenya\u2019s agriculture is key to meeting the challenges of feeding a growing population, creating wealth, reducing poverty and managing the degradation of natural resources. The agricultural sector continues to be a key economic and social driver of development."


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"Intergovernmental and participatory: The strategy recognizes distinctiveness and inter- dependence of the two levels of government in line with Kenya\u2019s Constitution and the Intergovernmental Relations Act, 2013. It has adopted a cross-sectoral approach which takes advantage of potential synergies. Changing rainfall patterns have effects on sustainability of water resources."


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"International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya, 65 p. 165 Herrero, M., Ringler, C., van de Steeg, J., Thornton, PK., Zuo, T., Bryan, E., Koo, J. and Notenbaert, A.M. (2010). Kenya: Climate variability and climate change and their impacts on the agricultural sector. ILRI-IFPRI World Bank Project Report. International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya, 65 p. 166 Herrero, M., Ringler, C., van de Steeg, J., Thornton, PK., Zuo, T., Bryan, E., Koo, J. and Notenbaert, A.M. (2010)."


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"International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya, 65p. Herrero, M., Ringler, C., van de Steeg, J., Thornton, PK., Zuo, T., Bryan, E., Koo, J. and Notenbaert, A.M. (2010). Kenya: Climate variability and climate change and their impacts on the agricultural sector. ILRI-IFPRI World Bank Project Report. International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya, 65 p. Ericksen, P., Thornton, P., Notenbaert, A., Cramer, L., Jones, P., Herrero, M. (2011). Mapping hotspots of climate change and food insecurity in the global tropics. CCAFS Report no. 5."


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"International climate finance for low carbon development options can potentially be obtained through bilateral and multilateral support, the Green Climate Fund, the emerging NAMA and REDD+ mechanisms or the carbon markets. \u2022\ufffd Demonstration of global leadership \u2013 The implementation of a low carbon development pathway demonstrates Kenya\u2019s leadership in the global fight against climate change."


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"International climate finance offers the opportunity to support priority actions in these sectors at the national and county level. The county governments will be critical implementers of low-carbon and climate resilient initiatives, being responsible for agriculture, health services, public amenities, and county planning and development among other services.  AGRICULTURE, LIVESTOCK AND FISHERIES The agriculture, livestock and fisheries sector contributes significantly to economic growth and employment. This climate-sensitive sector is both a sink and a source of GHG emissions, and is negatively impacted by climate change."


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"Internationally there is a call for enhanced action on technology development and transfer to support action on mitigation and adaptation. The main issues include: \u2022\ufffd Promotion, facilitation and financing, as appropriate, access to and the development, transfer and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies and corresponding know-how, in particular to developing countries, on favourable terms, including concessional and preferential terms, as mutually agreed."


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"Interventions could include increasing awareness of improved cooking practices, undertaking pilot initiatives which promote the use of LPG, increasing awareness of stove quality, increasing access to soft loans, capacity building for stove producers, and improving access to testing facilities. Rationale: The overreliance on fuelwood is specifically mentioned in Vision 2030 as a challenge in increasing efficiency in energy consumption. The 2012 draft Energy policy aims at encouraging the use of LPG by reducing overreliance on fuelwood and kerosene in households."


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"Interventions in this sector should include: \u2022\ufffd support for community-based adaptation In Kenya, the most vulnerable sectors include agriculture, tourism, infrastructure, health, and natural resources and biodiversity. Sectoral Adaptation and Mitigation Interventions\f\u2018together we can tackle climate change\u2019 National Climate Change Response Strategy 26  Equity Bank, UAP and ILRI have established such a scheme, called Drought Insurance. \u2022\ufffd diversifying rural economies, e.g."


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"Interventions needed in this sector include: \u2022\ufffd intensified and sustained afforestation and reforestation programmes by the Government, individuals, schools, private sector, multilateral organisations, development partners through: - provision of financial incentives to rural communities to encourage the sustainable use of forest resources through a REDD+ mechanisms - establishment of woodlots (farm- forestry) for fuel-wood and other household uses - rehabilitation of degraded sites - increased surveillance - promoting growth of drought tolerant and pest and disease-resistant species - restoration of mangrove forests \u2022\ufffd encouraging agroforestry which will enable poor rural households to meet their subsistence and energy needs, \u2022\ufffd promoting alternative livelihood systems such as beekeeping, silkworm rearing, Aloe vera and gum arabic farming to take pressure off forest resources."


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"Interventions to develop cost-effective, world-class climate-proofed infrastructure facilities and services in the ASALs, including construction of priority roads, physical markets and growth poles to promote value addition, mapping of established settlements in arid lands without permanent water, construction of multi-purpose dams, development of mechanisms that ensure timely maintenance of existing water sources, development and expansion of ICTs capabilities and infrastructure, development of disease control mechanisms and livestock marketing infrastructure, and development and harnessing of energy sources. 4."


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"Interventions: a) Develop a strategy and make regulations setting out procedures and powers to monitor financial, technology transfer, and capacity building support received to comply with the Paris Transparency Framework. b) Develop a strategy to monitor and track uses of climate finance by various national, county, non-state and private sector actors, to enhance integrity and to eliminate corrupt practices."


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"Interventions: a) Establish a national climate finance mechanism (a Climate Change Fund) within the legal framework established in the Climate Change Act, 2016 to support the funding of activities b) Augment the mandate of the National Climate Change Council to provide an overarching national climate change coordination mechanism, through development and setting up of an integrated platform to support the mobilization, coordination, access to, and tracking of climate finance in Kenya, including both domestic and international sources."


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"Interventions: a) Inform the National Climate Change Council on economic and fiscal impacts related to climate change; in particular the likely impact of implementation of the climate change action plan on the economy, the competiveness of particular sectors, small- and medium-sized enterprises, employment opportunities, and the socio-economic well-being of any segment or part of the population. i) Integrate knowledge on climate finance, and the economic and fiscal impacts of climate change, into policy and decision-making processes."


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"Interventions: a) Mainstream low carbon growth and climate resilience options into the planning and budgeting processes and functions of the national and county governments. b) Strengthen the capacity of priority institutions at the national and county levels to access, disburse, absorb and manage climate funds in a transparent and accountable manner. c) Strengthen the capacity of priority institutions at the national and county levels on matters related to fiduciary standards and management, and environmental and social safeguards."


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"Interventions: a) Working through the climate finance mechanism (Climate Change Fund), develop a strategy to identify sources of climate finance. The strategy will explore possible avenues to attract internal and external climate finance, including through foreign direct investment and other multilateral or bilateral funding. b) Put in place a mechanism and criteria to achieve a balance in the allocation of mobilised climate finance to adaptation and mitigation actions."


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"Inventory Improvement Plan  The concept of continual improvement is useful in developing inventories with the objective of increasing the transparency, consistency, comparability, completeness and accuracy of inventories over time.  Inventory improvement planning is the process of developing specific priorities for future capacity-building projects based on the needs identified for each of the key components of sustainable GHG inventories (i.e., institutional arrangements, methods and data documentation, QA/QC procedures, archiving and Key Category Analysis."


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"Investment costs would vary, but significant GHG emissions reductions can be obtained at marginal costs of less than USD15 per tonne of carbon. a) Agriculture The agriculture sector, including livestock, is very sensitive to climate change, meaning that agricultural systems will need to adapt to ensure provision of adequate food for a growing population while increasing export crop production to generate foreign exchange."


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"Investment environment for climate investment Relative to a number of comparator countries, Kenya is already a good place for the private sector to undertake low carbon investment. The features that support private sector investment in Kenya include its high GDP and energy demand growth, its excellent renewable energy resources and high energy efficiency potential, its fairly favourable regulatory environment and its relatively well-developed financial sector."


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"Investment in infrastructure for water harvesting and storage alongside irrigation systems need to be prioritized to build resilience and support CSA. 4.2.8 Ministry responsible for finance The ministry is responsible for fiscal and economic policies and strategies. It should provide adequate financial incentives to CSA actors at different stages of various Agricultural Value Chains. Funding for agriculture (crops, livestock and fisheries) should not be less than 10% of the national budget as per the Maputo Declaration of 2003."


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"Investments in renewable energy projects, besides delivering targets 7.2 and 7.b as illustrated above, have the potential to create new jobs; solar installation and maintenance is an example. They thus can contribute to SDG 8 (promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all). These investments also enhance energy security by reducing or eliminating the need for imported fossil fuels to run thermal plants. The impact of new hydropower plants on the environment is uncertain."


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"Investments that support low carbon climate resilient development can therefore be identified, prepared and implemented through the PPP framework. 9.2.5 Achieving the desired goal of an improved climate change response requires strengthening of the capacity of actors to disburse, absorb and manage funds in a transparent and accountable manner."


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"Irrigation) \u2022\ufffd Technical assistance \u2022\ufffd Collaborative research \u2022\ufffd Disseminate findings (Development partners, private sector, KRRF, IRRI, other regional and international research institutions) ST/LT Strategic issue 5: Emissions from other sources in agricultural production systems Strategic goal: Minimize emissions from other sources in agricultural production systems Strategic objective: Mainstream efficient agricultural production systems to enhance productivity and minimize emissions as a co-benefit."


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"It accounts for about 16 per cent and 60 per cent of recorded formal and informal employment, respectively. Kenya has recorded a rapid growth in wholesale retail and distribution, particularly in the supermarkets and hypermarkets which realised a growth of 32 per cent between 2000 and 2010,75 with some of these expanding to regional markets. The exponential growth of supermarkets has been driven by changing consumer lifestyles, increased urbanisation, and economic growth.76  International Trade: Kenya\u2019s external trade is highly skewed towards agricultural commodity exports."


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"It aims to alert policy makers on the importance of mainstreaming climate change issues in policy and legal frameworks. The SNC will help to enhance the capacity of the scientific and research communities to formulate and implement mitigation and adaptation policies, options and actions. The report further highlights the need for awareness raising among stakeholders and decision-makers. Chapter 1 of the SNC covers Kenya\u2019s national circumstances including its governance structures, geographic location, climate, economy, demography, natural resources and biodiversity."


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"It aims to transform smallholder agriculture from low-productivity subsistence activities to an innovative, competitive agricultural sector.\ufffdThe\ufffdvision\ufffdis\ufffdoperationalized\ufffdin\ufffda\ufffdseries\ufffdof\ufffdfive-year\ufffdMedium-Term\ufffd Plans (MTPs), where MTP-III (2018-2022) outlines climate smart agriculture interventions. Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries Agricultural Sector Development Strategy Provides a framework for transforming agriculture into an innovative, commercially and modern viable sector. Kenya\u2019s CAADP commits the government to implementing the common vision of the sector, as described in the Agricultural Sector Development Strategy (ASDS) to address the agricultural development agenda in the country."


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"It also aims at providing various options for implementation of the Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Strategy 2017-2026 (KCSAS).The summary actions outlined in the framework provide broad guidelines from which the Counties and other stakeholders in the sector are expected to develop appropriate activities towards building the resilience of the agricultural systems and value chain actors in order to cope with effects of the current and projected climate change\ufffdpatterns\ufffdbased\ufffdon\ufffdspecifi\ufffdc\ufffdclimate\ufffdchange\ufffdvulnerabilities.\ufffd This\ufffd KCSAIF\ufffd was\ufffd developed\ufffd by\ufffd a\ufffd multi-disciplinary\ufffd team\ufffd of\ufffd crop,\ufffd livestock,\ufffd fi\ufffdsheries,\ufffd meteorology, forestry and environment experts with knowledge on Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) and well versed with climate change issues and its effects to the agricultural sector."


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"It also aligns itself with the Medium Term Plan (MTP) and Medium-Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) planning processes. The NAP is also aligned with the Climate Change Act that was enacted into law in May 2016. In the MTP II sectors, climate change adaptation is represented in the drought risk management and ending drought emergencies, environment, water, energy, agriculture, livestock, and \ufb01sheries sectors. Several programmes under these sectors aim to enhance resilience and reduce vulnerabilities of communities and systems affected by climate hazards."


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"It also enables income generating activities while providing access to communication and improved education outcomes. Improved cookstoves and alternative lighting sources to kerosene have health benefits resulting from the reduced indoor air pollution and the reduced time required to gather fuelwood. Moving away from kerosene also normally results in cost savings for households."


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"It also includes all private sector investments that support the transition to a low-carbon economy and/or help build the resilience of communities, ecosystems and economies to climate change risks.  UNFCCC FRAMEWORK FOR CLIMATE FINANCE Kenya has shown commitment in the fight against climate change for the benefit of the present and future generations by supporting the UNFCCC, the Kyoto Protocol, the Copenhagen Accord, and the Paris Agreement."


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"It also proposes the establishment of an institutional arrangement for efficient management and coordination to facilitate enhanced participation of stakeholders so as to embrace business-oriented irrigated agriculture. g) National Land Policy (2007) The policy focuses on sustainable and equitable use of land. It requires actions to address environmental problems such as land degradation, soil erosion and pollution. The policy stipulates the principles of conservation and management of land based natural resources; protection and management of fragile and critical ecosystems including wetlands and arid lands."


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"It also seeks to invest in medical research, pharmaceutical production and health tourism as a means of diversifying external revenue sources and serve as a regional hub for health services. The GoK allocates about 4.6 per cent\f  of the national budget to health, which remains below the Abuja target of 15 per cent.108  Kenya has made progress to improve health care especially in tackling communicable diseases such as HIV-AIDs, tuberculosis and malaria."


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"It boosts crop production at lower costs and reduces indoor air pollution. It also reduces deforestation and hence enhances carbon sinks. Although the technology is currently promoted by the Government and Non-Governmental Organisations, resulting in a number of biogas digesters in the country, its penetration remains very low mainly due to limited trained installations technicians."


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"It can be scaled incrementally from the prototype developed as part of deliverables for the sub-Component that dealt with knowledge management during the development of NCCAP. The prototype has an online roster of experts and institutions engaged in climate change activities. It has document management, mapping and graphing functionalities. Areas of relevance: Adaptation \u221a   Mitigation  \u221a   Development  \u221a 18."


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"It can treat organic waste to recover energy in the form of biogas, and compost in the form of a liquid residual. Both would reduce methane emissions and may produce a soil conditioner. In addition, the biogas can generate electricity via gas engines. However, it needs a feed stream of source-separated organic wastes, typically in the form of animal manure (which is not readily collected in Kenya) or municipal organic wastes (which are not collected in Kenya)."


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"It caused the worst flood-related casualties including the instant death of 36 passengers travelling in a 70-seat bus that plunged into a deep river near the slopes of Mount Kenya following the destruction of three kilometres of the Meru- Embu road. In October 2006, torrential rains pounded the eastern part of Kenya causing massive damage to roads, cutting off several of them and washing away bridges."


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"It concludes with a summary of the GHG emissions and removals.  SUMMARY OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND REMOVALS  This section provides an overall summary of greenhouse gas emissions for Kenya between 1995 and 2010.  Greenhouse gas emissions are expressed as CO2e (Carbon Dioxide Equivalent) by IPCC sectors. The carbon dioxide equivalent is calculated using the 100 year global warming potentials for specific gases that are identified for use with the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines."


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"It continues to support the technology transfer framework through six key objectives: \ufffd Promote the demonstration, deployment, and transfer of innovative low-carbon technologies; \ufffd Promote market transformation for energy efficiency in the industrial and building sectors; \ufffd Promote investment in renewable energy technologies; \ufffd Promote energy-efficient low-carbon\f  transport and urban systems \ufffd Promote conservation and enhancement of carbon stocks through sustainable management of LULUCF; and \ufffd Support enabling activities and capacity building."


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"It contributes to the achievement of national food security and development goals with three objectives; (i) sustainably increase agricultural productivity and incomes; (ii) adapt and build resilience to climate change; and (iii) minimize greenhouse gas emissions where possible. 1. 3 MISSION VISION AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES Vision A climate resilient and low-carbon growth sustainable agriculture that ensures food security and contributes to national development goals. Mission To facilitate agriculture that sustainably increases productivity, enhances resilience and minimizes greenhouse gas emissions."


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"It could cost Ksh 60 million. Immediate next steps  1. Convene regular meetings consisting of the Ministry of Finance and development partners as well as other Government of Kenya stakeholders to discuss the Joint Assistance Strategy and funding harmonisation (6 months)  2. Determine the requirements and modalities for harmonisation (6 months)  3. Make necessary changes to development partner and Government of Kenya public financial management systems to achieve alignment and promote trust and accountability, possibly aided by technical assistance  (18 months)  4."


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"It draws on four separate reports86: \u00a7\ufffd Recommendations for the creation of a Kenya Climate Fund (KCF), which is intended to become the key vehicle for mobilising and allocating resources from international development partners towards climate change activities in Kenya, and which could also be used for allocating domestic public resources towards climate change \u00a7\ufffd Recommendations for improving the absorptive capacity of the Kenyan public sector to enable the use of domestic and international public resources for climate finance as efficiently and effectively as possible.88 \u00a7\ufffd Recommendations for scaling-up access to international carbon markets, with a particular focus on the possible establishment of a carbon trading platform so as to increase international private sector financial flows for mitigation investment.89 \u00a7\ufffd Analysis on ways to improve the \u2018investment climate for climate investment\u2019 so as to increase the flows of, in particular, private sector capital towards mitigation investment, from both Kenyan and international investors.90 Figure 7.1 shows the different forms of climate finance \u2013 public and private, domestic and international \u2013 and how the recommendations cover all of these sources of climate"


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"It encourages people-centred development, ensuring that climate change actions support Kenya\u2019s achievement of development goals. It also supports efforts towards the continued attainment of Vision 2030. This Action Plan guides the transition of the country towards a low carbon climate resilient development pathway.\fVI Kenya s The Government has already established a National Climate Change Secretariat and other institutional arrangements that will provide for the implementation of the actions identified."


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"It envisions \u201ca food-secure and prosperous nation\u201d and aims to increase productivity; commercialization and competitiveness of agricultural commodities and enterprises; and develop and manage key factors of production. The Strategy advocates for sustainable land management and scaling up of appropriate technologies suitable for drought-prone areas. It further proposes programs for mitigation and adaptation to climate change. c) National Policy for the Sustainable Development of Northern Kenya and other Arid Lands The Sessional Paper No."


