# document

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"Enact a stand-alone, overarching, framework Climate Change Law. Amend key sectoral laws consistent with NCCAP priority actions through a Miscellaneous Amendments Bill. Establish a high-level National Climate Change Council (150 million/yr). Strengthen and support NCCS to implement NCCAP within the sectoral Ministry responsible for climate affairs (300 million/Yr). Total\fKenya s Stamp Brand/EARS\fKenya s 9. Knowledge Management and Capacity Development As is evident from this Action Plan, climate change poses major challenges for Kenya and will require significant management in the decades to come."


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"Energy Demand  Energy demand includes the final use of electricity and other sources of energy, such as biomass combustion. At present, roughly 25 per cent of the population is connected to the electricity grid. About 60 per cent of electricity is consumed by the commercial and industrial sectors, while approximately 25 per cent is used by households."


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"Energy Demand  The Energy demand sector includes all fuel combustion emission sources that are not related to the electricity generation sector and the transport sector. This includes fossil and biomass fuels consumed by residential, commercial, industrial, agriculture, forestry and fishing sectors. Future growth in petroleum product consumption in the Energy Demand Sector was estimated based on the overall historic growth of all fossil fuels between 2000 and 2009. This total growth was estimated to be 3.4% per year."


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"Energy and forestry policies and legislation have legalized sustainable charcoal production, and efforts are underway by the government to implement this legislation.5 Although charcoal manufacturing is an important part of the Kenyan economy, the wood-fuel sector is systematically neglected in formal economic analyses due to its informal nature. 6 .2  C L I M AT E  C hA N gE  A N D T hE  I N DUS T RI A L  S E C TOR The industrial sector is part of the climate change equation, both producing GHG emissions while being impacted by changes in temperature and precipitation."


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"Energy efficiency improvement project through modification of heat exchanger network at Kenya Petroleum Refineries Ltd  \ufffd There is an indication that: - the project is skills transfer that will take place between ESSAR Heavy End Engineering (the engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) contractors) and KPRL\u2019s technical and engineering staff. This will allow the local industry to maintain, improve and share essential industry related skills."


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"Energy efficient light bulbs \u2013 In 2030 it is assumed that an adoption rate of 100 percent will be achieved through an intervention to phase out incandescent bulbs, leading to 80 percent lower electricity consumption for lighting versus the reference case by 2030. Co-generation in agriculture \u2013 The low-carbon scenario for biogas-based cogeneration assumes that the mean potential from a GTZ study is utilized in 2020 (42 MW) and that this doubles by 2030."


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"Energy emissions grew at an average rate of 4.1% per year while LULUCF\f  emissions grew at an average rate of 5.3% per year between 1995 and 2010.  Agriculture emissions grew much more slowly at an average rate of 1.3% per year.  Waste and industrial process emissions account for less than 6% of overall emissions and grew at an average annual rate of 2.3% and 6.1% respectively between 1995 and 2010."


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"Energy use in the form of fuel wood and charcoal by the majority of the Kenyan population increases emissions and contributes to on-going deforestation and forest degradation. Kenya has significant renewable energy potential, including geothermal, wind, solar and hydro. 4.2.3 The agricultural sector is the largest contributor of GHGs emissions in the country mainly from livestock methane emissions and land-use change. GHG emissions for the livestock subsector are expected to increase by 30 per cent up to 2030."


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"Engage stakeholders in the identification and prioritization of climate change tools and techniques, and communication of climate change information. Status In progress Lead Agency MENR Partner Agency Relevant government ministries and county governments Stakeholders Research institutions, universities and colleges, private sector, civil society organizations, decision and policy makers, opinion leaders, bureaucrats and technocrats, professional groups, religious associations, and communities. status Various stakeholders have received information about climate change at the national and county level."


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"Enhance and streamline the implementation of public finance management in relation to climate financing;\f b."


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"Enhance the capacity of the Designated National Authority Determine the appropriate institutional home for, and then establish, a unit that develops and promotes projects responsible for generating carbon credits (20 Million/Yr) Support actions to improve the regulatory and policy framework for low-carbon investment Establish a regular platform for engagement and dialogue between the Government of Kenya and investors Support the creation of a one-stop shop to expedite the process of acquiring renewable energy permits and licenses (5 Million/Yr) Total KSh for five years\fKenya s Nation/Laban Walloga\fKenya s 8."


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"Enhance the capacity of the public and private sectors, civil society and research institutions to develop and utilise technological innovations.  4. Identify and implement incentives for the private sector and institutions of higher learning to undertake R&D and develop affordable and locally appropriate adaptation and mitigation technologies. 5. Enhance linkages between government, academia, private sector, civil society and global climate change innovation institutions. 6. Put in place mechanisms to facilitate the integration of indigenous, traditional and local knowledge into R&D and technology development. 7."


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"Enhance the implementation of public finance management in relation to climate financing; 2. Establish mechanisms to mobilise internal and external climate finance; 3. Track, monitor, evaluate and report on sources, applications and impacts of climate finance; 4. Enhance the capacity of the country to mobilise climate change finance to support sustainable development; and 5. Encourage private sector participation in climate relevant finance financing opportunities.  The Policy sets out a number of strategic interventions that can encourage the mobilisation of climate finance and increase financial flows."


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"Enhanced climate resilience of the electricity transmission and distribution system has included a recent policy and technology shift towards the use of reinforced concrete posts and under- ground cabling. In 2015, Kenya Power announced that concrete poles would be used for all new transmission lines, limiting wooden poles, which have a shorter lifespan and are more prone to destruction by extreme weather events, such as strong winds and heavy rain, for domestic connections only."


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"Enhanced climate resilience towards the attainment of Vision 2030 and beyond | 01 Kenya National Adaptation Plan Enhanced climate resilience towards the attainment of Vision 2030 and beyond REPUBLIC OF KENYA Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources\f02 | Kenya National Adaptation Plan 2015-2030\fKenya National Adaptation Plan Enhanced climate resilience towards the attainment of Vision 2030 and beyond REPUBLIC OF KENYA Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources\fCorrect Citation: Kenya National Adaptation Plan: 2015-2030, Government of Kenya, July 2016 Photos: Copyright \u00a9 2016 Government of Kenya Reproduction of this publication for educational or non-commercial purposes is authorized without written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged."


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"Enhanced climate resilience towards the attainment of Vision 2030 and beyond | 23 ENERGY Action Enhance implementation of an energy generation mix plan that increases the resilience of the current and future energy systems to the impacts of future climate variability and change. Summary Ef\ufb01cient and reliable energy supply is fundamental for development of all sectors of the economy."


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"Enhanced climate resilience towards the attainment of Vision 2030 and beyond | 25 PUBLIC SECTOR REFORMS Action Integrate climate change adaptation into public sector reforms. Summary Effectively responding to the impacts of climate change requires broad, cross-sectoral action and deep government involvement. Public sector employees must have the tools and knowledge to recognise and pursue priority actions, integrating sectors and stakeholder interests as they work towards climate-compatible development."


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"Enhanced climate resilience towards the attainment of Vision 2030 and beyond | 27 INFRASTRUCTURE Action Enhance climate proo\ufb01ng of infrastructure. Summary The built environment, public facilities, and infrastructure that underpin social and economic systems will be under increasing pressure to meet changing user needs (as exposures and vulnerabilities increase) in a changing climate. The physical fabric of existing buildings and public works are also at risk and vulnerable to climate variability and change."


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"Enhanced climate resilience towards the attainment of Vision 2030 and beyond | 29 EDUCATION AND TRAINING Action Mainstream climate change adaptation in education (formal, non- formal and informal) and training. Summary The Kenyan Government is committed to providing quality education and training to all Kenyans through the Universal Primary Education and Education for All programme."


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"Enhanced climate resilience towards the attainment of Vision 2030 and beyond | 3 The vision of this NAP is enhanced climate resilience towards the attainment of Vision 2030. Enhanced climate resilience includes strong economic growth, resilient ecosystems, and sustainable livelihoods for Kenyans. It will also result in reduced climate-induced loss and damage, mainstreamed disaster risk reduction approaches in various sectors, reduced costs of humanitarian aid, and improved knowledge and learning for adaptation and the future protection of the country."


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"Enhanced climate resilience towards the attainment of Vision 2030 and beyond | 33 WATER AND SANITATION Action Mainstreaming of climate change adaptation in the water sector. Summary The impacts of climate change lead to increasing scarcity of water especially in the ASAL region, meaning that Kenya requires adequate water management strategies that take into account the sector\u2019s vulnerability to climate change."


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"Enhanced climate resilience towards the attainment of Vision 2030 and beyond | 49 Figure 11: Kenya\u2019s Adaptation theory of change ADAPTATION INDICATORS National Sector County \u2022\ufffd Human development index \u2022\ufffd Percentage of climate related national loss and damage in the public and private sectors \u2022\ufffd Population living below the poverty line \u2022\ufffd National vulnerability index \u2022\ufffd Number of sectors planning, budgeting and implementing climate change adaptation actions \u2022\ufffd National and county performance contracting systems integrating climate change adaptation targets \u2022\ufffd Amount of loss and damage from climate hazards per sector \u2022\ufffd Amount of private sector \ufb01nancing for adaptation \u2022\ufffd Number of counties that have integrated climate change adaptation in their CIDPs \u2022\ufffd Number of counties budgeting and implementing adaptation programmes; \u2022\ufffd No of national and county level programmes/projects incorporating ecosystem-based adaptation and community- based adaptation approaches \u2022\ufffd Number of households with timely access to climate information \u2022\ufffd Number of infrastructure development cases/application using climate smart designs (energy, ICT, transport) \u2022\ufffd Number of people reached through climate change adaptation public awareness campaigns \u2022\ufffd Number of public servants trained on climate change"


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"Enhanced climate resilience towards the attainment of Vision 2030 and beyond | 53 29  Information from community member from Merti, Adaptation Consortium Project. 30  ATAR, page 57. 31  ATAR, page 58. 32  Camco (in preparation). Climate Risk Assessment of Agriculture, Water and Energy Sector in Kenya. 33  These are some examples of ongoing government efforts. The list is by no means exhaustive."


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"Enhanced climate resilience towards the attainment of Vision 2030 and beyond | 55\f| Kenya National Adaptation Plan 2015-2030 REPUBLIC OF KENYA Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources"


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"Enhancing Climate Resilience and Adaptive Capacity Key economic sectors in Kenya are particularly susceptible to climate change impacts and this threatens to undermine Kenya\u2019s recent and impressive development gains. It is therefore important that the country builds and enhances its climate resilience and adaptive capacity. Building climate resilience requires that Kenyan systems of governance, ecosystems and society have capability to maintain competent function in the face of climate change."


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"Enhancing climate resilience and reducing vulnerability to climate change is therefore a key policy priority. 4.1.4 Integrating climate change considerations into existing environmental assessment mechanisms, such as strategic environmental assessments, environment impact assessments and environmental audits, can help to ensure that plans and programmes take full account of climate issues within a clear systematic process. 4.1.5 The prevalence of poverty is a major national challenge."


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"Enhancing the resilience of fisheries and aquaculture systems to climate change impacts will require research in the following areas: \u2022\ufffd supporting vulnerability assessments of aquatic, coastal and marine ecosystems to determine resilient regions and species to be accorded conservation priority, \u2022\ufffd evaluating current land-ocean interac- tions and the impact of their changes on fisheries resources, \u2022\ufffd assessing the socioeconomic impacts of climate change on the livelihoods of fish- ing and coastal communities, \u2022\ufffd assessing the level of awareness of climate change-related impacts among different groups e.g."


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"Enshrine a culture for the pursuit of sustainable development: To encourage investments that enable sustained and rapid growth within a low carbon climate resilient development pathway.  Special needs and circumstances: To prioritise the special needs and circumstances of people and geographic areas that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change in the implementation of this policy."


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"Ensure integration of climate change risk and vulnerability assessment in environment impact assessment and strategic environmental assessment. 4. Develop incentives to promote climate resilient actions among public, private and other actors. 5. Identify and implement priority adaptation actions across key social, environmental and economic sectors under the framework of a National Adaptation Plan. 6. Promote public and stakeholder consultation and participation, including with vulnerable groups, to enhance adaptive capacity and climate resilience. 7."


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"Ensure that public participation enhances consultation and awareness of citizens, including facilitating equitable roles for women and men, persons with special needs and the youth. 3. Establish and sustain partnerships with various categories of climate change stakeholders including development partners and sectoral departments."


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"Enteric Fermentation accounted for  30% of emissions and N2O emissions from agricultural soils accounted for 25% of overall emissions. The major contributor to N2O emissions from agricultural soils is manure applied or left on agricultural lands.  In total fifteen IPCC source categories listed in Table comprised 95% of greenhouse gas emissions. Table 43 lists these key IPCC source categories from highest to lowest."


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"Enteric fermentation is the production of methane by herbivores as part of the digestive process where carbohydrates are broken down by micro-organisms in simple molecules for absorption into the bloodstream.  N2O emissions are largest for the Agricultural Soils sub-sector accounting for 95% of these emissions.    Figure 31 illustrates the contribution of emissions from different agricultural sub-sectors for each of the greenhouse gases.  Emissions are expressed in carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) so that the relative importance of emissions of CH4 and N2O can be easily compared."


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"Enteric fermentation: Enteric fermentation is a natural part of the digestive process for many ruminant animals where anaerobic microbes called methanogens, decompose and ferment food present in the digestive tract producing compounds that are then absorbed by the host animal. A resulting by-product of this process is methane. Erosion: The process of removal and transport of soil and rock by weathering, mass wasting, and the action of streams, glaciers, waves, winds and underground water."


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"Enteric fermentation: Enteric fermentation is a natural part of the digestive process for many ruminant animals where anaerobic microbes, called methanogens, decompose and ferment food present in the digestive tract producing compounds that are then absorbed by the host animal. A resulting by-product of this process is methane. Enteric methane: Methane gas emitted as a natural by-product of microbial fermentation of carbohydrates and, to a lesser extent, amino acids in the rumen and the hindgut of farm animals."


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"Environment and Climate Change National Climate Change Response Strategy (2010 The strategy highlights agricultural interventions such as restoration of degraded ecosystems, provision of downscaled weather information, water harvesting for irrigation, protection of natural resource base (soil and water conservation techniques), agricultural waste management, agroforestry, research and dissemination of improved (drought tolerant, salt-tolerant, pest and disease resistant) crops,\ufffdlivestock\ufffdand\ufffdfisheries.\f13 Name of Policy/Legal document Key thematic areas relevant to CSA implementation National Climate Change Action Plan 2013-2017 The\ufffdNCCAP\ufffdidentifies\ufffdclimate\ufffdsmart\ufffdpractices\ufffdthat\ufffdreduce\ufffdclimate\ufffdvulnerability\ufffd while reducing emissions and improving agricultural production potential."


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"Environmental Conservation, vol. 40, pages 241-252. 20 United Nations (2017). Revised list of global Sustainable Development Goal indicators. Accessed at:   Government of Kenya (2010), National Climate Change Response Strategy, Nairobi: Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources. Government of Kenya (2015). Kenya Second National Communication. Nairobi: National Environment Management Authority. Accessed at:   resource/docs/natc/kennc2.pdf. 22 Bakkegaard, R.K., Moller. L. R. and Bakhtiari, F. (2016). Joint Adaptation and Mitigation in Agriculture and Forestry. UNEP DTU working paper series; Climate Resilient Development Programme, Working Paper 2."


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"Environmental Management and Coordination Act (1999) Provides the framework for the management of the environment, including the establishment of NEMA which is a regulator in matters of environment, the Designated National Authority (DNA) for the CDM and the National Implementing Entity (NIE) for the Adaptation Fund. Kenya Forestry Master Plan  Provides an overarching framework for forestry development and recognises the environmental role of forests including water values, biodiversity values, climate change values through carbon sequestration and other environmental services."


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"Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA), Cap 387 This Act provides a framework for environmental and social development and harmonizes the various sector specific legislation impacting on environment and the management of natural resources. Under the EMCA 1999 (revised 2013), there are a number of activities that are relevant to CSA which require Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). These include; changes in land use that entail major changes in the use of land and large scale resettlement schemes."


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"Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA, 1999): The Act is the principle instrument of Government for the management of the environment. and provides for the relevant institutional framework for the coordination of environment management including\fKenya s the establishment of the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) which is the Designated National Authority (DNA) for Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and the National Implementing Entity (NIE) for the Adaptation Fund25 ."


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"Equally a number of studies including one by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) in 2009 confirmed that most Kenyans feel they lack basic information to enable them cope with climate change.272 Other challenges identified include: \ufffd Unavailability of information in some locations within the counties. \ufffd Information not documented formally. \ufffd Unreliability of available information. \ufffd High illiteracy levels within communities, hence limiting access. \ufffd Low involvement by the mass media. \ufffd Lack of in-depth scientific data."


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"Equally important is the incorporation of climate change into the nation\u2019s educational curricula at different levels, starting with primary through to tertiary institutions. Communication, Education and Awareness Programmes\f\u2018together we can tackle climate change\u2019 National Climate Change Response Strategy that are easy to understand and use. There is need to have well developed ICT infrastructure and skills to facilitate effective dissemination of climate change information and education."


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"Equally important is the incorporation of climate change into the nation\u2019s educational curricula at different levels, starting with primary through to tertiary institutions. The UNEP Division of Environment Law and Conventions (UNEP-DELC) acknowledges that many governments and NGOs are already working actively to raise awareness on climate change. It however, accepts that the scale of the changes required and the vast number of people and interests that must be informed and influenced call for outreach activities of a much greater magnitude."


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"Equally the country has a high population density that increased from 66.4 to and is projected to reach 80.3 persons per km2 by 2017. The increase has led to a substantially increased pressure on land for settlement and support for livelihoods."


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"Equally, NAMAs are expected to support an enhanced scale of activity from a wider set of participants. Kenya has developed and submitted one NAMA for accelerated geothermal electricity development in Kenya.  Both are areas which Kenya seeks to maximise on.  Apart from the efforts undertaken through the mechanisms enabled by the UNFCCC and other multi and bilateral organisations, several steps are also being taken at the national level."


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"Equally, some regions (namely the mixed rain-fed temperate and tropical highlands) are projected to experience an increase in crop yields, whereas others (mainly the ASALs) are projected to witness a significant decline in crop yields and livestock numbers as water resources become increasingly scarce. These patterns are largely driven by regional variability in future precipitation and geographic exposure to extreme events, particularly drought."


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"Equally, the governance system must integrate the participation of persons with special needs in decision making as well as mainstream specific considerations that ensure government policies are responsive and extend opportunities. The challenges posed by climate change represent an area of governance where this inclusive governance is very critical. Policy Statements  The Government will: 1. Ensure that its climate change response is equally beneficial to both women and men and enhances gender equality and equity. 2."


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"Equitable sharing of benefits that result from climate finance and carbon markets is a constitutional requirement. A robust international agreement with new market mechanisms could revive carbon market opportunities in Kenya. Any benefits that might accrue from carbon market activities and transactions, such as fees or taxation- related income, would need to be shared between the national government, county governments and local communities."


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"Ericksen PJ, de Leeuw J, Thornton PK, Notenbaert A, Cramer L, Jones PG, Herrero M. (2012). Climate change in sub-Saharan Africa: what consequences for pastoralism? In: Catley A, Lind J, Scoones I, (Eds). Pastoralism and Development in Africa: Dynamic Change at the Margins. London: Earthscan; 2012. pp. 71\u201381. Fabusoro, E., Sodiya, C. I., Fasona, M., Oyedepo, J. (2014). Vulnerability of Settled Fulani Agro- Pastoralists\u2019 Livelihoods to Climate Change and Emerging Innovations for Adaptation and Land Accessibility in Southwest Nigeria, A Global Environmental Change Research Project."


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"Ernest Matengo Irrigation- Kisumu Irrigation Engineer 30. Philips Agwanda Fisheries- Homa Bay Director 31. Tabitha A. Ajuang Agriculture-Homa Bay Director 32. Ben Odhiambo Livestock-Homa Bay Director 33. Paul Peter Irrigation- Homa Bay Director 34. Monique Atieno Livestock- Migori Director 35. Francisca Katile Agriculture- Migori Director 36. Judith Okinda Fisheries- Migori Director 37. Tom A. Misenya Environment-Migori Director 38. Joshua O. Opar Irrigation-Migori County Irrigation Officer\f69 No. Name Institution/County Job Title 39. Shem J. Kambogo Agricultural Engineering-Migori Agricultural Engineer 40."


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"Erosion: The process of removal and transport of soil and rock by weathering, mass wasting, and the action of streams, glaciers, waves, winds and underground water. Exposure: The nature and degree to which a system is exposed to significant climatic variations. Food and nutrition security: This exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life."


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"Establish a National Climate Change Secretariat as the primary national government technical agency for climate change response, located within the sectoral ministry responsible for climate affairs. Such a Secretariat may perform defined statutory functions, key among them the proposal and continuous revision of climate policy to the NCCC, oversight of climate change strategy and action plan implementation, proposal of climate change legislation, as well as the role of national compliance and enforcement."


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"Establish a clear and flexible legal and regulatory framework for climate finance that is responsive to developments in Kenya and in the international climate change regime.\f  viii 2. Develop a governance and institutional framework that maximises the opportunities for climate finance mobilisation and investment in the various sectors of the economy. 3."


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"Establish a high-level National Climate Change Council (150 Million/yr) Strengthen and support NCCS to implement NCCAP within the sectoral Ministry responsible for climate affairs (300 million/Yr) Total\fKenya s Action No."


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"Establish a joint financing agreement with development partners (TF and Governing Board); 9. Recruit the Fund Administrator (Governing Board and Task Force); 10. Prepare an initial budget (Fund Administrator); 11. Develop and approve key policies, guidelines, procedures and templates (Board and Fund Administrator); 12. Appoint the Operations Committee (Governing Board and Fund Administrator); and approve the initial budget (Governing Board and Operations Committee)."


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"Establish mechanisms to mobilise internal and external climate finance; c. Track, monitor, account for, evaluate and report on sources, applications and impacts of climate finance; d. Enhance the capacity of the country to mobilise climate change finance to support sustainable development; and e. Encourage and facilitate private sector participation in climate relevant financing opportunities.  1.3.3 Policy Guiding Principles The guiding principles of this Policy are based on the Constitution of Kenya, Kenya Vision 2030 and its Medium Term Plans (MTPs), Climate Change Act, 2016, Public Finance Management (PFM) Act, 2012, (as amended 2014), various sectoral policies, and international treaties and obligations."


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"Establish the institutional framework and build capacity to coordinate and enhance mainstreaming at the sector level. 5. Put in place mechanisms linking climate change data and information with national and county planning processes. AND TECHNOLOGY  6.1.1 Research and technology will play a key role in climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies and interventions. The complex and dynamic nature of climate change and its impacts requires Kenya to expand and maintain systems for targeted and continuous research and technology advancement."


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"Estimates of wood removal from forests for woodfuel and charcoal are unreliable and not based on recent surveys. Work on estimates of woodfuel removal and charcoal production identified for the energy sector would greatly enhance the robustness of the removal and emission estimates of the LULUCF sector. This work could be run by the Kenya Forest Service Waste Estimates of domestic and industrial solid waste sent to solid waste management sites have a high degree of uncertainty."


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"Even in the absence of El-Ni\u00f1o conditions, this pattern over the Indian Ocean results into heavy rainfall during the \u2018Short Rains\u2019 season as was the case in 1961-62 and the recent 2006-07 rainfall events. High Intensity Rainfall The highest rainfall events recorded every year and in each of the four standard seasons of December-January-February (DJF), March- April-May (MAM), June-July-August (JJA) and September-October-November (SON) were subjected to time series analysis to derive the trend patterns that they depict."


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"Even though environmentally sound technology is a key means to achieving a climate-resilient/low carbon growth trajectory as well as technology transfer to developing countries being a major component of the UNFCCC, achievements in the area have been minimal. For this reason, it is obvious that technology development (in both developed and developing countries), transfer to and diffusion in developing countries to help them meet sustainable development needs should be urgently accelerated."


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"Even with lower life-cycle costs, as is the case with many energy efficiency technologies, higher upfront costs can inhibit investment. Greater involvement of the private sector is needed in financing these low carbon climate resilient investments. Especially important are the investments in low carbon technologies required to improve energy and transport infrastructure and to develop recently discovered oil and coal deposits in as low carbon a manner as possible; and the incremental investments required to ensure that all infrastructure developed is climate-resilient."


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"Evidence and recommendations of the ATAR have been drawn on to set adaptation priorities and to frame an adaptation strategy that responds to Kenya\u2019s development needs and climate vulnerability by proposing initiatives to build adaptive capacity and resilience through social sectors. A framework is being developed for the governance of climate adaptation decision- making and implementation from local to national levels."


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"Examples include using fossil fuels more efficiently for industrial processes or electricity generation, switching to solar energy or wind power, improving the insulation of buildings, and expanding forests and other \"sinks\" to remove greater amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.\f  Measurement, Reporting and Verification Plus (MRV+) An integrated framework proposed for Kenya to measure, monitor, verify and report results and impacts of mitigation, adaptation and climate finance actions, and the synergies between them."


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"Examples include: \ufffd Agriculture: promoting irrigated agriculture, promoting conservation agriculture, value addition to agricultural products, developing weather indexed crop insurance schemes, support for community-based adaptation including provision of climate information to farmers, enhanced financial and technical support to drought resistant crops. \ufffd Livestock and Pastoralism: Breeding animals tolerant to local climatic conditions, weather indexed livestock insurance, establishment of fodder banks, documenting indigenous knowledge, provision of water for livestock and humans, early warning systems for droughts and floods, and vaccination campaigns."