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"It focuses on ensuring that adaptation and mitigation measures are integrated in all government planning and development objectives; has prioritized the most vulnerable sectors of the economy for quick and immediate action; and has provided explicit measures for addressing climate change in Kenya and defined criteria to track effectiveness of such measures. It has given recommendations on priority interventions on climate smart agriculture."


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"It has been demonstrated that maize yields can double by use of simple water harvesting structures like zai-pits (Source: Arid Lands Resource Management Project ALRMP, 2008) Sectoral Adaptation and Mitigation Interventions Sectoral Adaptation and Mitigation Interventions\fstrategies, e.g. building or enhancing systems for conveying climate information to rural populations. The Government and development partners need to provide support to the KMD\u2019s Early Warning System to facilitate the timely dissemination of projected and downscaled weather information to farmers."


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"It has been developed with the aim of implementing the National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS) that was launched in 2010. A wide range of individuals and institutions have participated in the development of this and I would like to recognise their efforts. The development of the Action Plan was guided by the technical input of a cross-sectoral Climate Change Taskforce. This comprised of representatives from relevant government agencies, civil society, the academia and the private sector."


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"It has consequently recommended a dedicated and adequately funded climate change secretariat be established within the Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources to oversee climate change issues including the implementation of the adaptation and mitigation programmes and the other aspects of the National Climate Change Response Strategy. This institution, including the proposed structures within it (see Chapter 8), should be anchored on the provisions of the new climate change laws to be enacted."


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"It has provisions for formulation of five-year integrated water services strategy with plans, programs for protection, conservation, control and management of water resources; establishment of water sector institutions which include Water Resources Authority (in place of Water Resources Management Authority) to regulate water rights and works; the National Water Harvesting and Storage Authority (in place of National Water Conservation and Pipeline Corporation); the Water Services Regulatory Authority (in place of Water Services Regulatory Board); Water Works Development Agencies (in place of Water Services Boards); the Water Sector Trust Fund (in place of Water Services Trust Fund) to enhance water services; the Water Services Regulatory Authority to control water service providers, and the Water Tribunal (in place of Water Appeals Board) for dispute resolution."


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"It involves all relevant segments of society: decision and policy makers; opinion leaders; bureaucrats and technocrats; professional groups; religious associations; commerce and industry; communities; and individuals. Climate change is a serious challenge requiring the active participation of all members of the society to manage. An effective social mobilisation framework and a functional communication structure can help to rally all segments of the society to take appropriate action towards climate change mitigation or adaptation."


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"It involves the use of a riper or a hole to make farrows on holes in which seeds are sown thus leaving the intervening land undisturbed. The technology embraces soil erosion control, moisture conservation and conservation of soil carbon thus enhancing agricultural productivity in addition to minimising GHG emission."


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"It is a scientific body under the auspices of the United Nations that reviews and assesses the most recent scientific, technical and socio-economic information produced worldwide relevant to the understanding of climate change.  Kyoto Protocol: The agreement reached in Kyoto in 1997 under the UNFCCC that commits developed countries and countries making the transition to a market economy (Annex I counties) to achieve quantified targets for decreasing their greenhouse gas emissions."


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"It is a \u201cRegional Centre of Excellence\u201d providing climate early warning information and supporting specific sector applications to enable the region cope with various risks associated with extreme climate variability and change for poverty alleviation, environment management and sustainable development. \ufffd The Institute for Meteorological Training and Research (IMTR), which is responsible of training personnel in meteorology, hydrology and related geo-sciences in the country and other Anglophone countries in Africa. The institute is upgraded to the status of the WMO Regional Training Centre (WMO-RTC)."


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"It is accepted that \u2018Kenya is vulnerable to climate change because most of her people depend on climate sensitive natural resources for their livelihoods. However, how vulnerability varies across the country is something that is yet to be determined. An appropriate approach to coping with climate change impacts requires proper knowledge of the vulnerable nature of communities, groups and sectors."


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"It is also aligned with the Medium-Term Plans (MTPs), which are the five-year implementation plans for Vision 2030.  The priority mitigation and adaptation actions in this NDC will be implemented through the NCCAPs as set out in the Climate Change Act, 2016, therefore availing opportunity to enhance the ambition every five years with the revision of the NCCAPs."


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"It is also crucial that these climate change actions are incorporated into the Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) and that a climate change budget code is developed to enable the tracking of the flow of climate change funds."


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"It is also important for me that a number of line-ministries have provided their programmes and projects towards sector-wide adaptation to and mitigation against climate change. The Action Plan of this Strategy builds on these programmes and projects, among others, and shows to me the Government\u2019s commitment towards tackling climate change. This document is divided into ten chapters. Chapter One looks at the history of climate change, challenges and international efforts to combat climate change."


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"It is also necessary to have an institutional coordination mechanism with high-level convening power to enhance the inter-sectoral response to climate change; and a technical institutional framework to guide policy and functional implementation of climate change legal obligations of the national and county governments. The eventual climate change regulatory framework must observe the requirements for gender equality mandated by the 2010 Constitution."


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"It is also the secretariat of the Common Programme Framework in Ending Drought Emergencies in Kenya.\fEnhanced climate resilience towards the attainment of Vision 2030 and beyond | 9 2.3 Relevant Policies 2.3.1 National Climate Change Action Plan The NCCAP analysed the existing climate change institutional structures, and proposed a comprehensive institutional framework with de\ufb01ned roles and responsibilities for climate change response in the context of a devolved government system."


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"It is also where many impacts of climate change are \ufb01rst registered, often as shifts in precipitation and temperature lead to changes in resource availability, occurrence and impact of disasters, or the valuable services ecosystem provide. Variable, widespread climate impacts threaten ecosystems and wildlife across the country with cascading economic and social impacts. Examples of ongoing projects/initiatives Implementing a resilience framework to support climate change adaptation in the Mt."


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"It is anchored on the UNFCCC and will complement two other similar treaties, the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).\f\f\u2018together we can tackle climate change\u2019 A demonstration plot with zai-pits ready for planting in Fundissa location, Magarini division, Malindi."


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"It is currently estimated to contribute about 30% of the global greenhouse gas emissions responsible for climate change and hence has critical role in emissions reduction. The term \u201cclimate-smart agriculture\u201d (CSA) was adopted in late 2010 at the 1st Global Conference on Agriculture, Food Security and Climate Change at the Hague to describe tensions between maximizing global agricultural productivity, increasing the resilience of agricultural systems in the face of climate change, and concerns to minimize greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agriculture."


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"It is designed to enable individuals and organisations operating within the country\u2019s wider national system of implementation of the NCCAP, to achieve quality and timely results and deliver better performance. This will lead to the attainment of the country\u2019s commitments and its obligations to the Convention.  Constraints and Gaps, and Related Financial, Technical and Capacity Needs  The information in this section are drawn largely from knowledge gaps identified during the SNC development process."


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"It is difficult to assess the extent of a synergy or trade-off until specific actions have been proposed, the means of implementation has been described and the beneficiaries have been identified. Therefore, it is not yet possible to quantify the synergies or trade-offs identified above. However, the inclusion of synergy indicators in the NPBMF will ensure that positive and negative impacts are measured and evaluated, and that a suitable response is taken to maximise positive impacts and minimize negative impacts."


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"It is difficult to predict the exact effects of climate change on food security and research is needed to enable better understating of the issue. For water planners, planning has been based more on historical data than on future predictions. This has a direct bearing on future water security. There is a local knowledge gap on how this should be changed.  There is inadequate information on the potential cost of planned adaptation responses to climate change."


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"It is estimated that an area of 4-6 km2 in Mombasa is likely to be submerged with a rise in sea level of only 0.3 metres. In coastal locations, sea level rise is likely to render more acute the current water supply and salinization problem, as freshwater aquifers are contaminated with saline water."


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"It is estimated that improved cookstoves can increase the efficiency of cooking (reduce use of fuelwood and charcoal) by as much as 50% over inefficient cooking equipment and methods used today. Increased penetration of improved cookstoves to replace inefficient cookstoves or traditional over fire cooking (three stone or mud stove) will reduce average household use of both fuelwood and charcoal, of which it is estimated that 30% is unsustainably produced in Kenya."


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"It is estimated that up to 2,000 units have been installed in total, though it is impossible to estimate what percentage remain in working condition due to the dispersed and sometimes uncontrolled and informal nature of The preliminary targets for the technology are farmers who undertake mixed farming, \f  institutions and commercial enterprises."


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"It is expected that most of those on the move from rural areas will head towards urban agglomerations where assistance, income opportunities and infrastructure may be perceived to be more accessible and readily available. This will create an enormous social, health, infrastructure and management challenge for cities, subjecting them to unplanned population growth.\f23  WHO (2008): climate change and human health In the coastal region, epidemics of \u2018Chikungunya\u2019 fever, a viral disease transmitted by Aedes spp."


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"It is further proposed that MEMR establishes a National Climate Change Steering Committee to help it gather and collate input and advice from key climate change stakeholders for its use in the coordination of Kenya\u2019s climate change activities. Also, the National Climate Change Activities Coordinating Committee (NCCACC) will continue to serve in its current advisory capacity. The Climate Change Secretariat to be established at MEMR will provide secretarial functions for the two committees."


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"It is generally agreed that agricultural impacts will be more adverse in tropical areas than in temperate areas. Developed countries will largely be beneficiaries: cereal productivity is projected to be higher in Canada, northern Europe and parts of the former Soviet Union compared with what it would have The fisheries sub-sector provides food, employment and incomes to a large population and earns the country KSh. 5 billion annually from the foreign exchange."


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"It is important that the Secretariat is provided with financial resources, and adequate staffing capacity that support the performance of these key functions."


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"It is important that the package of activities needed to combat climate change be anchored within a policy and legal framework (as described in Sections 8.1 and 8.2 above) that enables Kenya to meet its long-term development goals while fulfilling its global obligations towards combating this problem. A dedicated climate change institution is important as it establishes a coordination instrument which ensures that all cross-sectoral activities match the overall vision of the NCCRS \u2013 a prosperous and climate change resilient Kenya."


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"It is important to mainstream gender analysis and put in place mechanisms for disaggregation of knowledge on how impacts and roles, even within the same gender, affect people based on their contexts and circumstances. 8.1.4 Generation of climate change knowledge and information, combined with effective communication strategies, can enhance public participation and awareness. A major concern in Kenya is the lack of adequate and appropriate climate change information and knowledge and the lack of data available to researchers, planners, policy-makers and the general public."


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"It is important to note that this is the first time this country has developed a document of this kind dedicated to addressing the threats posed by climate change as well as taking advantage of any opportunities that may arise. Future climate change programmes and projects will have to be developed in line with the provisions of this Response Strategy."


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"It is in such initiatives where the private sector in Kenya needs to get involved to support the transfer of advanced technologies of developed countries to Kenya. 7.2.4 South-South Technology Transfer Technologies to support adaptation to climate change is an area that the international discourse on climate change technology transfer (CCTT) has not dealt with much."


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"It is leading the process to mainstream climate change into the national plans including the 5 year mid-term plans under Vision 2030. Ministry of Planning works with the Ministry of Environment to analyse the risks and impacts of climate change to national development using the Threshold 21 Model. Ministry of Finance The Ministry is charged with the responsibility of formulating financial and economic policies as well as the management of revenues, expenditures and borrowing by the Government."


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"It is necessary to carve out specific roles and opportunities for youth participation in decision- making in climate change governance, and to pursue opportunities that arise through climate change actions. 9.3.6 The equitable basis of governance in Kenya, as set out by the Constitution, requires that social and economic justice be upheld, especially to extend protection and opportunities to persons with special needs who could be vulnerable."


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"It is now clear that climate change has become an impediment to sustainable development globally and urgent action is required."


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"It is now clear that climate change has become an impediment to the sustainable development of Kenya, and urgent action is required. and Regional Context  1.2.1 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has noted that Africa is highly vulnerable to climate change. Impacts of particular concern to Africa are related to water resources, food production, human health, desertification and coastal zones."


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"It is now generally accepted that this climate change is the result of increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and other GHGs in the atmosphere (IPCC, 2001). Studies have shown that there has been a steady rise in average global temperature. The earth has warmed by 0.74\u00b0C during the last 100 years. For example, the 1990s were about 0.6\u00b0C warmer than the late 1890s."


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"It is projected that production of livestock products is bound to increase with increasing human population, urbanization and incomes (Figure 4)."


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"It is proposed that the MRV+ system be overseen by a steering committee (see Figure 11.2). The members of the steering committee must have the knowledge to oversee the system, the time to devote to getting the system set up and the power to make things happen."


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"It is recommended that at the beginning of the development of future inventories that responsibilities, roles, resources and training for sectoral teams be clearly identified. Sustainable Development and Environment Staff, who are ultimately responsible for the preparation of the inventory, should be exposed to all sector training so as to serve as local assistance to national experts."


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"It is referred to as MRV+ because it will deliver both MRV of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and mitigation activities and Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) of the adaptation activities.  The MRV+ system will assist by: \u2022\ufffd Providing guidance on the implementation of climate change response actions (both adaptation and mitigation actions), whether in the form of policies, projects, programmes or business ventures."


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"It is undeniable that ICT is crucial to poverty reduction and is a key component in improving access to health and education services, as well as creating new sources of income and employment for the poor. With climate change, the ICT sector will face considerable challenges including damage to the telephone network by storms, poor radio and TV signals and delay in the delivery of mails during storm events."


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"It is vital that policies and measures for adaptation to climate change are put in place across all the economic sectors after a consultative process in order to minimise the impending climate change catastrophe. The delivery of a participatory National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS) is important for Kenya; not least because climate change is affecting and will continue to affect every facet of life of the Kenyan people."


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"It is, however, noted that the share of projects supported by the GEF has a major component in which there is no technology transfer. This trend is more or less consistent across all GEF replenishment cycles. However, in the latest cycles, there is some improvement in the overall share of projects involving technology transfer, but this is substantially low. The same trend is visible in value terms as well."


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"It leads the process to mainstream climate change into the national plans including the 5 year mid-term plans under Vision2030. It also works with the MENR to analyse the risks and impacts of climate change to national development. The National Treasury The Ministry is charged with the responsibility of formulating financial and economic policies as well as the management of revenues, expenditures and borrowing by the GoK."


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"It occupies less than 20 per cent of the country\u2019s land area and carries approximately 80 per cent of the population.13 The ASALs with annual rainfall of less than 750mm occupies more than 80 per cent of the land area, and support about 20 per cent of Kenya\u2019s population and 70 per cent of the livestock \f  On an annual basis, precipitation in the country is governed primarily by the movement of the ITCZ which migrates south through Kenya in October to December and returns northwards in March to May."


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"It provides decision makers, sponsors and other stakeholders with better means of learning from past experience, improving service delivery, planning, allocating of resources and demonstrating results as part of accountability to key stakeholders. For successful implementation of this strategy, an M&E framework will be developed as an integral component to ensure the strategy objectives are achieved in a cost effective, coordinated and harmonized approach at both the national and county levels."


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"It provides for the legal regime that will govern, among others, the administration and management of public and private land, contracts over land, leases, charges, easements and related rights."


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"It recognizes the environmental role of forests including water values, biodiversity values, climate change values through carbon sequestration and other environmental services. The Second National Environment Action Plan (NEAP, 2009-2013) provides for a broad framework for the coordination of environmental activities by the private sector and Government to guide the course of development activities, with a view to integrating environment and development for better management of resources. Threshold 21 (T21) Kenya is a dynamic simulation tool designed to support comprehensive, integrated long-term national development planning."


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"It recommends putting in place Virtual Research Platforms to handle emerging and cross-cutting issues that include natural resource and livelihood systems, bioethics, ecosystems resilience, integrated natural resources management and climate change among others. It also mentions\ufffdthat\ufffdredefined\ufffdresearch\ufffdagenda\ufffdshould\ufffdgive\ufffdpriority\ufffdto\ufffdclimate\ufffdchange\ufffd mitigation and adaptation and continue to cover sustainable use and conservation of natural\ufffdresources\ufffd(land,\ufffdforest,\ufffdflora\ufffdand\ufffdfauna)\ufffdamong\ufffdother\ufffdpriorities. Livestock Policy 2008/ Sessional Paper No.2 The policy proposes to set up measures to institutionalize and address drought related challenges through adoption of the necessary mitigation interventions."


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"It refers to any change in climate over time, whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity. Scientists started providing anecdotal evidence of anthropogenic climate change from the late 19th century but stronger evidence of human influence on global climate only emerged in the late 1950\u2019s when Keeling and others at the Scripps Institute of Oceanography began to measure the concentration of carbon dioxide in ice-cores."


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"It shall, in conjunction with NEMA, initiate all necessary policy, legal, strategy and planning processes, and promote and cooperate on legal information on matters related to climate change. This office shall also play a key role in international climate change negotiations, as well as work with other government agencies to phase out subsidies that contravene the objectives of the UNFCCC. 8.3.2.1.2 Programmes Office This office shall serve as the central administrative office for all climate change programmes, with focal points (representatives) in each programme division."


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"It shall: \u2022\ufffd undertake climate and weather research include climate modelling, \u2022\ufffd assess climate change threats and risks at national and local levels, \u2022\ufffd identify vulnerable communities and groups in order to propose specific sectoral adaptation or cross-sectoral adaptation measures, \u2022\ufffd develop concrete plans for systematic research on climate change and related phenomena, \u2022\ufffd develop infrastructure for and disseminate scientific information, \u2022\ufffd develop effective early warning systems and issue warnings on likely disasters related to climate change, Climate Change Governance\f\u2018together we can tackle climate change\u2019 National Climate Change Response Strategy \u2022\ufffd develop and promote implementation of disaster management programmes, \u2022\ufffd publish research results and disseminate widely, \u2022\ufffd work closely with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), \u2022\ufffd promote scientific and technical coopera- tion on matters related to climate systems and climate change, and \u2022\ufffd advise the Climate Change Secretariat, through the Programme Office, the Govern- ment and the public on matters of science, technology and methodology in relation to climate change."


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"It should be Kenya\u2019s position that any climate change action taken is not just to meet its international obligations, but more importantly to address climate change problems that have already been recognised to affect it and its people. Kenya has a number of environment-related policies governing various environmental sectors including the Wildlife Policy (Sessional Paper No. 3 of 1975) and Food Policy (Sessional Paper No. 3 of 1993), but these hardly recognise climate change as a serious threat and problem."


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"It should be noted that the shift to BRT from private vehicles and taxis would probably be a smaller fraction (in the order of 10 t0 20 percent) of its ridership; the rest would come from matatus and buses (which still give an efficiency gain) and NMT (which does not realise any emissions reduction)."