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"Examples of Direct and Indirect Impacts of Climate on Energy Systems change in meteorological variable impact on electricity generation and transmission impact on electricity use Increase in temperature Some Increase in higher cooling needs Decrease if sea-level rise displaces population and industrial production Decreases in cloud cover None Decrease in lighting needs Increase in cloud cover None Increase in lighting needs Increase in frequency and/or strength of storms Failure/damage of transmission lines Disrupted generation Disrupted distribution of fuel Decrease in demand due to the destruction of houses and factories Floods Failure of transmission equipment Disrupted generation from flooded power plants Disrupted distribution of fuel Sharp decrease in demand due to interruption of production in flooded factories/cessation of electricity consumption in flooded houses Drought Risk of destruction of transmission lines due to forest fires Lower water levels reducing hydropower generation Slight decrease in demand due to interruption of production in factories whose supply of raw materials have been depleted/cessation of electricity consumption in houses of people abandoning the drought area Adapted from: Williamson, L., Connor, H. and Moezzi, M. (2009), Climate-proofing"


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"Examples of climate friendly actions requiring increased investment include: \u2022 Mainstreaming of climate change into agricultural extension systems; \u2022 Establishment and maintenance of climate change related information pools or centres for crops, livestock and fisheries; \u2022 Promotion of Climate Smart Agriculture, including, for example, drought tolerant high value and alternative crops; water harvesting for crop production; efficient irrigation systems; index-based weather insurance; conservation\f agriculture: agroforestry; soil management; animal breeding; and integrated farming systems including aquaculture; \u2022 Price stabilisation schemes for livestock and crop farmers; \u2022 Post-harvest management of crop, livestock and fisheries products; and, \u2022 Protection and conservation of fish critical habitats and breeding grounds, and re-stocking as required."


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"Examples of initiatives to promote agroforestry are listed below: KFS strategy to increase forest cover includes promotion of agroforestry. \u2022 KFS initiated and operationalized a revolving loan programme of Ksh 16.8 million for farmers for farm forestry development in Mbeere, Tharaka Kitui and Kericho counties. Loans totaling Ksh 1.383 million were disbursed and farmers\u2019 investment proposals of Ksh 4.816 million approved. \u2022 KFS established farm forestry/ agroforestry and commercial forests on community and private lands."


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"Examples of ongoing proj- ects/initiatives UNDP,UNEP, UN-HABITAT Support to low carbon climate resilient development for poverty reduction in Kenya, Shauri Moyo Housing Project, Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project, Kisumu Housing Project. Gaps Financing, awareness, enabling policy. Short Term Sub-actions \u2022\ufffd Conduct climate risk and vulnerability assessment of the sector. \u2022\ufffd Increase awareness on impacts of climate change on population and housing. Medium Term Sub-actions \u2022\ufffd Strengthen the enforcement of building codes by national and county governments."


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"Examples of ongoing projects/initiatives Hunger Safety Net Programme; Adaptation Consortium; Ending Drought Emergencies; National Drought and Disaster Contingency Fund;  African Risk Capacity; Kenya Coastal Development Project; Integrated Programme to build resilience to climate change and adaptive capacity of vulnerable communities in Kenya; Arid Lands Support Programme; Rural livelihoods adaptation to climate change in the Horn of Africa Project; Adaptation Learning Programme for Africa; Women and Youth Enterprise Fund. Gaps Financing, capacity building, awareness raising."


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"Examples of ongoing projects/initiatives Implementation of the National Water Master Plan (2014), Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project, Adaptation to Climate Change in Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (KACCAL), Adaptation Consortium, Western Kenya Community Driven and Flood Mitigation Project, Capacity Development for Effective Flood Management Project, Water Infrastructure Solutions from Ecosystem Services Underpinning Climate Resilient Policies and Programme. Gaps Awareness, capacity building, \ufb01nancing."


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"Excessive precipitation may increase the rates of leaching of the chemicals and the distance they travel, thereby affecting more people \u2022 Populations adjacent to dump sites (often poor and living in informal settlements) are at disproportionately greater risk to pollution from the dumpsites."


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"Executive Summary \u2018together we can tackle climate change\u2019 National Climate Change Response Strategy Estimated Annual Budget for proposed Climate Change Projects and Programmes Sub- sector/Ministry Annual Cost (Ksh Billion) Productive Sector Agriculture Tourism Marine & Fisheries Resources Forestry and Wildlife Environment & Mineral Resources Cooperative Development and Marketing Regional Development Authorities Physical Infrastructure & Service Industry Energy Sector Water & Irrigation Roads (maintenance) Transport Sector (devt of Bus Rapid Transport BRT & LRT) Manpower Youth Affairs and Sports Gender, Children & Social Development Special Programmes (Famine and Disaster Risk Reduction-DRR) Education Health (Public) ICT Grand Total (Approx) FOREWORD EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS 12 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES .15 ACRONYMS CLIMATE CHANGE: A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE 21 1.1 History of Climate Change as a Global Problem .22 1.2 International Efforts and Challenges to Combating Climate Change 23 ASSESSING THE EVIDENCE AND IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN KENYA .27 2.1 Evidence of Climate Change in Kenya over the last 50 years .28 Temperature Trends 28 Rainfall Patterns 29 2.2 Impacts of Climate Change on Kenya30 Impacts on Natural Systems .30"


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"Existing forested areas will undergo changes in vegetation types and species composition. New assemblages may be established, and more invasive species are projected to emerge. Invasions are already evident as shown by the spread of Prosopis juliflora (\u2018mathenge\u2019). This species has colonised important ecosystems in Baringo, Tana River, Garissa and other semi-arid areas of the country. In addition, excessive growth of some tree species has been observed, e.g."


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"Expanded analysis for each sector included: mitigation \u2022 Understanding of the sector\u2019s projected future demand/supply by 2050 in a low carbon and climate resilient development pathway \u2022 Sector implications of the NDC (apportioning the contribution of each sector and disaggregating data on the contribution of each of the actions) to the 30% emission reduction and by 2050. \u2022 Updated analysis of mitigation options including current mitigation status and baseline projections to 2050 (including updated information on assumptions)."


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"Expected to be constructed and operational in 2013, the new Resource Centre could encourage awareness raising of best practice initiatives around Kenya and internationally for the development of technologies to support mitigation and adaptation. Specific actions have not been developed for climate related technology as it is assumed that technology considerations have been integrated into the various actions for mitigation and adaptation. MEMR NCCS/HTSPE\fKenya s Panos/Andrew McConnell\fKenya s 11."


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"Experimental evi- dence for high-temperature stress as the cause of El-Nino-coincident coral mortality. Coral Peters (1852): in Okeyo D.O. Updating names, distribution and ecology of riverine fish of Kenya in the Athi-Galana-Sabaki River Drain- age System. Naga, the ICLRAM Quarterly Republic of Kenya (2002). Study on Kenya\u2019s energy supply and policy strategy for house- holds, small-scale industries and services establishments, final draft report. Ministry of Energy, Nairobi, Kenya Republic of Kenya (2004). Strategy for Re- vitalising Agriculture 2004-2014."


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"Experts suggested that camels have greater value than cattle in Kenya and that a farmer could keep a few camels and be better off than a farmer with a large herd of cattle, but data was unavailable to substantiate this assertion and not all experts agreed. Information was not available on the ratio of substitution of goats for cattle (for example, one for one, or three for one)."


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"Exploiting available renewable energy resources can reduce dependence on imported fossil fuels and hydropower (which is becoming more insecure with increasing drought) while providing a cleaner and healthier environment when technologies are low or carbon neutral. The favourable business environment created by technology adoption will be important to provide incentives to private and public financiers to invest in and support the mitigation and adaptation actions proposed in this NCCAP."


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"Exposure to high concentrations of these heavy metals is associated with adverse health implications such as impairment of neurological system development, gastro- intestinal disorders, irritation of the lungs, and damage of kidneys, among a host of other health problems.21 Another study on the dumpsite undertaken for a Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project concluded that replacing such dumpsites with sanitary landfills with facilities for methane landfill gas capture and utilisation could generate the following socio-development benefits: Improved groundwater quality if the management of the site is combined with leachate collection and disposal action."


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"Extended periods of drought erode livelihood opportunities and community resilience and leads to undesirable coping strategies that damage the environment and impair household nutritional status, further undermining long-term food security. Fisheries Extreme weather events such as heavy tropical storms and drought incidences that are projected with the changing climate will affect fisheries and aquaculture through acidification of the water bodies, changes in sea temperatures, circulation patterns and associated ecological changes. These changes have the potential of altering the physico-chemical properties of the fish habitats."


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"Extended periods of drought have negatively impacted on livelihood opportunities and community resilience in these areas leading to undesirable coping strategies that damage the environment and impair household nutritional status, further undermining long-term food security According to the Fifth Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Assessment Report of September 2013, the Earth\u2019s temperature has increased by about 0.89\u00b0C in the period 1901 to 2012. The Farm Management Handbook of Kenya (Jaetzold et al."


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"Extensive capacity building is required, particularly in fiduciary management skills, to enable institutions to to disburse, absorb and manage large projects and large funds in a transparent and accountable manner. Transparency and accountability need to be strengthened, and necessary steps taken to prevent corrupt practices in climate finance resource allocations.  Better coordination across agencies and stakeholders is essential for investment to be directed towards low carbon climate resilient development."


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"Extreme climate events cause significant loss of life, and adversely affect the national economy. They are a threat to Kenya\u2019s security. Adverse climate effects, particularly floods and droughts, have the catastrophic and increasing impacts across the country. In 2018, floods led to loss of human lives in Kenya displacing more than 230,000 people including 150,000 children, and closed over 700 schools, while wiping out billions of shillings worth of Roads and infrastructure, 8,500 hectares of crop and drowning over 20,000 head of livestock."


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"Extreme climatic variations coupled with improper land use including deforestation have resulted into Kenya reporting successive seasons of crop failure, increasing the country\u2019s food insecurity. The 1999/2000 La Ni\u00f1a droughts resulted in 4.7 million Kenyans facing starvation, while the effects of the 2006-2009 successive drought episodes were worse with unofficial reports indicating nearly 10 million Kenyans faced starvation during the worst episode in 2009."


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"Extreme events and El- Ni\u00f1o floods are also likely to lead to increasing outbreaks of other diseases such as cholera and rift valley fever. In coastal areas, toxins from harmful algal blooms can create significant health risks for humans and wide-ranging impacts on marine ecosystems. \u2022\ufffd Urban and housing sectors: Climate change is likely to make rural livelihood strategies and living conditions increasingly challenging and as a result is likely to exaggerate the rural-to urban-migration trend Kenya is currently experiencing."


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"Extreme events and particularly El Ni\u00f1o rains are likely to undermine the health of Kenya\u2019s inhabitants directly through increasing numbers of injuries and deaths and indirectly through water quality issues and food insecurity. Drought and associated water scarcity, in particular, have the potential to exacerbate existing inequalities."


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"Extreme weather and climate events already greatly impact the livelihoods of pastoralists in Kenya, as the ASALs are largely characterised by high evapotranspiration rates, low organic matter and poor infrastructure.162 Greater drought frequency, in particular, may inhibit crop and animal system recovery, resulting in long-term degradation of grazing resources, continual reduction in herd size, and destabilisation of the social and economic standing of resource-poor An increased drought frequency to more than one drought every five years could cause significant, irreversible decreases in livestock numbers in ASALs.164 Results indicate that a drought once every five years (i.e."


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"Extreme weather events and in particular \ufb02ooding have already demonstrated the vulnerability of the transport sector in Kenya. The information and communication technologies (ICT) sector is important for Kenya\u2019s national prosperity. To boost economic development, several programmes were rolled out to increase country coverage, reliability, and drive down the costs of ICT across the country. In the changing climate, the physical structure of ICT needs to be climate-proofed to avoid interruptions."


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"FAO. (2010). Global Forest Resources Assessment. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. FAO. (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015 Country Report-Kenya. Kenya; forestry development; forestry production; forestry statistics. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy pp 8. Fischer, G., Tubiello, F.N., Velthuizen, H. V., and Wiberg, D. A. (2007). Climate change impacts on irrigation water requirements: Effects of mitigation, 1990-2080. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change, 74, pp 1083-1107. GoK. (2007). Kenya Vision. 2030."


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"FINA 3: Harmonize Government of Kenya and development partner funding requirements Title Harmonize Government of Kenya and development partner funding requirements Action Type Enabling Timeframe Short term/Quick win Sector Public administration, Finance, Planning Action Summary Standardize the financial requirements and fiscal calendars of the government and development partners according to the principles of Kenya\u2019s Joint Assistance Strategy. Status In progress Lead Agency National Treasury Partner Agency MENR Stakeholders Development partners status National Treasury has engaged with development partners on climate change issues."


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"FORESTRY Increasing tree cover to a minimum target of 10 per cent of total land area is a stated goal of Kenya\u2019s Constitution and Vision 2030. Actions to increase forest cover have both climate resilience and low carbon benefits. Forests help to increase resilience by preventing flooding and landslides, and reducing erosion and sediment discharge into rivers. The forestry and other land use sector are responsible for an estimated 32 per cent of GHG emissions in Kenya."


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"FOREWORD Kenya envisions being a middle- income country with citizens enjoying high quality of life and a sustained annual economic growth rate of at least 10% by the year 2030 according to the National Development Blue Print \u201cThe Kenya Vision 2030\u201d. The agriculture sector has been identified as one of the key sectors to contribute to the projected annual national economic growth."


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"FRAMEWORK  Framework and Costs  10.1.1 Implementation of climate change policy priorities and other actions will require significant planning, including detailing the full cost to determine budgetary and other economic implications.\f 10.1.2 This Policy will be implemented through specifically developed and fully costed Climate Change Action Plans commencing with the National Climate Change Action Plan 2013 - 2017 and continuing through new and amended action plans developed in at least five-year intervals. 10.1.3 To facilitate climate change mainstreaming and realisation of the overall policy objective of climate resilient and low carbon development, current and future Climate Change Action Plans will be fully aligned with and integrated into the regular MTPs of Vision 2030."


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"Facilitate setting up of climate change information hubs by county governments to collect primary information and act as dissemination points for knowledge and information. 3. Put in place mechanisms for and undertake climate change knowledge and communication needs assessment in order to develop appropriate systems and processes for climate related data collection. 4. Develop a comprehensive communication strategy to enhance dissemination of timely, credible and reliable climate change information and research findings. 5."


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"Facilitate the implementation of initiatives that enhance climate resilience, reduce greenhouse emissions, and generate carbon credits through the compliance and voluntary markets; as well as contribute to Kenya\u2019s social, economic and environmental development. 4. Attract climate finance and promote climate investment through financial and economic instruments and cooperative approaches/market-based instruments in which benefits and risks are distributed equitably. 5. Establish a national Monitoring, Reporting and Verification framework to provide a clear overview of domestic and international climate financial flows, trends, sources and purposes."


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"Fairness and ambition Kenya believes that the key factors in determining the fairness of a contribution should include historical responsibility and respective capability to address climate change. The UNFCCC also recognises that the extent to which developing countries will meet their obligations under the Convention will depend on the level of support in terms of finance, technology and capacity building available."


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"Farmers in Kenya need a wide range of advisory services to adapt to climate change and take advantage of viable options with manageable levels of risk. The extension services require improvement through public private partnerships for climate smart agriculture practices and technologies. There is therefore need for policy review and development of extension services delivery standards."


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"Fiberglass poles are being considered for the same purpose.32 Adaptation in the energy sector should also consider potential disruption in the transportation networks since they play an important role in delivering fuels (oil and gas) to electricity generators as well as consumers. In this respect, recent investments in rail and pipeline infrastructure are expected to ameliorate some of the climate change challenges associated with road transportation of fuels."


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"Fifth, the ambitious target of a 30% emission reduction was decided and set against the expected baseline emissions in 2030 of the original BAU emission projection scenario. As such the target reflected the circumstances and the emission levels of the original scenario, and what was deemed feasible and achievable by the Government of Kenya."


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"Figure 12: Kenya water catchment areas  Source: JICA Team - National Water Master Plan 2030 Table 4: Renewable and available water resources Item Precipitation (P) *(BCM/y) Evapotranspiration \u20ac **(BCM/y) Renewable WR (P-E) (BCM/y) Renewable SW (BCM/y) GW Recharge (BCM/y) Sustainable Yield of GW*** (BCM/y) Available Water Resources (BCM/y) Population Projected (million) per Capita RWR (m3/y/capita) per Capita Available WR (m3/y/capita) Source: JICA Team - National Water Master Plan 2030 Note: * Multi-model ensemble analysis of 11 GCMs for 2030 and 2050 ** Estimation by FAO Penman-Monteith method ***  10% of GW recharge excluding river and riparian areas\f  Figure 13 gives the distribution of renewable surface water resources while Figure 14 illustrates the available surface and ground water yields."


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"Figure 14: National Water Master Plan 2030 available surface and groundwater water yields LVN LVS RV Athi Tana ENN RWR (BCM/y) Surface Water Groundwater (Sustainable Yield)  Source: JICA Team - National Water Master Plan 2030  Kenya\u2019s water scarcity is expected to be more severe in the future due to an overwhelming increase of water demands against a substantially reduced per capita availability of that water demand in 2010 was driven by irrigation (50 per cent), domestic use (37 per cent) and livestock (8 per cent)."


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"Figure 15: Kenya\u2019s water demand 2010  Source: JICA Team - National Water Master Plan 2030 \f  Increased demand from domestic, livestock and industrial activities is also expected due to the population growth, as well as implementation of Vision 2030 flagship projects.  Climate change is likely to cause changes in water availability in terms of quantity and quality, and increasing frequency of floods and droughts is expected to impact the state of the available freshwater resources."


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"Figure 17: Sector contribution to Kenya\u2019s GDP  Source: Authors derivations of data from the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics  Figure shows the different sectors\u2019 contributions to GDP in the country. Approximately 42 per cent of Kenya\u2019s national GDP is derived from its natural resource sectors (namely agriculture, forestry, fishing, tourism, water supply and energy). The services sector, (which includes transport and communication, wholesale and retail trade, financial and other services) accounts for about half of GDP."


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"Figure 1: Agricultural GDP growth rate vs national GDP growth rate 1968-2012 Source: D\u2019Alessandro (2015) Figure 2 shows that overtime, negative growth indices have been associated with extreme weather events, whose increasing frequency and magnitude have resulted to decline in agricultural \u201cvalue-added\u201d products (GoK, 2015)."


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"Figure 1: Kenya\u2019s GHG emissions between 1995 and 2010 and projections up to 2030 Crops sub-sector The crops sub-sector contributes about 10% of all emissions from the agriculture sector and the major greenhouse gases emitted are CO2, CH4 and N2O. These gases emanate from activities such as deforestation, land use change, conventional tillage, flooding of paddy rice fields, and burning of crop residues. Other sources include direct emissions from farm machinery due to inadequate maintenance and unfavorable working conditions such as wet soils."


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"Figure 20: Tourism earnings  Source: Authors derivations of data from the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics  \f  Climate change impacts tourism, which relies on a natural resource base. The NCCAP showed that climate change may already be affecting a wide range of the environmental resources that are critical attractions for tourism, such as wildlife productivity and biodiversity, and water levels and quality."


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"Figure 25: Structure for Preparation of SNC  The NEMA Project Management Team (PMT) is composed of a Project Coordinator and Project Steering Committee chaired by the NEMA Director General or his appointee. PMT worked hand in hand with the UNEP project secretariat. The consultants were responsible for compiling the relevant data for the chapters working with the Technical Working Groups (TWGs), who reviewed and approved the outputs of the  consultants."


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"Figure 26 and Figure 27 indicates the relative contribution of the four main greenhouse gases (i.e., CO2, CH4, N2O and HFCs) to total emissions for each of the inventory years 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2010."


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"Figure 26: Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions expressed in CO2e Excluding LULUCF (Gg) Emissions Megatonnes CO2e HFC  Figure 27: Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions expressed in CO2e Including LULUCF (Gg) Emissions Megatonnes CO2e HFC  Overall greenhouse gas emissions in Kenya have increased over the past fifteen years but not at a rate above the average economic growth of 3.5% (World Bank, 2014). Average annual growth in emissions excluding LULUCF was 2.2% per year, with LULUCF it was 3.0% per year."


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"Figure 28: Greenhouse Gas Emissions in MtCO2e excluding LULUCF (1995-2010) GHG Emissions MtCO2e Waste Industrial Processes Energy Agriculture  Figure 29: Greenhouse Gas Emissions in MtCO2e including LULUCF (1995-2010 GHG Emissions MtCO2e Waste Industrial Processes Energy LULUCF Agriculture Greenhouse gas emission contributions by sector and greenhouse gas are summarized in Table 10 for the year 2010.  The percent share of emissions by sector is shown in the last column of the table."


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"Figure 2: Relative distribution of emissions by sectors  The relative emissions of CO2 from LULUCF to the total GHG emissions excluding LULUCF was by far the largest in 2000. CO2 was 99 per cent of the total emissions from the LULUCF sector. Emissions of CH4 and N2O originated mainly from the agriculture sector \u2013 82 per cent of total CH4 and 89 per cent of the total N2O emitted in 2000 were from the agriculture sector."


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"Figure 3.2  Kenya climate change action plan subcomponents\fKenya s The eight subcomponents were as follows: Subcomponent 1: Long-term National Low Carbon Climate Resilient Development Pathway \u2013 facilitated reflection and mainstreaming of climate change aspects in the country\u2019s long- term development planning and budgeting. It identified key elements of the country\u2019s low-carbon and climate resilient growth and worked with the MPND to integrate climate change into the 2013-2017 Medium Term Plan."


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"Figure 3.2 identifies a reasonable low and high 2030 target for emission reductions in the agriculture sector. The low target is aligned with the proportional contribution that the sector would need to make in order for there to be a high level of certainty that the overall target will be achieved if all other sectors also meet their low target reduction."


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"Figure 30: Energy Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions in 2010 expressed in CO2e (Gg) Agriculture / Forestry / Fishing Residential Commercial Institutional Transportation Manufacturing Energy Industries  \f  Emissions from international bunker fuels are summarized in Table 6. Indirect greenhouse gas emissions are presented in Table 7."


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"Figure 31: Agriculture Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions in 2010 expressed in CO2e (Gg) Field Burning of Crop Residues Prescribed Burning of Savanna Rice Cultivation Manure Management Enteric Fermentation Agricultural Soils  \f  Table 21: Total Agriculture NOX Emissions (Gg) Source NOx Emissions (Gg) E. Prescribed Burning of Savannahs F. Field Burning of Agriculture Residues TOTAL AGRICULTURE EMISSIONS  Table 22: Total Agriculture CO Emissions (Gg) Source CO Emissions (Gg) E. Prescribed Burning of Savannahs F. Field Burning of Agriculture Residues TOTAL AGRICULTURE EMISSIONS  Land-Use, Land Use Change and Forestry  The LULUCF sector includes estimates of emissions and removals of greenhouse gases associated with increases or decreases of carbon in living biomass as land-use changes occur over time, for example, in the conversion of a forest area to cropland, or when establishing new forest lands through reforestation or afforestation."


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"Figure 32: Waste Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions in 2010 expressed in CO2e (Gg) Waste Incineration Industrial Wastewater Solid Waste Disposal on Land Domestic Wastewater  KEY SOURCE ANALYSIS  Key category analysis was performed for the 2010 inventory results. Excluding LULUCF emissions/removals, two emission sources accounted for more than half of greenhouse gas emissions on a carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) basis. The most important emission sources were both related to agriculture, and primarily, to livestock."


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"Figure 33: Temperature Trends for Nairobi (Central Kenya). Annual Maximum temperature.  The maximum temperature depicts a steady increase over the years Source: Data and figure from KMD, 2012  Figure 34: Temperature Trends for Nairobi (Central Kenya). Annual Minimum temperature.\f  The minimum temperature depicts a steady increase over the years Source: Data and figure from KMD, 2012  Figure 35: Temperature Trends for Mombasa (Coastal Kenya). Annual Maximum Temperature."


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"Figure 3: Livestock population trends from 1963 to 2016 Source: Livestock Sector Report (2016)\f Figure 5: National fi sh production between 2005 and 2016 Source: GoK (2016c) The magnitude of livestock production systems in Kenya, ranging from extensive (nomadic) pastoralism, agro-pastoralism (semi-nomadic), mixed crop/livestock farming systems are often changing due to climate change and weather variability. 2.2.3 Fisheries and aquaculture production The\ufffdfi\ufffdsheries\ufffdsub-sector\ufffdplays\ufffdan\ufffdimportant\ufffdrole\ufffdin\ufffdthe\ufffdnational\ufffdeconomy\ufffdespecially\ufffdin\ufffdcontributing\ufffdto\ufffd food and nutrition security, poverty reduction and employment creation. The sub-sector which contributes The\ufffdcapture\ufffdfi\ufffdsheries\ufffdis\ufffdmainly\ufffdcomposed\ufffdof\ufffdfreshwater\ufffd(lakes,\ufffdrivers\ufffdand\ufffddams)\ufffdand\ufffdmarine\ufffd(Ocean).\ufffdThe\ufffd fresh\ufffdwater\ufffdspecies\ufffdof\ufffdmost\ufffdeconomic\ufffdsignifi\ufffdcance\ufffdincludes\ufffdthe\ufffdNile\ufffdperch\ufffdand\ufffdtilapia,\ufffdthe\ufffdmarine\ufffdwater\ufffd species\ufffdincludes\ufffdthe\ufffdtuna,\ufffdbillfi\ufffdsh,\ufffdshrimp\ufffdand\ufffdsaline/marine\ufffdwater-crabs,\ufffdmilk\ufffdfi\ufffdsh,\ufffdoysters,\ufffdsea\ufffdweeds\ufffd among other species."


id: faf6402ce909a533915c3a59c5d527e4
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"Figure 42 provides a visualization of the trend that GCMs have suggested for increased temperatures for Kenya.133 Here the size of the pixels indicates the degree of agreement over the magnitude of the increase. There is good model agreement of temperature increases of up to 3\u00b0C by 2100.  \f  Figure 42: Temperature change for Africa by 2100 (from the 1960-1990 baseline) averaged over 21 CMIP3 models  Source: Met Office. (2011). Climate: Observations, projections and impacts. Kenya. Exeter, UK: Met Office."


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"Figure 48 compares the total installed capacity between 2010 and 2030 presented in the reference case adopted in this low-carbon analysis to the reference case in the Updated Least Cost Power Development Plan.195  \f  Figure 48: Comparison of installed capacity between 2010 and 2030 Installed Capacity (MW) ULCDP Reference Case Reference Case  Revised projections of short-term generating capacity installations were provided by the then Ministry of Energy (now Ministry of Energy and Petroleum).196  Table 52 outlines the new generation capacity that is included in the baseline for the years between 2012 and 2017."