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"It should be noted that these staff are not necessarily all new staff; in some cases existing staff could take on some of the new roles as part of their current jobs, since not all the roles would represent full-time posts.\fKenya s 11.2.2 Climate change indicators One of the difficulties of developing indicators for the MRV+ system is that  the exact nature of the mitigation and adaptation actions that are to be monitored are still provisional and will require further consideration when implementation begins."


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"It should therefore be managed in a holistic manner by linking the need for socioeconomic development and protection of the natural resource, \u2022\ufffd water has an economic value: failure to recognise the economic value of water has led to its unsustainable use and degradation of its natural base in many regions of the world, and \u2022\ufffd participatory approach: involving different water users including gender groups, socioeconomic groups, planners and policy- makers in water resource management."


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"It shows rainfall contribution is more than adequate to meet the needs of the current population several times over, if rainwater harvesting is fully implemented. As such collection and storage of rainwater through surface or roof catchment can provide a convenient and reliable water supply during seasonal dry periods and droughts. Both technologies have been adopted in some parts of the country but adoption and diffusion in many parts are facing several barriers particularly the high installation cost."


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"It states that land in Kenya shall be held, used and managed in a manner that is equitable, efficient, productive and sustainable. The Constitution grants \u201cevery person the right to a clean and healthy environment\u201d which includes the right to have the environment protected through legislative and other measures, thereby obliging the state to involve the public in the management, protection and conservation of the environment. It also entitles \u201cevery person to adequate, clean and safe water\u201d."


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"It targets all constituency-level development projects, particularly those aimed at combating poverty at the grassroots. The Fund comprises an annual budgetary allocation equivalent to 2.5% of the Government\u2019s ordinary revenue. 75% of the Fund is allocated equally amongst all 210 constituencies while the remaining 25% is allocated according to constituency poverty levels. Each constituency is required to set aside 5% as an emergency reserve. Approximately 2% of the funds are ear-marked for constituency-level environment activities."


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"It therefore has a negative impact on SDG 3, Target 3.9 (by 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination). On the other hand, improved cookstoves, the use of LPG and distributed solar lanterns have significant positive impact on SDG 3 because indoor air pollution from cooking fires and kerosene burning is lowered in the case of improved cookstoves, or completely avoided in the case of renewable lanterns and LPG."


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"It was developed through a consultative approach of a multi-stakeholder engagement led by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation and the Ministry of Environment and Forestry.\f The experts were drawn from relevant Ministries, Departments and Agencies, County Governments, Civil Society Organizations (CSOs), Community Based Organizations (CBOs), Private Sector, Researchers and Academia. The process involved technical working sessions that were informed by review of the sector\u2019s programmes, strategies and plans as well as analysis of options for agricultural sector growth in a changing climate."


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"It was recognised that University programmes have the highest proportion of courses that present possible entry points for climate change content, compared to other lower levels of the Kenyan education system."


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"It will also approve and make recommendations on the CSA programmes, strategies, plans and performance monitoring instruments. 4.1.2 The Joint Agriculture Sector Steering Committee (JASSCOM) This committee will provide regular direction for sector transformation initiatives agreed between the two levels of government and makes follow-up of IGF meetings. It will also oversee the functioning of the Joint Agriculture Sector Intergovernmental Secretariat (JAS-IGS) and the Joint Agriculture Sector Technical Working Groups (JAS-TWGs)."


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"It will be critical to generate and maintain the political will to not only act together but to generate the enabling legislation, relevant regulations as well as to address barriers to investment in this action plan.\fVIII Kenya s Finally, it must be clear that private sector will play a significant role in tackling climate change and supporting green economic growth."


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"It will empower Kenyan citizens to enjoy their right to a healthy environment and to play a role in sustaining the environment for the benefit of current and future generations."


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"It will further play the leading role in achieving effective integration of climate change response into Kenya\u2019s broader sustainable development objectives. Areas of relevance All sectors, national relevance Adaptation \u221a      Mitigation   \u221a       Development    \u221a Current status Although the National Climate Change Council is conceived as a new institution with a specific mandate it will ideally build on existing structures."


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"It will help to demonstrate the value of M&E and assist with the roll out of the NPBMF across relevant MDAs. The action should be completed as soon as possible, and ideally by the end of 2013, in order to ensure a smooth roll-out of the NPBMF. Quick win opportunity \u221a Cost associated with the Action in Kenyan Shillings Ksh 11 million."


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"It would also be desirable for the Fund to provide assistance to project implementing agents in areas of proposal preparation, implementation and compliance with accounting and reporting requirements Scaling-up access to international carbon markets There are a number of actions that can improve the overall market conditions for Kenyan carbon market projects."


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"It would build on the Prime Minister\u2019s roundtable, which has the same purpose, and would build on the Prime Minister\u2019s call for such an initiative at the WEF in Davos in 2011. Areas of relevance Public Administration \u2013 Finance Pan-Kenya Adaptation r Mitigation   \u221a Development r Current status Regulatory reforms are currently proposed in the draft Energy Bill 2004, being promoted by the Ministry of Energy and Ministry of Finance."


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"Its functions shall include: \u2022\ufffd identify priority adaptation measures, \u2022\ufffd develop and support implementation of plans and projects for adaptation to climate change in various key sectors in consultation with line ministries and other stakeholders, \u2022\ufffd develop procedures for evaluating and approving climate change adaptation projects related to land use and land use change, \u2022\ufffd activities including flood control, \u2022\ufffd formulate, implement and promote programmes for reduction of GHG emissions including conservation of forests, \u2022\ufffd promote sustainable forms of agriculture, and \u2022\ufffd periodically report on national measures to promote climate change adaptation to the Secretariat."


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"Its gradual adoption as a base-load source in place of climate sensitive hydropower has improved power stability. That said, geothermal exploitation can have environmental impacts that need to be managed. These may include subsidence, local air emissions (methane, sulphur dioxide and nitrous oxide) and surface water pollution.\fN D C  S E C T O R  A N A LY S I S  R E P O R T  2 0 1 7 Table 4.3."


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"Its implementation will be led by the relevant parts of the national and county governments, working in ways that strengthen synergy between sectors and agencies and deepen accountability to drought-affected communities. A multi-sectoral approach to sustainable development is particularly important in the ASALs, owing to a number of distinctive features including remoteness, lack of infrastructure, and perennial drought. The EDE programme has six pillars; peace and security, climate- proofed infrastructure, sustainable livelihoods, disaster risk management, human capital, institutional development and knowledge management."


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"Its mandate includes the reclamation of degraded lands for sustainable development. National Economic and Social Council (NESC) Set up under the Office of the President in September 2004 in response to the Economic Recovery Strategy for Wealth and Employment Creation, NESC is Kenya\u2019s top advisory body to the Government on policies required to accelerate social and economic development of the country."


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"Its mandate is broad and includes: \ufffd Managing surface and upper air meteorological observations and the publication of the climatological data; \ufffd Provision of meteorological and climatological services to the country\u2019s key sectors of agriculture, forestry, water resources management, civil aviation and public utilities; \ufffd Provision of meteorological services to shipping in the west of Indian Ocean and to military aviation for the safety of national defence; \ufffd Maintenance of an efficient telecommunications system for rapid collection and dissemination of meteorological information required for national and international use in accordance with the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) procedures; \ufffd Co-ordination of research in meteorology and climatology including co-operation with other authorities in all aspects of applied meteorological research; and \ufffd Capacity building programmes in all fields of meteorology and other related scientific subjects which are relevant to development within the country and other countries that participate in its training activities."


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"Its mitigation potential would be similar to that calculated for landfill gas generation if modern high efficiency flare technology were used; with older candle flares up to 10 percent of the methane might be released un-burnt. wastewater treatment Wastewater treatment is a potentially feasible solution that could be considered in a future analysis."


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"Its re- sponsibilities shall be to: \u2022\ufffd strictly monitor the implementation of all climate change activities in collaboration with the respective offices and the Secre- tariat, \u2022\ufffd in collaboration with experts, evaluate each programme activity at inception and completion to provide balanced decisions and views on success, failures (if any) and opportunities for improvement, \u2022\ufffd assess and review the viability, methodol- ogy and outcomes of all climate change programmes, \u2022\ufffd support the development of relevant poli- cies, laws, rules, regulations and standards in relation to climate change activities, and \u2022\ufffd present periodic reports on the activities to the respective programme divisions within the Programmes Office and to the Secretariat."


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"Jamin Rutto Agriculture-Narok Chief Agricultural Officer 18. Elizabeth Mwangi Agriculture-Laikipia Director 19. Peterson Njue Fisheries-Laikipia Director 20. Silvester Karinge Irrigation-Nyandarua Chief Irrigation Officer\f71 No. Name Institution/County Job Title 21. Daniel Nyagaka Agriculture-Kajiado Assistant Director 22. Benson Siangot Fisheries-Kajiado Senior Assistant Officer 23. Duncan Swiwa Livestock-Kajiado Assistant Director 24. Evans Kiplagat Livestock-Bomet Assistant Director 25. Anne Koimbori Agriculture-Kiambu Director 26. Olive Theuri Fisheries-Kiambu Principal Fisheries Officer 27. Dr. Philip Ndarua Livestock-Kiambu Director 28. Zachary Murimi Livestock-Embu Senior Assistant Director 29."


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"Jerald G. Kibathi Environment-Migori Environment officer 41. Alexander O. Obwocha Environment-Kisii Director 42. John Ndege Livestock-Kisii Director 43. Edwin R. Muga Fisheries- Kisii Director 44. Nicholas Ondimu Agricultural Engineering -Kisii Director 45. Kennedy Maseno Agriculture-Kisii Deputy Director 46. Naphtaly Odhoch Meteorology - Nyamira Director 47. Michael  Lochampa Livestock-Nyamira Animal Production 48. David Munyi Agriculture-Nyamira Director 49. Philip K. Ruto Fisheries- Nyamira Director 50."


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"Joab Osumba FICCF (DFID) jl.osumba@ficcf.com 10. Rose Manyu CCAFS r.manyu@cgiar.org Vivian Atakos CCAFS v.atakos@cgiar.org 12. Dr. Justus Ochieng Tegemeo Institute justus@tegemeo.org 13. H.M. Macharia Twiga Chemicals macharia@twiga-chem.com 14. Richard Mbithi Miti Mingi CC mitimcc@gmail.com 15. Patrick Brandt ILRI 16. Rose Akombo Kenya Forest Service rakombo@gmail.com 17. Chikakula Miti COMESA cmiti@comesa.int 18. Mary Githinji Kenya Met Service 19. Dr. Charles Mutai MEW&NR drcmutai@gmail.com 20. Dr. Evan Girvetz CIAT girvetz@gmail.com 21. Lucy Kamande MEW&NR lkmumbi@ymail.com 22. Jack Juma KOAN kajuma@koan.co.ke 23. Noelle O Brien FICCF (DFID) noelle.obrien@ficcf.com 24."


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"Joan Mwangi Joan.mwangi@fao.org FAO 17. Musembi Musembic@yahoo.com MoALF 18. Lucy Nganga MoALF CCU 19. Gideon Wambua gideonmuli@yahoo.com MoALF 20. Margaret Jefwa cdariculturekilifi@gmail.com Agriculture 21. Mulu kitari smkituri@gmail.com Livestock 22. Rose Akombo rakombo@gmail.com Kenya Forest Service 23. Vincent Onwang MoALF 24. Dr. Peter Gathayo dvomulitu@gmail.com Livestock 25. Kimani John M. markkimanij@yahoo.com MoALF 26. Michael Ochieng ochiengma@yahoo.com ASDSP 27. Davd K. Beti bettdkafe@gmail.com Fisheries 28. Veronica Ndetu vndetu@yahoo.com MoALF 29. Hamisi mwakibarua irrigationmsa@yahoo.com Irrigation 30. Joab Osumba jlesumba@mail.com Consultant 31. Michael Obora michaelobora@yahoo.com CCU/MoALF 32."


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"Joseph K. Chelulei Environment-Uasin Gishu County Director Environment 27. Frank Moturi MOALF-Busia Agriculture County Crops Officer 28. Abraham K. Kiptanui MALF- Uasin Gishu County County Livestock Production 29. Joseph Imbira Agriculture-Kakamega County Director Agriculture 30. Zablon Shilenge Environment- Kakamega County Director Environment 31. Ismael Oduor Irrigation - Kakamega County Director Irrigation 32. Cosmas K. Langat Fisheries- Uasin Gishu Senior Fisheries Officer 33. Godfrey S. Walasa Environment- Trans Nzoia Director Environment 34. Lawrence O. Oigoro Agriculture- Turkana Director Agriculture 35."


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"Josia Kirwa Irrigation -Turkana Irrigation Officer 36. Stanley K. Mutai Veterinary West Pokot Chief Veterinary Officer 37. Paul Lolchongar Livestock West Pokot County Director Livestock 38. Daniel Rono MALF Driver 39. Kenneth Kagai Agriculture \u2013 Trans Nzoia Principal Agricultural Officer\f List of Participants in County Consultations at Kisumu Venue\u2013 30th January to 2nd February 2017 (Nandi, Kericho, Vihiga, Siaya, Kisumu, Homa Bay, Migori, Kisii, Nyamira Counties) No. Name Institution/County Job Title 1. Robin Mbae MALF-CCU Deputy Director 2. Veronica Ndetu MALF-CCU Principal Agricultural Officer 3."


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"Julius Kiptarus MOALF-SDL jkiprarus@yahoo.co.uk 3. Vincent Ogwang\u2019 MOALF-CCU 4. Jacob Agoch FICCF jacob.agoch@ficcf.com 5. John Ndungu FICCF john.Ndungu@ficcf.com 6. Sylvester Kiai KWIA info@kwia.co.ke 7. Lucy Kamande MEWNR lkmumbi@yahoo.com 8. Mary Mwanzau MOALF mmwanzau@yahoo.com 9. Zainabu Khalif UNDP zeinabu.khalif@undp.or 10. Fiona Percy CARE fiona@careclimatechange.org Mary M. Githinji KMS 12. Joseph Muhwanga MOALF nygwabge@yahoo.com 13. Christopher Baker FAO HQ chrisfbaker@btintemet.com 14. Janet Oyuke MOALF achiengoyuke@yahoo.com 15. Michael Okumu MOALF ochiengokumu@gmail.com 16. Dr. Dorothy A. Amwata SEKU damwata@seku.ac.ke 17. Nyachomba Kariuki LTS Africa nyachomba-kariuki@ltsi.co.uk 18. Hon."


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"Justice (Rtd) Paul Kihara Kariuki Attorney General  Office of the Attorney General and Department of Justice  State Law Office  NAIROBI  Hon. (Amb) Ukur Yattani, EGH Cabinet Secretary  The National Treasury and Planning NAIROBI  pate: SAIL O stenunel MINA,  \fREPUBLIC OF KENYA  MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTRY  Kenya\u2019s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)  Over the past decade, Kenya has been experiencing successive impacts of climate change resulting to great socio-economic losses estimated at 3-5% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) annually, and impeding development efforts."


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"Justin Ireri Fisheries-Embu Assistant Director 30. Benard Kimeto Livestock-Narok Principal Livestock Production 31. Vincent Kinyua Fisheries-Narok Principal Fisheries Officer 32. John Nyaga Agriculture-Embu Assistant Director 33. Jackson Kamau Fisheries-Nyandarua Principal Fisheries Officer 34. Mathew Ngila Fisheries-Nakuru Principal Fisheries Officer 35. Michael Reuben Livestock-Nakuru Director 36. Grace Kirui Agriculture- Nakuru Director 37. Margaret Mwaniki Agriculture-Nyandarua Assistant Director\f Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irriga\ufffdon Kilimo House, Cathedral Road, P. O. Box 30028 \u2013 00100, Nairobi, Kenya. Website: www.kilimo.go.ke"


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"KCEP-CRAL is a7-year programme funded by IFAD (loan of US$ 61.8m and grant of US$ 2m), US$ 10 million grant through the Adaptation for Smallholder Agriculture Programme, US$ 11.7 million grant from the European Union, and other contributions. The Government of Kenya has contributed US$ 1.5 million to the programme. National Treasury (2014), Development of Climatic Change Budget Codes for the National Treasury, Draft Report. Government of Kenya (2016), Kenya Climate Public Expenditure and Budget Review.   environment_energy/kenya-climate-public-expenditure-and-budget-review."


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"KENYA CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK Climate resilient, low carbon agriculture REPUBLIC OF KENYA\f i REPUBLIC OF KENYA Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation Kilimo House, Cathedral Road, P. O. Box 30028 \u2013 00100, Nairobi, Kenya. Website: www.kilimo.go.ke \u00a9 Government of the Republic of Kenya, 2018 REPUBLIC OF KENYA Citation: Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Implementation Framework-2018-2027 Reproduction of this publication for educational or non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission provided the source is fully acknowledged."


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"KEPSA undertook a study in 2013-14 to examine the parameters of a private sector-government platform for engagement on climate change, including costing."


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"KES 1,239 (US$15.4) and KES 2,648 (US$32.8) per person per month for rural and urban areas respectively 40  Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis (KIPPRA),Kenya, Economic Report 2013 41 Calculation derived from data given in page 4 of 43 Found here  \f  45 Confirmed by researchers at the Kenya Wildlife Society (KWS) as cited in the KENYA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT (2013) Climate Change and Human Development: Harnessing Emerging Opportunities, UNDP 46 Government of Kenya (GoK). Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (MEMR)."


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"KEY POLICIES CONTAINING MEASURES TO MAINSTREAM CLIMATE CHANGE  In recognition of the serious threats posed by climate change and the need to implement the Convention, the Government has taken and continues to take measures to secure the country\u2019s development against the risks and impacts of climate change.  The main strategies and policies, as well as other relevant sectoral policies are described below.  Kenya\u2019s National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS)  In 2010, the Government launched a National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS)."


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"KFS reported that 11.3 million tonnes of fuelwood were cut by the refugees from an area of 80-km radius over three years. The recovery of these resources will take a long time in the pastoral areas.  Over the past few decades, transformations in the ASALs have impacted on the livelihoods of the pastoralists. Migration of rural communities from the congested high-potential areas and the dry arid areas to cities has contributed to overpopulated slums and settlements that lack basic services."