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"Figure 49 compares the installed capacity of different technologies in 2030 in the reference case adopted in the low-carbon analysis to the reference case that is presented in the Updated Least Cost Power Development Plan.197  \f  Figure 49: Comparison of installed capacity in 2030 (MW) Capacity in 2030 (MW) Baseline Projection ULCDP Reference  Total generation capacity under the GHG emissions reference case is 11,191 MW in 2030 versus from 17,220 MW under the Updated Least Cost Power Development Plan."


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"Figure 4: Composite abatement potential for all sectors for Kenya (technical potential) in MtCO2e  Waste Industrial Processes Agriculture Transportation Energy Demand Electricity Generation Forestry Low Carbon Pathway GHG Emissions MTCO2e  Energy: The analysis of six low carbon development options for electricity supply indicated that geothermal power has by far the largest abatement potential (14 MtCO2e per year) in 2030, with other technologies varying power can provide low-cost base load generation, facilitate economic activity and development, as well as reduce the current reliance on hydropower thereby improving climate resilience."


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"Figure 4: Production of livestock meat, milk and eggs in Kenya Source: Livestock Sector Report (2016)  Figure 5: National fish production between 2005 and 2016 Source: GoK (2016c) The magnitude of livestock production systems in Kenya, ranging from extensive (nomadic) pastoralism, agro-pastoralism (semi-nomadic), mixed crop/livestock farming systems are often changing due to climate change and weather variability. 2.2.3 Fisheries and aquaculture production The fisheries sub-sector plays an important role in the national economy especially in contributing to food and nutrition security, poverty reduction and employment creation."


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"Figure 4: Production of livestock meat, milk and eggs in Kenya Source: Livestock Sector Report (2016) Climate Resilient, Low Carbon Agriculture  Figure 5: National fish production between 2005 and 2016 Source: GoK (2016c)  Over the years, climate change has resulted in negative impacts on fish production due to warming of waters bodies, degradation of suitable breeding sites and receding of water levels of major freshwater bodies. The reduced water availability resulting from frequent droughts also limits aquaculture development."


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"Figure 5.2 identifies a reasonable low and high range for a 2030 target for emission reductions in the LULUCF sector. The low target is aligned with the proportional contribution that the sector would need to make in order for there to be a high level of certainty that the overall target will be achieved if all other sectors also meet their low target reduction."


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"Figure 52: Baseline greenhouse gas emission projections for the transportation sector\f  GHG Emissions MtCO2e Heavy diesel oil - Navigation Gasoline - Freight Vehicles Jet Kerosene - Aviation Light diesel oil - Freight Vehicles Gasoline - Passenger Vehicles Light diesel oil - Passenger Vehicles  Industrial Processes In Kenya the main industrial processes emission sources are releases from processes that chemically or physically transform materials (for example, cement, lime and soda ash are notable examples where there are processes that release a significant amount of CO2)."


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"Figure 53: Baseline emission projections in the industrial processes sector GHG Emissions MtCO2e HFC Consumption Mineral Products  Industrial Process Industrial Process Baseline GHG Emissions (MtCO2e) Mineral Products HFC Consumption TOTAL\f  Agriculture  The agricultural sector is currently the largest source of GHG emissions of all sectors.  More than one-third of total national emissions are from this sector alone."


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"Figure 54 indicates the baseline emission projection for agricultural emission sources based\f  on the assumptions outlined in Table 64."


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"Figure 54: Agricultural Baseline Emission Projection for Kenya (MtCO2e) GHG Emissions MtCO2e Burning Crop Residues Rice Cultivation Livestock Manure Management Savanna Burning Agricultural Soils Livestock Enteric Fermentation  Agriculture Source Agriculture Baseline GHG Emissions (MtCO2e) Livestock Enteric Fermentation Agricultural Soils Savanna Burning Livestock Manure Management Rice Cultivation Burning Crop Residues TOTAL  \f  LULUCF  The LULUCF Sector includes estimates of emissions and removals of greenhouse gases associated with increases or decreases of carbon in living biomass as land-use changes occur over time, for example, in the conversion of a forest area to cropland, or when establishing new forest lands through reforestation or afforestation."


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"Figure 55: LULUCF Net Baseline Emission Projection (MtCO2e) GHG Emissions MtCO2e LULUCF  LULUCF Sub-Sector LULUCF Baseline GHG Net Emissions (MtCO2e)\f  Forest Land Cropland Grassland Wetlands Settlements TOTAL  Waste  Wastes through the processes of disposal, treatment, recycling and incineration produce greenhouse gas emissions. Two major sources of this type of CH4 production are solid waste disposal to land and wastewater treatment."


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"Figure 56: Baseline emission projections for the waste sector GHG Emissions MtCO2e Waste Incineration Solid Waste Industrial Wastewater Domestic Wastewater Human Sewage \f  Waste Source Waste Baseline GHG Emissions (MtCO2e) Human Sewage Domestic Wastewater Industrial Wastewater Solid Waste Waste Incineration TOTAL  MITIGATION SCENARIO Figure 57 indicates the composite mitigation abatement potential of low-carbon development opportunities in seven sectors. The biggest GHG emission reduction potential is in the forestry sector followed by electricity generation."


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"Figure 57: Composite abatement potential for all sectors for Kenya (technical potential) in MtCO2e\f  GHG Emissions MTCO2e Waste Industrial Processes Agriculture Transportation Energy Demand Electricity Generation Forestry Low Carbon Pathway  Sector Emission Reductions (MtCO2e) Forestry Electricity Generation Energy Demand Transportation Agriculture Industrial Processes Waste  Kenya\u2019s low-carbon development opportunities  a) Energy \f  The analysis of low-carbon development options in the energy sector considered two categories: \ufffd Electricity supply \ufffd Energy demand, including options such as energy efficiency and fuel switching."


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"Figure 58: Low carbon development wedge for energy demand GHG Emissions MTCO2e Cogeneration in Agriculture Cement Energy Efficiency Improvement Industrial Energy Efficiency Improvement Energy Efficient Light Bulbs Solar Thermal Water Heating Renewable Lamps LPG Stove Substitution Improved Cookstoves  Emission Reductions (MtCO2e)\f  Improved Cookstoves LPG Stove Substitution Renewable Lamps Solar Thermal Water Heating Energy Efficient Light Bulbs Industrial Energy Efficiency Improvement Cement Energy Efficiency Improvement Cogeneration in Agriculture  Electricity Generation  Figure 59: Low carbon development wedge for electricity supply GHG Emissions MTCO2e Clean Coal (USC) Landfill gas generation Solar PV -distributed grid- connected Hydro generation expansion Wind generation expansion Wind generation baseline Geothermal generation expansion Low Carbon Pathway  Emission Reductions (MtCO2e)\f  Geothermal generation expansion Wind generation baseline Wind generation expansion Hydro generation expansion Solar PV - distributed grid- connected Landfill gas generation Clean Coal (USC)  Note: The methodological approach for the electricity sector analysis deviates from a traditional analysis of climate mitigation options."


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"Figure 6.2: Low-carbon development wedges for electricity supply Geothermal generation expansion Wind generation expansion Clean coal (USC) Hydro generation expansion Solar PV - distributed grid-connected Landfill gas generation\fKenya s Energy demand includes the final use of electricity and other sources of energy, such as biomass combustion. At present, roughly 25 per cent of the population is connected to the electricity grid. About 60 per cent of electricity is consumed by the commercial and industrial sectors, while approximately 25 per cent is used by households."


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"Figure 60: Low carbon development wedge for transportation GHG Emissions MTCO2e Freight from Road to Rail LRT Nairobi BRT Nairobi Bioethanol Biodiesel Improved Heavy-Duty Vehicle Stock Efficiency Improved Passenger Vehicle Stock Efficiency  \f  Industrial Processes  The industrial sector is relatively small in Kenya, both in terms of its share of GDP and contribution to total GHG emissions (in terms of process emissions)."


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"Figure 62: Low carbon development wedge for agriculture GHG Emissions MTCO2e Limiting use of Fire in Range and Cropland Management Agroforestry Conservation Tillage Low Carbon Pathway  \f  Emission Reductions (MtCO2e) Conservation Tillage Agroforestry Limiting use of Fire in Range and Cropland Management  LULUCF  Forestry and other land use related emissions accounted for 23 MtCO2e in 2010, or about 32 per cent of national emissions. Emissions primarily originate from deforestation, where forests are cleared for fuelwood and charcoal production or to create agricultural land."


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"Figure 63: Low carbon development wedge for the LULUCF GHG Emissions MTCO2e Reducing Deforestation and Forest Degradation Reforestation of Degraded Forests Restoration of Forests on Degraded Lands Low Carbon Pathway  Emission Reductions (MtCO2e) Restoration of Forests on Degraded Lands Reforestation of Degraded Forests Reducing Deforestation and Forest Degradation  Waste  Landfills and sewage treatment plants generate GHG emissions through the production of methane. Waste management and access to sewerage systems have improved, yet comprehensive coverage is still lacking."


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"Figure 64: Low carbon development wedges for the waste sector GHG Emissions MTCO2e Landfill Gas Generation Low Carbon Pathway  Emission Reductions (MtCO2e) Landfill Gas Generation  Figure 65: Economy-wide abatement potential for all sectors (US$/tonne CO2e)\f  Source: GoK NCCAP Mitigation Analysis 2012  Projected investment costs for mitigation actions  According to the NCCAP, implementing the six priority low carbon actions would require \u2013 20.84 billion) until 2030 (equivalent to a Net Present Value of KSh600 \u2013 770 billion at a real discount rate of 10 per cent) or 391 \u2013 495 billion over the period 2013 to 2017."


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"Figure 66 Africa regional telecommunication network  Source: KMD website\f  Figure 67 Global main telecommunication network  Source: KMD website  The national level communication configuration infrastructure include round the clock data collection stations from geographically dispersed observing locations as shown in Figure 67 forming the national observational network and feeding into real-time data analysis, modelling and forecasting activities."


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"Figure 68 Kenya national communication network \f  Source: KMD website  The country\u2019s national observational network consists of: \ufffd Approximately 38 manned surface climate observatory stations (called Synoptic Stations) that provide information on rainfall, temperatures, wind speed and direction, air pressure, soil temperature, solar radiation, sunshine duration, relative humidity, evaporation and cloud cover; 246 \ufffd 72 Automatic Weather Stations (AWSs);247 \ufffd About 500 active rainfall stations most of which are operated by volunteer observers. 2,500 stations were started sometime back but they are now dormant stations."


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"Figure 69 NDVI normal vegetation  Source: Gitonga 2014  Figure 70 NDVI vegetation anomalies\f  Source: Gitonga 2014  In coupling vegetation monitoring with weather forecasts, meteorologists would be well equipped to advice the decision makers in the country accordingly.268 With the limited satellite in operation, the needed information for contingency, such as adaptation planning, is therefore substantially hindered.  Research  Research is important for the country not only in understanding the causes, manifestations and impacts of climate change, but also in responding to it."


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"Figure 6: Kenya maize balance sheet between 2008 and 2014 Source: GoK (2015) It is projected that the gap between maize production and consumption in Kenya will widen as we approach year 2050 (Figure 7). Figure 7: Projected maize production and consumption in Kenya by year 2050 Source: GoK (2015)\f Crops such as wheat, rice, beans, millet, cowpeas, green grams, pigeon peas, sweet potatoes, cassava, cocoyam and yams are also mainly produced for domestic consumption."


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"Figure 7 shows the costs of humanitarian aid as a result of drought, whilst Figure 8 shows the areas in the country exposed to drought risk. \ufffd Figure 6: Kenya annual GDP growth with and without drought. Source: Kenya Post Disaster Needs Assessment (2012, page 41.23\f| Kenya National Adaptation Plan 2015-2030 Drought Event Number of people affected (millions) Humanitarian aid (GoK and external, USD) Figure 7: Costs of humanitarian aid (1998 - 2011)."


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"Figure 7: Distribution of mean annual rainfall  Source: World Resources Institute (2013) \f  Kenya\u2019s rainfall also varies over longer time periods.15 Annual variation in rainfall is influenced by factors such as surface temperatures patterns of the Indian Ocean and the upper level wind regimes."


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"Figure 8.2 identifies a reasonable low and high range for a 2030 target for emission reductions in the Waste sector. The low target is aligned with the proportional contribution that the sector would need to make for there to be a high level of certainty that the overall target will be achieved if all other sectors also meet their low target reduction."


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"Figure 8: Population trend, Kenya, 2000-2013  Source: derived from The Kenya National Bureau of Statistics data\f  Kenya is in the second stage of general demographic transition models, illustrated in Figure 9."


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"Figure 9: Technical reporting and information sharing through the Joint Consultation and Cooperation Mechanism for the Agricultural Sector IGR Summit Intergovernmental Forum on Agriculture (IGF) Joint Agricultural Sector Technical Working Groups (JAS-TWGs) Joint Agriculture Intergovernmental Secretariat (JAS-IGS)\f 4.1.4 Climate Change Units (CCUs) The Climate Change Act 2016 Section 15 provides for public entities to coordinate mainstreaming of climate change issues into sectoral strategies, plans, programmes and projects. Further the Act requires that each state department and National government public entity to establish a CCU."


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"Final accounting towards the target, that will take place in 2032, may depend on further arrangements with Kenya s participation in Article 6 programmes. Any use of internationally transferred mitigation outcomes within that framework will be included in Kenya s accounting, consistent with the approach that will have been negotiated under the UNFCCC process.  Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution;  Not applicable."


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"Final projections of the baseline emissions for each sector out to 2030 are illustrated in Figure 47.  Figure 47: Emission Baseline Projection for Kenya (MtCO2e) GHG Emissions MtCO2e Industrial Processes Energy Demand Transportation LULUCF Electricity Generation Agriculture  Sector Baseline Emissions (MtCO2e) Agriculture Electricity Generation LULUCF Transportation Energy Demand Industrial Processes Waste TOTAL  In the reference case, emissions increase up until 2030 in all sectors except LULUCF:  \ufffd Electricity emissions grow the most, increasing from 5 million tonnes of carbon dioxide 2030."


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"Finalization of activity design and financial arrangements, and activity start-up \u2013 July\fKenya s Action 7:   DEVELOPMENT OF GHG INVENTORY, IMPROVEMENT OF EMISSIONS DATA AND ANALYSIS OF MITIGATION OPTIONS (ENABLING ACTION) Action Reference Number:  MITI\u2013 7 Action summary Develop Kenya\u2019s GHG inventory, building on the information developed in the SC4 reference case of GHG emissions, and build capacity to develop, use and monitor data and impacts."


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"Finalization of activity design and financial arrangements, and activity start-up \u2013 July 2014 to Key: r  Indicates action has an adaptation, mitigation or development action \u221a  Indicates action does not have an adaptation, mitigation or development action\fKenya s Action 2:   GEOTHERMAL Action Reference Action summary Development of an additional 2,275 MW of geothermal capacity by 2030 to abate 14.1 Mt- CO2e  by 2030  (in addition to the 2,734 MW of geothermal capacity in 2030 assumed in the baseline)."


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"Finally, I acknowledge and appreciate the efforts and commitment demonstrated by the inter- ministerial technical taskforce comprising of the following members; Dr. Michael Obora, Robin Mbae, Dr. Samuel Guto, Vincent Githinji, Lucy Ng\u2019ang\u2019a, David Ombalo, Rose Akombo, Timothy Ogwang\u2019, Michael Okumu, Benjamin Kibor, Davies Makilla, Janet Oyuke, Joseph Mahongah, Lucy Kamande, Veronica Ndetu, Mary Githinji, Phanuel Webi, Vincent Ogwang\u2019 and Zipora Otieno of the FAO Kenya Office."


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"Finally, I request all officials, experts and stakeholders to make their best efforts to utilise the information and knowledge of this document for our national, regional and global benefit.\f  ix  ACKNOWLEDGEMENT  This SNC has been prepared in fulfilment of Kenya\u2019s reporting commitments under the UNFCCC\u2019s articles 12.1 and 4.1. The Communication was prepared through the collaborative effort of local and international resource persons."


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"Finally, the low carbon development opportunities need to be mainstreamed in the planning processes."


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"Finance mobilisation will require coordination of support from public and private, and bilateral and multilateral sources, including principally the Green Climate Fund (GCF) and the Global Environment Facility (GEF), which are the entities entrusted with the operation of the Financial Mechanism of the UNFCCC. The GCF is the largest specialised climate fund globally and is expected to catalyse public and private finance at the international and national levels."


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"Finance, technology and capacity building support can help fill information and capacity gaps and overcome financial, regulatory and policy barriers. 4.2 The Need for Low Carbon Climate Resilient Development Transitioning to a low carbon climate resilient development pathway is important for our country. Climate change poses a real threat to development prospects and livelihoods, and can undermine investments made to meet Vision 2030 goals."


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"Fire is used on grass and rangelands in Kenya to clear vegetation, stimulate growth and control pests. On cropland, fire is used to attempt to regenerate soils or facilitate harvesting.21 It serves a valid purpose as an important land management tool for pastoralists and farmers for its regenerative effects, and for grappling with invasive plants and species and conducting pest control."


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"First, the original NDC baseline was consistent with the plans and objectives of the government at that time and it is very difficult to separate out what are emission reductions due to new policy and climate action, and what are emission reductions due to not achieving economic growth or not implementing projects that had been proposed (e.g., energy projects). 2. Second, there continues to be high uncertainty in the projections, especially in regard to the development of emission intensive industries (e.g."


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"First, while it may be possible to estimate the net impact of road improvements on emissions through analysis of data on road usage statistics before and after the improvement, this data was not available in Kenya. Some limited data was collected before the recent road improvement projects were started, but there is no on-going data collection."


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"Fisheries sub-sector Fish are cold blooded organisms and depend on the environment in which they live in hence more prone to climate change threats. The major climate change-related challenges in the fisheries sub- sector emanate from changes in temperature regimes and precipitation patterns; extreme weather events and water quality. Climate change affects fisheries and aquaculture through acidification of the water bodies, changes in sea temperatures and circulation patterns, the frequency and severity of extreme events, and sea-level rise and associated ecological changes."


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"Fisheries sub-sector The likely contributor of GHG emissions within the fisheries value chain is at fishing and fish farming stages. In aquaculture production system, the construction of fish ponds, manufacturing of feeds and fish feed waste contribute to the emissions. In capture fisheries, use of fossil fuel; inefficient and poorly maintained engines; long fishing hours and shifting fishing grounds; transportation; and fish storage and processing lead to GHG emissions."


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"Fishers may be challenged to switch gear to catch a different species, especially those fishers who are dependent on reef fisheries.35 Water is essential for fish farming and scarcity of water due to rainfall fluctuations caused by climate change could have negative impacts. priority adaptation actions The NDC\u2019s adaptation goal is enhanced resilience to climate change towards the attainment of Vision 2030. This is to be achieved by mainstreaming climate change adaptation into the Medium Term Plans (MTPs) and implementing adaptation actions."


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"Flood events often cause an upsurge in waterborne or sanitation-related diseases, such as typhoid, cholera, malaria and diarrhoeal diseases."


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"Flooded bananas from Alon Tana River Construction of a water harvesting pan for agricultural use\f availability, eutrophication, stratification, and toxicity of pollutants will lower the habitat quality and availability of dissolved oxygen thereby lowering productivity and the nutritional value of aquatic products. Forestry sub-sector Forests are also casualties to climate change. Kenya\u2019s forest cover is estimated to be 7%, which include both indigenous and plantation forests (FAO, 2015) and this is far below the internationally accepted minimum level of 10%."


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"Flooding of coastal and adjacent inland areas is exacerbated due to periodic torrential rainfall, and poses a risk to maritime, road, rail and air networks. \u2022 Higher temperatures can cause bitumen roads to soften and expand (creating rutting and potholes); and warp rail tracks, requiring track repairs or speed restrictions to avoid derailments."


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"Floods lead to anaerobic soil conditions, hindering the ability of the roots to aerobically respire and abstract nutrients from the soil. This results in plant stresses that reduces yields or causes total crop failure. Strong winds lead to breakage, logging or physical injury of the crop, accelerated evapotranspiration that lead to crop stress and yield reduction. Hailstorms cause physical crop damage, reducing the photosynthetic leaf area and predisposing the plant to disease infections."


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"Fodder may also be sourced from other regions like the Kenya highlands which usually receive good amounts of rainfall, \u2022\ufffd inventorying indigenous knowledge that has conventionally been used by local communities to cope with erratic climate, e.g. on rainfall prediction and use of conventional medicine in treatment of\fconventional universal minimum of 1000 cubic metres. Climate change will aggravate the situation as it affects precipitation."


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"Following extensive consultations, revision and validation process, NCCS have prioritised the finalisation of the draft policy, approval by Cabinet, and public consultations with a view to present it for approval as a Sessional Paper during the term of the current parliament. Lead Agency to take this Action forward The Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources will lead consultations and finalisation of the draft Climate Change Policy."


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"Following this, the policy should be presented to Parliament for debate and adoption as a Sessional Paper. Timeframe: within 3-6 months of the NCCAP being finalised.\fKenya s Action 2:   ENACT A STANDALONE, OVERARCHING, FRAMEWORK CLIMATE CHANGE LAW Action Reference Number: Action summary Enact a standalone, overarching, framework Climate Change Law to provide the general legal framework for implementation of Kenya\u2019s National Climate Change Policy and related actions under the NCCAP."


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"Food Security Programme of CGIAR CCC Climate Change Council CIAT CIDP CIFOR International Center for Tropical Agriculture County Integrated Development Plans Center for International Forestry Research COG CSA Council of Governors Climate Smart Agriculture CSO Civil Society Organizations DANIDA Danish International Development Agency DfID United Kingdom\u2019s Department for International Development DRSRS Department of Resource Survey and Remote Sensing DVS Directorate of Veterinary Services EAC East African Community EACCCP East African Community Climate Change Policy EEZ EIA Exclusive Economic Zone Environmental Impact Assessment EMCA ENSO Environmental Management and Coordination Act El Nino Southern Oscillation EWS FAO Early Warning Systems Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FBO Faith Based Organizations GCF Green Climate Fund GDP Gross Domestic Product GESIP GHG Green Economy Strategy and Implementation Plan Green House Gas GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Internationale Zusammenarbeit/ German International Development Agency GoK Government of Kenya ICIPE ICPALD International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology Inter-Governmental Authority Centre on Pastoral Areas and Livestock Development ICRAF International Centre for Research in Agroforestry IFAD International Fund for Agriculture Development GLOSSARY/DEFINITION OF TERMS Adaptation: Adjustment in agro-ecosystems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities."


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"Food and nutrition security: This exists when all people, at all times have physical, social and economic access\ufffdto\ufffdsufficient,\ufffdsafe\ufffdand\ufffdnutritious\ufffdfood\ufffdthat\ufffdmeets\ufffdtheir\ufffddietary\ufffdneeds\ufffdand\ufffdfood\ufffdpreferences\ufffdfor\ufffdan\ufffd active and healthy life. Greenhouse gases: The atmospheric gases responsible for causing global warming and climate change. The major GHGs are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Less prevalent but very\ufffdpowerful\ufffdgreenhouse\ufffdgases\ufffdare\ufffdhydro-fluorocarbons\ufffd(HFCs),\ufffdperfluorocarbons\ufffd(PFCs)\ufffdand\ufffdSulphur\ufffd hexafluoride\ufffd(SF6). Index-based insurance: An\ufffdinsurance\ufffdproduct\ufffdin\ufffdwhich\ufffdthe\ufffdinsured\ufffdin\ufffda\ufffdspecified\ufffdgeographical\ufffdregion,\ufffd receive indemnity payments based on independently observable outcomes/parameters such as temperature, rainfall, vegetation quantity, crop yields among others which are used to determine premiums and payouts."


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"Food security is a priority of the Government of Kenya, and actions to address climate change should not threaten the country\u2019s ability to feed its population. Thus, adaptation is the priority and actions to help farmers, pastoralists and fishermen adapt to climate change should be undertaken in as low-carbon a manner as possible.\fN D C  S E C T O R  A N A LY S I S  R E P O R T  2 0 1 7 references 1 Government of Kenya (2017)."


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"Food security: Kenya prioritizes food security of its citizens, hence response to climate change should safeguard the citizens basic rights to food.  All of society approach: Kenya s approach in tackling climate change and its impacts involves engagement of all actors \u2014 government and non government players that include civil society actors, private sector, academia, media, development partners and the citizens."


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"For Kenya, adaptation to climate change remains the top priority to reduce vulnerability and enhance resilience of the social and bio-physical systems, especially for the vulnerable communities and groups. Similarly, mitigation actions that deliver sustainable development benefits are of importance as the country strives to remain a low emitter in the context of the national economic development as set out in Vision 2030. Therefore, this comprehensive Action Plan sets out the path towards a low carbon, climate resilient development for the country."


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"For Kenya, such a Strategy should even be more important given the pertinent role that tourism plays in the country\u2019s economy 29 Sectoral approach to mitigation is an idea that has been flouted in many climate change talks; it is plausible that such measures will one day be introduced, especially in the airline and maritime industry Sectoral Adaptation and Mitigation Interventions\f\u2018together we can tackle climate change\u2019 National Climate Change Response Strategy preparedness and management in regions prone to such climatic disasters, \u2022\ufffd developing climate change awareness programmes involving all stakeholders, \u2022\ufffd proper planning of urban settlements which takes into consideration the expected high growth rate of urban population due to climate-induced migration from rural areas to urban centres."


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"For Kenya, the conundrum of choosing between action on climate change and action on development is a false one; the two are interlinked and will become increasingly so over the coming decades. Building climate resilience, or increasing the ability to adapt to climate change, in as low carbon a way as possible will help Kenya achieve sustainable development and Vision 2030 goals."


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"For a detailed coverage of the interventions in the energy sector please refer to the section under mitigation-energy sector in this chapter. An agroforestry farm in Central Kenya. One of the ways through which the Government plans to increase the country\u2019s forest cover is through agroforestry, which will enable poor rural households to meet their subsistence and energy needs."


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"For a developing and industrialising country like Kenya to tackle the issues of poverty and achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), economic activities and growth have to continue. The country has already developed its development blue print, Vision 2030, through which the country is to realise its development objectives looking into the future up to 2030."


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"For each sector, the NAP identi\ufb01es gaps, estimates costs of the macro-level actions projected to 2030, and identi\ufb01es key institutions required for their implementation. Prioritised actions that have not yet been mainstreamed into Kenya\u2019s development plans are expected to be integrated in the third MTP (2017-2022). Thereafter the actions will need to be revised in each MTP to ensure that Kenya\u2019s development will be resilient to climate shocks. The NAP proposes adaptation indicators at county, sectoral and national levels for monitoring and evaluation (M&E)."


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"For example for the surface runoff water harvesting, there are presently only 26 large dams in the country and 3,000 small dams and water pans with a total storage capacity of about 124 million m3, which is far below the required threshold of 4.5  billion m3 of storage.228 The targets for the transfer and adoption of the two selected technologies are to construct 10,000 community surface run-off rainwater harvesting systems, each with a capacity of about 30,000 m3 in the ASALs and to assist 500,000 households in the ASALs to install roof rainwater harvesting systems, each with a  Agriculture  Drought Tolerant Sorghum Variety and Drip Irrigation technologies are prioritised."


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"For example, KenGen reported that the financing breakdown for the total US$ 1,065 million for the Olkaria I and IV 280 MW geothermal project consisted of: \u2022 Government of Kenya \u2013 US$ 316 million \u2022 KenGen \u2013 US$ 103 million \u2022 World Bank \u2013 US$ 120 million (loan) \u2022 JICA \u2013 US$ 201 million (ODA loan) \u2022 KfW (German Development Bank) \u2013 US$ 99 million (loan/debt financing) \u2022 European Investment Bank \u2013 US$ 108 million (loan) \u2022 AFD \u2013 US$ 188 million (loan) African Development Bank (AfDB) is providing a loan for the Menengai geothermal steam field."


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"For example, Lake Victoria which is the world\u2019s second largest freshwater lake and the largest lake in Africa is fed by waters from Kagera, Mara and Sondu catchments which accounts for 20% of the lake\u2019s water, while the remaining 80% is from direct rainfall (Awange et al., 2008). The Basin provides livelihoods for about a third of the combined population of the three countries that share the lake\u2019s waters."


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"For example, Mombasa receives only half of the water required to meet its needs, which leads to rationing and use of private sources.148 Increased temperatures and rainfall variability are likely to exacerbate the conditions already experienced and may in the future have a significant impact on water availability.  In coastal locations, sea level rise is likely to render more acute the current water supply and salinisation problem, as freshwater aquifers are contaminated with saline water."


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"For example, a significant part of the flood damage has been attributed to the increase in population, urbanisation, and value assets in flood-prone areas."


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"For example, among the key findings of the Fourth Assessment Report \u2022\ufffd Millions of people globally will be exposed to increased water stress, \u2022\ufffd Access to food in many African countries will be severely compromised, and \u2022\ufffd Adaptation to climate change will be necessary. Kenya acknowledges that the change in the Earth\u2019s climate and its adverse effects are a common concern of humankind."


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"For example, continuous drought could increase the cost of hydroelectricity for cement production, leading to a shift to lower-cost coal as a source of power. Charcoal production would not be directly susceptible to the possible impacts of climate change."


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"For example, during the El Ni\u00f1o flood of 1997/98, large numbers of livestock died from drowning in the floodwaters, with several regions experiencing losses of over 90%.158 \ufffd Climate change may indirectly cause increased disease pressure on livestock, through direct effects on pathogens, hosts, vectors and epidemiology, together with a number of indirect effects, including changes in ecosystems and the abundance and/or distribution of the competitors, predators and parasites of vectors.159 \ufffd Climate-induced changes in crop resources will have knock-on negative and positive consequences for livestock systems, through the allocation of feedstuffs, such as pasture, forage and grain."


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"For example, heat stress for cattle causes a decrease in food intake and an increase in respiratory rate, which affects milk yields.156 In a warmer climate, excessively high temperatures are predicted to damage livestock production (through losses of herds to drought, which frequently occurs currently in ASALs), as farmers are forced to reduce their stock levels or risk losing them altogether.157 \ufffd Livestock systems are directly impacted by natural disasters, specifically flooding."


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"For example, if emission reductions are lower than expected in one sector, a mitigation option in another sector could be identified quickly to ensure that the overall emission reductions are still achieved. A review of the transport sector can illustrate how sectoral targets might work. In this sector, the NCCAP identified seven potential mitigation options. These mitigation options had an estimated mitigation reduction technical potential of 6.9 MtCO2e."


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"For example, if only the geothermal generation expansion mitigation option was fully implemented (technical potential) this could achieve 14.0 MtCO2e of emission reductions in 2030, exceeding the target. However, if the geothermal generation expansion mitigation option that envisions 2,775 Megawatts (MW) of additional geothermal capacity (total of 5,510 MW in 2030) could not be implemented, it would require that the top three mitigation options with the next highest technical mitigation potential be fully implemented."


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"For example, in the transport sector there are numerous options to promote vehicle fuel efficiency to reduce GHG emissions, including promoting hybrid or electric vehicles, setting fuel efficiency standards, establishing a regulatory framework to reduce the number of old inefficient vehicles, or enhancing the vehicle emissions testing programme. The NCCAP will identify the actions and an implementation plan for 2018-2022."


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"For example, increased frequency of droughts creates water scarcity that disrupts industrial processes and compromises hydropower generation resulting in additional operating costs for running generators or paying more for electricity due to increased use of thermal-based sources. Many cement manufacturers in Kenya plan to turn to coal as a reliable and cheap fuel source, which will lead to increased GHG emissions."


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"For example, it has been estimated that flooding costs the country in the region of 5.5 per cent of GDP every seven years and drought costs approximately 8 per cent of GDP every five years."


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"For example, meteorological data demonstrates that the arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs) have witnessed a reduction in extreme cold temperature occurrences. 2.1.5 Impacts of temperature increase include the depletion of glaciers on Mount Kenya and sea level rise. These temperature increases will have negative implications on biodiversity and ecosystem services in the country. 2.1.6 A changing climate impacts the frequency, intensity, spatial extent, duration and timing of extreme weather and climate events."


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"For example, parts of south west Kenya have been highlighted as potentially experiencing a flip in the number of reliable crop growing days from more than 90 to less than 90 by the 2050s.149 This will clearly have implications for rural livelihoods and \u201ccropping might become too risky to pursue as a major livelihood strategy\u201d. \ufffd Changes in precipitation patterns are likely to directly increase the likelihood of short-term crop failures and long-term production declines."


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"For example, parts of south west Kenya have been highlighted as potentially experiencing a significant reduction in the number of reliable crop growing days by the 2050s.53 \u00d8\ufffd Changes in precipitation patterns are likely to directly increase short-term crop failures and long-term production declines for rain-fed agriculture.  The high inter- annual unpredictability in precipitation is already having negative consequences on rural livelihoods."


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"For example, parts of south west Kenya have been highlighted as potentially experiencing a significant reduction in the number of reliable crop growing days by the 2050s170. \ufffd Changes in precipitation patterns are likely to directly increase short-term crop failures and long-term production declines for rain-fed agriculture. The high inter- annual unpredictability in precipitation is already having negative consequences on rural livelihoods."


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"For example, process emissions from cement manufacturing can be reduced by replacing clinker in the cement mix with alternative materials \u2013 a low carbon option implemented by some Kenyan cement companies. The most significant low carbon opportunity in regard to process emissions is the introduction of more efficient kilns for charcoal production, with an abatement potential of 1.6 MtCO2e a year by 2030."


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"For example, recent crop failure in maize resulted in the government importing 2.6 million bags between 2008 and 2009, worth \u2022 Financial services sector: Climate change is a potential \u201cexternal shock\u201d to the financial services sector, through, for example, exposure to indirect risks to investment portfolios, and retail customers defaulting on loans, and to insurance through increased risks leading to high claim ratios and lower uptake of insurance cover."


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"For example, rising temperatures are changing the geographical spread of disease vectors (e.g. increasing the habitat range of mosquitoes to include higher altitudes)."


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"For example, short- term priority actions in the agriculture sector in the NAP include \u201cincrease awareness of climate change impacts\u201d and \u201ccoordinate and mainstream climate change adaptation into agricultural extension services.\u201d The NCCAP should provide detail on these actions for the five-year period from 2018-2022, including baseline information, expected adaptation results and indicators to track progress. Like mitigation, the adaptation plans will require the input of sector experts and should be aligned with sectoral plans and the MTP III."


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"For example, the 1997-98 El Ni\u00f1o floods are estimated to have caused damage at least equivalent to 11 per cent of GDP, including KSh62 billion (USD 775 million) in damage to transport infrastructure and KSh3.6 billion (USD 45 million) to water supply infrastructure. While floods are generally associated with higher damages on public infrastructure assets, the burden of droughts falls more heavily on people, communities and the private sector."


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"For example, the 1997-98 El Ni\u00f1o floods are estimated to have caused damage equivalent to at least 11 per cent of GDP, including KSh 62 billion (USD 777 million) in damage to transport infrastructure and KSh3.6 billion (USD 45 million) to water supply infrastructure. While floods are generally associated with higher damages on public infrastructure assets, the burden of droughts falls more heavily on people, communities and the private sector."


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"For example, the 1998-2000 drought led to an economic loss of about US$ 2.8 billion resulting from the loss of crops and livestock, forest fires, damage to fisheries, reduced hydropower generation and industrial activity. Panos/Frederic Courbet\fKenya s Panos/Dieter Telemans\fKenya s The 1997/98 floods, on the other hand, are estimated to have affected about 1 million people, costing the economy US$0.8-1.2 billion in terms of damage to infrastructure (roads, buildings and communication systems), public health effects and loss of crops."


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"For example, the 1999/2000 La Ni\u00f1a droughts resulted in 4.7 million Kenyans facing starvation, while according to unofficial reports, the effects of the 2006-2009 successive drought episodes caused 10 million people - over a fourth of the country s population - to starve. As global GHG emissions are continuing unabated, climate change impacts are likely to intensify an already precarious situation into the future."


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"For example, the ASALs are subject to recurring droughts, which when coupled with overexploitation of resources, result in high vulnerability to land degradation and desertification. This not only increases levels of GHG emissions, but simultaneously threatens livelihoods. The vulnerability of Kenya\u2019s forest resource is further exacerbated by the depletion of forest and other land cover through rapid increase in population and demand for human settlements; both agricultural and grazing land; construction materials; food; fuel wood; essential oils; and herbal medicines."


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"For example, the Asian Development Bank has developed guidelines for climate proofing investment in energy systems; and the World Bank\u2019s Climate Impacts on Energy Systems provides an overview of how energy systems might be impacted by climate change and options to address these impacts.29 The Public Infrastructure Engineering Vulnerability Committee Protocol developed by Engineers Canada has been used since 2008 to assess climate risks across a range of infrastructure systems, including electricity distribution systems."


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"For example, the Danish Climate Investment Fund \u2013 a public-private partnership between the Danish state and private parties \u2013  has provided a route for institutional investment in renewable energy and adaptation projects in developed and developing economies.  Private sector actors are the main drivers of the Voluntary Carbon Market, mainly for reasons of corporate social responsibility. Carbon credit purchases are made voluntarily in this market, which is different from the CDM market where buyers purchase credits to comply with their obligations under the Kyoto Protocol."


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"For example, the capacity required by Ministry of Energy, KenGen and other actors to maximise Kenya\u2019s geothermal opportunities; the capacity of private enterprise and relevant local authorities and central agencies to maximise Kenya\u2019s solar potential; the capacity required to climate-proof Kenya\u2019s roads. The focus of capacity development at the individual level is on developing performance/job related competencies and is, therefore, concerned with job descriptions; skills, knowledge, attitudes and motivation; training and career progression."


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"For example, the moderately higher growth of the industrial sector in 2015 (3.5%) in comparison to 2014 (3.2%) was partly attributed to robust growth in the agricultural sector in 2015.14 The National Climate Change Action Plan 2013-17 indicated that impacts to critical supporting infrastructure such as energy, water, communications and transport, have the potential to reverberate into the private sector, with consequences for business continuity, revenue, workforce and associated supply chains."


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"For example, this team will look at the factors which lead to conversion of forests to agriculture, such as building new roads or the expansions of new forests communities.  This understanding will allow the team to understand how policy decisions will affect Kenya\u2019s land-sector. This will provide policy- makers and communities with a far more detailed assessment of the implications of land-policy decisions."


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"For further information contact DMI Consortium at info@ficcf.com C O N T E N T S Abbreviations . vi Acknowledgements viii 2: Review of Implementation of NCCAP Actions 2 2.1 Mitigation Actions . 3 2.2 Enabling Actions . 3 3: Learning for Updating the NCCAP . 6 4: Mitigation Actions 8 MITI 1: Restoration of forests on degraded lands . 9 MITI 2: Geothermal . 10 MITI 3: Reforestation of degraded forests . 11 MITI 5: Agroforestry 13 MITI 6: Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) with Light Rail Transit (LRT) corridors 14 MITI 7: Development of greenhouse gas inventory 15 MITI 8: Capacity building for measuring, reporting on and monitoring forestry emissions and sinks . 16 MITI 9: Mainstreaming of low-carbon development opportunities into planning process 17 Mitigation: Other low carbon actions to reduce GHG emissions 18 5: Climate Finance 20 FINA 1: Establish Kenya National Climate Fund . 21 FINA 2: Prioritize climate change funding in the budget 22 FINA 3: Harmonize Government of Kenya and development partner funding requirements 23 FINA 4: Accelerate negotiations with countries to overcome lack"


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"For geothermal energy, note that the BAU projection contained in the NCCAP and SNC has been revised to be consistent with the current level of geothermal deployment since the NCCAP was published.  As a minimal contributor to global GHG emissions, Kenya places significant priority on adapting to the effects of climate change.  2.2.1  Programme of action for adaptation The priority adaptation actions are presented in the NCCAP and further elaborated in the NAP."


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"For government, this means accessing international financing for ambitious climate resilient and low emission development programmes."


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"For instance, due to droughts, the country\u2019s famine cycles have reduced from 20 years (1984-1996), to two years (2004-2006) and to yearly (2007/2008/2009). Assessing the Evidence and Impacts of Climate Change in Kenya\f\u2018together we can tackle climate change\u2019 National Climate Change Response Strategy since the mid-1990s has resulted in an estimated US$ 100 billion in economic losses globally. Much of horticultural practice in Kenya is carried out in ASALs, making the sector highly susceptible to the impacts of climate variability and change."


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"For instance, for large parts of the ASALs and lowlands, where maize cropping is possible, maize yields are projected to decline by 20 per cent by the 2050s.151 These losses are in the range of 200-700 kg/ha, although in some grid squares in the analysis, losses are larger than However, maize yields are projected to increase\f  in some of the highland areas of the East African region, including the central and western highlands of Kenya, and the Great Lakes Region by the 2050s."


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"For instance, increased \ufb02ooding in urban areas and droughts that drive rural populations to urban areas in search of assistance and employment increase demand on public facilities. Mainstreaming climate change adaptation into the operational management of existing assets and the design of new assets is essential. For the transport sector, an ef\ufb01cient and accessible transportation network underpins the operation of all sectors of the economy. Kenya\u2019s transport sector faces several challenges that are identi\ufb01ed in the sectoral development plans."


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"For instance, the 1999 and 2000 droughts in Kenya caused damages equivalent to 2.4% of GDP.24 The Stern Report25 predicts that the cost of climate change in Africa could be as high as 7-10% of GDP by 2100. Kenya\u2019s ability to cope with the impacts of climate change is compounded by many factors including poverty, weak institutions, poor infrastructure, lack of information, poor access to financial resources, low management capabilities, armed conflicts due to a scramble for diminishing environmental resources and high interest rates."


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"For instance, wastewater treatment as a potential mitigation action in the waste sector (see Annex 1 of this Chapter) could contribute to the achievement of SDG 6 (ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all) and Target 6.3 (by 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally)."


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"For pastoralists, tree and shrub cover that accumulates as a result of eliminated or reduced burning can provide food, fodder, fuelwood and charcoal, resulting in an additional revenue stream when sustainably harvested. In addition, the negative effects of burning are decreased: burning causes photochemical smog and hydrocarbons, reduces soil water retention, causes nutrient depletion, and leads to soil erosion when bare scorched earth is exposed to wind and rain."


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"For processing and manufacturing industries, these include fertilizer manufacture or processing, large scale tanning and dressing of hides and skins, large scale abattoirs (more than 15 animals per day) and meat processing plants, large scale brewing and malting, bulk grain processing and storage, large scale fish processing plants, pulp and paper mills and large scale food processing plants."


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"For purposes of aquaculture, the policy proposes to use adaptive and environmentally sustainable technologies and best international practices.  It further requires the enforcement of fish handling standards that minimize post-harvest losses. With regard to capture fisheries, it proposes sustainable management and responsible use of natural resources for increased production and productivity. f) Water Master Plan Towards 2030 The plan recognizes that the country has not fully developed her irrigation potential estimated at 1.342 million hectares."


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"For purposes of verification and transparency, the inventory for Kenya includes the completed relevant IPCC Worksheets for all sectors, in addition to the Summary Report Sheets, used to prepare the Inventory Report (provided as appendices to this report).  Complete documentation of methods, activity data and emission factors along with references of all data sources are provided in individual sector reports.  This level of documentation greatly assists in the transparency of the inventory and will aid in the preparation of future inventories."


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"For the ASALs, this means a road network that can stand up to a changing climate, the establishment of strategic multipurpose dams and expanding renewable energy capabilities (wind, solar and biogas), both decentralised and connected to the national grid. Developments of the transport sector to meet the needs of the rapidly growing population and economic development will be required to meet Kenya\u2019s low carbon strategy and will also have to take account of the extreme weather events and flooding."


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"For the ASALs, this means a road network that can stand up to a changing climate, the establishment of strategic multipurpose dams and expanding renewable energy capabilities (wind, solar and biogas), both decentralised and connected to the national grid. In regard to transport infrastructure, port facilities, roads, railways and bridges will need to account for rising sea levels and the increased occurrence of extreme weather events and flooding."


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"For the country, undertaking mitigation evaluation analysis also facilitates the implementation of mitigation projects, strengthening of institutional and human capacity- building and the prioritisation and evaluation of social, economic and environmental programmes.  This chapter presents Kenya\u2019s mitigation evaluation analysis, describing the low-carbon assessment undertaken in the six mitigation sectors: energy, transport, industry, agriculture, forestry and waste management. The assessment presented in this report is based on the Mitigation chapter of the NCCAP, but with updated data and information."


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"For the natural gas there is still no sufficient volumes of this discovered. Any of these fuels adoption will need climate change issues factored and the most modern technologies (such as Pulverization (critical, super critical and ultra- super critical for coal) and Combined Cycle Gas Turbines for Gas) and including clean coal technology and carbon capture and storage. Technology transfer will be required from both developed and developing countries."


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"For the private sector this can entail developing financial and insurance services, engaging in projects to generate carbon credits for sale in international markets, exploiting new green economy opportunities and creating green jobs.\f 2.5.3 The introduction of a devolved system of government provides a new opportunity to reorganize climate change governance by ensuring that climate change responses are mainstreamed into the functions of the national and county levels of government, and by facilitating the effective participation of citizens in climate change governance."


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"For these reasons, the world must prepare for and adapt to the effects of global warming through adaptation actions and policies that are designed to tackle both current and future climate change threats. In Kenya, the most vulnerable sectors include agriculture, tourism, infrastructure, health, and natural resources especially biodiversity. The following sections highlight some of the proposed response measures in these sectors."


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"For this reason the Government of Kenya has integrated planning for adaptation and low carbon development in developing the  (NCCAP) 2013 - 2017. The NCCAP seeks to contribute to the achievement of Vision 2030 and, therefore, uses a process from action prioritisation to implementation that is driven by assessments of the climate change effects on development. This process is referred to in the annex to UNFCCC Decision 5 CP17 as \u201ccomprehensive, iterative assessments of development needs and climate vulnerabilities\u201d."


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"For this reason, certain interventions need to be made in this sector including the following: \u2022\ufffd constructing inter-basin and intra-basin water transfers to channel water from areas with excess water to areas with water deficit, \u2022\ufffd investing in decentralised municipal water recycling facilities for both domestic and industrial use to reduce wastage, \u2022\ufffd enforcement and/or enactment of laws and regulations required for efficient water resource management, \u2022\ufffd increasing capture and retention of rainwater through the construction of waterways, strategic boreholes and other water harvesting structures to ensure availability of water during dry seasons, \u2022\ufffd developing and maintaining an appropriate stock of water infrastructure (dams, water pans, supply lines), \u2022\ufffd building capacity for water quality moni- toring including training personnel to pro- tect watersheds and monitor water quality, \u2022\ufffd having a strategic fund to purchase water purification chemicals for disinfection of community wells and shallow boreholes during floods and drought episodes when water quality is most threatened, \u2022\ufffd de-silting rivers and dams to improve car- rying capacity, water storage and water quality, \u2022\ufffd protecting and conserving water catchment areas, river- banks,"


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"For this reason, it is obvious that technology development (in both developed and developing countries), transfer to and diffusion in developing countries to help them meet sustainable development needs should be urgently accelerated.\fparticipants in their project design documents (PDDs). The report lists Kenya among developing countries whose rate of CDM technology transfer is significantly higher than the average. Areas of opportunities for technology transfer under the CDM for Kenya include: \u2022\ufffd bagasse-based cogeneration projects e.g."


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"For this reason, it should be fast-tracked as a matter of highest priority. A financial analysis conducted on different primary sources of electricity generation revealed geothermal to be the most cost effective source of power. Approximately 1,000 MW of geothermal electricity can be harnessed at a cost of US$ 0.06 per kWh in the next three to four years, while still generating substantial revenues for further investment."


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"For this reason, targets and goals expressed by the GoK in Vision 2030 and elsewhere, have not been considered as constituting the baseline, unless appropriate policies have been put in place and funds committed to reach them.  This section describes the methods used to project baseline emissions for Kenya out to 2030 for the entire Kenyan economy and by sector and then presents the results. The method applied is in line with the assessment done in the NCCAP."


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"For this reason, there ought to be a law that provides legitimacy for all climate change activities including necessary actions intended to mitigate against climate change such as provisions authorising carbon trading."


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"Forest fires are an additional hazard that is influenced by climatic conditions. Since about 1990, Kenya has lost an average of >5,700 hectares of forested land per year due to forest The projected rise in temperatures and long periods of drought are predicted to lead to more frequent and more intense fires. Forest fires have in the recent past affected Kenya\u2019s major forests, including the Mount Kenya forest fire in February/March 2012."


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"Forest fires, which are influenced by climatic conditions, have in the recent past affected Kenya\u2019s major forests, including the Mount Kenya Forest in February/March 2012. \u2022\ufffd Water sector: Freshwater resources are already highly influenced by inter- and intra- annual rainfall variability, including the extremes of flooding and drought and climate change may further reduce the availability of this resource through altered rainfall patterns, higher evaporation, lower lake levels, accelerated loss of glaciers and rising sea level."


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"Forest resources provide important ecosystem services that include food, water and medicine; regulation of floods, drought and land degradation; supporting soil formation and nutrient cycling; and cultural services such as recreational, spiritual, religious and other non-material benefits. 1.1.2 Climate Change Climate change refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g. using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties, and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer."


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"Forest restoration and sustainable enhancement of forest carbon stocks through sustainable forest management or conservation could fall within the \u201cplus\u201d scope of REDD+ and be part of the government\u2019s REDD+ strategy. Rehabilitation of degraded forests involves planting seedlings over an area of land where the forest has been harvested or damaged by fire, disease or human activity. Tree planting, if performed properly, can result in the successful regeneration of a deforested area. Plantations established through afforestation or reforestation can effectively sequester carbon."


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"Forestry actions are included in the Environment Sector of the NAP 2015-2030, which aims to \u201cmainstream climate change adaptation in the environment sector.\u201d In the forestry sector, adaptation includes management practices designed to reduce the vulnerability of forests to climate change, as well as reduce the vulnerability of people to climate change."


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"Forestry and Wildlife: Anticipated impacts of climate change on biodiversity include shifting of ecosystem boundaries, change in natural habitats and sharp increases in extinction rates for some species.  Urban and Housing: Climate change is likely to make rural livelihood strategies and living conditions increasingly challenging and as a result is likely to exaggerate the current rural- to-urban migration trend."


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"Forestry contributed about 30 per cent of total GHG emissions mainly through deforestation and forest degradation in search for fuel wood, charcoal production and creation of agricultural land. 4.2.5 The transport sector in Kenya is dominated by road transport for the movement of both people and freight. Public transport is dominated by minibuses (matatus), which have a low passenger capacity."


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"Forestry research areas that address climate change and which should be promoted include the following: \u2022\ufffd promoting cross-breeding to produce superior tree species, i.e., those that are: - fast-maturing - heat and drought-tolerant, and - pest- and disease-resistant in order to enhance forest seed banks, and allow the forestry industry to counter the threat of climate change, \u2022\ufffd initiating research to generate information to support forest management and conservation e.g."


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"Forests also provide environmental goods and are a major source of biomass energy. Forest degradation and deforestation, exacerbated by climate change, have led to reduced canopy cover and altered biodiversity composition. This affects the ecosystem services that forests provide, such as reducing soil erosion, natural pest control, preserving water availability and maintaining water quality. Deforestation and forest degradation also increase GHG emissions."


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"Forests also provide habitats that support biodiversity and ecological processes and have cultural, religious and recreational values that are important to many forest users.4 The exclusion of these services in accounting for the forestry sector\u2019s contribution to the economy using the conventional United Nation\u2019s System of National Accounts implies that the economic value of forests and forest resources in Kenya is grossly under-estimated.5 A 2010 inventory undertaken by KFS, and cited in the National Forest Programme 2016-2030, determined forests in Kenya occupied 6.99% of total land area (or 40,726.9 km2 of the country) in 2010."


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"Forests also provide natural habitat for animals, important in Kenya because of the tourism industry. The roots of trees prevent excessive erosion of soil and its nutrients, and slow the loss of rainwater from the ecosystem through run-off. For example, re-vegetated slopes of degraded catchment forest areas like the Mau complex can reduce the likelihood of landslides, as well as reduce migration to search for water during dry spells, and potential conflicts that may arise from such movements."


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"Forests also support most productive and service sectors in the country, particularly agriculture, fisheries, livestock, energy, wildlife, water, tourism, trade and industry that contribute between 33% to 39% of the country\u2019s GDP. Biomass comprises about 80% of all energy used in the country, and forests provide a variety of goods that support the subsistence livelihoods of many communities.2 The Forest Conservation and Management Act, 2016 provides for the development and sustainable management of all forest resources."