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"KMD completed the construction of the National Meteorological Research Centre that holds most of the climate weather forecast information. The National Climate Diagnostic Laboratory at KMD headquarters improves climate knowledge and information management and capacity. KMD has established the Institute for Meteorological Training and Research. development partners The Africa Adaptation Programme, which was funded by the Government of Japan and managed by UNDP, provided support for the construction and furnishing of the NCCRC."


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"KMD, KNBLS Knowledge Source n Data,Information and Knowledge exchange pathways Links to other CCKM systems Codified Indigenous Knowledge, Other SCs Output Links to Online Platform e.g Yutube, Facebook, twiter Users Reports, Maps, Audio, Video, Graphs, animations E-learning Module  Figure 9.1: Conceptual Framework for Climate Change Knowledge Management\fKenya s Capacity development The myriad of risks and opportunities that come with climate change in Kenya require enhanced capacity to take advantage of the opportunities that may arise and at the same time reduce the associated risks."


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"KMS organises local and international meteorological workshops, conferences and symposia, introduces public education and sensitises the public on the important aspects of meteorology such as drought, desertification and climate change. The ultimate goal of such ventures is to enable meteorologists to better tailor their products to the needs of the users and the country. One of the other ways that KMS achieves its goal is by publication of the quarterly Journal of the Kenya Meteorological Society, which was launched in September 2007."


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"Karan Biofuel CDM project \u2013 Bio-residues briquettes supply for industrial steam production in Kenya  \ufffd There is an indication that: - the project will promote and stimulate awareness about renewable biomass waste benefits, - - enhance diffusion of environmentally cleaner technologies  Optimisation of Kiambere Hydro Power Project  \ufffd  Corner Baridi Wind Farm  \ufffd There is a specific mention of TT that:\f  - Transfer of environmentally safe and sound technology will take place through the introduction of state of the art wind turbine technology."


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"KenGen, with support of funders, aims to increase geothermal capacity by more than 400 MW in the next two to four years: Olkaria V (two geothermal power plants of 79 MW each), Olkaria I (70 MW), Olkaria IV (70 MW) and Menengai (400 MW)."


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"Kenya Case study, Global Fuel Economy Initiative. 15 Kebede, A.S., Nicholls, R.J., Hanson, S. and Mokrech, M. (2010). Impacts of Climate Change and Sea-Level Rise: A Preliminary Case Study of Mombasa, Kenya. J. Coastal Research (volume 28, issue 1A) pp. 8\u201319. 16 Government of Kenya (2013). Mainstreaming Kenya\u2019s National Climate Change Action Plan into the Infrastructure Sector, a Briefing Note developed for Kenya\u2019s NCCAP. Accessed at:    17 Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (2016)."


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"Kenya Climate Change Action Plan  - Adaptation \u2013 Policy briefs 114 The information is mainly verbatim (with slight modification to reflect recent developments) as detailed in the Government of Kenya (GoK). Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (MEMR). (2012). Kenya Climate Change Action Plan 115 Parry, J E et al, Climate Risks, Vulnerability and Governance in Kenya: A review (2012), UNDP 116 NCCAP, GoK 117 Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) (2009). The Economics of Climate Change in Kenya. DFID, DANIDA."


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"Kenya Climate Change Action Plan  - Mitigation Analysis \u2013 Forestry chapter 56 Government of Kenya (GoK). Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (MEMR). (2013): National Water Master Plan 2030, Kenya, Government Printers 57 Government of Kenya (GoK). Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (MEMR). (2013): National Water Master Plan 2030, Kenya, Government Printers 61 World Bank 2015;   62 Government of Kenya (GoK). (2008). Second Medium-Term Plan (MTP) 2013-2017. Nairobi: Government Printers."


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"Kenya Climate Change Action Plan  - Mitigation Analysis \u2013 Transportation chapter\f  88 This is the contribution computed after the rebasing of Kenya\u2019s GDP in September 2014 89 comprising crops, livestock, fisheries, agro forestry and associated services 91 UNEP. (2014). Green Economy Assessment Report \u2013 Kenya 92 Government of Kenya (GoK). Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (MEMR). (2011)."


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"Kenya Climate Change Action Plan - Knowledge Management and Capacity Development: Chapter 3.0: Climate Knowledge Management and Capacity Development [Accessed 06 September, 2014] Government of Kenya (GoK). Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (MEMR). (2012). Kenya Climate Change Action Plan - Knowledge Management and Capacity Development: Chapter 4.0: Public Awareness and Communication Strategy [Accessed 06 September, 2014] Government of Kenya (GoK). Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (MEMR). (2012)."


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"Kenya Climate Change Action Plan - Knowledge Management and Capacity Development: Chapter 5.0: Integrating Climate Change in Education System [Accessed 06 September, 2014] Government of Kenya (GoK). National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA).\f  (2013). Technology Needs Assessment - Mitigation TNA Government of Kenya (GoK). National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA). (2013). Technology Needs Assessment - Adaptation TNA Government of Kenya (GoK). National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA). (2013). Technology Needs Assessment \u2013 Mitigation Barrier Government of Kenya (GoK). National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA). (2013)."


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"Kenya Climate Change Action Plan - Technical Report 8: Availability and Accessibility to Climate Data for Kenya [Accessed 22 April 2014] Government of Kenya (GoK). Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (MEMR). (2012). Kenya Climate Change Action Plan \u2013 Mitigation Waste Report [Accessed 06 September 2014] Government of Kenya (GoK). Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (MEMR). (2014). Kenya Draft National Action Plan Government of Kenya (GoK). Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (MEMR). (2012)."


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"Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Strategy Recognizes climate change as an emerging issue for food and nutrition security and advocates for adaptation interventions that enhance farming communities\u2019 resilience to climate change induced effects. It also recognizes the role of mitigation in addressing climate change."


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"Kenya Environmental Sanitation and Hygiene Policy, 2016-2030. Nairobi: Ministry of Health, page 8. 5 Government of Kenya (2016). National Adaptation Plan, 2015-2030. Nairobi: Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. page 10. 6 United Nations Human Settlement Programme (2003). Slums of the World: The face of Urban Poverty in the New Millennium? Nairobi: Global Urban Observatory. 7 Kyobutungi, C., Kasiira Ziraba, A., Ezeh, A. and Ye, Y. (2008). The burden of disease profile of residents of Nairobi\u2019s slums: Results from a Demographic Surveillance System."


id: 13f1aad30fc74835ee94b8a95e9e0051
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:10
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"Kenya Food Security Alert. May 31, 2012.   71 UNDP- UNEP (2011) Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation into Development Planning: A Guide for Practitioners. Poverty- Environment Initiative. 72 As set out in Article 4.1 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). 73 IPCC Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change. 2006. 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Volume 4 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use. Geneva: IPCC. 74 The calculations could be used as a starting point for developing Kenya\u2019s GHG emissions inventory."


id: bfe09ebea8a3f0309aac2f6d64986d49
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:10
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content:
"Kenya Forest Service KIE Kenya Institute of Education KIHBS Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey KIRDI Kenya Industrial Research and Development Institute KMC Kenya Meat Commission KMD Kenya Meteorological Department KMFRI Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute KNBS Kenya National Bureau of Standards KNCPC Kenya National Cleaner Production Centre KOAETEC Kenya Organic Agriculture and Environmental Technologies Institute KP Kyoto Protocol KPA Kenya Ports Authority KPLC Power and Lightning Company KRB Kenya Roads Board KTDA Kenya Tea Development Authority KWS Kenya Wildlife Service LATF Local Authority Trust Fund LDC Least Developed Countries LDCF Least Developed Countries Fund LRT Light Rail Transit MAM March-April-May MDG Millennium Development Goals MDNKALs Ministry of Development of Northern Kenya & Other Arid Lands MEMR Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources MOA Ministry of Agriculture MOE Ministry of Education MOH Ministry of Health MOW Ministry of Water MRC Mekong River Commission MTEF Medium Term Expenditure Framework MRV Monitoring Reporting and Verification MW Megawatt NADIMA National Disaster Management Authority NAPA National Adaptation Programmes of Action NASCOP National Aids/STI Control Programme NCCACC National Climate Change Activities Coordination Committee NCCK National Council of Churches of Kenya NCCRS National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS and \u2018Strategy\u2019 are used interchangeably in the document)"


id: 526c405a31c1265ee74583c007827b82
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:10
updated_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:10
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index: document
vector_id: 2287
content:
"Kenya Forestry Assessment Report. Forest Outlook Studies in Africa.  Ministry of Energy and Petroleum (2002). Study on Kenya\u2019s Energy Demand, Supply and Policy Strategy for Households, Small scale Industries and Service Establishments. Kamfor Consultants, Nairobi, Kenya.  Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (2013). Analysis of Demand and Supply of Wood Products in Kenya. Study carried out by Wanleys Consultancy Services. Nairobi, Kenya.  NEMA (2005).  Identification and Quantification of Dioxins and Furan Releases in Kenya. Kenya National Inventory of POPs Under the Stockholm Convention."


id: 9f07b340f8491d2547d1044d59c094ce
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:10
updated_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:10
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content:
"Kenya Forestry Master Plan. Nairobi. 2 Ministry of Energy (2002). Study on Kenya\u2019s Energy Demand, Supply and Policy Strategy for Households, Small scale Industries and Service Establishments. Kamfor Consultants, Nairobi, Kenya 3 United Nations Environment Programme (2006). Kenya: Integrated assessment of the Energy Policy With focus on the transport and household energy sectors. In conjunction with Ministry of Ministry for Planning and National Development. 4 Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (2013). Analysis of Demand and Supply of Wood Products in Kenya."


id: 6e44c4b43091d368d910d080d1abca15
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:10
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"Kenya Forests. Kenya has over the past 20 years lost more than 5,700 hectares of forest cover per year due to forest fires causing phenomenal economic damage that is yet to be quantified. The rise in temperature could extend the ecosystems range of pests and pathogens. This is likely to affect many stocks to decline. In addition, changes in ocean circulation are predicted to lead to loss of certain fish populations or establishment of new ones."


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"Kenya Improved woodstoves project  \ufffd There is a specific mention of TT that: - With the PoA\u2019s open access concept, allowing in principle both local manufacturers and importers of stoves to become part of the PoA, a wide variety of technology and design transfers may occur at the CPA level."


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"Kenya Industrial Research and Development Institute Kenya Meteorological Department KMFRI KNBS KRRF KSS Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute Kenya National Bureau of Statistics Kenya Rice Researchers Forum Kenya Soil Survey LULUCF M&E Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry Monitoring and Evaluation MALF Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries MDAs Ministries, Departments and Agencies MENR Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources MIAD MICT MITC Mwea Irrigation Agricultural Development Center Ministry of Information Communication Technology Ministry of Industrialization, Trade and Cooperatives MITI MLPP Ministry of Industrialization and Enterprise Development Ministry of Lands and Physical Planning MDP MoE Ministry of Devolution and Planning Ministry of Education ME&P Ministry of Energy and Petroleum MPSYGA Ministry of Public Service, Youth & Gender Affairs ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS ABS American Breeders\u2019 Society AFA Agriculture and Food Authority AFD French Agency for Development AfDB Africa Development Bank AgGDP Agriculture Gross Domestic Product ARR ASALs Annual Review Report Arid and Semi-Arid Lands ASDS Agricultural Sector Development Strategy BMUs BUR Beach Management Units Biannual Update Reports AusAID Australia Agency for International Development CBOs Community Based Organizations CCAFS Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security Programme of CGIAR CCC Climate Change Council CIAT CIDP CIFOR International Center for Tropical Agriculture County Integrated Development"


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content:
"Kenya Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA); 2008-2011 Drought. Government of Kenya, with technical support from the European Union, United Nations and World Bank.\f  170 Ericksen, P., Thornton, P., Notenbaert, A., Cramer, L., Jones, P., Herrero, M. (2011). Mapping hotspots of climate change and food insecurity in the global tropics. CCAFS Report no. 5. CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). Copenhagen, Denmark. Available online at: www.ccafs.cgiar.org 171 GoK (2012). Kenya Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA); 2008-2011 Drought."


id: 12ea82d0fc1c80985816be6bdd5336b4
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:10
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"Kenya Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA); 2008-2011 Drought. Government of Kenya, with technical support from the European Union, United Nations and World Bank. Mutimba, S., Mayieko, S., Olum, P. and Wanyama, K. (2010). Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation Preparedness in Kenya. Nairobi: Heinrich B\u00f6ll Stiftung. Available from  imate_Change_Adaptation_Preparedness.pdf Obera, D. (2002). Status of Coral Reefs in East Africa. CORDIO Status Report 2002. CORDIO. East Africa. Patz, J.A., Campbell-Lendrum, D., Holloway, T. and Foley, J.A. (2005). Impact of regional climate change on human health."


id: f45c471292232b654e11f1b520ffcea8
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:10
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content:
"Kenya Railway Corporation is supporting the preparation of a master plan for Nairobi Commuter Rail. The Government of Germany is providing technical assistance to MOTIHUD for measuring and monitoring GHG emissions. Support to the NAMA: Mass Rapid Transport System for Nairobi, Kenya."


id: e0f4fb3550418710817287b308470cac
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:10
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"Kenya Railways is developing the Nairobi Commuter Rail Project that will rehabilitate the existing rail system in Nairobi and construct a new track to the international airport. The light rail line to the airport is targeted for completion by the end of 2018. Construction on the BRT infrastructure will begin around 2022. Syokimau-Central Business District commuter rail system started service November 2012, with Irmara Daima and Matadarar stationsthat opened in December 2013 expanding access to the system."


id: a9cc76cf65c9a7369ec193d28bb1c663
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content:
"Kenya Small Scale Reforestation Initiative Kamae-Kipipiri Small Scale A/R Project  \ufffd There is a specific mention of TT that: - The TT to the communities will be through Green Belt Movement training in the field on the technologies to be employed. Aberdare Range / Mt."


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content:
"Kenya Small Scale Reforestation Initiative Kibaranyeki Small Scale A/R Project  \ufffd There is a specific mention of TT that: - The TT to the communities will be through Green Belt Movement training in the field on the technologies to be employed."


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"Kenya Small Scale Reforestation Initiative Kirimara- Kithithina Small Scale A/R Project  \ufffd There is a specific mention of TT that: - The TT to the communities will be through Green Belt Movement training in the field on the technologies to be employed. Redevelopment of Tana Hydro Power Station Project  \ufffd  Aberdare Range/ Mt."


id: 983596119ae91a636f08fdf24e9a9ea9
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"Kenya Trust) short term: in progress Kenya is in the process of putting in place the critical elements for implementing REDD+, which includes a Roadmap for a National Forest Monitoring System, and Forest Reference Level. The National Landscape Restoration Mapping project identified forest landscape restoration opportunities and REDD+ priority areas. KFS has undertaken policy, legislative and institutional changes in line with the REDD+ Readiness Preparation Proposal."


id: eef720dab8558414b9b0714735a6e68b
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:11
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content:
"Kenya Vision 2030 The national development blueprint has many plans and programs that factor in aspects of adaptation and mitigation. Its flagship projects include irrigation expansion, geothermal development and slum rehabilitation. National Policy for the Sustainable Development of Northern Kenya and other Arid Lands Focuses on climate resilience requiring government to find solutions to address climate challenges and to come up with measures to manage drought and strengthen livelihoods."


id: ec9a4aec40f4cd0be2ae8ff0fed21de6
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:11
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"Kenya Vision 2030 \u2013 the long- term development blueprint for the country \u2013 aims to transform Kenya into \u201ca newly industrialising, middle-income country providing a high quality of life to all its citizens in a clean and secure environment.\u201d As Kenya strives to achieve middle income status, national development is challenged by the environmental consequences of economic growth and the presence of climate change."


id: a453bc30dc382b963bd9e3b95e5b12fd
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"Kenya Vision 2030 \u2013 the long-term development blueprint for the country \u2013 aims to transform Kenya into \u201ca newly industrialising, middle-income country providing a high quality of life to all its citizens in a clean and secure environment.\u201d6 A low carbon climate resilient development pathway, as set out in this  (NCCAP), can help meet Vision 2030\u2019s goals through actions that address both sustainable development and climate change."


id: 5395121352771b5ff77bb117b2a98e63
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"Kenya and its glaciers, water towers like the Mau Forest Complex, Mount Elgon, Cherenganyi Hills and the Aberdare Ranges. With regard to the tracking and reporting GHG emissions in Kenya, only few institutions notably the International Energy Agency (IEA) periodically do so. The IEA\u2019s data indicates Kenya\u2019s GHG emissions in 2007 were 11.43 MtCO2eq. This level is still low when compared to emissions of major industrialised countries, but rising quickly especially due to increasing transport (i.e. high private car use) and energy sector emissions."


id: 14e3c71edae5c37bedf2ab5e677d020e
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"Kenya became independent on 12 December 1963 as a multi-party state, becoming a one party state in 1982 and reverting back to multi-partism in 1992. In 2010, the Government of Kenya (GoK) enacted a new constitution (hereinafter referred to as \u2018the Constitution\u2019) which created a devolved two tier government consisting of a national government and county governments. The new government structure came into effect following a general election in March 2013."


id: 76f17e192a7cc2fd4df36a7639e950ff
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"Kenya can and should undertake research in the following energy research areas that together with the transfer from and absorption of the advanced and clean energy technologies of developed, industrialised countries, will enable it avoid a high-emissions path: \u2022\ufffd investing in research and development in renewable technologies such as cogenera- tion, geothermal, wind, solar, small hydro and biomass, \u2022\ufffd investing in research on the production chain and sustainability of biofuels par- ticularly biodiesel, \u2022\ufffd promoting development of appropriate local capacity in the manufacture, instal- lation, maintenance and operation of basic renewable technologies such as bio- digesters, solar water heating systems and hydro-turbines, \u2022\ufffd promoting development, commercialisa- tion and widespread utilisation of renew- able energy technologies, \u2022\ufffd promoting research into efficient methods of conversion of wood and agricultural waste (coffee husks, used tea leaves, etc) into commercially useful forms of energy, and \u2022\ufffd promoting research on improved kilns and \u2018jikos\u2019 for the production and use of char- coal respectively that will reduce biomass consumption while generating the same amount of energy."


id: e0deb69d2eff29899658ac77da8adb5e
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:11
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content:
"Kenya commitments as a Non-Annex I Party to the UNFCCC include the preparation of this Second National Communication (SNC). This SNC reports GHG emissions and removals by sinks for the year 2000, as well as additional years between 1995 and 2010, following IPCC guidelines. This Communication has borrowed heavily from prior work in the NCCAP and the draft NAP. While the mitigation report of this Communication has applied the top-down approach of the NCCAP, the data used has been updated."