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"Forests and agroforestry\f The\ufffdfarmed\ufffdfisheries\ufffdresources\ufffdinclude\ufffdthe\ufffdtrout\ufffdfish\ufffdin\ufffdcold\ufffdwater\ufffdhigh\ufffdaltitude\ufffdareas\ufffdand\ufffdtilapia,\ufffdcatfish,\ufffd common carp for warmer water low altitude areas. Figure 5 shows the quantities and monetary value of fish\ufffdproduced\ufffdin\ufffdKenya\ufffdbetween\ufffd2005\ufffdand\ufffd2016. Over\ufffdthe\ufffdyears,\ufffdclimate\ufffdchange\ufffdhas\ufffdresulted\ufffdin\ufffdnegative\ufffdimpacts\ufffdon\ufffdfish\ufffdproduction\ufffddue\ufffdto\ufffdwarming\ufffdof\ufffdwaters\ufffd bodies, degradation of suitable breeding sites and receding of water levels of major freshwater bodies. The reduced water availability resulting from frequent droughts also limits aquaculture development. 2.2.4 Forests and agroforestry Statistics shows that forests contributed about 1.4% to Kenya\u2019s GDP in 2014 without including the forestry\u2019s contribution to household wood energy, non-timber products and ecosystem services."


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"Forests contribute directly and indirectly to national and local economies through revenue generation and wealth creation. Forestry contributes an estimated 3.6 per cent of Kenya s GDP, excluding charcoal and direct  Forest classification in the country is based on definitions set out by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Forest is defined as a group of trees featuring a tree canopy cover of over 10 per cent, with crowns that are largely contiguous."


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"Forests help to prevent flooding and landslides, and reduce erosion and sediment discharge into rivers. Forests also contribute to water availability by slowing the loss of rainwater from the ecosystem, demonstrating the importance of reforesting and rehabilitating the main water towers and water catchment areas. Moreover, forest conservation can contribute to livelihood improvements and has biodiversity benefits."


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"Formal employment with medium and large industries grew by five per cent in 2012 while informal employment (discussed above) grew by 17 per cent in the same period.74 The sub- sector GDP growth rate was 4.8 per cent in 2013, an increase from 3.2 per cent in 2012. The sub-sector is highly import dependent, and faces high energy costs and environmental concerns.  The unreliable supply of electricity means that most manufacturers operate standby or diesel emergency power systems."


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"Fossil fuel-based electricity generation and consumption of fossil fuels in the transport sector contribute significantly to GHG emissions. Energy use in the form of fuel wood and charcoal by the majority of the Kenyan population increases emissions\f through deforestation and forest degradation. The recent discovery of commercially viable deposits of oil and coal will likely contribute to increased emissions."


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"Fossil fuels and biomass are used to produce heat for productive purposes in the commercial and industrial sectors, and for cooking and heating purposes in the household sector. Kenyans rely on the traditional use of biomass as the primary energy source for heating and cooking."


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"Four broad strategic areas have been identified for KCSAS: (i) Adaptation and building resilience by addressing vulnerability due to changes in rainfall and temperature, extreme weather events and unsustainable land/water management and utilization; (ii) Mitigation of GHG\u2019s emissions from key and minor sources in the agriculture sector; (iii) Establishment of an enabling policy, legal and institutional framework for effective implementation of CSA; and (iv) Minimizing effects of underlying cross-cutting issues such as human resource capacity and finance which would potentially constrain realization of CSA objectives."


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"Fraction of Urban Waste Received Fraction of Total Waste (%) Nairobi Dandora (1) Unmanaged Deep  Mombasa, Unmanaged Deep  Unmanaged shallow Unmanaged shallow Rest of Urban Population Not Sent to SWDS  Source:      (1) Report on Taskforce on Identification of Technological Options for Solid Waste Management in Nairobi County, January 2014. (2)  Detailed Design and Environmental Impact Assessment for Solid Waste Management Project in Mombasa Town. INGEROP Africa. (3) Environmental Impact Assessment of the Proposed Landfill for Solid Waste Disposal in Kisumu. Geoplan Consultants."


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"Framework Convention on Climate Change UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization UNISDR United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction UNWTO United Nations World Tourism Organization USA United States of America USAID United States Agency for International Development VCM Voluntary Carbon Markets Acronyms \u2018together we can tackle climate change\u2019 National Climate Change Response Strategy WBCSD World Business Council on Sustainable Development WCED World Commission on Environment and Development WCS World Conservation Society WHO World Health Organization WMO World Meteorological Organization WRMA Water Resources Management Authority Chemical Symbols Perfluoromethane Methane Nitrous oxide Carbon dioxide Sulphur hexafluoride \u2018together we can tackle climate change\u2019 Climate Change, from a Global Perspective Climate Change, from a Global Perspective 1.1 History of Climate Change as a Global Problem Scientists started to provide anecdotal evidence of anthropogenic climate change from the late nineteenth century but stronger evidence of human influence on global climate only emerged in the late 1950s when Keeling and others at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography began to measure the concentration of carbon dioxide in ice-cores.1 The results of these studies showed that global carbon dioxide concentrations were rising and linked the rise in concentration to an increase in global temperatures."


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"Fran\u00e7aise de D\u00e9veloppement (French Development Agency) CDM Clean Development Mechanism CIDP County Integrated Development Plan CIF Climate Investment Funds COP Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC DANIDA Danish International Development Agency DFID Department for International Development (United Kingdom) DNA Designated National Authority EMCA Environmental Management Coordination Act E-ProMIS Electronic Project Management Information System FCPF Forest Carbon Partnership Facility GCF Green Climate Fund GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environment Facility GHG Greenhouse Gas GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH (German international development agency) IFMIS Integrated Financial Management Information System JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency KfW Kreditanstalt fu\u0308r Wiederaufbau (Germany\u2019s government-owned development bank MRV Monitoring, Reporting and Verification MTEF Medium Term Expenditure Framework MTP Medium Term Plan NAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action NCCAP National Climate Change Action Plan NCCRS National Climate Change Response Strategy NDA National Designated Authority NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NIE National Implementing Entity iii PFM Public Finance Management REDD + Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries SCF Standing Committee on Finance (UNFCCC) SIDA Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change iv"


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"Frashiah W. Mwebia MOA&I-CCU wangecikiarie@gmail.com 9. Zipora Otieno FAO Zipora.otieno@fao.org\f65 Lists of participants in County consultations List of Participants in County Consultations: Venue Kitui \u2013 8th to 12th June 2016 (Lamu, Wajir, Mandera, Tana River, Garissa Counties) NAME ORGANIZATION/ DUTY STATION 1. Yussuf A. Noor Garrisa County \u2013 Irrigation Dept 2. Jelle A. Ibrahim County Director of Agriculture \u2013 Garissa 3. Aboladip A. Haret Ass Director Environment \u2013 Garissa 4. Michael Okumu MENR \u2013 CCD 5. Nzioka Wambua Tana River \u2013 Livestock 6."


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"Free, prior and informed consent will be needed from these communities, and actions will need to consider these trade-offs \u2013 for example, how to compensate for lost access to grazing land and how to avoid grazing in the protected areas. Areas of relevance Sectors: Environment, Water and Sanitation; 2.2 Forestry Adaptation \u221a , Mitigation \u221a Development \u221a  - REDD+ actions can have strong adaptation benefits if properly designed."


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"Freight from Road to Rail Efficient engines and streamlined locomotives, logistical planning to maximize loads and reduce engine idling, consideration of electrification (provided Kenya\u2019s energy mix remains largely based on renewables)\f7 :  T R A N S P O R TAT I O N  S E C T O R efficiency mitigation option considered an improvement of approximately 5% in overall passenger vehicle efficiency in 2030 resulting in 0.74 MtCO2e emission reductions."


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"Frequent and severe droughts have hit the country since the 1990s, reducing forage in rangelands, as well as drying up and tremendously reducing the volume of rivers, which consequently affects wildlife \u2013 a resource the Kenyan tourism industry depends upon. Cases of wildlife deaths have increased in the recent past with the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) reporting the death of The desolation that often characterises dryland areas as a result of drought leads to loss of livelihoods."


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"Frequent, accurate, consistent, complete and transparent reporting for Kenya is crucial for not only meeting international obligations but for the assessment of Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) and for projecting global progress towards targets to stop dangerous climate change warming.  In the context of more frequent reporting of national GHG inventories by non-Annex I Parties, it is imperative that the preparation process shift from a project-based approach to a more internalized and institutionalized approach (UNFCCC, 2012)."


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"From a climate change perspective ICT has an important role to play in the development of capacity for adaptation and mitigation.84 For adaptation ICT can facilitate the processes of knowledge integration and learning. An example is the Kilimo Salama partnership between Syngenta Foundation, UAP Insurance and Safaricom that offers insurance policies to farmers who plant on as little as one acre of land to shield them from significant financial losses when drought or excess rain negatively impact their harvests."


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"From the Summit, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) emerged along with the Conventions on Biodiversity, Desertification, Agenda 21 and other major international environmental governance instruments and initiatives. A total of 192 Member States signed and ratified the UNFCCC, and committed to arrest the growing negative effects on climate by reducing emissions of GHGs which have a massive global warming impact."


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"From the low plateaus the terrain runs to an elevated plateau and mountain region in the southwest (forming the Kenyan highlands).  Figure 6: Topography of Kenya  Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia  The highlands contain the bulk of the country s population and farmland. The highlands are cool and agriculturally rich. Both large and small-holder farming is carried out here. Major cash crops are tea, coffee, flowers, vegetables, pyrethrum, wheat and maize. Livestock farming is also practised."


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"From the proceedings of the NCCRS North Eastern Province regional workshop in Garissa See Awuor C.B and others, 2008 10  Cited in the 2007 IPCC 4th Assessment Report The impacts of climate change on the Kenya\u2019s marine ecosystems include the likely submergence of approximately 17% of Mombasa or 4,600 ha of land area with a sea level rise of only 0.3 m. Assessing the Evidence and Impacts of Climate Change in Kenya\f\u2018together we can tackle climate change\u2019 National Climate Change Response Strategy Rising sea levels associated with melting glaciers and polar ice, plus sea temperature increase (i.e."


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"From these indicators, a total of 28 county-level, outcome-based indicators were identified, subsequently reappraised and reduced to a shortlist of 10. The idea is that these indicators measure the effectiveness of national initiatives to build institutional adaptive capacity at the county level(their effectiveness in reducing vulnerability to climate change at a national level is captured by the indicators in the next section.) All ten indicators are important to the sectors they represent, so there is no prioritisation."


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"Frosts lead to crystallization of water within plant tissues, causing death of the resultant tissues, and if widespread, death of the plants may occur. Depending on the magnitude and spread, this affects both the quantity and quality of the produce.\f Ecosystems in which cultivation, forest management or grazing are dominant activities are at present often negatively affected by human-induced causes, most importantly by land use and land use changes that affect the biophysical characteristics of the land (e.g. pollution, salinization, nutrient depletion)."


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"Functions of the Council.\f (f)  (g) (h)  Climate Change  dissemination of information relating to climate change to the national and county governments, the public and other stakeholders;  provide guidance on review, amendment and harmonization of sectoral laws and policies in order to achieve the objectives of this Act;  administer the Climate Change Fund established under this Act; and  set the targets for the regulation of greenhouse gas emissions.  (1) The Council shall comprise not more than  nine members who shall be appointed by the President."


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"Funding approved and project start-up: December 2013 3.  Development of forest inventory, reference scenarios, measurement and monitoring; including capacity building for KFS officials, CFAs and other stakeholders: January 2014 to\fKenya s Action 9:   MAINSTREAMING OF LOW-CARBON DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES INTO PLANNING PROCESSES Action Reference Action summary Develop a process to mainstream low-carbon development opportunities into the Government of Kenya planning process. The action would include identification of potential intervention points, assessment of the climate impacts of policy decisions and informing the policy process."


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"Funding is required to establish an adequate observational infrastructure.  Education, Training and Public Awareness Climate change issues receive minimal consideration in Kenya\u2019s formal education system. The level of awareness of climate change issues and impact is low across the country. The NCCAP recommends increasing awareness and mainstreaming of climate change issues in education curriculum, but action in this area has not progressed. In addition, high quality scientific research is needed to update available knowledge and build confidence in mainstreaming climate change information in decision making."


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"Further details of these components are available from the United States Environmental Protection Agency\u2019s (US EPA\u2019s) approach to building sustainable national GHG inventory management systems using pre- defined National System Templates.  Institutional Arrangements  Institutional Arrangements identify how different organizations can work together for collective action.  These arrangements can either be formal or informal, and should include provisions that define roles and responsibilities of all the organizations that are involved in the inventory preparation process including key stakeholders."


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"Further details of these components are available from the United States Environmental Protection Agency\u2019s (US EPA\u2019s) approach to building sustainable national GHG inventory management systems using pre-defined National System Templates.  Arrangements for continuous improvement, which have to be put in place, have been described in the Kenya National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report:  Mitigation In general, there are gaps in both the quality and quantity of data use for mitigation assessment."


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"Further development of capacity across all ministries is required to fulfil the requirements of the proposed NPBMF in the NCCAP. Lead Agency to take this Action forward The choice of lead agency is currently open. It is recommended that an MDA is drawn from a priority sector for adaptation. The priority sectors include agriculture, livestock, fisheries, water and irrigation, forestry and wildlife, tourism and roads."


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"Further information about the institutional arrangements and responsibilities for environment and climate related policies, plans and strategies is set out in Section IX below. In July 2008, Kenya launched Vision 2030, the national long-term development blueprint. It aims to transform Kenya into a newly industrialising, middle-income country providing a high quality of life to all its citizens by 2030, in a clean and secure environment. Vision 2030 is comprised of economic, social and political pillars."


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"Further the National Environment\f Management Authority (NEMA) has secured accreditation as a National Implementing Entity (NIE) to the GCF. This will enable Kenya to secure funds from the GCF through direct access, as well as through regional and international implementing entities. The Government of Kenya will receive support from the GCF Readiness Programme to better prepare for accessing and managing GCF funding."


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"Further work on the Second National Communication (SNC) completed in 2014/15 determined that GHG emissions were 70 MtCO2e in the base year of 2010, but were still expected to rise to 142 MtCO2e in 2030 consistent with the NCCAP projection.3 The Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (MENR) is working with the support of the Strengthening Adaptation and Resilience to Climate Change in Kenya Plus (StARCK+) programme\u2019s Technical Assistance to the Government of Kenya to undertake a deeper analysis of the major mitigation sectors (energy demand; electricity generation; transportation; agriculture; land use land-use change and forestry [LULUCF]; industrial processes and waste)."


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"Further, The Late Anne Sirengo played a very significant role in coordinating this project before she met her untimely death on 21st June 2014. Special thanks also goes to Felix Mugambi for the layout and Computer Graphic Design.  Members of the Thematic Working Groups, various national institutions, government departments, academic institutions, private sector organisations, civil society organizations and development partners provided expertise and data for the preparation of the SNC. Their contributions are greatly appreciated."


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"Further, according to the KWS, drought has pushed lions closer to waterholes bordering human settlements, 16  From the proceedings of the NCCRS regional stakeholders workshop held in Mombasa Assessing the Evidence and Impacts of Climate Change in Kenya\f\u2018together we can tackle climate change\u2019 National Climate Change Response Strategy which are themselves increasing at very high rates towards parks; thereby increasing the probability of human-wildlife conflicts."


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"Further, collaboration and partnerships among stakeholders will be enhanced to undertake joint planning, implementation and M&E by State Agencies and other actors to enhance effective enforcement of CSA related guidelines and standards. Strategic Issue 8:  Inadequate capacities and weak coordination among institutions and stakeholders in climate smart agriculture Strategic Goal: Improved coordination of implementation of CSA activities Strategic Objective: To improve capacities and coordination among institutions and stakeholders in climate smart agriculture."


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"Further, cross cutting issues such as inadequate financing of CSA activities; limited capacity of Women, Youth, and Vulnerable Groups (WY&VG) to participate in CSA activities; unsustainable natural resource management (NRM) and utilization; limited human resource capacity to undertake CSA; limited CSA research technology development and innovations; and inadequate data and information on CSA have also led to poor implementation of CSA activities. The country requires transformation of its agricultural systems to make them more productive and resilient while minimizing GHG emissions under a changing climate."


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"Further, fisheries and aquaculture are affected through acidification of the water bodies, changes in water temperatures and circulation patterns which alter the physico-chemical properties of the fish habitats and ultimately the productivity. Agriculture is not only impacted upon by climate change but also contributes to the problem. The country\u2019s agriculture is predominantly rain-fed and therefore vulnerable to climate change particularly changes in temperature regimes and precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events. This leads to, among others, unsustainable land and agricultural water management."


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"Further, it proposes to create a favorable environment and mechanisms to strengthen capacity of the existing early warning systems and ensure that the operations of such systems are well coordinated to cover all disaster vulnerable areas adequately.\f 2.4 Agricultural Growth and Development 2.4.1. Land degradation and declining soil health In many parts of the country, demand on land for agricultural development and pressures from a rapidly growing population have led to unprecedented land use changes."


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"Further, predicted effects of climate change on mangroves include both more extreme droughts and flooding. In 1997, 1998 and 2006, massive sedimentation due to erosion of terrigenous sediments following extremely heavy rainfall caused mangrove dieback in many areas along the Kenyan coast. Mwache Creek, a peri-urban mangrove forest in Mombasa was the most affected, losing close to 500 ha of mangrove forest (KMFRI, 2008)."


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"Further, research is required in predicting climate-related changes at local levels so that appropriate adaptation measures can be taken."


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"Further, the component will support strengthening of systems for timely provision of climate forecasts to different value chain stakeholders. The sub-components are: Sub-component 4.1: CSA knowledge generation and dissemination. Sub-component 4.2: Extension on climate information services and agro-weather advisories. 3.3.4.1 Sub-component 4.1: CSA knowledge generation and dissemination There is inadequate information, knowledge generation and management as well as limited understanding of the CSA concept. The objectives of this sub-component are: (i) to enhance generation and dissemination of\ufffdCSA\ufffdtechnologies\ufffdand\ufffdinnovations\ufffdalong\ufffdthe\ufffdvalue\ufffdchains;\ufffd(ii)\ufffdto\ufffddocument,\ufffdpackage,\ufffdand\ufffddisseminate\ufffd best\ufffdCSA\ufffdpractices\ufffdand\ufffdtechnologies;\ufffd(iii)\ufffdto\ufffdestablish\ufffdfunctional\ufffdnational\ufffdand\ufffdcounty\ufffdCSA\ufffdknowledge\ufffd and\ufffdinformation\ufffdmanagement\ufffdsystems;\ufffdand\ufffd(iv)\ufffdto\ufffdstrengthen\ufffdand\ufffdmaintain\ufffdCSA\ufffdknowledge\ufffdnetworks\ufffdand\ufffd partnerships."


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"Further, the development partners will assist in building networks that enhance\ufffdaccess\ufffdto\ufffdglobal\ufffdclimate\ufffdfinance\ufffdto\ufffdsupport\ufffdCSA.\ufffd 4.3 Implementation of KCSAIF After the launch of KCSAIF, some key actions necessary to facilitate its implementation will be carried out. These include sensitization of stakeholders, prioritization of actions at both national and county levels as well as resources mobilization for implementation of the prioritized actions."


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"Further, the devolution of agricultural functions will necessitate regular consultation and coordination between national and county governments. COORDINATION OF THE STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION The National Government through the Agriculture Sector MDAs will be responsible for policies, strategies and regulatory services including CSA. The County Agriculture Sector MDAs will spearhead the implementation of the identified strategies in the counties."


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"Further, the government at both levels will explore possibilities and accessing existing climate\u2013related dedicated funding for use in CSA activities/joint sourcing of funding from potential donors by National/County Committees. Direct financing and investments by the private sector through public private partnerships (PPPs) is critical to the successful implementation of this strategy initiative. To this end, the national and county governments will create conducive environments to facilitate participation of the private sector."


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"Further, the various CSA instruments provide limited innovative interventions on adaptation and mitigation. There are inadequate mechanisms for linkages and coordination between CSA agencies and stakeholders which results in overlaps and inefficiency in implementation of programs."


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"Further, there is inadequate national and local information on how climate change elements \u2013 temperature rise, change in precipitation, extreme weather events (such as floods and drought), sea level rise and other seasonal shifts \u2013 will affect these ecosystems and their services e.g. water supply (quantity and quality), air quality, human and domestic health, habitat- loss, etc. Thorough periodic nationwide assessments of how these changes will affect human population, infrastructure, the environment, the economy and society as a whole should be conducted."


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"Further, to ensure the constitutional validity of any reform, any newly established policy and legislative framework must respond to the transition to devolved government and facilitate the implementation of actions at the county level. Importantly, policy and legislative instruments are the primary tools to ensure that our climate change response is integrated into development planning processes, and are therefore vital in achieving climate resilient and low carbon development."


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"Further, under the oversight of MEMR, the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) hosts the country\u2019s Designated National Authority (DNA), which is responsible for  approving the CDM projects under the Kyoto Protocol. In the context of the UNFCCC, the Ministry is the focal policy making entity responsible for international negotiations while NEMA, as has been mentioned, hosts the country\u2019s DNA."


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"Further, urban residents produce about twice as much waste as their rural counterparts.1 As an example, the volume of solid waste generated across Kenyan urban centres increased from 4,95o tonnes per day in 2011 to 5,990 tonnes per day in 2014; a rate faster than the country\u2019s urbanisation rate.2 The amount of wastewater generated is also expected to increase with increased urbanisation and improved access to piped water. This is against a backdrop of inadequate waste handling facilities as well as unsustainable waste management practices."


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"Furthermore, some private institutions offer CSA training but are not accredited due to lack of a clear accreditation scheme. Thus climate change impacts in agriculture is a serious challenge requiring active participation of all members of the society to manage. However, there is no effective social mobilization frame work under functional communication structure that can help to rally all segments of the society to take appropriate action towards mitigation and adaptation."


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"Furthermore, the systems are likely to be incompatible and difficult to integrate because they have been developed on diverse platforms, do not have common standards. Lead agency to take this Action forward: The Climate Change Resource Centre when established will lead the development of a full climate change knowledge management system."


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"Future climatic predictions indicate a possible temperature increase of 10C by 2020 and 2.30C by 2050. The changes in climate and weather patterns will expose the rain-fed farming systems, especially the arid and semi-arid lands, to more climate related vulnerabilities. This will predispose farming communities to food insecurity and poverty through loss of the productive assets and the weakening of coping strategies and resilience."


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"G3: GHG emissions per unit of agricultural sector GDP. G4: Renewable energy investments in the agricultural sector."


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"G5: Proportion of climate resilient households \u2022 Medium Term Plans (MTPs) \u2022 CSA interventions \u2022 Impact assessments and surveys \u2022 Agriculture sector MRV reports \u2022 Economic survey reports \u2022 Sector reports on renewable energy investments \u2022 Political will and support \u2022 Functional governance and coordination systems in the sector \u2022 Stable macroeconomic environment for investments MAJOR OUTCOMES: Institutional Coordination: An inclusive institutional framework for improved CSA coordination and harmonization established."


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"GDC is working on its first geothermal plant of 200 MW in Menengai via support from Scaling Up Renewable Energy Program in Low Income Countries (SREP) programme. The proposed Menengai geothermal field development will be the first field to be developed outside Olkaria. SREP will help GDC, design and test out an investment and project structure with the help of development partners that could be replicated for developing the other fields."


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"GEOGRAPHICAL PROFILE Location Kenya, which is almost bisected by the Equator, extends between latitudes 5oN and 5oS and longitudes 34oE and 42oE. It is bordered by South Sudan and Ethiopia to the north, Uganda to the west, Somalia to the east, Tanzania to the southwest and Indian Ocean to the southeast (Figure 5). It spans a territorial area of surface and 571,416 km2 land area."


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"GHG Emissions 1.5 Kenya is a signatory to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and other related multilateral climate change agreements. 1.6 Kenya has submitted the Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) and other documents providing measures and actions on mitigation. 1.7 Both national and county governments are yet to appreciate climate change mitigation. 1.8 Lack of standardization, quality assurance and quality control mechanisms for green products and services Policy legal and Regulatory 1.9 Political goodwill that encourages policy, legal and institutional reforms. 1.10 Increased political role in formulation and implementation of policies, legislations and strategies from National and County Governments (up to the Ward level). 1.11 Possibility of conflict of laws due to different legislating bodies (Parliament and County Assemblies). 1.12 Political interests in the management of natural resources. 1.13 Weak regulatory enforcement."


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"GHG Emissions 2.7 Limited access to capital constrains up-scaling of mitigation actions in agriculture. 2.8 There is inadequate investment directed towards promoting eco-labeling of agricultural products. 2.9 High cost of technologies for emission reduction and development of MRV system. Policy Legal and Regulatory 2.10 Provision of contingency funding and disaster risk management interventions (insurance, food and feed reserves). 2.11 Programmes targeted to recovery from impacts of climate change (irrigation, cash transfer, etc.)"


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"GHG Emissions 4.3 Lack of integrated landscape approach in implementation of mitigation actions. 4.4 Limited research on mitigation in agriculture sector. 4.5 Inadequate private sector engagement in the agriculture sector. 4.6 Use of inefficient farm equipment and machinery that leads to high emissions. 4.7 Low capacity of extension service providers to disseminate mitigation interventions. 4.8 Lack of quality control of CSA advisory services. 4.9 Limited technology and knowledge in addressing MRV."


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"GHG Emissions 5.4 Lack of a consolidated legal framework in agricultural sector that guides mitigation efforts on overlapping and linked mandates. 5.5 Lack of clear land tenure rights, tree tenure/user rights and carbon rights jeopardize implementation of mitigation actions. 5.6 Lack of guidelines on carbon trading in the agriculture sector. 5.7 Absence of structures and mechanism for monitoring emissions."


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"GHG Emissions 6.7 Rapid land use change and desertification. 6.8 Overfishing, overstocking, deforestation and wetland degradation. 6.9 Inappropriate agricultural waste management.\f Drought, floods and strong winds also lead to the destruction of infrastructure such as the silting of dams, clogging and breaking of irrigation and drainage infrastructure; destruction of farm buildings and roads; drying, storage and marketing facilities, as well as agro-based industries. Wet conditions during harvest of cereals lead to enhanced postharvest losses due to rotting and aflatoxin contamination."


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"GHG emissions are still relatively low compared to other sectors, with emissions coming from electricity and fuel use in industry as well as from industrial processes, mainly from cement and charcoal production. Cement manufacturing is highly energy and emissions intensive because of the extreme heat required for production; and many cement manufacturers in Kenya plan to turn to coal as a reliable and cheap fuel source, which will lead to increased GHG emissions."


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"GHG inventories will need to be produced on a regular basis from 2014 onwards, so there  should be a clear methodology and team in place to repeat the process cycle, aiming to continually improve the transparency, accuracy, completeness, comparability, consistency of the GHG inventory each time it is produced. \u2022\ufffd Ensure that funds from both GoK, bilateral development agencies and others, whose assistance is needed to maintain the NCCAP process, can demonstrate to their stakeholders that their funds are generating positive outcomes in Kenya."


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"GHG inventory, Biennial Update Reports (BURs) and National Communications (NCs): the aim of this action is to update the current GHG inventory, to write the first BUR, and to write the next in the series of NCs. Part of M&E of Institutional Adaptive Capacity Indicators (demonstration): the aim of this action is to demonstrate effective adaptation M&E within a key MDA, such as forestry and wildlife, water and irrigation, or agriculture/ livestock/ fisheries, in order to facilitate roll-out across all relevant MDAs."


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"GOAL, OBJECTIVES AND PRINCIPLES 1.3.1 Policy Goal To further Kenya\u2019s national development goals through enhanced mobilisation of climate finance that contributes to low-carbon climate resilient development goals. This policy provides a legal and institutional framework to guide and promote: climate finance flows, tracking of climate finance, engagement with county governments, private sector participation, technology transfer, and equitable benefit sharing from climate change interventions in the country.  1.3.2 Policy Objectives This National Policy on Climate Finance aims to: a."


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"GOVERNMENT OF KENYA Green Economy Strategy and Implementation Plan A low carbon, resource efficient, equitable and inclusive socio-economic transformation\f\fGreen Economy Strategy and Implementation Plan A low carbon, resource efficient, equitable and inclusive socio-economic transformation\f\fPathway to a low carbon, resource efficient and inclusive economic and social transformation III Contents Foreword V Preface  VI Executive Summary  3 1. Formulation process 5 The Green Economy Strategy and Implementation Plan  6 Guiding Principles  .7 2."


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"GSIs will help identify flood/landslide prone areas on which roads, railways and other infrastructure should not be constructed, and \u2022\ufffd accommodation, which involves the continued use of the affected areas through measures practicable under the new prevailing conditions e.g. - using structures which can withstand strong winds, high temperatures etc, e.g."


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"Gaps Financing, capacity building, awareness raising Short Term Sub-actions \u2022\ufffd Re-orient the curricula of the Kenya School of Government to include climate change adaptation as a cross cutting issue. \u2022\ufffd Develop a climate change adaptation manual for public sector enforcement and compliance. Medium Term Sub-actions \u2022\ufffd Ensure that climate change adaptation and resilience building is captured in performance contracting for government sectors. Long Term Sub-Actions \u2022\ufffd Update the Kenya School of Government curricula and performance contracts as required with climate change adaptation issues."


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"Gender equality: Kenya has various laws to promote gender equality and provide for the protection against discrimination on the basis of gender, with equal opportunities in education, work, and in cultural and professional development."


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"Gender, Children & Social Services Sub-total Youth Affairs and Sports Manpower Establish a Consolidated Social Protection Fund targeting the aged, destitute chil- dren and the disabled \u2022\ufffd Flag\ufffdout\ufffdand\ufffdregister\ufffdthe\ufffdvery\ufffdpoor\ufffdmen,\ufffd women, destitute children and persons with disability for support \u2022\ufffd Disburse\ufffd the\ufffd social\ufffd protection\ufffd fund\ufffd to\ufffd identified beneficiaries \u2022\ufffd Disburse\ufffd self-help\ufffd grants\ufffd for\ufffd boosting\ufffd existing enterprises or establishment of new income generating activities by poor rural and urban women and men."


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"Gender, Vulnerable Groups & Youth Strengthen the adaptive capacity of the most vulnerable groups and communities through social safety nets and insurance schemes. Tourism Enhance the resilience of the tourism value chain. Agriculture, Livestock & Fisheries Enhance the resilience of agriculture, livestock and fisheries value chains by promoting climate smart agriculture and livestock development. Oil & Mineral Resources Integrate climate change adaptation into the extractives sector."


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"Generation was dominated by hydroelectricity, geothermal power and medium-speed diesel, which respectively accounted for 49, 29 and 21 per cent of electricity sent to the national grid. Rapidly increasing demand for electricity and fluctuating hydroelectric output have led to an increase in diesel-based generation in recent years. In addition, there has been a strong focus on expanding geothermal power, which is considered a key enabler for Kenya\u2019s economic growth."


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"Geocycle collects, segregates and incinerates waste \u2013 including biomass, waste oil and waste tyres \u2013 in the Bamburi kiln, in place of imported coal. The firm reports that it uses international waste management standards that leave no residue after disposal."


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"Geothermal - Develop an additional 2,275 MW of geothermal capacity by 2030 through a support programme aimed at encouraging private sector investment. The programme could include: additional grants for the early phases of geothermal development, access to loans for latter stage develop- ment, risk mitigation instruments, capacity building programmes, and harmonization and improvement of the regulatory framework."


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"Geothermal Kenya was the first African country to build geothermal energy sources, thus a leading producer of geothermal energy in Africa. The current (2012) production of about 573 megawatts is still fairly small, compared to the country\u2019s full potential of 7,000 megawatts.222 There are 14 geothermal fields identified along the Rift Valley, with only one (Olkaria) developed to date."


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"Geothermal Power Generation: Geothermal power generation technologies involve the tapping of steam energy to turn power generation turbines. Up-scaling of geothermal power generation can contribute to the challenge of meeting increased electricity demand and improving energy supply in Kenya. Currently directional and deeper drilling is being employed in both Olkaria and Menengai to directly access deeper geothermal energy sources. Well-head power generation technology is being employed to enable power production immediately after the geothermal source has been confirmed and assessed."


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"Geothermal accounts for 12.2 per cent of the electricity mix and the remaining 29.7 per cent is predominantly petroleum-based thermal generation. Kenya\u2019s National Energy Policy 2014, which has been formulated within the framework of Vision encourages diversification of electricity sources. The policy states the GoK\u2019s intention to increase electricity generation capacity by an additional 5,000 MW from the current 1,664MW by 2016. The new capacity will mainly be developed from geothermal 1,646MW, natural gas 1,050MW, wind 630 MW and coal 1,920MW."


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"Geothermal has been identified in the NCCAP and the National Least Cost Power Development Plan as one of Kenya\u2019s most effective technologies to meet growing electricity demand and keep the sector on a high-growth low-carbon development pathway."


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"Geothermal will provide for improved energy security by allowing Kenya to reduce fossil fuel imports and also to decrease reliance on hydroelectricity which is\fKenya s vulnerable to climate variability and change, while providing the increased electricity required for economic growth."


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"Gg %  Future growth in the amount of wastewater and sludge produced assumes that the fraction of wastewater going to different types of wastewater treatment remains the same and that the amount of degradable organic content is based solely on population growth as identified in Vision 2030 projections.  Figure 56 indicates the baseline emission projections for the major emission source categories related to the Waste Sector."


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"Given that climate change affects fundamental economic, social and environmental aspects of Kenya\u2019s development, and an effective cross-sectoral climate change response must place mainstreaming at the core of Kenya\u2019s climate change response efforts. 5.1.2 A climate change mainstreaming approach will provide the various coordinating and sectoral agencies of the Kenyan national and county governments with the tools to effectively respond to the complex challenges of climate change."


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"Given the NCCS has successfully implemented its mandate to lead the GoK\u2019s climate change response efforts and operationalise the NCCRS, existing capacity should be strengthened further. The Public Service Commission (PSC) has approved the establishment of a National Climate Change Secretariat within the MEMR and this concept could be adapted through legislation in order to establish the Secretariat  as a statutory department that undertakes the core technical functions related to climate change response, deriving authority from law."


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"Given the extent of projected climate change adaptation and mitigation needs in Kenya, it is important to ensure that all sources of finances can be mobilized \u2013 international, domestic, public and private \u2013 including through Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs). Kenya therefore requires a suitable framework to attract and efficiently utilise climate finance. 9.2.2 A functional climate finance mechanism can help to diversify financial reserves, safeguard the interests of Kenyan citizens and preserve wealth for future generations."


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"Given the financial and efficiency issues that have dogged the predominantly government-owned sugar industry,9 it is assumed in the reference case that bioethanol use does not reach widespread adoption across Kenya. Under the low-carbon development scenario, 10% of regular petrol is replaced by bioethanol by 2020, which is equal to the introduction of an E10 blending requirement. This requires a substantial increase in bioethanol production capacity and feedstock availability."


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"Given the geographic remoteness of many rural households, off- grid electricity production is one of the only viable options for the electrification of rural households in the short and medium term because it is cost-effective and convenient, \u2022\ufffd reviewing and gazettement of regulations for mandatory installation of solar hot water systems in residential and commercial houses, \u2022\ufffd investmenting in renewable biomass energy including biofuels and sustainable charcoal, particularly in the ASALs."


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"Given their longevity, with most transportation infrastructure expected to last for 50 years or longer, this climate proofed infrastructure should be able to withstand climate conditions of 2050 and out to 2100.9 Further, climate-proofing is a key recommendation of Kenya\u2019s NAP as a means of addressing infrastructure-related climate change impacts.10 In regard to mitigation, the transport sector is a significant source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions both globally and nationally."


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"Global Climate Modelling (GCM) data indicates that the mean annual temperature is projected to increase by between 0.8 and 1.5\u00b0C by the 2030s and 1.6\u00b0C to 2.7\u00b0C by the 2060s.6 Figure 3 provides a visualisation of the trend that GCMs have suggested for increased temperatures for Kenya. There is good model agreement of temperature increases of up to 3\u00b0C by 2100.7  \ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdet\ufffd\ufffdffice.\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd.\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd.\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdeter\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd:\ufffd\ufffdet\ufffd\ufffdffice.\ufffd\ufffdage\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd.\ufffd \ufffd Figure 3: GCM Visualisation of the projected temperatures for Kenya."


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"Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010 Country Report Kenya.  Forestry Department. Rome. \f  In order to estimate annual land-use changes between 1990 and 2010 initial areas in 1990 were compared to final areas in 2010. Since the net land-use change is almost all to farms which gained 960,000 ha in 20 years, all land classes that lost area were assigned to farms with the exception of some land converted from public plantation to private plantation."


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"Global warming and livestock husbandry in Kenya: Impacts and adaptations. Ecological Economics 68, 1915\u2013 1924. GoK (2012). Kenya Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA); 2008-2011 Drought. Government of Kenya, with technical support from the European Union, United Nations and World Bank. GoK (2012). Kenya Post-Disaster Needs\f  Assessment (PDNA); 2008-2011 Drought. Government of Kenya, with technical support from the European Union, United Nations and World Bank. Padgham, J. (2009). Agricultural Development under a Changing Climate: Opportunities and Challenges for Adaptation. Joint Departmental Discussion Paper- Issue 1."


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"Global warming and livestock husbandry in Kenya: Impacts and adaptations. Ecological Economics 68, 1915\u2013 1924. Otiende, B. (2009). The Economic Impacts of Climate Change in Kenya: Riparian Flood Impacts and Cost of Adaptation. Case Study. Economics of Climate Change, Kenya, 2009. Baylis, M. and Githeko, A.K. (2006). The effects of climate change on infectious diseases of animals. Report for the Foresight Project on Detection of Infectious Diseases, Department of Trade and Industry, UK Government,35 pp. Kabubo-Mariara, J. (2009)."


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"Global warming is likely to disrupt and even destroy some of the tourist sites such as the snow-caps of Mt. Kenya, the coastal rainforests, fragile marine ecosystems and the marine parks. For instance \u2018coral bleaching\u2019 of the Kenyan coral reef has been observed. Sea levels are rising with the implication that some of the popular beaches will eventually disappear. Already, hotels along the Kenyan coastline have been forced to construct sea walls to protect against increasingly strong sea tides (e.g."


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"Global warming potentials The carbon dioxide equivalent was calculated using the 100 year global warming potentials in accordance with the IPCC 2nd Assessment Report. Approaches to land sector emissions This includes emissions from the land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector. Relevant national policy documents and the FAO s Global Forest Resource Assessment 2010 for Kenya were used. A global land-use data approach was used, as described in the 2003 IPCC Good Practice Guidance for LULUCF."


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"Globally, Kenya is a party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol, and the Paris Agreement. Over the past five years, considerable efforts have been made to integrate climate change considerations into the country\u2019s policies and programmes, including the Climate Change Act, 2016 that provides for a regulatory framework for an enhanced response to climate change and provides for mechanisms and measures to achieve low carbon climate resilient development."


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"Globally, climate change is likely to lead to a decline in grain productivity by 1.5% per decade in the absence of effective adaptation.13 This climate change-induced decline in agricultural productivity is expected to affect Africa the most because of the continent\u2019s low adaptive capacity. Soil erosion and nutrient depletion are major issues, and food security, a stated goal of the Government, is under threat, partly due to climate change."


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"Globally, the industrial sector is a large GHG emitter. The Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported that the global industrial sector contributed 30% of total global emissions in 2010, mainly because of the sector\u2019s reliance on fossil fuels for its primary energy supply.6 Domestically, the industrial sector contributes 7% of total national GHG emissions."


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"GoK is working to address these challenges, including the development of a national strategy for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation and fostering conservation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks (REDD+). The strategy seeks to incentivise activities to help meet the tree cover goal of the Constitution and Vision 2030. The country has  gained experience in REDD+ through the Kasigau Wildlife Corridor Project, the first activity in Africa to issue voluntary forestry carbon credits."


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"Governance approaches should avail opportunities for all Kenyan people to participate in decision making and become agents for design and implementation of climate change responses. Change Opportunities  2.5.1 Despite the many and varied negative impacts, climate change also presents opportunities to government, businesses and the public at large, which this Policy aims to fully exploit."


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"Governing pro-poor, low carbon pathways to development: Lessons from solar PV in Kenya, STEPS Working Paper 61, Brighton: STEPS Centre Chatterjee, B. (2011). Study on the Integrity of the Clean Development Mechanism: Briefing paper \u201cTechnology Transfer through the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)\u201d. AEA Technology, UK Ellis, K. et al,. (2013). Low carbon competitiveness in Kenya. Policy Brief. ODI, London Gitonga. I. (2014) Satellite Data Use at Kenya Meteorological Department. World Meteorological Organisation Global Environmental Facility. (2010)."


id: ecfcc08d77ce5b280b92f389c87a2682
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"Government is also conserving and rehabilitating degraded water catchment areas. The adoption of agro-forestry has improved over the years with government promoting farm forestry and conservation of natural environment. Initiatives aimed at introducing commercial tree species in ASALs to control desertification and improve livelihoods are on-going. Hence there is need for an integrated landscape approach to conservation and restoration."


id: a69f073bf54cc588f90991e2ef82be46
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"Government of Kenya (2015). Kenya: Second National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Nairobi: National Environment Management Authority. Accessed at: 5 The Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources worked with the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), Energy research Centre of the Netherlands, and local consultants to develop the NCCAP methodology and analysis. ClimateCare, working with IISD experts, used the NCCAP analysis as the basis for the development of the SNC. 6 Government of Kenya (2016). Kenya: National Adaptation Plan: 2015-2030."


id: 730dc9f015d948460ba4c5d57002fa54
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:09
updated_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:09
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vector_id: 3494
content:
"Government of Kenya (GoK) (2010). National Climate Change Response Strategy. April. GoK, Nairobi, Kenya. Kithiia, J. and Dowling, R. (2010). An integrated city-level planning process to address the impacts of climate change in Kenya: The case of Mombasa. Cities 27, 466\u2013475. Herrero, M., Ringler, C., van de Steeg, J., Thornton, PK., Zuo, T., Bryan, E., Koo, J. and Notenbaert, A.M. (2010). Kenya: Climate variability and climate change and their impacts on the agricultural sector. ILRI-IFPRI World Bank Project Report."


id: f267c24d1223c6d2665c8f4b4bef5599
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:09
updated_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:09
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content:
"Government of Kenya (GoK). Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (MEMR). (2013): National Water Master Plan  2030, Kenya, Government Printers Government of Kenya (GoK). Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (MEMR). (2012). Kenya Climate Change Action Plan - Adaptation Technical Analysis Report Government of Kenya (GoK). Ministry of Industrialization and Enterprise Development, National Industrialization Policy Framework for Government of Kenya (GoK). National Environment Management Agency (NEMA). (2011). Kenya State of the Environment and Outlook 2010."


id: 8bc943bf8f2e251a6fb18b0721702aed
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:09
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"Government of Kenya National Climate Change Response Strategy\f\u2018together we can tackle climate change\u2019  \u2018together we can tackle climate change\u2019 Government of Kenya National Climate Change Response Strategy\f\u00a9 Government of Kenya, 2010 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing of the Government of Kenya."


id: a8eded7407da0a40442518c43270e6a8
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"Government of Kenya, with technical support from the European Union, United Nations and World Bank. 163 Padgham, J. (2009). Agricultural Development under a Changing Climate: Opportunities and Challenges for Adaptation. Joint Departmental Discussion Paper- Issue 1. Agriculture and Rural Development & Environment Departments (World Bank). 164 Herrero, M., Ringler, C., van de Steeg, J., Thornton, PK., Zuo, T., Bryan, E., Koo, J. and Notenbaert, A.M. (2010). Kenya: Climate variability and climate change and their impacts on the agricultural sector. ILRI-IFPRI World Bank Project Report."


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created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:09
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content:
"Government of Kenya, with technical support from the European Union, United Nations and World Bank. 172 Osbahr, H. and Viner, D. (2006). Linking climate change adaptation and disaster risk management for sustainable poverty reduction: Kenya Case Study, EC. 173 GoK (2012). Kenya Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA); 2008-2011 Drought. Government of Kenya, with technical support from the European Union, United Nations and World Bank. 174 Mutimba, S., Mayieko, S., Olum, P. and Wanyatma, K. (2010). Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation Preparedness in Kenya."


id: 738ce9f78d960089d0ecb86637f7be0e
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"Government of Kenya, with technical support from the European Union, United Nations and World Bank. 52 Herrero, M., Ringler, C., van de Steeg, J., Thornton, PK., Zuo, T., Bryan, E., Koo, J. and Notenbaert, A.M. (2010). Kenya: Climate variability and climate change and their impacts on the agricultural sector. ILRI- IFPRI World Bank Project Report. International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya, 65 p. 53 Ericksen, P., Thornton, P., Notenbaert, A., Cramer, L., Jones, P., Herrero, M. (2011)."


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"Government of Kenya, with technical support from the European Union, United Nations and World Bank. 63 GoK (2012). Kenya Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA); 2008-2011 Drought. Government of Kenya, with technical support from the European Union, United Nations and World Bank. 64 Government of Kenya (GoK) (2006). Disaster Risk Reduction Strategy for Kenya 2006 \u2013 2016: A Resilient and Safer Nation. 65 SEI (2009). Economics of Climate Change in Kenya. Stockholm: Stockholm Environment Institute, Oxford 66 Osbahr, H. and Viner, D. (2006)."


id: ae0d1deefc08e432ae98a5f5df02231c
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content:
"Government of Kenya, with technical support from the European Union, United Nations and World Bank. GoK (2012). Kenya Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA); 2008-2011 Drought. Government of Kenya, with technical support from the European Union, United Nations and World Bank. GoK (2012). Kenya Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA); 2008-2011 Drought. Government of Kenya, with technical support from the European Union, United Nations and World Bank. Ericksen, P., Thornton, P., Notenbaert, A., Cramer, L., Jones, P., Herrero, M. (2011)."


id: 91a586cb813ca440f3987d103a835fea
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:09
updated_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:09
content_type: text
index: document
vector_id: 4574
content:
"Government of Kenya. GoK. (2010b). Agricultural Sector Development Strategy 2010-2020. Government of Kenya. GoK. (2010c). National Climate Change Response Strategy. Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources, Government of Kenya. GoK. (2013a). National Climate Change Action Plan 2013-2017. Government of Kenya. GoK. (2013b). Second Medium Term Plan 2013 \u2013 2017. Transforming Kenya: Pathway to Devolution, Socio-Economic Development, Equity and National Unity. Ministry of Devolution and Planning, Government of Kenya. GoK. (2015). Economic Survey Annual Report 2015. Government of Kenya. GoK. (2016a). Kenya National Adaptation Plan 2015-2030."


id: d3b6d2f1274da6b91d64494d2fb7e311
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:09
updated_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:09
content_type: text
index: document
vector_id: 6953
content:
"Government of Kenya. GoK. (2016b). Economic Survey Annual Report 2016, Government of Kenya. GoK. (2016c). Fisheries Statistical Bulletin. Government of Kenya. GoK. (2017a). Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Strategy 2017-2026. Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Government of Kenya. GoK. (2017b). Climate Finance Policy 2017. Government of Kenya. IEA. (2014). Public Spending in Agriculture in Kenya, PFA Report. Institute of Economic Affairs. Jaetzold, R., H. Schmidt, B. Hornetz and C. Shisanya. (2009). Farm Management Handbook of Kenya Vol. II Part A: West Kenya."


id: a9d34c6ad9098cb70973e07c8215def1
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"Green Climate Fund (GCF): A fund within the framework of the UNFCCC that aims to assist developing countries address climate change. It is intended to be the centrepiece of efforts to raise climate finance of $100 billion a year by 2020, and the main multilateral financing mechanism to support mitigation and adaptation action in developing countries.  Greenhouse Gas (GHG): Any gas that absorbs infrared radiation in the atmosphere."


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"Green Light for Africa  \ufffd  Project to replace fossil fuel based lighting with Solar LED lamps in East Africa  \ufffd  There is a specific mention of no transfer of technology: The CME will not be transferring any skills of manufacturing or developing any manufacturing factories within the PoA boundary and therefore there shall be no technology transfer for the CPAs\f  implemented by the CME."


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"Greenhouse Gas Emissions STRENGTH ISSUE TO ADDRESS WHAT TO DO WITH STRENGTH THREATS Existence of technologies that reduce emissions in agriculture sector Dissemination  and adoption of emissions reduction technologies Develop mechanisms for dissemination/awareness and adoption of technologies \u2022\ufffd Limited resources \u2022\ufffd Weak Inter and intra governmental relations \u2022\ufffd High cost of technologies/ trade-off of adopting new technology \u2022\ufffd Cultural mindset that limits adoption Existence of expertise on mitigation in the agriculture sector Consolidate knowledge and expertise on mitigation Establish a CSA consultative forum \u2022\ufffd Challenges with coordination and sustainability WEAKNESS ISSUE TO ADDRESS WHAT TO DO WITH WEAKNESS THREATS Unsustainable agricultural land management practices Consolidate knowledge and expertise on mitigation Mainstreaming of sustainable agricultural land management in development and conservation planning \u2022\ufffd Limited resources \u2022\ufffd Low adoption of sustainable land management practices \u2022\ufffd Land fragmentation \u2022\ufffd Land tenure Inefficient crop and livestock production systems Emissions due to inefficient crop and livestock production systems (especially paddy rice production and enteric fermentation) Support intensification and efficiency in production systems."


id: a0498f1c4b608d77e1297699e4a5e2fb
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"Greenhouse gas emissions are projected to rise from 6.0 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO2e) in 2015 to 42.7 MtCO2e in 2030, a seven-fold increase. The vast majority of the emissions increase (93%) is related to new fossil fuel electricity generation projects. Figure 4.2 illustrates the type of baseline generating capacity that was installed in 2015 and expected out to 2050 in the baseline. Historic emissions are based on actual dispatched electricity generation by generation type and not based on installed capacity."


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"Greenhouse gas emissions from the manufacturing sector are still relatively low compared to other sectors, with emissions coming from electricity and fuel use in industry as well as from industrial processes (mainly from cement and charcoal production). Improvements in the energy efficiency of industrial processes will enhance competitiveness and potentially create cost reductions. The use of state-of-the-art technology and equipment for manufacturing processes can reduce emissions \u2013 both by reducing use of electricity and reducing emissions in the industrial process."


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"Greenhouse gases include, but are not limited to, water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbons, hydro fluorocarbons, hydro chlorofluorocarbons, ozone, per fluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride.  Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): Established in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization and the UN Environment Programme, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change surveys worldwide scientific and technical literature and publishes assessment reports that are widely recognised as the most credible existing sources of information on climate change."


id: 64680fdfc71e5f162e17324af6304d79
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"Greenhouse gases: The atmospheric gases responsible for causing global warming and climate change. The major GHGs are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Less prevalent but very powerful greenhouse gases are hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). Index-based insurance: An insurance product in which the insured in a specified geographical region, receive indemnity payments based on independently observable outcomes/parameters such as temperature, rainfall, vegetation quantity, crop yields among others which are used to determine premiums and payouts."


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"Growth in Service Demand (vehicle km travelled) +1% per year Increased travel per vehicle is likely as this is a trend that has been observed in most countries where road networks are being expanded as is the case in Kenya; however, this growth rate is expected to be very small due to the limited capacity of current roadways to handle both new vehicle stock and additional traffic."


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"Growth rates in the agricultural sector are correlated with flood and drought events, and historically negative growth indices have been associated with extreme weather events (see Figure 22). A study by the Adaptation to Climate Change and Insurance (ACCI) project94 reported the occurrence of 41 flood events and 12 drought events between 1970 and 2013, noting that flooding tends to be more frequent but more localized, while drought is less frequent but more systemic."