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content:
"Kenya faces electricity crisis if drought persists (11 January). Accessed at:   electricity-crisis-drought-persists/ 16 Senelwa, Kennedy (2017). Kenya switches to thermal power as hydroelectric dams dry up. The East African (18 January). Accessed at:   theeastafrican.co.ke/news/Kenya-switches-to-thermal-power-as- 17 United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) (2015). Promoting Climate Resilient Industry. Vienna: UNIDO. page 15 18 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2017). Global information and Early Warning System: County Briefs- Kenya (25 April). Accessed at:   19 Government of Kenya (2013), page 40."


id: ffd5e021a6ab14bbef9f88e4a725bd29
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"Kenya faces serious constraints in energy supply, including low access to modern energy services, high cost of energy, irregular supply and high cost of energy investments96. Biomass (wood fuel, charcoal, and agricultural waste), petroleum and electricity are the main sources of energy in the country. They account for 76 per cent, 21 per cent, and 3 per cent, respectively, of the country\u2019s total energy consumption (Figure 23).  Wood fuel is the most important source of energy in the country."


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"Kenya has also developed its National Adaptation Plan (NAP) (2015-2030) which was submitted to the UNFCCC in 2017. The NAP provided a climate hazard and vulnerability assessment and  set out priority adaptation actions.  In addition to the Kenya Vision 2030 and climate change-related policies, the country has put in place several sectoral policies to support implementation of climate change adaptation and mitigation actions."


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"Kenya has also gained experience in the carbon market through the development of mitigation projects under the Clean Development Mechanism and voluntary carbon market, including in the areas of renewable energy, energy efficiency and restoration of degraded lands.  Climate finance is an important enabling aspect of our efforts to address climate change. The Paris Agreement sets a goal of mobilising USD 100 billion per year by 2020 to support mitigation and adaptation activities in developing countries."


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"Kenya has attracted climate finance for Nairobi\u2019s bus rapid transit system, including approval of a EUR 20 million grant through the NAMA (Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action) Facility that is funded by the Governments of Germany and the United Kingdom. 7 .3  M I T I gAT I ON  I N  T hE  T RA N S P ORT  S E C TOR Transport emissions accounted for approximately 13% of total national emissions in 2015."


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"Kenya has attracted climate finance for initiatives in the agriculture sector, including a USD 250 million CSA programme funded by the World Bank, USD 10 million from the Adaptation Fund for a programme that includes actions to enhance food security, USD 6 million to promote adaptation in the ASALs, among others. Adaptation to climate change is the priority of the Government of Kenya for the agricultural sector, with mitigation pursued as an additional benefit when possible."


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"Kenya has made significant progress in diversifying its electricity generation mix away from a reliance on hydro to a greater emphasis on geothermal. Greater resource scarcity (e.g. water and raw materials) \u2013 Climate variability has contributed to reduced crop production that directly impacts the manufacturing sector, particularly the agro-processing sector."


id: f45157a2451210b5b06a5206733d39b8
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"Kenya has options to develop these resources taking low carbon considerations into account, including encouraging the use of clean coal technologies with international support; making use of the natural gas, which is a by-product of oil production, instead of flaring it; and allocating a percentage of royalties to a climate change fund to support reforestation and other low-carbon actions. c) Tourism Coastal rainforests, marine ecosystems, wildlife and Mt. Kenya\u2019s glaciers make our country one of the top tourist destinations in the world."


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"Kenya has over the past 20 years lost more than 5,700 ha of forests per year to forest fires wreaking phenomenal economic damage that is yet to be quantified. The rise in temperature could extend the ecosystems range of pests and pathogens. This is likely to affect many aspects of forests such as tree-growth, survival, yield and quality of wood and non-wood products."


id: f377edea7f89249f8fdf54638f5b30a
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"Kenya has progressively implemented this action over the past decade with tangible climate change adaptation and resilience benefits. The improved reliability of Kenya\u2019s power supply, as noted in the 2016 Economic Survey, is attributed to an increasing contribution of the climate- insensitive geothermal to the energy generation mix and its use as a base load power source.28 Given the slow rate of capital stock turnover in the energy sector and the long lifetime of equipment, a sustainable energy system should climate proof infrastructure."


id: ffd03f527c54a721540bcc0c6fdacabe
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"Kenya has received support for REDD+ activities from the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility, the United Nations Forum on REDD+ and the Clinton Climate Initiative.  technical assistance to the government of kenya"


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"Kenya has received support for REDD+ activities from the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility, the United Nations Forum on REDD+ and the Clinton Climate Initiative. A REDD+ technical assistance initiative funded by the Government of Italy is at the planning stage. Kenya Forest Service (2016), Forester, A Quarterly Newsletter of the Kenya Forest Service, Issue No."


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"Kenya has recently established the first Climate Innovation Centre (CIC) in the world at the Strathmore Business School. Dedicated to supporting climate change technologies and research and development entrepreneurships, its main focus will be on innovative technologies in the area of energy, agriculture and water supply that will contribute to green development and growth. The CIC will play an important role in developing green technologies in Kenya and will target solutions that are relevant across the East Africa Region."


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created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:11
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"Kenya has recently established the first Climate Innovation Centre in the world (a World Bank initiative) at the Strathmore Business School. Dedicated to supporting climate change technologies and research and development entrepreneurship, its main focus will be on innovative technologies in the area of energy, agriculture and water supply that will contribute to green development and growth. The centre will play an important role in developing green technologies in Kenya and will target solutions that are relevant across the East Africa region."


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"Kenya has recently received support on climate finance readiness from the Africa Climate Change Fund (ACCF) of the AfDB to support the development of project concept notes and proposals to advance low-carbon, climate-resilient development in the forestry, agro-forestry and agriculture sectors. These proposals are to be presented to domestic and international funding sources for consideration."


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"Kenya has shown commitment to protect the climate system for the benefit of the present and future generations by supporting the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) process, ratifying the Kyoto Protocol in 2005, and contributing to continental and regional climate change initiatives. Further, the country\u2019s Constitution has set out a legal commitment to attain ecologically sustainable development; hence providing a firm basis to address the challenge of climate change while striving to attain the development goals set out in Kenya Vision 2030."


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"Kenya has signaled it is likely to join the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation in 2021.13 key mitigation technologies The option with the largest mitigation potential in the transport sector is the development of an extensive mass transit system for greater Nairobi in the form of bus rapid transit (BRT) corridors complemented by light rail transit (LRT) in high thoroughfare corridors."


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"Kenya has the infrastructure and framework to enable this, such as its network discussed below and including institutionally through the KMD\u2019s new\f  sub-branch of Climate Change and Pollution (CCP) monitoring services. However more is required. The CCP is specifically created to undertake research, monitoring, detection and assessment for climate change within the country. The sub-branch constitute three divisions which include: \ufffd Climate Change; \ufffd Atmospheric pollution monitoring; and \ufffd Urban pollution monitoring."


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"Kenya is a lower middle-income country with an estimated national Gross Domestic Product (GDP) US$ 60.9 billion in 2014. After years of stagnant economic growth in the 1980s and 1990s, the GDP growth peaked in 2007 at 7.1 per cent. Post-election violence in early 2008 compounded with drought, high global energy and food prices, among other challenges, reduced GDP growth to 1.5 per cent in 2008."


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"Kenya is a water scarce country, which essentially means that its annual per capita renewable water resource is less than the Kenya is a water scarce-country. With climate change expected to add to the water-stress that the country is already fac- ing, actions aimed at protect- ing and conserving vital water catchment areas, river-banks, and water bodies such as Lake Victoria (photo below) from degradation and contamination should be enhanced."


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"Kenya is at the stage that requires market pull to achieve widespread adoption and diffusion of its prioritised technologies hence these objectives fit with the aim detailed in the TAPs and project idea notes.  A key recent GEF activity in Kenya was the National Portfolio Formulation Exercise organised by NEMA and held in March 2011 to identify the country\u2019s priority areas and recommend bankable project proposals for endorsement by the Operational Focal Point243 for submission to the GEF secretariat/council."


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"Kenya is committed to enhancing its adaptation ambition by committing to bridging the implementation gaps which include: \u00a9 enhancing the adaptive capacity and climate resilience across all the sectors of the economy and at the two levels of government \u2014 National and County Governments; e exploring innovative livelihood strategies for enhancing climate resilience of local communities through financing of locally led climate change actions; \u00a2 enhancing risk-based approach to climate change adaptation through development and application of comprehensive climate risk management tools that would help in addressing and adaptively managing climate risks; e addressing residual climate change impacts, loss and damage especially in the productive sectors of the economy; e enhance generation, packaging and widespread uptake and use of climate information in decision making and planning across sectors and counties with robust early warning systems (EWS); \u00a2 Enhance uptake of adaptation technology especially of women, youth and other vulnerable groups, incorporating scientific and indigenous knowledge; e Enhancing investment in ocean and blue economy; e Institutional strengthening of the CCD, the Climate Change Units and related institutions across sectors and counties"


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"Kenya is expected to have high growth in the transport sector and a challenge will be to develop the required infrastructure in a low carbon and climate resilient manner. A priority low carbon action is an extensive mass transit system for Greater Nairobi in the form of bus rapid transit corridors complemented by light rail transit, which could abate about 2.8 MtCo2e in 2030."


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"Kenya is operationalising these policies and plans through the implementation of climate change actions in various areas such as afforestation and reforestation, geothermal and other clean energy development, energy efficiency, climate smart agriculture, and drought management."


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"Kenya lacks middle level technicians to support widespread adoption of technologies that will be required to support the country\u2019s aspirations towards a low carbon development pathway. For example, whereas it is desirable for Kenyans to adopt solar technology on a mass scale, supportive networks for installation and maintenance of solar power systems are not well-established nationally. Furthermore, standards for such system are non-existent. The same can be said of other technologies, such as those to harness geothermal and wind energy."


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"Kenya like most developing countries does not have adequate technological capacity to meet these needs and effectively mitigate and adapt to climate change. While the Government has continuously committed to facilitate the identification of relevant ESTs and knowledge in most sectors of its economy, the adoption, diffusion and application has remained low mainly due to financial constraints, limited capacity and awareness amongst users."


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"Kenya needs to establish mechanisms to help increase access to climate \ufb01nance, including the Green Climate Fund, and improve coordination and reporting on climate \ufb01nance. The NCCAP proposed establishment of the Kenya Climate Fund whose focal point is the National Treasury. It is hoped that through this climate fund, adaptation \ufb01nancing from the Kenya government, development partners and other actors can be pooled in order to achieve greater impacts in enhancing resilience."


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"Kenya opted for a conservative approach in determining the mitigation potential for its NDC, considering what was feasible and doable in 2015 using known technologies and within established policy and regulatory frameworks. Kenya\u2019s NDC is half of the total mitigation potential identified in the SNC, equal to 42.9 MtCO2eq or 30% lower than the projected 2030 BAU scenario."


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"Kenya ranks second in the East Africa region after Sudan in both animal product yields and value.93 Sheep and goats play a key role in the food security and incomes of pastoral households due to their short generation intervals, high adaptability and versatile feeding habits. Pig rearing has withstood periodic fluctuations and is now relatively well established."


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"Kenya requires readiness to access this funding, as well as to identify and prioritise strategic domestic climate expenditure.  This Policy establishes the legal, institutional and reporting frameworks to access and manage climate finance, consistent with the institutional structures and framework set out in the Climate Change Act, 2016. The goal of the Policy is to further Kenya\u2019s national development goals through enhanced mobilisation of climate finance that contributes to low carbon climate resilient development goals. The objectives of the policy are to: 1."


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"Kenya s 10.3.2 Waste sector In the waste sector, potential emissions reductions have been identified in the capture of methane from municipal waste. For this, biodigester technology will be required and this involves construction of an enclosed waste container for anaerobic digestion of biodegradable solid waste. The aim of methane capture is to prevent the gas from escaping to the atmosphere where it contributes to global warming."


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"Kenya s 10.3.4 Agriculture sector Existing and new technologies used in agriculture will require further advancement for the low carbon and climate resilient development of the sector. Major opportunities include: Drought-tolerant crops: Varieties of drought-tolerant crops grow well in semi-arid and arid (ASAL) areas of Kenya. The technology has been developed in the country by KARI and its diffusion is gradually picking up. Conservation tillage technology: This is a land preparation method that ensures minimum disturbance to the soil during land preparation for planting."


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"Kenya s 10.5 Existing Initiatives Related to Technology Transfer and Research & Development As Kenya creates the enabling environment for the development, transfer and diffusion of technologies for low carbon climate resilient development, the country can learn from past and existing initiatives. In 2001, the Kenya Association of Manufacturers (KAM) which represents private sector manufacturers commenced implementation of a project known as Removal of Barriers to Energy Efficiency and Conservation in Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME)."


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"Kenya s 11.4 Summary of Actions (See Annex 6 for detailed actions) Table 11.1 Priority actions for the national performance benefit measurement system  Number Action Estimated Cost KSh Establish MRV+ System Governance Structures: the aim of this task is to set up the governance structure, teams and components of the MRV+ system delivering both MRV of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and mitigation activities and monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of the adaptation activities."


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"Kenya s 2.3 Key Institutions in Climate Change Planning and Actions In Kenya, the lead institutions that have responsibilities on climate related policies, plans and strategies are set out in the table below. These institutions include Government ministries, departments and parastatal agencies."


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"Kenya s 2.4 On-going Responses to Climate Change The Government and other stakeholders are implementing many interventions that have direct and/or indirect relevance to climate change adaptation and mitigation. The interventions cover a wide range of sectors including: agriculture, water, energy and infrastructure. Examples include: \u2022\ufffd Agriculture:\ufffdPromoting\ufffdirrigated\ufffdagriculture,\ufffdpromoting\ufffdconservation\ufffdagriculture,\ufffdvalue\ufffd addition to agricultural products, developing weather indexed crop insurance schemes, support for community-based adaptation including provision of climate information to farmers, enhanced financial and technical support to drought resistant crops."


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"Kenya s 5.3 Current Actions to Address Vulnerability -Examples from Drought Management and Agricultural Sectors The Government of Kenya has initiated various responses to climate change challenges affecting the country\u2019s development. For example, the climate risks assessment conducted for the agriculture sector shows how the integration of climate change issues into planning and implementation is taking place (see the ATAR for more detailed reports of the response in other sectors)."


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"Kenya s 5.4 Options for Combined Adaptation Actions The adaptation analysis undertaken for the preparation of the NCCAP and documented in the ATAR and NAP proposed a set of priority options for adaptation for each MTP theme. These are referred to in the ATAR as \u2018Resilience Pathways\u2019. The prioritisation of options was based on: \u00a7\ufffd Available knowledge and information of current and projected climate impacts; \u00a7\ufffd A survey of current, planned and proposed adaptation actions; and \u00a7\ufffd Other information and recommendations gathered via stakeholder engagement processes."


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"Kenya s 8.3 Recommended Actions Given the cross-cutting and overarching role that policy, legislative and institutional reform plays in enabling Kenya\u2019s climate change response, the following priority actions are envisaged. Jointly implemented, these actions constitute a comprehensive package that facilitates climate change mainstreaming and effective NCCAP implementation. Accordingly, the separate actions identified below are closely interlinked and are designed to reinforce the objectives of the other legislative, institutional and policy actions."


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"Kenya s 9.4 Summary of Actions  (See Annex 5 for detailed actions) Priority Knowledge Management & Capacity Development Actions Number Action Estimated KSh for 5 years Develop and maintain a robust and up-to-date climate change knowledge management system. Develop a physical climate change resource centre Address the capacity gaps required to implement the NCCAP  in the agencies coordinating and leading climate change efforts."


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"Kenya s A detailed technical analysis was undertaken to identify the main elements of a low carbon development pathway, recognising that the pathway needs to emphasise sustainable development and climate resilience co-benefits."


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"Kenya s A number of climate change adaptation interventions have been proposed in strategic plans of ministries and some are currently being implemented by government, civil society and/ or the private sector. These include: seasonal forecast provision to vulnerable communities, support for community-based adaptation strategies, conservation agriculture, developing weather indexed livestock and crop insurance schemes, climate change relevant agricultural research and extension services, promoting heat tolerant and adaptive livestock breeds, establishment of fodder banks for dry season feeding, and institutionalising early warning systems."


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"Kenya s Academic institutions Research institutions Ministries climate change focal points CSO Private sector Individual researchers Partnerships and collaborating networks Process of knowledge creation, sharing and use Human Resource Physical and Tech Infrastructure CCS- Coordinator Co-ordination Knowledge Consumers Dissemination Channels Indigenous communities Partnership of climate change actors Figure 9.2: Proposed conceptual framework for climate change knowledge exchange in Kenya Capacity development Findings and recommendations from the assessment of Kenya\u2019s dedicated climate change institutions are presented in detail in the Knowledge Management and Capacity Development Annex 5."


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"Kenya s Action 3: AMEND KEY SECTORAL LAWS CONSISTENT WITH PRIORITY ACTIONS IDENTIFIED UNDER THE NCCAP THROUGH A MISCELLANEOUS AMENDMENTS BILL Action Reference Action summary Priority NCCAP actions will be given an enabling legal basis by amendment of key sectoral laws. These amendments will ideally occur simultaneously through a Statute (Miscellaneous) Amendments Bill, or in the alternative through separate legislative amendments, occurring over a period of time, to reform sectoral laws."


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"Kenya s Action 4:   ESTABLISH A HIGH-LEVEL NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE COUNCIL Action Reference Action summary As part of broader institutional reform under a standalone Climate Change Law, a high-level National Climate Change Council (NCCC) should be established to play the primary coordination, legislative and policy direction, technical oversight and guidance role in relation to climate change response."


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"Kenya s Action 6: INTEGRATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE INTO KENYA\u2019S EDUCATION SYSTEM Action Reference Action summary: Target infusing climate change into the education system at all levels in order to create awareness and produce skilled labour and experts in climate change-related areas, such as energy management and other areas."


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"Kenya s Action: 3 INDICATORS AND BASELINES Action Reference Action summary Both mitigation and adaptation actions are needed as part of Kenya\u2019s climate change response strategy.  Currently it is not possible to judge whether mitigation baselines could be quantified now or whether additional data collection would be required. This action will create an agreed list of indicators and their respective baselines which will allow the performance of the NCCAP to be measured."