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content:
"Guidance Note 4: Developing Readiness for Institutional Capacity Development and an Enabling Policy Framework. 56 Kithiia, J. (2011). Climate change risk responses in East African cities: need, barriers and opportunities. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 3:176\u2013180. 57 Reid, H. (2004). Climate change \u2013 biodiversity and livelihood impacts. In D. Roe (ed.) The Millennium Development Goals and Conservation. IIED, London. pp. 37-54.\fKenya s 58 Patz, J.A., Campbell-Lendrum, D., Holloway, T. and Foley, J.A. (2005)."


id: 8b18021c7f6ebf83b1be308e0976b1fe
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"Guidance and input were provided by the sector leads from the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries; Ministry of Energy and Petroleum; Ministry of Transport, Infrastructure, Housing and Urban Development; Kenya Forest Service; and National Environment Management Authority."


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"Guidelines for Climate Proofing Investment in the Energy Sector. Manilla: Asian Development Bank.  World Bank (2011). Climate Impacts on Energy Systems: Key issues for energy sector adaptation. Washington, D.C.: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program. Williamson, L., Connor, H., Moezi, M. (2009). Climate Proofing Energy Systems. Paris: Helio International. 30 Engineers Canada (2014). Public Infrastructure Engineering Vulnerability Committee (PIEVC) Engineering Protocol. Accessed at:   protocol 31 Government of Kenya (2016). National Adaptation Plan, 2015-2030. Nairobi: Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. 32 Odhiambo, A. (2014)."


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"HARRY K. KIMTAI State Department for Livestock Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation DR. RICHARD L. LESIYAMPE, PhD ,CBS."


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"Hard technologies include landfill gas recovery systems that are employed in recovering/collecting the landfill gas (which consists primarily of methane and carbon dioxide in an almost equal ratio) for combustion; and compaction systems that compact the waste to increase a landfill\u2019s carrying capacity. Other technologies are leachate systems that collect leachate to prevent it from percolating into and polluting ground water resources and energy generation and utilisation facilities."


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"High installation costs of about 400,000 Kenyan shillings for 2 acre areas of irrigation and inadequate access to credit and resistance to change are amongst the barriers."


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"High interest rates on loans  Lending of funds to viable renewable energy projects on concessional rates especially under the GoK proposed Green Energy Fund Facility.  Local capacity knowledge: inadequate information and awareness Conduct adequate information and awareness campaigns through print and electronic media.  Lack of research and development Initiation of research and development activities in technology through public and private sector partnership.  Weak regulatory framework Strengthening of regulatory framework."


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"High temperatures and intense rainfall, which are some of the effects of climate change, are known to be critical factors in initiating malaria epidemics in Kenya. (ix) Coastal and Marine Ecosystems Local communities have a high dependence on coastal and marine ecosystems, with a majority of people relying on fishing or fishery-related activities, and tourism being a major income earner. Coastal and marine ecosystems such as wetlands, mangroves, estuaries and coral reefs are particularly vulnerable to climate change."


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"Higher temperatures and ocean acidification, which are the major characteristics of increasing GHG concentrations will also exacerbate the corrosion of port facilities constructed from steel. In addition, rising temperatures are expected to strengthen coastal winds and storms, which will affect ship navigation and other port operations. In relation to coastal roads, a rise in the coastal zone ground water table would introduce a weakening in the underlying foundation upon which they are built."


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"Historical GHG emissions from 2000 to 2010 were calculated using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2006 guidelines for GHG emissions inventories. While the inventory provides a strong starting point for building a national inventory, additional work and consultation with sectors is required before it constitutes a complete national Kenyan inventory for reporting to the UNFCCC."


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"Historical incidences of increased temperature and rainfall, such as during the El Ni\u00f1o events of 1982 to 1983 and to coincided with malaria outbreaks111 In addition the reduction of surface water will increase the exploitation of ground water which will lead to more people suffering from diseases such as fluorosis, diabetes and hypertension.112 This is because ground water in some areas such as the Rift Valley have been found to contain specific compounds such as high fluoride levels, high sodium levels and low chromium levels which are directly associated with the increased emergence of these  The environment, water, health and sanitation sectors are interconnected."


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"Historical information on the total consumption of different energy consumers (urban households, rural households, commercial and industry) is available from the data on petroleum fuels sales and a number of reports. However, there is little comprehensive information available on the end-use demand where these fuels are ultimately consumed, such as for cooking, lighting and heating water. A large number of reports provide details on usage patterns of households and ownership of appliances but this data only indirectly indicates actual energy consumption."


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"Historically Kenya has undertaken capacity- building efforts through dialogue between and among developed and developing countries, bilateral and multilateral institutions. Key has been those activities through the GEF. A summary representation is shown in Annex 1. Regardless of the progress made, lack of institutional support, and knowledge management seems to be the key obstacles to the sustained implementation from these\f  capacity-building initiatives within the country."


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"Historically, development worldwide has been closely related to greenhouse gas emissions due to unsustainable exploitation of natural resources, which contributes to climate change. Having been reclassified in 2014 from a low-income economy to lower-middle- income economy, there are clear indications that Kenya is developing, and therefore likely to increase its emissions. To realize Kenya\u2019s development vision as stated in the Kenya Vision 2030, \u201cthe low carbon climate resilient development pathway\u201d was set out in the National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS)."


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"Historically, the sector has been adversely affected by extreme weather events such as rains and ensuing floods, which have impacted infrastructure such as roads, railways, buildings and ports. These impacts indirectly affect industrial production.70 Low rainfall has resulted in low water quantities leading to interruptions in electricity supply\f  given that most electricity is hydro-generated. In addition, the cost of electricity rises in times of drought as diesel generators are used to make up the shortfall."


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"Horn of Africa (PROGRAM) FP Approved National Sustainable Conversion of Waste into Clean Energy for GHG Emission Reduction Climate Change MSP PIF Approved *Replenishment period of the GEF Source: GEF project cycle webpage Table 67 Kenya s GEF capacity building initiatives Source: UNFCCC capacity development portal ANNEX II: REFERENCE Byrne, R., Ockwell, D., Urama, K., Ozor, N., Kirumba, E., Ely, A., Becker, S. and Gollwitzer, L. (2014) Sustainable energy for whom?"


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"Horticulture Industry in Kenya FAO (2008). Climate-related Transboundary Pests and Diseases Including Relevant Aquatic Species. Expert meeting, FAO. February, 2008 Food and Water Watch: Lake Naivasha Wither- ing under International Vendors. January 2008 Bibliography Bibliography\fFunk, C., G. Senay, A. Asfaw, J. Verdin, J. Rowland, J. Michaelson, G. Eilerts, D. Korecha and R. Choularton (2005). Recent drought ten- dencies in Ethiopia and equatorial-subtropical eastern Africa."


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"Horticulture contributes 33% to the AgDGP (the largest in the sector) and 38% of export earnings. The main food crops include cereals, pulses, roots and tubers, fruits and vegetables, all of which contribute about 32% of the AgGDP and 0.5% of exports earnings."


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"Hot nights are projected to increase more quickly, occurring on 45-75 per cent of nights by mid-century and 64-93 per cent of nights by the end of the century; \ufffd Projections suggest a decrease in the number of days and nights that are considered \u2018cold\u2019 in the current climate. Cold days and nights are expected to become very rare."


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"Hot nights are projected to increase more quickly, occurring on 45-75% of nights by mid-century and 64-93% of nights by the end of the century. \ufffd Projections suggest a decrease in the number of days and nights that are considered \u2018cold\u2019 in the current climate. Cold days and nights are expected to become very rare. GCM projections suggest that there will be no cold days or nights by the 2090s."


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"Households with access to solar energy increased from 3% in Kenya is expected develop its domestic oil and gas reserves over the next few decades. The baseline includes only a small amount of crude oil production (about 2,000 barrels/day) starting in 2017 and rising modestly to 6,000 barrels/day by 2030. energy demand Energy demand is divided among three main types of energy carriers: fossil fuels, biomass and electricity."


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"However existing national strategies and interventions have not adequately mainstreamed climate change adaptation and mitigation in the agricultural sector. There is inconsistency between agriculture, food security and climate change leading to inefficiencies in implementation of climate change adaptation and mitigation interventions. In 2015, Kenya submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to the UNFCCC which has outlined CSA as a strategy to implement adaptation and mitigation actions in the National Climate Change Action Plan (GoK, 2012)."


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"However existing national strategies and interventions such as the National Climate Change Action Plan (2013-2017) and the Agriculture Sector Development Strategy (2010-2020) have not adequately mainstreamed adaptation, building resilience and mitigation of GHG\u2019s into the agricultural sector. Consequently, the sector needs a sound and enabling CSA strategy that will simultaneously guarantee productivity and food security while addressing climate change adaptation and mitigation."


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"However none of these commissions formed has explicitly addressed climate change issues within the education system.269 As such climate change is not formally acknowledged in Kenya\u2019s education curricular at primary, secondary and tertiary levels.270  The National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS) also acknowledged\f  this, noting that \u201cA major concern in Kenya is the lack of adequate climate change information, knowledge to researchers, planners, policy makers and the general public on climate change impacts, adaptation and mitigation measures.\u201d Among the measures it recommends is to carry out curricular review to integrate climate change into the Kenya education system."


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"However there is considerable model disagreement with a range of projections varying from a 5 per cent decrease to a 17 per cent increase by the 2030s and no change to a 26 per cent increase by 2060s; \ufffd The increase in total rainfall is projected to be largest from October to December (-6 mm to +29 mm per month by 2030s and 0mm to 30 mm by the 2060s) and proportional changes largest in January and February (-14 per cent to +50 per cent by 2030s and -6 per cent to +60 per cent by the 2060s)."


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"However there is considerable model disagreement with a range of projections varying from a 5% decrease to a 17% increase by the 2030s and no change to a 26% increase by 2060s."


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"However this situation is changing with an increase in rural-urban migration.36 The 2009 census showed that the urban population increased from 5.4 million in 1999 to 12.2 million in 2009. Close to half of all Kenyans are projected to be urban residents by 205037. Kenya\u2019s urban population is growing at four per cent per annum.38 The increase in urban population and limited affordable housing has resulted in informal settlements with limited housing, sanitation, water, energy and waste disposal."


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"However with all the benefits of forest cover, deforestation continues unabated particularly in developing countries where experts fear that it is exacerbating the effects of climate change. According to the IPCC, deforestation accounts for approximately 20% of global annual GHG emissions. Demand for energy is one of the main drivers of deforestation and land degradation in Kenya, where final delivered biomass energy accounts for 78% of all energy consumed (MOE, 2002)."


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"However,  their capacity should be enhanced, \u2022\ufffd ensuring and encouraging equal represen- tation of men and women in technology development, training and transfer, \u2022\ufffd providing incentives to local innovators e.g. awards for best technologies, \u2022\ufffd establishing forums for students\u2019 partici- pation in technological development e.g. through professional student bodies such as Engineering Students\u2019 Associations, Physics Students\u2019 Associations etc."


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"However, EMCA, 1999 does not effectively address several climate change issues including: \u2022\ufffd development of national inventories of anthropogenic emissions of GHG in Kenya by source and removal of GHG by sinks, \u2022\ufffd national framework for carbon finance, \u2022\ufffd development of national and regional programmes to mitigate climate change by addressing anthropogenic emissions by source, \u2022\ufffd promotion of education, training and awareness on climate change; appropri- ate technology transfer arrangements and their authorisation, and \u2022\ufffd access to environmentally-sound tech- nologies."


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"However, a transport expert group has since been deemed the biodiesel unfeasible.7 Accounting for only six possible options reduces the technical potential to 5.7 MtCO2e. Technical potential is of course different from actual potential, and it should be assumed that the technical potential is the limit to what is achievable unless additional mitigation options are considered."


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"However, as climate change risks and vulnerabilities increase, additional efforts will be required to address future vulnerabilities and enhance sustainable development to enable the country to attain its goals under Vision 2030. This chapter presents proposed adaptation related actions with examples of ongoing efforts under each sector. 33 4.2 Proposed sectoral adaptation actions The priority adaptation actions presented in this chapter are based on the vulnerabilities described in Chapter 3. Stakeholders prioritised adaptation actions for the different sectors during the NCCAP process."


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"However, at local level there is lack of understanding of the uncertainty and risk, which areas are most at risk from rapidly-changing conditions, what can be done to avoid, or minimise, adverse effects of change, and how can Kenya\u2019s biodiversity be protected from adverse change.  Another gap is lack of understanding on how the urban planners of our cities can build urban resilience."


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"However, by 2013, it was evident that such projects had not been implemented for the last 8 years as had been anticipated. The TNA further outlined a number of opportunities to reduce the vulnerability of smallholder farmers through better use of forestry opportunities. The later TNA of 2013 was the output of a fully country-led process and the views and information contained therein was the product of the National TNA team, led by NEMA."


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"However, climate change impacts\ufffdare\ufffdlikely\ufffdto\ufffdlead\ufffdto\ufffdfood\ufffddeficit\ufffdand\ufffdincreased\ufffdfood\ufffdprices.\ufffdThis\ufffdwill\ufffdreduce\ufffdaffordability\ufffdof\ufffdnearly\ufffd all agricultural commodities, including basic staples and livestock products. Besides, the country\u2019s per 2016b). 2.3 Policy Environment Policy reforms are cited as one of the drivers of productivity gains experienced in the agricultural sector. The Government of Kenya has over the years developed policies and strategies to enhance agricultural growth, natural resource management and climate change interventions. These policy reforms substantially improve the economic environment for agriculture through improvements in pricing, trade, exchange rates, institutions and markets."


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"However, for this analysis, the ambitious electricity expansion plans needed to satisfy Vision 2030 were assumed to be supply constrained in the absence of external support. International climate finance for low-carbon development opportunities provides the funding for additional capacity expansion that would not be installed in the reference case. 77 Bellanger, M. 2010. Technical Assistance to the Ministry of Energy. Nairobi: French Development Agency.\fKenya s 78 Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis. 2010."


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"However, fossil fuel based electricity generation and consumption, and increases in fossil fuel use in the transportation sector contribute significantly to GHG emissions. The recent discovery of commercially viable deposits of oil and coal will likely contribute to increased emissions in Kenya. The extraction and use of these resources could take low carbon considerations into account, such as encouraging clean technologies with international support and considering allocation of royalties to a fund to support climate resilient and low carbon actions."


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"However, given that policy is not binding, there would be no legal consequence on a government or a people for failing to implement their policy. Thus, every policy should be translated into law for effective implementation but a law has other functions that ought to be well understood."


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"However, if significant fossil fuel electricity generation is developed (~5000 additional megawatt by 2030), the reduction falls to approximately 18% or roughly a reduction of 14  gCO2e/passenger\u2022km shifted. Transport of Oil by Pipeline A shift of the transport of oil by truck to pipeline would likely reduce emissions in the order of 90% or roughly a reduction of 10 gCO2e/barrel\u2022km shifted based on the adoption of electric pumping stations. Figure 7.3.  Technical Potential Emission Reductions in 2030 of Mitigation Options Table 7.2."


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"However, improving charcoal production methods could increase Kenya\u2019s climate resilience because intact forests have higher water retention and increased biomass cover lessens climate impacts. 6 .4  A DA P TAT I ON  I N  T hE  I N DUS T RI A L  S E C TOR Kenya\u2019s NDC places emphasis on adaptation and resilience because of the country\u2019s high vulnerability to climate change and climate variability."


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"However, in some generally temperature- stressed highland settings, climate change has the potential to create more favourable agro-climatic conditions.52 The climate change effects likely to directly and indirectly impact agricultural productivity include: \u00d8\ufffd Higher temperatures are likely to directly reduce yields of desirable crops in the long-term."


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"However, it is presented separately because it forms a discrete, valuable action that can be implemented independently of the MRV+ system. Many data sets are required to permit quantification of greenhouse gas emissions and measurement of indicators.  These data sets and the reports generated need to be stored in one place, so that they can be quality checked and easily accessed by individuals involved in Kenya\u2019s MRV+ system."


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"However, many are of the opinion that the reduction targets that have been pledged under the Accord are still likely to overshoot the global average temperature increase beyond the desired 2oC7 limit. See for example, Climate Interactive\u2019s \u201cScoreboard Science and Data\u201d:   scoreboard/scoreboard-science-and-data."


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"However, more modelling and forest inventory data would be required to determine if net baseline emissions are more or less than the baseline LULUCF emissions projected in the SNC and summarized in Figure 5.1. Greenhouse gas emissions are projected to decline from 26 MtCO2e in 2015 to 22 MtCO2e in 2030, a decrease of 16%.\fN D C  S E C T O R  A N A LY S I S  R E P O R T  2 0 1 7 Figure 5.2."


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"However, only MED attempts to draw all the data together when it reports against Vision 2030 objectives.  The introduction of GHG emissions reporting requirements, mitigation and adaptation indicators adds complexity that is beyond the remit of the MED. Lead Agency to take this Action forward The NCCS will manage the MRV+ system.  The National Climate Change Council(NCCC) will chair the MRV+ system steering committee, and the steering committee will oversee the functioning of the whole MRV+ system."


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"However, parts of this land are degrading through farming practices that result in water and wind erosion, nutrient mining, topsoil compaction, salinization and soil pollution. As a result, the productivity of the land resource base has declined. Land degradation also leads to off-site problems, such as sedimentation of reservoirs, reduced watershed system functioning and carbon dioxide emissions.\f Fisheries In capture fisheries, a number of activities contribute to GHG emissions either directly or in-directly."


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"However, potential implementing and executing entities have limited capacity to deal with eligibility criteria and modalities of the various funds. Barriers include: limited awareness of existing funds; limited technical capabilities to evaluate, and screen projects or programmes; limited capacity to develop innovative finance packaging and a bankable project pipeline; lack of experience in using innovative financial instruments such as green bonds; and limited monitoring and reporting capabilities."


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"However, projections show that by 2030, energy will be the leading contributor to emissions because of increased consumption of fossil fuels in generating electricity, meeting domestic, commercial and industrial heating demands and for  transportation.  Kenya Vision 2030 identified climate change as a risk that could slow the country\u2019s development. Climate change actions have been incorporated into the Medium-Term Plans (MTP), starting from the second MTP (2013-2017). In the Third Medium-Term Plan (2018-2022), climate change was mainstreamed across sector plans."


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"However, research on mitigation and adaptation has not adequately taken into account the indigenous technical knowledge that would contribute towards better adaptation and mitigation towards climate change in the agriculture sector. There is need to enhance capacity of institutions to undertake mitigation and adaptation research which entails availing adequate infrastructure for research; providing adequate skilled research personnel, adopting indigenous knowledge and culture, enhancing capacity to carry out MRV, and increasing operational resources for CSA research."


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"However, some core elements of the system will need to be fast tracked in order to: \u2022\ufffd Meet international reporting obligations such as Kenya\u2019s first Biennial Update Report to the UNFCCC, which is due at the end of December 2014 and National Communications."


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"However, the Directive also opens the possibility of the EU concluding bilateral deals that would continue to allow market access for credits from other countries. As the EU ETS represents the overwhelming source of demand for certified emission reductions (CERs) at present, removing access to this market severely threatens Kenya\u2019s opportunities to engage in international carbon markets. One option is to acquire a bilateral deal with the EU to overcome this."


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"However, the Strategy recommends that a new climate change legislation be enacted, a process that could run concurrently with the policy formulation. In addition, the Strategy has established that institutions currently in place to govern climate change affairs are inadequate."


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"However, the Vision 2030 does not address climate change adequately, but it does refer to climate change adaptation in the context of building capacity as part of environmental management."


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"However, the agricultural sector is perceived to be high risk hence, there has been low investments by\ufffdformal\ufffdfinancial\ufffdinstitutions.\ufffd\f15 (FY) 2014/15 to KSh. 40.57 Billion in FY 2015/16 and increased to KSh. 49.96 Billion in FY 2016/17. The decrease in FY 2016/17 was due to transfer of the Irrigation and Drainage Infrastructure Programme to the Ministry of Water and Irrigation. In terms of actual expenditure, it decreased from KSh. 46.92 Billion in FY 2014/15 to KSh. 36."


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"However, the areas near large water bodies particularly the coastal strip indicate a different pattern. In these areas, the minimum (night/ early morning) temperatures show no change or decreasing trends while the maximum temperatures depict an increasing trend since the early 1960s."


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"However, the changes (reductions) are not very significant. Most of the standard seasons also depict the same type of patterns in the highest daily rainfall values observed. There is an indication of relatively more intense rainfall occurring more frequently over the coastal strip and the northern parts of the country in the SON and DJF seasons."


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"However, the changes (reductions) are not very significant. Most of the standard seasons also depict the same type of patterns in the highest daily rainfall values observed. Thus far, there is an indication of relatively more intense rainfall occurring more frequently over the coastal strip and the northern parts of the country in the September- October-November (SON) and December- January-February (DJF) seasons. These changing temperature and rainfall patterns have profound impacts on Kenya\u2019s socio-economic sectors, most of which are climate-sensitive."


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"However, the country lacks appropriate technologies, adequate capacity for installation and repairs and infrastructure facilities to manufacture turbines or parts that might be critical in\f  maintenance of the plants.216 217 In the past, specifically development of small hydropower has been hindered by: \ufffd High installation costs averaging US$ 2,500 per kilowatt \ufffd Inadequate hydrological data \ufffd Effects of climate change \ufffd A limited local capacity to manufacture small hydro power components Expansion of small hydropower generation in Kenya can result in great socio- economic and environmental benefits and is an area where Kenya can import knowledge, products and services."


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"However, the country\u2019s capability to implement this contribution is also subject to limitations, with poverty alleviation and sustainable economic development being the key national objectives. Increasing the per-capita GDP growth equitably above the 2019 levels of 6.36% is therefore a priority. Therefore, the country will need substantial support to realize its development objectives through the low carbon climate  resilient development pathway that has informed the NDC update process. Kenya\u2019s NDC represents her  Page 17 of 19 Cue."


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"However, the data and information used for this chapter of Kenya\u2019s Second National Communications has been updated to reflect new information and data that has been generated since the NCCAP was prepared in 2012.  The information is organised by the following seven sectors used for analysis in the low-carbon scenario analysis of the NCCAP:  \ufffd Energy demand \ufffd Electricity generation \ufffd Transportation \ufffd Industrial processes \ufffd Agriculture\f  \ufffd Forestry \ufffd Waste."


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"However, the electricity generation mix can fluctuate as hydro generation has varied substantially in recent years due to unreliable water levels.  The national consumption of fossil and biomass fuels is identified in Table 11.  Data on fossil fuels was provided primarily by the Ministry of Energy.  Estimates of biomass consumption were based on a number of different studies and are consistent with an Integrated Assessment of the Energy Policy conducted by Kamfor Consultants completed in 2006."


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"However, the estimates of the carbon stocks of forest (that is Forest Land Remaining Forest Land in the LULUCF sector) has the highest uncertainty of emission estimates because of uncertainty in activity data and emissions factors. In fact, there is still some uncertainty in regard to the actual extent of total forest cover."


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"However, the forests are threatened by agricultural expansion and unsustainable use of forest resources which have led to increased pressure on forest resources. An analysis of change in forest cover over between 1990 and 2015 revealed an increase in afforestation and agroforestry activities (KFS, 2013). The data shows that land under forest has decreased by 311,000 ha equivalent to 25% loss of forest cover. However, there was a slight increase in forest cover from 6.01% in 2000 to 7.46% in 2015."


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"However, the plants themselves are a major source of methanogenic feedstock compared to external inputs including the rice straw. Emissions from paddy rice production can be addressed by adoption of best practices/technologies and innovations. Livestock sub-sector The emissions are mainly from enteric fermentation due to low-quality and low-digestibility of ruminant feeds. Poor animal health and husbandry and limited intensification of livestock management systems that lead to low productivity also contributes to emissions. Another key source of emissions arises from manure management."


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"However, the projected baseline includes a small amount of emissions that will result from the production of up to 6,000 barrel of crude oil per day by 2030. Energy demand emissions are those related to the combustion of fossil fuels by residential and commercial energy end-users. The emissions related to energy use in the transport and industry sectors are considered in the transport (Chapter 5) and industry (Chapter 7) sector analyses of this NDC assessment."


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"However, the service encounters challenges related to infrastructure, technology, inadequate dissemination and limited integration of climate information in agricultural research and development. 2.5 Context of Climate Smart Agriculture Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) offers an excellent opportunity for agricultural growth. It however, requires collaborative actions among the various actors including: National and County Governments, farmers, private sector, civil society organizations (CSOs) and other value chain actors."


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"However, the uncertainty in end-use allocation does not affect overall estimates of emissions, but it does impact the uncertainty associated with estimates of the potential for mitigation where specific end-uses are targeted.  Developing a baseline projection for Kenya\u2019s electricity sector is challenging because there is considerable uncertainty regarding how the sector may grow to meet a large suppressed demand for electricity. Specific plans are in place but they assume very high growth rates."


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"However, the uncertainty in end-use allocation does not affect overall estimates of emissions, but it does impact the uncertainty associated with estimates of the potential for mitigation where specific end-uses are targeted.  Table 51 summarises the allocation of different fuels to both consumers and specific end-uses. The cement industrial sector is separated from the energy consumption of all other industry."


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"However, the use of coal is accompanied by strong environmental impacts, such as high emissions of sulphur dioxide, heavy metals and harmful greenhouse gases. The country is therefore faced with choosing between the exploitation of her fossil fuel resources to realise her development objectives and foregoing their exploitation for environmental reasons. To forego all the  benefits of exploiting the fossil fuel resources, Kenya will need significant international support."


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"However, their contribution is expected to decrease to 31% by 2030 as energy-related emissions grow at a considerably faster rate than agricultural emissions. This can be at least partly explained by the lower expected economic growth rates in agriculture compared to other sectors of the economy. The baseline emissions projection for agriculture is summarized in Figure 3.1. Emissions are sub-divided into six major emission sources. Agricultural greenhouse gas emissions are projected increase of 22%."


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"However, their contribution is expected to increase to 17% by 2030 because of an increase in the number of passenger and freight vehicles on the road, as well as an increase in rail transport that is expected to rise at a rate that is faster than overall economic growth. The baseline emissions projection for transport are summarised in Figure 7.1. Greenhouse gas emissions are projected to rise from 10.5 MtCO2e in 2015 to 24.2 MtCO2e in 2030, an increase of 130%."


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"However, there are a number of very important factors that need to be carefully considered and that justify both the BAU emission projection and 30% emission reduction target. 1."