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"Kenya s Action: 5 GHG INVENTORY, BIENNIAL UPDATE REPORTS (BURS) AND NATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS (NCS) Action Reference Action summary GoK will need to submit a Biennial Update Report (BUR) to the UNFCCC by December 2014, and will probably need to submit its second National Communication (NC) at some point after its first BUR but before the second BUR."


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"Kenya s Annex 6 Action Sheets for Chapter 11 \u2013 National Performance and Benefit Measurement Framework Action:1 ESTABLISH MRV+ SYSTEM GOVERNANCE STRUCTURES Action Reference Action summary A National Performance and Benefit Measurement Framework (NPBMF) is needed in Kenya to support the NCCAP by measuring, monitoring, evaluating, verifying and reporting results of mitigation actions, adaptation actions and the synergies between them.  The key component of the proposed NPBMF is  n MRV+ system."


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"Kenya s Bottom-up vulnerability indicators There are a wide range of ad hoc adaptation projects, carrying out valuable work at the local level in reducing vulnerability. However, linking indicators to an uncoordinated set of local level adaptation activities will not create a sufficiently broad set of vulnerability indicators for the NCCAP. Instead, vulnerabilities that were flagged by stakeholders during the county consultations were used. In total, 62 county-level indicators measuring vulnerability were derived. The county-level indicators are a mixture of process-based and outcome-based indicators."


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"Kenya s Bus Rapid Transit and Light Rail Corridors - Implement an extensive Mass Transit System for greater Nairobi, based predominantly on Bus Rapid Transit corridors complemented by a few Light Rail Transit corridors. Development of GHG inventory and improvement of emissions data Develop Kenya\u2019s GHG inventory, building on the information developed in the SC4 reference case of GHG emissions; develop Kenya specific emis- sions factors, especially in the agricultural sector; improve overall data; and build capacity to develop, use and monitor data and impacts."


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"Kenya s Cost associated with the Action in Kenyan Shillings Based on the assumption that the Kenyan National Climate Fund should have costs that are no more than 10% to 25% of those of the Green Climate Fund, indicative costs might be around Ksh 38 to 94 million per annum. [GCF costs from January 2012 to June 2013, 18 months, estimated at $6.7 million.] Immediate next steps 1. Agree on the design of the Fund based on the detailed analysis accompanying document (GoK and stakeholders); 2."


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"Kenya s Current status The MEMR has a flagship project to rehabilitate, reforest and protect indigenous forests in the five water towers. The Green Belt Movement spearheads three CDM initiatives: Aberdare Range/ Mt. Kenya Small Scale Reforestation Initiatives (located in Kirimara-Kithithina, Kamae-Kipipiri, and the Kibaranyeki areas respectively); the Clean Air Action Corporation is implementing five International Small Group and Tree Planting Programs in the Central, Rift Valley, and Eastern Provinces; and Eco2librium is implementing one CDM project, Forest Again Kakamega project."


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"Kenya s Emissions Mt CO2e Infrastructure (Electricity) Infrastructure (Transportation) Manufacturing (Industrial fuel use and process emissions) Population, Urbanization & Housing (Residential and commerical energy use) Environment, Water and Sanitation (Waste) Environment, Water and Sanitation (Forestry and land use change) Agriculture  Source: GoK NCCAP Mitigation Analysis 2012 Figure 4.1: Business As Usual GHG Emissions by MTP2 Planning Sectors between 4.3 Priority Actions for Transitioning to a Low Carbon Climate Resilient Development Pathway The  identifies a series of actions that begin to transform our country\u2019s climate change ambitions into reality."


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"Kenya s Figure 7.1 The analysis and recommended actions cover all forms of climate finance 7.2 Key Findings Current climate change finance flows in Kenya The cumulative expenditure commitments estimates on climate change by the Government of Kenya and development partners over the years 2005-2015 are summarised in Table 7.1 below. The estimates cover all projects that are classified as having a \u2018significant\u2019 or \u2018principal\u2019 climate change component, as defined by the OECD Development Assistance Committee\u2019s Rio Markers."


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"Kenya s Figure 8.1: Proposed Climate Change Institutional Structure\fKenya s Under current practice, any new legislation requires an accompanying policy framework and accordingly, developing a Climate Change Policy will be a necessary and a critical precursor to the legislative process to pass a new stand-alone climate change law. Following completion of the NCCAP process, the draft Climate Change Policy developed through the Action Plan Process will be subjected to extensive redrafting and stakeholder and public consultation, as well as thorough validation processes."


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"Kenya s Footnotes 1 IPCC AR4 WGII (2007). Climate Change 2007 - Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007. Glossary available online:   2 UNFCCC. 2005. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) consolidated version with amendments to annexes. Published in November 2005 by UNFCCC Secretariat with support 3 IRI. 2004: Climate Variability and the Millennium Development Goal Hunger Target. IRI Technical Report No. 04-04, September 2004."


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"Kenya s Historical trends and expert assessments of sector and economic growth were used to project annual emissions up until 2030 (see Figure 6.1: Chapter 2 of the Mitigation report which includes the detailed analysis). This reference case forms the baseline against which abatement potential is estimated for the six mitigation sectors. Emissions Mton CO2-eq."


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"Kenya s Improving absorptive capacity The ability of the Government to absorb international public climate finance, as well as to use its own public resources expeditiously towards climate change activities could be improved. Low absorption rates arise from a range of factors, from budgeting and fund flow challenges on the part of the Treasury and line ministries, to limited alignment of government and development partner fiscal policies and procedures, capacity constraints and a limited prioritisation of climate change within the budget."


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"Kenya s Improving the enabling conditions for success A supportive enabling environment includes appropriate institutions, national legal instruments including codes and standards, a supportive investment environment, appropriate technology development, and access to information to help make informed choices. Kenya is developing a solid policy, regulatory and institutional foundation to address climate change (see Chapter 8); but more can be done to overcome barriers that inhibit the transition to a low carbon and resilient development pathway."


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"Kenya s Indicative timeframe Launch timeframe: 6-12 months The legislative mandate for a National Climate Change Council could be included in a framework Climate Change Law with the institution made operational in the near-term subject to sufficient resourcing. Cost associated with the Action in Kenyan Shillings Establishment of the National Climate Change Council in law (no additional cost). Establishment and operationalisation of the NCCC: estimated annual operational cost Ksh 150 million. Immediate next steps Integrate the NCCC concept into a draft framework Climate Change Bill."


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"Kenya s Indicative timeframe Launch timeframe: medium term (in 2014), depending on the time taken for the establishment of relevant county governance structures in the target county. Duration of the Action: 12 months This project will help to demonstrate the value of M&E and assist with the roll out of the NPBMF across relevant counties. The action should be completed by mid 2015, in order to ensure a smooth roll-out of the NPBMF across the counties."


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"Kenya s Indicative timeframe Launch timeframe: short term (depending on the speed of progress on the NAMAs and NAP) Duration of the Action: 6 months for the data mapping, 9 months to 3 years for baselines (some will be relatively quick to agree others will need research and take much longer) This is a short term, priority action. It will help with the structuring and operation of the MRV+ system and processes."


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"Kenya s Innovation, finance, capacity building and local ownership must be provided if the benefits of technology are to be maximised for the adaptation and mitigation actions proposed in this Action Plan.  Effective information and knowledge management in support of these conditions could be provided for by the Climate Change Resource Centre mentioned in the above chapter hosted by the Ministry responsible for climate affairs."


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"Kenya s Ministry/ agency Description Ministry of State for Development of Northern Kenya and Other Arid Lands (MSDNKOAL) The MSDNKOAL provides policy direction and leadership in planning, implementation and coordination of development of Northern Kenya and other Arid lands which account for 80 per cent of the country and are highly vulnerable to climate change. Ministry  of Water and Irrigation The Ministry of Water and Irrigation facilitates sustainable management and development of water resources for national development."


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"Kenya s One area that is frequently neglected in national climate change response strategies is the interaction between climate change adaptation and mitigation activities. These interactions may take the form of \u201csynergies\u201d, where mitigation and adaptation actions support each other, or \u201ctrade-offs\u201d, where action in one area conflicts to some extent with actions in the other."


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"Kenya s Panos/Marcus Rose Kenya s Tom Morton Kenya s THEMATIC WORKING Cleopus Wangombe, Planning Directorate) John Nyangena, MPND&V2030 (Rural Planning Directorate) Dr. Joseph Onjala, University of Nairobi (Institute of Development Studies) Dr. Christopher Oludhe, University of Nairobi (Dept of Meteorology) Dr. Jane Wamuongo, KARI (Assistant Director, NRM) Justus Mwatu Mbithi, Ministry of Energy (Renewable Energy Department) Andrew Khamadi, Energy Expert David Matole, Environmental Architect Fanuel Tolo, Climate Network Africa Nelson Gatonye, Ministry of Agriculture Frederick Owuoth, KEPSA/ Kenya Airways THEMATIC WORKING Patrick Chabeda, Office of the Prime Minister Eunice Lumallas, Parliament Patrick King\u2019uru Wahome, Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources Jael Ludeki, Kenya Pipeline Company Wilfred Nyangena, KIPPRA Faith Pesa, Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources Odhiambo Makoloo, Environmental Lawyer Wilson Dima, State Law Office Legislative Dept Dr. Jones Agwata, University of Nairobi (CASELAP) Festus M. Murithi, KARI (Socio- economics & Biometrics Dept) Pius Mutuku Mutie, University of Nairobi (Department of Sociology Rhoda Gakuru, KIPPRA Steve Mutiso, Save the Children UK (formerly Oxfam) THEMATIC WORKING Victor Orindi, Ministry of Northern Kenya and Other Arid Lands Dr. James Kinyangi, ILRI"


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"Kenya s Panos/Peter Barker\fKenya s 7.3 Recommended Actions Kenya Climate Fund As a matter of priority, the GoK should begin the process of creating the Kenya Climate Fund (KCF)."


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"Kenya s Panos/Sven Torfinn\fKenya s Although Kenya has little historical or current responsibility for global climate change, and emissions are insignificant relative to the global emissions, the country is highly vulnerable to its impacts. Therefore adaptation to climate change is the main priority of the country."


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"Kenya s Recommended enabling policy, legislative and institutional framework Building on the LPAR findings, broader analysis regarding the legislative and institutional reform options was undertaken, culminating in a report on the Enabling Legislative and Institutional Framework for Climate Change Response. Drawing on comparative analysis and international best practice, with particular focus on the experiences of devolved government jurisdictions in the Philippines, South Africa and the UK, the report highlights key comparative lessons for Kenya as it embarks on legislative and institutional reform."


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"Kenya s Sector Actions Prioritised by Sector Agency Billion KSh Infrastructure Climate-proofing of roads in the ASALs Sustainable livelihoods Supporting sustainable livelihoods in drought prone ASAL Energy Infrastructure Solar (hybrid systems, installation of solar in more institutions in ASAL areas, promotion of solar street lighting) to provide power for schools and other public institutions Increase small hydropower generation plants to provide electricity to large numbers of  local community  members and businesses in the rural setting enabling job creation Promotion of energy efficiency programmes to reduce demand for generation to save the environment Rehabilitation of water catchment areas (which feed the various hydro dams) -leading to regular flow in the rivers that serve the hydro dams, hence even out power generation Geothermal resources development - due to uncertainty in the hydrology, geothermal will become the base load."


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"Kenya s Solar Powered Sea Water Desalination Technology: Desalination involves removing the salt and other dissolved constituents from seawater, brackish waters, waste water or contaminated freshwater to make it drinkable. The current and future projected water stress along the coastline (which has vibrant tourism and other associated industries) will require new sources of drinking and desalination will allow Kenya to tap into the immense sea water."


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"Kenya s Source:  GoK NCCAP Mitigation Analysis 2012 Figure 6.6: Low-carbon development wedges in the forestry sector f) Waste Landfills and sewage treatment plants generate GHG emissions through the production of methane. Waste management and access to sewerage systems have improved, yet comprehensive coverage is still lacking. The share of the waste sector in total GHG emissions is low and is expected to remain modest. Waste-related GHG emissions are expected to increase from 0.8 MtCO2e per year in 2010 to 2 MtCO2e in 2030."


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"Kenya s Source: GoK CCAP Mitigation Analysis 2012 Note: Assumes 35 per cent of unsustainable biomass Figure 6.4: Low-carbon development wedges in the transport sector c) Industrial process emissions The industrial sector is relatively small in Kenya, both in terms of its share of GDP and contribution to total GHG emissions (in terms of process emissions). Ninety-five per cent of industrial process emissions in Kenya are created by two industries: cement manufacturing charcoal production assume that the feedstock used is completely carbon neutral."


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"Kenya s Stakeholder support required to take the action forward Consumers, local and international cookstoves manufacturers, other local entrepreneurs in retail and distribution, CSOs, development organizations, gas companies, commercial banks, microfinance institutions Indicative timeframe Launch timeframe: Short-term \u2013 within one year Duration of the Action: 5 years Cost associated with the Action in Kenyan Shillings The cost of achieving the full mitigation potential in estimated to be Ksh 20 billion."


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"Kenya s Stakeholder support required to take the action forward NCCS will need to work in close collaboration with KNBS.  All relevant MDAs and NSAs that generate climate change relevant data for mitigation and adaptation action and the GHG inventory will need to be involved in this action.  For example some of the key ministries will be: KMD, KARI, DRSRS, WRMA, KFS, NEMA, Ministry of Energy, Ministry of Transport, Ministry of Tourism and Industry."


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"Kenya s Stakeholder support required to take the action forward The MEMR will engage stakeholder groups in the six sectors to validate information; the MEMR will also draw on information from the Bureau of Statistics and relevant ministries. Indicative timeframe - Quick win opportunity r Launch timeframe: Short-term \u2013 within one year to develop 2010 GHG inventory Duration of the Action: beginning August 2012, and on-going to meet UNFCCC reporting requirements and to develop Kenya-specific emissions factors."


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"Kenya s Stakeholder support required to take the action forward The following institutions should consulted, since they contain some of Kenya\u2019s best datasets: KMD, MED, KARI, DRSRS, WRMA, KFS, NEMA.  Kenya\u2019s universities could play an important role in the CCRDR and should also be consulted.  Private sector technology providers, particularly those with experience of software-as-a-service (SAAS) internet technologies should be involved, since secure remote hosting may be the most sensible option."


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"Kenya s Table 12.1 Total costs for next five years (2013 -2017) associated with Kenya\u2019s NCCAP Total Costs of Kenya\u2019s NCCAP KSh USD Projected investment costs  for mitigation actions for next five years  (Table 12.4) billion Projected adaptation costs for next five years in key sectors (Table 12.5) Costs associated with administration and process actions for next five years (Table 12.6) Estimated Investment Range Total Estimated Investment Required 2013- 2017 (average of above range) 12.1.1 Institutional, policy and regulatory framework The Action Plan provides for a clear institutional framework to ensure effective implementation of the recommended actions."


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"Kenya s Table 5.1 Priority Adap  tation Actions per Sector Sector Actions Prioritised by Sector Agency Billion KSh Agriculture Coordination and mainstreaming of climate change into agricultural extension Establishment and maintenance of climate change related information for agriculture Up-scaling specific adaptation actions - Promotion and bulking of drought tolerant traditional high value crops; Water harvesting for crop production; Index-based weather insurance; Conservation agriculture; Agro-forestry; and Integrated soil fertility management."


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"Kenya s Table 6.2: Suggested priority low-carbon development opportunities up to 2030 Low carbon option Government planning sector Lead Agency Investment costs for implementation to (KSh and USD, 2011) Estimated split between public, private sector and household investments NPV of investment at a 10% real discount rate (KSh and USD, Abatement potential and sustainable development impacts Restoration of forests on de- graded lands including in rangeland Environment, Wa- ter and Sanitation (Forestry) Kenya Forest Service KSh 186 \u2013 290 billion, (USD 2.2 \u2013 3.4 billion) billion billion) - Abatement potential to 2030 of 32.6 - Contributes to constitution\u2019s goal of 10% tree cover - Biodiversity benefits - Sustainable forest products contribute to improved livelihoods - Conservation may remove access to forests for communities Geothermal Infrastructure Ministry of En- ergy, working with GDC KSh 877 \u2013 1,115 billion billion) About 45% public / 55% private sector investment assum- ing current electricity market structure billion billion) - Abatement potential to 2030 of 14.1 - Energy security, economic growth - May require relocation of communities/ villages Reforestation of degraded forests Environment, Wa- ter"


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"Kenya s Table 9.1 Techniques for communication climate change issues Communication technique, channel Desired adaptation/ mitigation practice Radio/ Newspa- pers/TV Group (chama) meetings/ social media Barazas Demos (how to use ) Posters and bill- boards Bulk SMS Opinion leaders (talks) Drama, songs, skits Energy-saving stoves \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a Drip irrigation \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a Drought tolerant crops \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a Weather patterns \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a Geothermal power \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a Landslides, floods \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a Animal disease outbreaks \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a Solar lanterns \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a Agroforestry \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a Reforestation \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a County level adaptation plans \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a Biofuels \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a Rail transport \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a Large-scale bus transportation \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a Waste management \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a"


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"Kenya s The Government of Kenya could take this opportunity to prioritise climate change funding in the budget by creating climate change line items in the budget. In the context of the Medium Term Plan 2013-2017, the Medium Term Expenditure Framework 2013-2017 and the 2013/14 budget, the GoK could create a specific code within the Integrated Financial Management System to allow climate change budgets to be tracked and reported."


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"Kenya s The Nairobi Summit of the IGAD Heads of State of September 2011 called for an end to drought emergencies in the Horn of Africa. The Kenya Country Programme Framework for Ending Drought Emergencies (CP-EDE) is based on six Strategic Response Areas (SRAs)69 aligned to the IGAD Common Architecture as follows: 1."


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"Kenya s To promote access to finance for the private sector to undertake climate investment (for example, via the provision of early stage, patient equity or technical assistance in low- carbon investment to financial institutions), the Kenya Climate Fund should be established as a matter of priority. 7.4 Summary of Actions (See Annex 3 for detailed actions) Table 7.2 Priority Actions related to Climate Finance Number Action  (figures in KSh) Estimated  Cost KSh for 5 years Establish the Kenya Climate Fund (KSh38-94million/Yr) Create climate change code in the government budget system Negligible Coordinate and  harmonise Government of Kenya and development partner funding  with priority interventions Open/Accelerate Negotiations with various countries to overcome the lack of carbon market access for Kenya."


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"Kenya s Trade-offs identified as having the greatest potential adverse impact are: \u2022\ufffd Food shortages and price rises for cereals caused by increased growth of biofuels \u2022\ufffd Water shortages for local communities caused by unsustainable geothermal energy expansion \u2022\ufffd Higher priced goods due to heavy duty vehicle fuel efficiency \u2022\ufffd Improvements in passenger vehicle emissions resulting in lower mobility for the poor if cost passed onto consumer."


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"Kenya s f) Population, Urbanisation and Housing Kenya is expected to become a predominately urban country by 2033 mainly due to rural- urban migration.45  Climate change is likely to make rural livelihood strategies and living conditions increasingly challenging, which will exaggerate the rural-to-urban migration trend. Climate drivers, and particularly extreme events, such as flash flooding and severe and persistent droughts, are responsible for global and regional migration and internally displaced persons."


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"Kenya s \u2022 Demonstrating global leadership \u2013 The implementation of low carbon climate resilient development demonstrates Kenya\u2019s leadership in the global fight against climate change. The leading-edge work to mainstream the Climate Change Action Plan across national and county government departments through the national planning process is an example for other countries. A low carbon climate resilient development pathway is a promising option for Kenya. Meeting development goals requires modernisation while increasing ability to manage climate risk."


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"Kenya s \u2022 Improving lives of the poor and vulnerable \u2013 The human impacts of climate change are often experienced most acutely by the poor, who are often women and children. The urban poor living in slums that are flood-prone and the rural poor who rely on ground water for water supply and rainfall for food production are particularly vulnerable. Efforts to improve climate resilience can further Kenya\u2019s people-centred development strategy."


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"Kenya s \u2022\ufffd Data and QA/QC Working Group: this is responsible for setting up the CCRDR, defining the DSROAs, and setting out data specifications and processes and quality control procedures. Components of the system that focus on particular technical areas include: \u2022\ufffd Technical Analysis Groups (TAGs) for Adaptation (TAGA), Mitigation (TAGM), Development (TAGD) and GHG inventory (TAGGHGI). \u2022\ufffd Synergies and Project Interface (SPI). \u2022\ufffd GHG Technical Team comprising Focal Units (FUs) and Thematic Working Groups (TWGs) for different sectors."


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"Kenya s \u2022\ufffd Health sector: Climate change is expected to put human health at risk by increasing the magnitude and occurrence of existing impacts, such as heat stress, air pollution, asthma, vector-borne diseases (such as malaria, dengue fever, schistosomiasis and tick- borne diseases), water-borne and food-borne diseases."


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"Kenya s \u2022\ufffd Proposed Climate Change and M&E Governance structures: National Climate Change Council (NCCC); National Climate Change Secretariat (NCCS); National GHG Inventory Coordination Unit; County Monitoring and Evaluation Committees (CMECs, proposed for NIMES); Ministerial M&E Committees (MMECs, proposed for NIMES); and National Monitoring & Evaluation Steering Committee (NMESC, proposed for NIMES). The governance and reporting structures of the MRV+ system have been kept as simple as possible to avoid complex management structures."


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"Kenya sees clear potential to make effective use of bilateral and multilateral funding, as well as international climate finance mechanisms \u2013 such as the Green Climate Fund and emerging NAMAs and REDD+ mechanisms\u2013 in moving forward with the implementation of these actions."


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"Kenya sees clear potential to make effective use of bilateral and multilateral funding, as well as international climate finance mechanisms \u2013 such as the Green Climate Fund and emerging NAMAs and REDD+ mechanisms\u2013 in moving forward with the implementation of these actions. Table 12.3: Projected investment costs for priority mitigation actions Number Action Estimated Cost KSh to 2030 Restoration of Forests on Degraded Lands Geothermal Reforestation of Degraded Forests Improved Cookstoves and LPG Cookstoves."


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"Kenya sees clear potential to make effective use of bilateral and multilateral funding, as well as international climate finance mechanisms \u2013 such as the Green Climate Fund and the international support likely to be mobilised to support the emerging NAMA and REDD+ mechanisms\u2013 in moving forward on the Action Plan, in addition to systematic domestic support."


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"Kenya should place itself strategically - in terms of building the necessary capacities and identifying priority areas in which it can benefit from technology transfer through such a mechanism. 49  Ockwell David and others (2009): Fulfilling the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Bali Action Plan: Maximising the impact of low carbon technology transfer. University of Sussex 50  Juma C. (2006): Re-inventing African Economies-Technological Innovation and the Sustainability Transition. The John Pesek Colloquium on Sustainable Agriculture 51  Christiane Gerstetter and Dominic Marcellion."


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"Kenya signed the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) on 12 June 1992, and ratified it on 30 August 1994. It also ratified Kyoto Protocol on 25 February 2005 which entered into force on 26 May 2005. As a Party to the Convention, Kenya has implemented initiatives to meet its obligations and commitments, including the development of its First National Communication (FNC) that was prepared in 2002 with support from the Global Environment Facility (GEF) through the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)."


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"Kenya strives to be a newly industrialised middle income country by 2030. This development is expected to increase emissions from the energy sector. The current energy mix, however, is mainly clean with deliberate efforts by Government towards enhancing geothermal, wind, solar and other clean energy development. Climate change impacts continue to slow down the attainment of its national development goals. Kenya will continue making investments with both domestic and international resources to adapt to climate change and realise its abatement potentials."


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"Kenya submitted an ambitious Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). INDCs are anchored in the Paris Agreement as \ufb01ve-year Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) iterative cycles. It is informative that the Paris Agreement, indeed, recognises the role of NDCs and NAPs as the vehicles for delivering on mitigation and adaptation obligations, respectively, under the Agreement."


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"Kenya therefore needs to put in place measures that can curb GHG emissions in this sector. Some of these measures include the following: \u2022\ufffd promotion of low-cost public transport modes such as bus rapid transit (BRT)41 and other means of mass transport, \u2022\ufffd proper urban and transport planning to facilitate efficient and low GHG modes of transportation, e.g."


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"Kenya therefore seeks to abate National Climate Change Action Plans (NCCAPs) to lll her GHG emissions by 32% by 2030 relative to the achieve this target. This will include (but not limited |]] BAU scenario of 143 MtCOzeq; and in line with her to) the promotion and implementation of the sustainable development agenda. Subject to  following priority mitigation activities:  low carbon, climate resilient development pathway."


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"Kenya therefore seeks to abate its GHG emissions by 30% by 2030 relative to the BAU scenario of 143 MtCO2eq; and in line with its sustainable development agenda. This is also subject to international support in the form of finance, investment, technology development and transfer, and capacity building.\f  2.1.1 Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding Timeframe for implementation The timeframe for implementation of the INDC is up to 2030."


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"Kenya welcomes support from the international community to move forward with the implementation of the  2013-2017."


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"Kenya will consider  over USD 62 billion is required for mitigation and  any climate finance in terms of loans as part of adaptation actions across sectors up to 2030. Of the |} fer domestic contribution.  estimated total budget, 71% is required to make Kenya resilient to the increasing impacts of climate change. This is expected to catalyze mitigation actions as well as provide mitigation co-benefits. 29% of the budget will support mitigation activities and ensure a low carbon development pathway."


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"Kenya will ensure enhanced resilience to climate change towards the attainment of Vision 2030 by mainstreaming climate change adaptation into the Medium Term Plans (MTPs) and implementing adaptation actions. Any reasonable achievement of the adaptation goal will require financial, technology and capacity building support.\f \uf0b7 MTP SECTOR \uf0b7 PRIORITY ADAPTATION ACTIONS Public sector reforms Integrate climate change adaptation into the public sector reforms. \uf0b7 Human Resource Development, Labour and Employment \uf0b7 Enhance adaptive capacity and resilience of the informal private sector."


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"Kenya will implement and periodically update the  national circumstances, Kenya intends to bear 21% of the mitigation cost from domestic sources, \u00a2 Increasing of renewables in the electricity ll] while 79% of this is subject to international  generation mix of the national grid. support in the form of finance, technology  e Enhancement of energy and resource development and transfer, and capacity building.  efficiency across the different sectors.  @ Making progress towards achieving a tree cover of at least 10% of the land area of Kenya."


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"Kenya will mobilize resources to meet approximately 13% of this budget, requiring international support for the balance. The international support required is in form of finance, technology development and transfer, and capacity-building to fully realize her NDC. Kenya will consider any climate finance in terms of loans as part of her domestic contribution.  Sigh@di.cca : RARLORD OO  sro SALMA, Hon. Keriako Tobik6=CBs, SC, Hon."


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"Kenya will require international support in form of finance, investment, technology development and transfer, and capacity-building to fully realize her intended contribution. Further analysis will be necessary to refine the required investment cost and determine the domestic support."


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"Kenya will seek access these funds to support domestic actions to achieve Kenya\u2019s climate change goals, as expressed in the Climate Change Bill,\f 2016, National Climate Change Action Plan, and National Adaptation Plan.  Kenya\u2019s NDC is based on these national climate change plans and Vision 2030."


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"Kenya will undertake various interventions to address its capacity needs by strengthening vulnerability analysis and food security monitoring, supporting the modernisation of the Kenya Meteorological Department, strengthening institutions in charge of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR), the National Designated Authority (DNA) amongst other interventions discussed further in Chapter 6. 6. Research, technology development and transfer needs The Strategy has identified specific sectoral research needs as a response to the impacts of climate change."


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"Kenya with two stations in \ufffd 19 hydro-meteorological automatic weather stations (12 owned by Kenya Meteorological Services and 7 by the Office of the President) which have been installed in the water \ufffd Four lightning and thunderstorm detection systems at Nairobi, Mombasa, Kisumu and Eldoret."


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"Kenya would benefit from a centralized government agency with continued funding and support to collect inventory data and prepare and complete rigorous emission inventories in accordance with IPCC guidelines. The work would include capacity building, developing a planning process for preparing and reporting, identifying a strategy and priority areas for improvement in data and methodologies, establishing reliable mechanisms to ensure appropriate documentation, quality control and completeness, and integration with other government planning processes."


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"Kenya, as a Party to the UNFCCC, submitted its Intended NDC in July 2015. The country signed the PA in December 2015. The INDC subsequently became the NDC when Kenya ratified the PA on 28\" December 2016. The NDC sets out the country\u2019s adaptation and mitigation contributions. This updated NDC is in line with Decision 1/CP.21 (paragraph 24) which requires an update by 2020 and every five years thereafter pursuant to the PA (Article 4 paragraph 9)."


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"Kenya: Climate Screening and Information Exchange. Final report. London: Department for International Development. 131 The GCMs are a sub-set of 15 from the 22 member ensemble used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for the fourth Assessment report, published in 2007. For further details on these models, and results of their evaluation, see Randall et al. (2007). 132 McSweeney, C., New, M. and Lizcano, G. (2010). UNDP Climate Change Country Profile: Kenya. New York: UNDP-National Communications Support Programme. 133 Met Office. (2011)."


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"Kenya: Climate variability and climate change and their impacts on the agricultural sector. ILRI-IFPRI World Bank Project Report. International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya, 65 p. 167 GoK (2012). Kenya Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA); 2008-2011 Drought. Government of Kenya, with technical support from the European Union, United Nations and World Bank. 168 GoK (2012). Kenya Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA); 2008-2011 Drought. Government of Kenya, with technical support from the European Union, United Nations and World Bank. 169 GoK (2012)."


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"Kenya: Climate variability and climate change and their impacts on the agricultural sector. ILRI-IFPRI World Bank Project Report. International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya, 65 p. Herrero, M., Ringler, C., van de Steeg, J., Thornton, PK., Zuo, T., Bryan, E., Koo, J. and Notenbaert, A.M. (2010). Kenya: Climate variability and climate change and their impacts on the agricultural sector. ILRI-IFPRI World Bank Project Report. International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya, 65 p. GoK (2012). Kenya Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA); 2008-2011 Drought."


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"Kenya: Existing Forest Restoration Targets category description existing restoration target Forest Land without Trees \u2013 Planted Forests & Woodlots Planting of trees on formerly forested land. Native species or exotics and for various purposes, fuel-wood, timber, building, poles, fruit production, etc. Degraded Forest Land \u2013 Silviculture Enhancement of existing forests and woodland of diminished quality and stocking, e.g. by reducing fires and grazing and by liberation thinning, enrichment planting, etc."


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"Kenyan data submitted to the FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment indicated that forested land (including natural forests, public and private plantations) declined from 4,724,000 hectares (ha) in 1990 to 3,437,000 ha in 2000; but then increased to 4,037,000 ha in 2010.7 While there is considerable uncertainty in regard to the exact forest extent in Kenya and the rates of deforestation, it is clear that over the last twenty to thirty years considerable deforestation has occurred in Kenya."


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"Kenyan universities and research institutes already possess a strong scienti\ufb01c foundation necessary to promote further research and development into local risks and adaptation options. Strengthening this capacity to meet short and long- term challenges complements economic development goals and promotes sustainability. Thoughtful prioritisation of research funding and policy encourages innovation that will grow Kenya\u2019s knowledge-based economy, building resilience through climate- compatible development whilst also encouraging the expansion of technology and expertise exports."


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"Kenyatta, Minister for Finance, June 11 2009 38 Government of Kenya, 2007. 39  Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2001. Climate Change 2001. Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report of the IPCC.\fKenya s 40 Ministry of State for Special Programmes, Office of the President. 2009. National Policy for Disaster Management in Kenya. Nairobi: Government of Kenya. page 30."


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"Kenya\u2019s Climate Change Technology Needs Assessment Report under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Nairobi: Government of Kenya 17 Ministry of Agriculture (2009) Agriculture Act (Cap. 318) on farm forestry rules. Nairobi: Government of Kenya. 18 Kassie, M., Shiferaw, B., and Muricho, G. (2011). Agricultural technology, crop income and poverty alleviation in Uganda. World Development, 39(10), pages 1784\u2013 1795. 19 A report of the NDC Agricultural Sector Experts Group Meeting held on 23rd May 2016 in Nairobi to prioritise NDC Activities."


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"Kenya\u2019s INDC includes both mitigation and adaptation components based on her national circumstances and in line with decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20. Kenya aims to achieve a low carbon, climate resilient development pathway. Kenya will continue to implement the NCCAP (2013-2017), and subsequent action plans beyond this period to achieve this target. This will include the promotion and implementation of the following mitigation activities. \uf0b7 Expansion in geothermal, solar and wind energy production, other renewables and clean energy options."


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"Kenya\u2019s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Kenya, like other countries in the region, is bearing the brunt of climate change impacts and the associated socio-economic losses. The situation is exacerbated by the high dependence on climate sensitive natural resources."


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"Kenya\u2019s NCCAP defines climate-proofed infrastructure as that which is \u201cdesigned, constructed and operated in a way that accounts for anticipated risks and opportunities that result from climate change, ensuring that infrastructure investments are not compromised in the future.\u201d24 Care International explains that climate proofing aims to protect development investments and outcomes from the impacts of climate change, and \u201cincreases the sustainability of projects by analysing the risks that climate change poses to project\fN D C  S E C T O R  A N A LY S I S  R E P O R T  2 0 1 7 Table 4.5."


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"Kenya\u2019s NDC \u201cseeks to abate its GHG emissions by 30% by 2030 relative to the BAU scenario of 143 MtCO2eq\u201d; and in line with its sustainable development agenda.3 Achievement of the NDC is subject to international support in the form of finance, investment, technology development and transfer, and capacity building.\u201d Table 2.1."


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"Kenya\u2019s National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP)  A comprehensive NCCAP was launched in 2013. It takes adaptation and mitigation efforts to the next stage of implementation and guides action to respond to climate change challenges. The NCCAP encourages people centred development, ensuring that climate change actions support achievement of Kenya\u2019s development goals and Vision 2030.  The NCCAP was developed, through an extensive consultative process, and has received support from a wide range of stakeholders including development partners."


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"Kenya\u2019s National Energy Policy 2014, which has been formulated within the framework of Vision considers diversification of electricity sources. Through it,\f  the GoK has developed a plan to raise electricity generation capacity by an additional 5,000 MW from the current 1,664 MW that will total to 6,762 MW by 2016. The new capacity will mainly be developed from geothermal 1,646 MW, natural gas 1,050 MW, wind 630 MW and coal 1,920 MW."


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"Kenya\u2019s State of Environment\f  report 2010 identifies threats to the country\u2019s biodiversity in the PAs and beyond: human- wildlife conflict; poaching; overexploitation and human encroachment (human settlements and expansion of their livelihood activities of agricultural and livestock development) due population increase.  Notwithstanding the human-wildlife conflicts, climate change has a direct link with biodiversity and species diversity loss. Biodiversity is habitat specific; whenever there are changes in climate particular species disappear from their current habitats and new species appear leading to ecosystem changes."


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"Kenya\u2019s Updated NDC includes both mitigation and adaptation components based on her national circumstances and in line with decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20. The mitigation co-benefits of the adaptation actions will be included in the mitigation contribution of this NDC. Kenya will develop domestic legislation and institutional frameworks to govern her engagement in market and non-market mechanisms."


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"Kenya\u2019s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (Updated NDC) describes Kenya\u2019s mitigation and adaptation contribution for the period 2020 to 2030 and proposes priority mitigation and adaptation actions for the period. The Updated NDC proposes a more ambitious contribution relative to the first NDC even though significant international support is required to exploit  mitigation and adaptation potential to realise the overall NDC targets.  This Updated NDC is based on the findings of the analysis carried out during the NDC updating process."


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"Kenya\u2019s Vision 2030 sets out a development path aimed at creating a prosperous country with a high quality of life.38 Kenya\u2019s Climate Change Action Plan will support efforts towards the attainment of Vision 2030 and encourage people-centred sustainable development \u2013 ensuring that climate change actions help the country move towards long-term development goals. An integrated low carbon climate resilient pathway emphasises: \u00b7\ufffd Sustainable Development \u2013 Achieving sustainable development should be at the forefront of all climate actions; climate change and development are intricately linked."


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"Kenya\u2019s agriculture is 98% rain-fed and predominantly small-scale, especially in the medium to high-potential areas. Changes in precipitation either in quantity and/or timing have a great impact on production."


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"Kenya\u2019s agriculture is mainly rain-fed (98%) and predominantly small-scale, especially in the medium to high-potential areas which covers less than 15% of the country. The larger proportion of the country (83-89%), is arid and semi-arid with an annual average rainfall of 400 mm. This, coupled with increased land degradation, inadequate access to land and support services, limited credit and markets, inadequate incentives for investment in agriculture, weak producer associations and institutional arrangements, has increased the vulnerability of the farming systems."


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"Kenya\u2019s economy is highly dependent on natural resources, meaning that recurring droughts, erratic rainfall patterns and \ufb02oods will continue to negatively impact livelihoods and community assets. The Government of Kenya recognizes the threats posed by climate change and has taken action to address them. In this regard, my ministry coordinated the development of the National Climate Change Response Strategy in 2010, and the National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP 2013-2017) in 2012."


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"Kenya\u2019s forest cover has been substantially reduced over the last 50 years and it is currently estimated that the country forest cover is less than 6%, signalling that there may be an overall downward trend in carbon biomass stocks.  The predominant gas in this sector is CO2, but there are also emissions of other greenhouse gases such as CH4 and N2O from imperfect burning of wood left in the field, in case of forest conversion to other uses."


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"Kenya\u2019s future actions in relation to carbon market activity need to balance the fact that these conditions suggest government support is more urgent with the fact that they make it more difficult for that support to be effective. A primary trading platform is more appropriate to Kenya\u2019s needs than a secondary platform. It is possible to distinguish \u2018primary\u2019 carbon trading platforms from \u2018secondary\u2019 carbon trading platforms."


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"Kenya\u2019s governance structure has been informed by the global and regional commitments and obligations, such as UNFCCC (1992), Africa\u2019s African Climate Change Strategy (2011) and East Africa\u2019s Climate Change Policy, Strategy and Master Plan (2011).  The first national policy document on climate change, the National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS), has improved understanding of the issue and has guided policy decisions since its launch in 2010. To operationalize the NCCRS, Kenya prepared the National Climate Change Action Plan 2013-2017 (NCCAP)."


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"Kenya\u2019s governance structure has been informed by the global and regional commitments and obligations, such as UNFCCC Africa\u2019s African Climate Change Strategy, (2011) and East Africa\u2019s Climate Change Policy, Strategy and Master Plan (2011).\f  The first national policy document on climate change, the National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS), has improved understanding of the issue and has guided policy decisions since its launch in 2010. To operationalize the NCCRS, Kenya prepared the National Climate Change Action Plan 2013-2017 (NCCAP)."


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"Kenya\u2019s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were estimated to be 73 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO2e) in 2010 and are expected to rise to 143 MtCO2e in 2030 unless appropriate mitigation actions are taken. Agriculture is the largest source of GHG emissions; it was responsible for one-third of Kenya\u2019s total emissions in 2010."


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"Kenya\u2019s high dependence on wood biomass energy (over 70% of primary energy needs) is a main driver of deforestation and forest degradation, along with population growth and agricultural expansion.33 Increased uptake of improved cookstoves will reduce the dependency on forest products by minimizing the number of trees cut down. Maintenance of forest cover is critical to maintain watersheds and water towers, which help to ensure water flow in rivers during drought, reduce flooding at times of heavy rain, and maintain water dam levels."


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"Kenya\u2019s historical contribution is low, at 0.1% of the total global emissions, while the per- capita emissions are less than 1.26 MtCO2eq compared to the global average of 7.58 MtCO2eq 1. The country\u2019s capability to implement this contribution is also subject to limitations; with poverty alleviation and sustainable economic development being the key national objectives. Increasing the per-capita GDP growth equitably above the current levels of 4.1% is therefore a priority. Nevertheless, Kenya places a high priority on response to climate change."


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"Kenya\u2019s import of petroleum accounted for about 16 per cent of the total import bill in 2012 and 17.9 per cent in 2013 and consumed about 31 per cent and 55 per cent of the country\u2019s foreign exchange earnings from merchandise exports in 2012 and 2013, respectively.99 Kenya currently relies on imports for all petroleum requirements. However, with the discovery of oil in the country, this trend is expected to change with time."


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"Kenya\u2019s population, having grown from 37.7 million in 2009 to 41.8 million in 2013, is projected to reach 46.7 in 2017. About 67.7 per cent of the country\u2019s population resides in the rural areas and relies predominantly on an ever- degrading environment and scarce natural resources for their livelihoods. However this situation is changing with an increase in rural- urban migration. The urban population increased from 5.4 million in 1999 to 12.2 million in 2009 and is projected to reach 17.64 million in 2017."


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"Kenya\u2019s project on Adaptation to Climate Change in Arid Lands (KACCAL) funded by the World Bank is one of the first SCCF projects. Also in the pipeline for Kenya is the Adaptation to Climate Change and Health project to be funded by SCCF and channelled through the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNDP. The only fund strictly dedicated to adaptation is the Adaptation Fund (AF)."


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"Kenya\u2019s recommended approach for addressing climate change is mainstreaming of climate change actions in development planning, budgeting and implementation. This national adaptation plan (NAP) builds on the foundation laid by the NCCRS and the NCCAP. Additionally, the NAP is the basis for the adaptation component of Kenya\u2019s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) that was submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Secretariat."


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"Kenya\u2019s response as a signatory of the UNFCCC has included preparation of the First National Communication (FNC) in 2002, development of the National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS) in 2010, launch of the National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) in 2013 and submission of a Climate Change Bill to Parliament in 2014. The Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (MENR) has designated a Climate Change Secretariat to guide its climate change response, and several sectoral ministries have designated climate change units."


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"Kenya\u2019s sectoral research needs on climate change include the following: 7.1.1 Agriculture, Livestock and Food Security As an important sector to the country\u2019s economy and one of the sectors most vulnerable to climate change, there is need to scale up research in agriculture in areas that respond to climate change including: Research, Technology Development, Absorption and Diffusion \u2018together we can tackle climate change\u2019 National Climate Change Response Strategy \u2022\ufffd strengthening biotechnological research in crop and livestock varieties that are resistant or tolerant to pests and diseases, drought, and have improved nutritional value, \u2022\ufffd undertaking countrywide assessments to determine regional vulnerability of the sector to climate change elements, \u2022\ufffd strengthening research in vaccines against priority livestock diseases and inoculants for improving soil nitrogen and phos- phorous in acid soils and enhancing soil biological resources, \u2022\ufffd promoting research that combines tra- ditional and modern methods of food preservation, \u2022\ufffd promoting sericulture and apiculture tech- nologies, \u2022\ufffd strengthening research on good agricul- tural practices, \u2022\ufffd integrating a long-term climate-risk perspective into district planning and investments, \u2022\ufffd strengthening research on better market- ing strategies/identification"


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"Kenya\u2019s total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are relatively low, standing at 73 MtCO2eq in 2010, out of which 75% are from the land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) and agriculture sectors. This may be explained by the reliance on wood fuel by a large proportion of the population coupled with the increasing demand for agricultural land and\f urban development. The other significant emissions are from the energy and transport sectors, with the waste and industrial processes contributing negligible amounts."


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"Kenya\u2019s total greenhouse gas emissions have increased from 56.8 MtCO;e in 1995 to 93.7 MtCO;e in 2015 and are projected to increase to 143 MtCOze by 2030 as the country pursues the Vision 2030 development agenda. The 2015 emissions represent an increase of 65.2 % over the period and less than 0.1% of the 2015 global emissions, including LULUCF."


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"Kenya\u2019s tourism industry is largely nature-based and the wildlife populations are highly susceptible to climate variability and change. The energy sector too has largely depended on hydropower which contributes about 50 per cent of the total national energy production. This sector has been most impacted by droughts and unreliable rainfall. The poor infrastructure in the country also increases the risks and vulnerabilities to climate change. A higher percentage of Kenya\u2019s roads are earth roads. Floods cut off links and destroy the limited infrastructure."


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"Kenya\ufffdis\ufffdclassified\ufffdas\ufffda\ufffdwater-scarce\ufffdcountry\ufffdwhose\ufffdnatural\ufffdendowment\ufffdof\ufffdfreshwater\ufffdis\ufffdlimited\ufffdby\ufffdan\ufffd annual renewable freshwater supply of only 647 m3 per capita falling below the World Bank categorization of 1000 m3 per capita for a water scarce country (WB, 2000). With the increase in the frequency of extreme weather events, water scarcity will increase and the country will need to invest more on water resources management and conservation."


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"Key Category Analysis  Key category analysis (KCA) has been conducted for this inventory and is presented in the previous section. The KCA identifies the sources and/or sinks that have the greatest contribution to national emissions, and thus should be the focus of improvement efforts. Resources should be allocated to prioritize the necessary data collection and development of country specific emission factors."


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"Key Mitigation Technologies and Initiatives in the LULUCF Sector mitigation option key technologies required Restoration of forests on degraded lands Community forestry programmes, research into degraded lands and appropriate conservation techniques, forest management and planning, protection and conservation programmes Rehabilitation of degraded forests Tree nurseries and production of tree seedlings, tree planting, tree genetics, forest management and planning, silvicultural interventions Reducing deforestation and forest degradation Technologies for community monitoring, forest management tools, development of alternatives to reduce demand for fuel wood, financial innovations including payments through carbon markets Enabling actions MRV technologies, including remote sensing and global positioning systems, computer tagging and tracking systems) Table 5.2."


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"Key Mitigation Technologies in the Energy Supply and Residential and Commercial Energy Demand Sector sub-sector mitigation option key technologies required Electricity Generation Geothermal Feasibility studies and resource assessments, test drilling, directional and deeper drilling and construction of production wells, steam condensing turbines, injection optimization, scaling/corrosion, inhibition, reservoir simulation modelling. Wind Wind turbine siting, electric system integration, advanced rotors and blades, advanced turbine control and condition monitoring, advanced drive trains, generators and power electronics."


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"Key Mitigation Technologies in the Waste Sector mitigation option key technologies required Landfill gas capture and utilization Landfill gas recovery systems, improved rates of collection and disposal, improved management of landfills including daily cover, leachate systems, compaction, waste depth, regulatory framework for rights to landfill gas, incentives to install methane capture and energy utilization facilities, feed-in tariff, MRV programme Table 8.2."


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"Key Technologies in the Agriculture Sector mitigation Option key technologies required Agroforestry Nurseries, improved market access for small farms, extension service support, capacity building, research and pilot projects Sustainable Land Management Agriculture extension services, low cost tillage systems and equipment Limiting the use of fire in range and cropland management Extension services to educate pastoralists and farmers on the risks associated with using burning to manage range and croplands, and on the benefits of alternative practices Livestock \u2013 reducing enteric methane Formulation of improved feeds and feed additives to reduce enteric fermentation, development of breeding schemes, and improved herd health Enabling actions MRV capacity building, including data collection and inventory development Table 3.3."


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"Key Technologies in the Transport Sector mitigation option key technologies required Public Transit (BRT and/or LRT) Financial incentives and modification of road infrastructure to create enabling conditions, consideration of electric rail and hybrid electric buses (provided Kenya\u2019s energy mix remains largely based on renewables) Passenger Vehicle Fuel Efficiency Hybrid/electric vehicles, electric vehicle charging network, fuel efficiency standards for new/imported used vehicles, regulatory and economic framework that will lead to reduction of old inefficient vehicles, vehicle testing equipment Freight Vehicle Fuel Efficiency Hybrid or electric vehicles, fuel efficiency standards for new or imported used vehicles, regulatory and economic framework that will lead to reduction of old inefficient vehicles."


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"Key achievements to date include: \u2022\ufffd Establishment of the National Climate Change Secretariat by the public service commission; \u2022\ufffd Creation of designated offices to oversee climate change issues in several Ministries and institutions, such as Energy, Agriculture, Office of the Prime Minister, NEMA, KARI, etc; \u2022\ufffd Constitutional recognition of the principles of sustainable development and public participation in environmental decision-making; \u2022\ufffd Intensification of forest rehabilitation and reforestation by constitutionally mandating increased forest cover from 6 per cent  to 10 per cent of the total land area; \u2022\ufffd Strategies for efficient and accessible integrated transportation systems; \u2022\ufffd Encouragement of renewable energy development through fiscal incentives."


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"Key activities:- \u2022\ufffd Research\ufffdcontinuous \u2022\ufffd Annual\ufffdworkshops \u2022\ufffd Annual\ufffdreports\ufffdand\ufffdupdates Putting priorities and targets for tourism development in line with Vision 2030 and the strategic plan support the desired mitigation and adaptation measures \u2022\ufffd Ensure\ufffdlegislation\ufffdthat\ufffdenforces\ufffdrespon- sible practices (by June 2013) \u2022\ufffd One\ufffdmajor\ufffdconference\ufffdevery\ufffdtwo\ufffdyears \u2022\ufffd Reviews\ufffdevery\ufffdfive\ufffdyears Climate change awareness among industry stakeholders Diversification of tourism destinations in Kenya through identification and market- ing of new market areas Develop and enforce the Green Strategy and Code (June 2011) Create a Green Code certification scheme Brand Kenya as a green destination \u2022\ufffd Develop\ufffdGreen\ufffdBrand\ufffdbased\ufffdon\ufffdthe\ufffdGreen\ufffd Code by June 2013 \u2022\ufffd Marketing\ufffd(Display\ufffdthe\ufffdGreen\ufffdbrand\ufffdon\ufffd all marketing material) continuously Tana & Athi River Development Authority (TARDA) \u2022\ufffd High Grand Falls Multi-Purpose Project \u2022\ufffd Munyu\ufffd Multi-Purpose\ufffd Reservoir\ufffd and\ufffd Kibwezi Irrigation Project MEMR, City Council of Nai- robi, Devt."


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"Key among the mechanisms established by EMCA is the extensive provision for environmental assessment of investments that includes: strategic environmental assessments, environmental impact assessments, environmental audit, monitoring and inspections. Environmental assessment extends broadly to many areas of socio-economic development and has integrated public consultations into the decision making process on suitability of projects."


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"Key components of a sustainable GHG have been identified by IPCC and UNFCCC guidelines and are indicated below:  \ufffd Institutional Arrangements; \ufffd Methods and Data Documentation; \ufffd QA/QC Procedures; \ufffd Archiving; \ufffd Key Category Analysis; and, \ufffd Inventory improvement planning.  A brief description of each of these components follows; however, any system must be tailored to account for national circumstances and constraints."


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"Key mitigation technologies and initiatives in the industrial sector mitigation option key technologies required Industrial Energy Efficiency Improvement Motors with variable speed drives / high efficiency motors, more efficient boilers, upgraded burners, air preheaters, waste heat recycling/utilization, biomass fuel substitution, combined heat and power systems, energy management and control systems Cement Energy Efficiency Improvement Efficient cement kilns, including high efficiency motors and drives, variable speed drives, high efficiency calcifies, and efficient grinding technologies, energy management and process control systems, oxygen-enhanced combustion, waste heat utilization; clinker substitutes (pozzolans); and biomass and waste fuels."


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"Key policies containing measures to mainstream climate change Other relevant national policies and legislation that contain measures that enable mainstreaming of climate change are included in Table 2 below.  Table 2: Key National Policies and Initiatives Policies Measures to mainstream climate change Constitution of Kenya A clean and health environment (Articles 42, 69 and 70) is a fundamental right under the Bill of Rights."


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"Key sectoral agencies and ministries with mandates over Energy, Transport, Agriculture, Finance, Planning, Forestry and Disaster Management, amongst others, will need to support sectoral legislative amendments."


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"KfW has approved a loan of EUR 100 million for BRT line 3. The World Bank has provided a loan of US$59.7 million and a grant of US$17.04 million for BRT line 1. The European Commission, AfDB and JICA are also providing support. The NAMA proposals were developed with support of GIZ and the Low Emission Capacity Building Project managed by UNDP. Detailed engineering designs for BRT are fully financed by the Government of Kenya, with KURA supporting feasibility and design studies for BRT corridors."


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"Kingdom) EDE Ending Drought Emergencies GCF Green Climate Fund GCM Global Climate Model GDP Gross domestic product ICT Information and communication technology INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution M&E Monitoring and evaluation MDAs Ministries, departments and agencies MRV Measuring, Reporting and Veri\ufb01cation MTEF Medium Term Expenditure Framework MTP Medium Term Plan NAP National Adaptation Plan NCCAP National Climate Change Action Plan NCCRS National Climate Change Response Strategy NCCS National Climate Change Secretariat NDMA National Drought Management Authority NEMA National Environment Management Authority NIE National Implementing Agency STARCK+ Strengthening Adaptation and Resilience to Climate Change in Kenya Plus TWG Thematic Working Group UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Enhanced climate resilience towards the attainment of Vision 2030 and beyond | IX Table of Contents Foreword III Preface . V National Adaptation Plan Thematic Working Group VII Abbreviations . VIII Chapter 1: National Circumstances 1 Current climate trends 4 Future climate trends 5 Chapter 2: Coordination of Adaptation Actions 8 Current Institutional Arrangements 8 Relevant Policies .9 Proposed Coordination Institutional Arrangements 10 Implementation Roles .11 Chapter 3: Climate Hazard and Vulnerability Analysis 15 Climate hazards and vulnerability .15 Chapter 4: Adaptation Actions 21 Proposed sectoral adaptation"


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"Knowledge and information management should utilise appropriate high- and low-tech dissemination technologies to meet the needs of the public. The availability of knowledge and information management hubs at various levels of government would assist in knowledge management and\f dissemination. 8.1.6 The utility and relevance of knowledge is dependent on the dissemination mechanisms and accessibility to various interested parties. Access to information is one tool through which persons can procure knowledge held by public or private parties and apply it for various purposes."


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"Knowledge and use of locally appropriate tools can enhance the adaptive capacity of society and institutions and help them maintain competent function under adverse climatic conditions. Interventions are also necessary to introduce low carbon technologies that have utility to the socio-economic, environmental and political circumstances of Kenya. The deployment of technologies, whether new or through innovation steps, requires application of endogenous philosophies that ensure optimal utility to Kenya."


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"Knowledge, learning, capacity building and climate change coordination are viewed as continuous processes taking place across all the levels of results/changes in the theory of change. Increasing knowledge, learning and capacity building on climate change adaptation actions will be encouraged across all the sectors. Enhancing climate change coordination through the key institutions anchored in the Climate Change Act (2016) will be key in ensuring that climate change adaptation is mainstreamed at all levels."