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"However, there is controversy over the spread of malaria to the Highlands because most of the studies fail to integrate non-climate factors, such as the decline in the control and treatment of the disease.182 \ufffd Increasing annual temperature is likely to be responsible for increasing prevalence of diarrheal disease, particularly among children under years. Furthermore, extreme events, especially extreme rainfall, will further threaten the health of the increasing population without basic sanitary infrastructure and reliable waste collection infrastructures."


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"However, there is lack of effective incentive mechanisms to motivate reductions of emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, forest conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of carbon stocks (REDD+) in the farming systems. Strategic Issue 6: Lack of accountable quantification of GHGs emissions The agriculture sector lacks adequate mechanisms for measuring, reporting and verifying its greenhouse gas emissions."


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"However, there is no strategy that guides the financing of climate change adaptation and mitigation activities by the different players in the agriculture sector. (ii) Equity and Inclusivity of Women Youth and Vulnerable Groups The Bill of Rights in Chapter 4 of the Constitution of Kenya proscribes discrimination against all persons directly or indirectly on any ground, including race, sex, pregnancy, marital status, health status, ethnic or social origin, colour, age, disability, religion, conscience, belief, culture, dress, language or birth."


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"However, there is no systematic approach to monitoring, reporting and verifying greenhouse gas emissions or monitoring and evaluating and climate change adaptation actions either within or between ministries. Training on MRV and M&E of climate change actions and indicator development, measurement and reporting is ad hoc and not institutionalised. The aim of the action is to build institutional as well as individual capacities of Government agencies and staff  involved in providing data for the MRV+ system."


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"However, these ecosystems are threatened by resource overexploitation, transformation and degradation of habitat, pollution, and now, climate change. Some of the interventions in these sectors include: \u2022\ufffd promoting sustainable fish farming as a means of economic diversification and reducing over-fishing in inland lakes and rivers, \u2022\ufffd developing county-wide maps depicting ar- eas that will require shore protection (e.g."


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"However, this may result in a gross over-estimation of our current ability to predict sectoral responses to climate change, for example in agriculture.141 Although more exhaustive characterisation of uncertainty may be scientifically tractable, the prospect of reducing uncertainty depends on further progress being made in the underpinning climate science.142, 143  A number of specific actions have been identified and these can be found in Table 4 9 ."


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"However, this requires collective efforts among all stakeholders in the public and private sector organisations, including non-governmental organizations (NGOs), civil society, the donor community, and local\f  vi  communities. The Government will provide the necessary support required for the successful implementation of the strategies and measures spelled out in this Second National Communication. Despite the many challenges encountered during the preparation of this report, valuable experience was gained, national capacity on climate change issues was further developed and many lessons were learnt."


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"However, this was not considered in the analysis because: \u2022 Transmission and distribution operators already have a strong incentive to reduce losses to improve their economic performance and plans are in place to reduce losses in the coming years. \u2022 In a supply constrained electricity sector, any extra supply will be consumed, offering little net difference in emissions."


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"However, various procedural limitations are likely to be imposed in order to safeguard integrity of certain knowledge, such as that subject to intellectual property rights, proprietary interest or of a confidential nature, or information classified for national security reasons. 8.1.7 The rules on access to information should be interpreted liberally to ensure the widest latitude is given to public access to information, bearing in mind the constitutional origins of the right."


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"Human health  Climate change is expected to put at risk human health by exacerbating the magnitude and occurrence of existing impacts, such as heat stress, air pollution, asthma, vector-borne diseases (such as malaria, dengue, schistosomiasis \u2013 also referred to as swimmer\u2019s itch or snail fever \u2013 and tick-borne diseases), water-borne and food-borne diseases (such as diarrhoeal diseases)."


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"Hydroelectric power generation is also affected by soil erosion and the consequent siltation of dams. The decline in HEP production in 2002 for instance was caused by both the reduced river flow (volume) due to the 1999-2000 droughts and the siltation of dams by the 1997-1998 El-Ni\u00f1o floods20. The gross storage capacity of the Kindaruma Dam has reduced from 16 million cubic metres to 11 million cubic metres due to siltation.21 Siltation is usually caused by heavy floods."


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"Hydroelectricity generation, which accounted for over 50 per cent of Kenya\u2019s electricity in 2013, is affected by extreme events such as droughts. Reductions in reservoir levels can decrease hydroelectricity generation, leading to higher prices and greater use of fossil fuels, which increase GHG emissions. Coal and petroleum as sources of electricity generation contribute to GHG emissions. Kenya possesses significant renewable energy potential, including geothermal, wind, solar, biomass and biofuels."


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"Hydropower and wind power systems likely have taken account of some climate risks because investment decisions are linked to uncertainty related to climate conditions; yet specific adaptation measures across the energy system can reduce vulnerability to climate change. Inadequate attention to climate impacts can increase the long-term costs of energy sector investments and reduce the likelihood that these investments will deliver intended benefits."


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"Hydropower dams may disturb the natural flow regime of a river and can negatively impact biodiversity. However, depending on the ecosystem where the river is located, on the hydrological regime and the type of dam, the negative environmental impact of hydropower may be minimal. Ultra-supercritical coal technology, while having lower GHG emissions than less-efficient coal-fired power generation, still generates local air pollution through emissions of sulphur dioxide and nitrous oxide thus having a negative environmental impact."


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"Hydropower expansion \u2013 Stakeholders often cited the climate sensitivity of hydropower and perceived lack of untapped large-scale resource as major barriers. For this reason, capacity assumptions in the mitigation scenario for hydropower are relatively conservative. A similar approach to geothermal and wind (as described above) was taken, but with the addition of the small-hydro ambitions of the National Energy Policy out to 2030, which are not currently included in the ULCPDP."


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"I acknowledge and appreciate the support of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Kenya representations through the Integrating Agriculture in National Adaptation Plans project,  for supporting the production of this strategy for wider dissemination. The farmer organizations, farmer\u2019s representatives and other special interest groups are also appreciated for their contribution and participation during the various consultative fora and during the national validation workshop."


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"I also appreciate the contributions by all the Government Ministries and Departments for clearly identifying their stake and giving valuable inputs that enriched the strategy. I recognize the support and invaluable contribution of the County Governments through the County Executive Committee members in charge of Departments of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries, Irrigation and Environment."


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"I also wish to thank the following Principal Secretaries for giving guidance and leadership; Dr. Richard Lesiyampe, State Department for Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Dr. Andrew Tuimur, State Department for Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries; Mr. Charles Sunkuli, State Department for Environment, Ministry of Environment, and Natural Resources; and Ms. Zeinab Hussein, State Department for Irrigation, Ministry of Water and Irrigation."


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"I am optimistic that this Strategy will contribute to the achievement of Vision 2030. I take this opportunity to request all the relevant stakeholders to play their respective roles in ensuring the successful implementation of this Strategy for the well-being of all citizens. Willy Bett, E.G.H Cabinet Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries\f ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The development of this strategy was highly consultative and participatory and involved stakeholders at national and county levels with support from various people and organizations."


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"I express my gratitude to the officials and experts of NEMA, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, other related government departments, civil society organizations, members of the TWGs, the consulting team and individuals for their dedication and commitment in the preparation of the SNC through a participatory process, which included a series of workshops, seminars and meetings involving all key stakeholders."


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"I give special thanks to Mr. Willy Bett, the Cabinet Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Prof. Judi Wakhungu, the Cabinet Secretary, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources and Mr. Eugene Wamalwa, the Cabinet Secretary Ministry of Water and Irrigation for the support and goodwill extended during the development of this strategy."


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"I have heard similar stories of rising high tide mark from Zanzibar to Malindi, with fishing villages having to move further inland as the high tide began to invade their courtyards and homes. Here in East Africa, global warming with its predicted sea rise is not a future threat - it is here now\u2019 Mr. Dan Stiles, Diani Beach resident \u2013 south Coast, August 2008, settled at the place in 1997 (Courtesy of the KMD) Buffaloes grazing in the Aberdares National Park."


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"I look forward to seeing the fruits of all of our efforts in a more climate resilient and low carbon Kenya. Hon. Chirau A. Mwakwere; E.G.H.; M.P.; Minister for Environment & Mineral Resources\fKenya s XI Ali D. Mohamed, CBS (Chair) Permanent Secretary Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources Fatuma M. Hussein (Ms) (Ag."


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"I take this opportunity to thank all those who participated in the production of this Response Strategy: CAMCO as a consulting firm, stakeholders who participated in the consultative workshops, the NCCRS Advisory Committee, the NEMA staff who organised the regional consultative workshops, officers of the Climate Change Secretariat at the Ministry headquarters, all Ministries that contributed concept papers on climate change projects and programmes to be undertaken by their respective Ministries, and the Environment Secretary for coordinating all these inputs and steering the publication of the Strategy."


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"I therefore, urge all the relevant stakeholders to play their respective roles in ensuring that the Kenya CSA Implementation Framework is successfully implemented to shield the agricultural sector from the negative impacts of climate change to ensure its growth and maintain its position as a pillar of Kenya\u2019s development. Hon."


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"ICT growth has led to computers and the internet being common across businesses in all sectors, with mobile phones in particular becoming an essential part of Kenya\u2019s population daily lives.  ICT has been one of the main drivers of Kenya\u2019s economic growth over the last decade. Since 2000, ICT has been responsible for 0.9 of the 3.7 per cent annual GDP growth, and for all of Kenya\u2019s GDP per capita growth (World Bank)."


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"IGF IGR IGSC ILRI Inter-Governmental Forum Inter-Governmental Relations Summit Inter-Governmental Steering Committee International Livestock Research Institute INDC IPCC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPC International Plant Protection Convention IRA IRRI ISFM Insurance Regulatory Authority International Rice Research Institute Integrated Soil Fertility Management ITK Indigenous Technical Knowledge ITWG JAS JATESC JICA KACCAL KAGRC Inter-Governmental Technical Working Group Joint Agricultural Secretariat Joint Agriculture Technical Steering Committee Japan International Cooperation Agency Kenya Adaptation to Climate Change in Arid and Semi-Arid Lands Kenya Animal Genetic Resource Centre KALRO Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization KCIC Kenya Climate Innovation Centre KCSAS Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Strategy KEFRI Kenya Forest Research Institute KENAFF Kenya National Farmers Federation KENAS Kenya Accreditation Service KEPHIS Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Service KEPSA Kenya Private Sector Alliance KEVEVAPI KFS Kenya Veterinary Vaccines Production Institute Kenya Forest Service KfW Kreditnastalt fur wiederaufbau/German government owned bank KICD Kenya Institute of Curriculum Development KIPI Kenya Intellectual Property Institute KIRDI KMD Kenya Industrial Research and Development Institute Kenya Meteorological Department KMFRI KNBS KRRF KSS Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute Kenya"


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"IISD\u2019s report on climate risk and vulnerability in Kenya indicates that water availability is especially critical as we live in one of the most water scarce countries in Africa.42 Access to this basic resource is likely to become more difficult due to population growth, economic expansion, unsustainable management of water and forest resources, and changes in rainfall patterns."


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"ILRI-IFPRI World Bank Project Report. International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya, 65 p. 151 Thornton, P.K., Jones, P.G., Alagarswamy, G. and Andresen, J. (2009). Spatial variation of crop yield response to climate change in East Africa. Global Environmental Change 19, 54\u201365. 152 Thornton, P.K., Jones, P.G., Alagarswamy, G. and Andresen, J. (2009). Spatial variation of crop yield response to climate change in East Africa. Global Environmental Change 19, 54\u201365. 153 Thornton, P.K., Jones, P.G."


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"IMTR RTC is also regarded as a \u201cCentre of Excellence\u201d with two components, one located on the grounds of the KMD offering diploma courses and at the University of Nairobi, Department of Meteorology located at Chiromo Campus offering degree courses. The two work very closely together, especially in the coordination of international training programmes for the WMO members. Kenya\u2019s Systematic Observation, Monitoring and Research  The need for information and tools to enable Kenya to cope with the impacts of climate change is real and urgent."


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"INSTITUTIONS The main government institutions and stakeholders engaged in the delivery of this Policy are described below.  5.2.1 Oversight, Implementation and Monitoring The main government institutions engaged in the oversight, implementation and monitoring of this Policy are described below. a) The National Climate Change Council, established under the Climate Change Act, 2016 and chaired by the President, will guide the implementation of this Policy and receive at least bi-annual reports on the implementation of this Policy."


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"INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE FINANCE LANDSCAPE Climate change activities are funded through bilateral, regional and multilateral channels. The types of climate finance available through these channels vary from grants and concessional loans, to guarantees and private equity. The climate finance architecture is complex with various modalities, objectives and governance structures. The United Nations Development Programme estimates there are more than 50 international public funds, 45 carbon markets and 6,000 private equity funds across a wide variety of climate change-related themes."


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"IPCC Sector Key Activity Data Gap Identified Recommendation for Addressing Data Gap Agriculture Data on the fraction of different livestock that are managed under different animal waste management systems is lacking and default data was used. The Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries should undertake an assessment to accurately determine the fraction of different livestock that are managed under different animal waste management systems."


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"IPCC Sector Key Activity Data Gap Identified Recommendation for Addressing Data Gap The total degradable organic content of industrial wastewater was estimated based on the production (tonnes) of different products that typically generate high volumes of industrial wastewater. High level assumptions were made regarding the type of treatment facilities in place. The National Environment management Authority has additional data on more than a 1,000 wastewater treatment facilities that could be reviewed."


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"IWRM has intensified activities on forestry, soil conservation, and improved land use and water catchment management. To properly develop and manage resources in the country, the GoK formulated the National Water Master Plan in 1992 (NWMP) and updated National Water Master Plan 2030 (NWMP 2030). The NWMP 2030 factors in new circumstances particularly increasing water demand, impacts of climate change, population growth, and also social and economic developments."


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"Identification and Quantification of Dioxins and Furan Releases in Kenya. Kenya National Inventory of POPs under the Stockholm Convention. UNEP (2006).   Kenya: Integrated assessment of the Energy Policy With focus on the transport and household energy sectors.  United Nations Environmental Programme."


id: 6c2fba0b56656850d69fbe959c94505d
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"Identification and Quantification of Dioxins and Furan Releases in Kenya. Kenya National Inventory of POPs under the Stockholm Convention. UNEP (2006).   Kenya: Integrated assessment of the Energy Policy With focus on the transport and household energy sectors.  United Nations Environmental Programme.  In conjunction with Ministry of Ministry for Planning and National DevelopmentTable 59 below identifies the specific assumptions used to estimate future growth in on-road vehicle fuel demand."


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"Identified Barriers to Technology Needs and Enabling Environments  All of the ranked technologies have had early adoption in Kenya. The key challenge for Kenya is for their successful diffusion. A list of potential barriers and proposed enabling framework to their diffusion is shown in Annex 1 Table 63. In Kenya, three barriers stand out: \ufffd High cost of purchase, installation and maintenance; \ufffd Weak policies and lack of standards; and \ufffd Limited information and awareness."


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"Identify and engage international and domestic investors and invite them to the first session (4 months)\fKenya s Action 9:  SUPPORT THE PLANNED CREATION OF A ONE-STOP SHOP TO ExPEDITE THE PROCESS OF ACqUIRING RENEWABLE ENERGY PERMITS AND LICENSES Action Reference Action summary The recommendation is to support the already planned creation of a one-shop where renewable energy firms (and in the future possibly firms in other low-carbon sectors) can acquire all the necessary permits and licenses to develop their projects."


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"Identifying documentation procedures can assist inventory teams in reporting the origin of methodologies, activity datasets, and emission factors used to estimate emissions or removals. Future inventory teams can then refer to the documentation to determine what information was collected, how the data were obtained, and what methods were used, as well as to reproduce estimates.  In addition to this inventory report, individual sector level inventory reports have been prepared to clearly document all methods and data for easy future reference."


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"If 35 per cent unsustainable biomass usage is assumed, emissions from charcoal production increase to 4.3 MtCO2e. In the reference scenario, emissions from charcoal production are projected to remain relatively stable, while emissions from cement production increase to 4.4 MtCO2e in 2030. Process emissions from cement manufacturing can be reduced by replacing clinker in the cement mix with alternative materials. Although some Kenyan cement companies are implementing this approach, this was not considered in this low carbon analysis."


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"If Kenya takes no action to reduce or minimise expected impacts of current and future climate change, the costs of potential damage to the economy could be enormous. A recent study has estimated that the direct costs of climate change damage in Kenya will potentially amount to between one and two billion US Dollars annually by the year 2030 and considerably greater if indirect costs are included."


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"If all projects under this definition are included, then the total, cumulative amount of climate finance committed by development partners in Kenya as of February 2012 was USD2.29 billion, whereas total Government of Kenya funds came to USD438 million. It should be noted, however, that having significant or principle climate change components are broad terms, and most development agencies and the Government of Kenya tend not to classify development finance and climate finance separately."


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"If effected it will create a comprehensive collaboration arrangement that will allow the climate change information and knowledge to flow across the government, private sector, civil society, academic institutions and individual researchers. In addition appropriate knowledge management and information arrangement for flow among the national and county  governments, civil society, private sector, research institutions, individual researchers and\f  academic institutions is required."


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"If no action is taken to reduce or minimise expected impacts from climate change, the costs to society and the economy will be immense. The Strategy therefore identifies the sectors that are most vulnerable to climate change impacts and proposes interventions to reduce or mitigate these impacts, while promoting a low-carbon economy and climate change-resilient production systems. In addition, the Strategy proposes the establishment of a dedicated climate change secretariat that will oversee its implementation."


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"If the action is designated as \u2018quick win\u2019 it should have been agreed with the Lead Agency.\fKenya s Cost associated with the Action in Kenyan Shillings The actual creation of a climate change code and associated meetings and discussions would be virtually cost neutral. Immediate next steps  1. Determine the necessary specific actions to be undertaken to create a climate change code (1 month)  2."


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"If the action is designated as \u2018quick win\u2019 it should have been agreed with the Lead Agency.\fKenya s Cost associated with the Action in Kenyan Shillings The body would require a smaller resource outlay than the climate fund as it would not require so many specialized skills or as elaborate a governance structure. Potentially costs may be 75% lower than for the National Climate Fund (NCF) implying a cost of Ksh 10 to 20 million per annum."


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"If the action is designated as \u2018quick win\u2019 it should have been agreed with the Lead Agency.\fKenya s Cost associated with the Action in Kenyan Shillings The substantial costs for this activity are likely to be largely or exclusively met by development partners such as the World Bank\u2019s proposed Climate Initiative for Development programme. Typical grants associated with such programmes may be in the region of $200,000 to $300,000 (Ksh 17 to 25 million) although would vary significantly by programme. Immediate next steps  1."


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"If the action is designated as \u2018quick win\u2019 it should have been agreed with the Lead Agency. Cost associated with the Action in Kenyan Shillings Minimal costs \u2013 convening and holding each session would cost circa Ksh 500,000 Immediate next steps  1. Establish a consensus for dialogue and discussion platforms within the Ministry of Energy and Office of the Prime Minister, including which government bodies will take part and what plans the government would like to present (4 months)  2."


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"If the country is to avoid the worst effects of climate change it will need to seriously increase the limited efforts made thus far. This will require a comprehensive understanding of international agreements, policies and processes on climate change. It is necessary to put in place a conducive and enabling framework and a concerted programme of action to combat impacts of climate change. An informed public on climate change and its impact is the first step."


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"If this is not managed carefully, it may leave only higher cost mitigation options for the government to pursue.  2.1.4 The Mechanism for Technology Transfer and Capacity Building The Technology Mechanism established under Article 10 of the Paris Agreement is dedicated to promoting and facilitating enhanced action on technology development\f and transfer. Both the Technology Mechanism and the Financial Mechanism will support, accelerate, encourage and enable innovation."


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"Immediate next steps For a successful outcome, the MRV+ steering committee and management team need to be in place and the following system components need to be set up: the data and QA/QC working group, TAGs, SPI and GHG technical team. Assuming the MRV+ system steering committee and management team and system components can be put in place by August 2013, this action should be able to start in September 2013."


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"Immediate next steps For a successful outcome, the following conditions need to have been met before the action is implemented: a target MDA needs to be identified (by end of October 2012); the relevant ATAR or NAP actions need to have been agreed with the target MDA (by end of November 2012); the target MDA needs to have agreed to collaborate on the action and to provide relevant staff input (by end of December 2012); funding sources for the action need to have been put in place (by end of December 2012)."


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"Immediate next steps Scaling of the prototype or calling for consultants to bid for development of a complete technology-based climate change knowledge management system using a phased approach.\fKenya s Action 2: ESTABLISH A PHYSICAL CLIMATE CHANGE RESOURCE CENTRE Action Reference Action summary: The physical dimension of climate change information and knowledge management entails having, an organized physical space to house hard copies of published multimedia materials and other knowledge products."


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"Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture STRENGTH ISSUE TO ADDRESS WHAT TO DO WITH STRENGTH THREATS Existence of knowledge on adaptation options within line ministries, departments and research institutions Capacity building for resilience Disseminate knowledge on climate change adaptation options \u2022\ufffd Dynamic climate beyond our control \u2022\ufffd Limited human and physical resources Existence of diverse production systems Adaptive capacity of production systems Promote diversification of enterprises and alternative livelihoods \u2022\ufffd Changing weather patterns \u2022\ufffd Slow pace of changing to new types of agricultural enterprises and production systems Availability of arable land Utilization of land resource Sustainable management and utilization of land \u2022\ufffd Decline in soil health and water quality due to climate change and extreme weather events Existence of a diverse and rich natural resource base Sustainable natural resource management and utilization Enhance capacity in land use planning and sustainable resource management \u2022\ufffd Natural disaster such as drought and floods \u2022\ufffd Political interference Availability of adaptive species to climate change phenomena Promotion of the desired species that have adaptive capacity Propagation and promotion of the species to build on resilience"


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"Impact of regional climate change on 59 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Government of Kenya (GoK), Regional Centre for Mapping of Resources for Development (RCMRD) and United States Geological Survey (USGS). 2009. Kenya Atlas of Our Changing Environment. UNEP. 60 GoK (2012). Kenya Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA); 2008-2011 Drought. Government of Kenya, with technical support from the European Union, United Nations and World Bank 61 GoK (2012). Kenya Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA); 2008-2011 Drought."


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"Impact:  Funding and implementation of actions to restore forests on degraded lands will eventually lead to reduced deforestation and improved forest management and associated co- benefits, such as improved water availability, hydropower generation, reduced flooding and landslides, and sustainable use of forest products such as fuelwood, charcoal and medicines. Many of the areas to be restored will be used for grazing animals and actions could have significant impacts on pastoralists and forest-dependent communities."


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"Impact:  Improved cookstoves can better the lives of individual, particularly women, in rural and urban areas \u2013 both by reducing time to collect fuelwood and reducing indoor air pollution. The actions may also present cost savings to consumers, depending on the price of alternatives. Increased climate resilience through lower fuelwood demand and reduced deforestation. Areas of relevance Sectors: 1. Agriculture and Rural Development; 2. Environment, Water and Sanitation; 3. Physical Infrastructure Sector; and 4. Tourism Trade and Industry."


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"Impact:  Increasing the share of geothermal electricity can improve energy security (through de- creased energy imports) and reduce costs of generation. Geothermal power can provide low-cost base load electricity generation, facilitating economic activity and development. It also reduces the current reliance on hydropower thereby improving climate resilience. Areas of relevance Sectors:; 3."


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"Impact: Robust and reliable inventory that meets UNFCCC reporting requirements; improved low-carbon policy development, improved assessment of needed emission reduction actions and impacts of these actions \u2013 all contributing to improved planning decisions regarding climate change, investment and sustainability.  The improved understanding of GHG emissions could help Kenya to leverage climate financing. Areas of relevance Sectors: Sectors: 1. Agriculture and Rural Development; 2. Environment, Water and Sanitation; 3. Physical Infrastructure Sector; and 4. Tourism Trade and Industry."


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"Impacts for particular sectors have been analysed as follows:  Water Resources  Freshwater resources are already highly influenced by inter-and intra-annual rainfall variability, including the extremes of flooding and drought and climate change may further reduce the availability of this resource through\f  altered rainfall patterns, higher evaporation, lower lake levels, accelerated loss of glaciers and rising sea level. Water availability is already a significant problem in cities."


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"Impacts include loss of biodiversity, threats to animal and plant species, change in vegetation composition and structure, decrease in forest coverage, rapid deterioration of land cover, and depletion of water quality and quantity through the destruction of catchments and underground aquifers. Increased scarcity of water resources is a core concern, making resource management more difficult and increasing the likelihood of conflict. Water scarcity will affect energy production and agricultural systems."


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"Impacts of climate change are discussed further in chapter 5. The country\u2019s economy is highly dependent on climate sensitive sectors including agriculture, tourism, and energy19.Climate change potentially poses one of the greatest challenges for Kenya to realise its vision to become a prosperous country. The World Bank affirms that \u201cpoverty and vulnerability to climate change remain the most critical development challenges facing Kenya\u201d7."


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"Impacts on coastal zones  Climate change impacts, including increases in sea surface temperature, sea level rise and coastal erosion, are likely to put additional pressure on coastal ecosystems174, including islands, estuaries, beaches, coral reefs and marine biodiversity. Sea level rise in combination with extreme weather events is likely to intensify flooding as the majority of the coastland is low-lying."


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"Implement research, training and capacity building programmes in tourism to enhance the climate resilience of the tourism sector Total over 5 years KSh billion\fKenya s Panos/Peter Barker\fKenya s Mitigation The low-carbon assessment for the six mitigation sectors, namely energy, transport, industry, agriculture, forestry and waste management, which was introduced in Chapter 4 is provided in more detail in this chapter."


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"Implementation and Conclusions 12.1 Implementing and Mainstreaming of the Action Plan The  (2013 \u2013 2017) sets out Kenya\u2019s first comprehensive effort to achieve low carbon climate resilient development. The Action Plan, in addition to providing prioritised actions for adaptation and mitigation, provides a road map for the necessary enabling conditions in the form of policy, legislation and institutional frameworks."


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"Implementation arrangement .31 Governance and coordination .31 Role of different actors 31 GESIP organizational structure .32 Resource Mobilization .33 Monitoring, Evaluation and Knowledge Management 34 Annex 1: Green Economy Strategy Implementation Matrix . 37 \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd Pathway to a low carbon, resource efficient and inclusive economic and social transformation V Foreword \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd 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Implementation Plan (GESIP) VI Preface and Acknowledgments \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd 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id: 99e6df7a7828ae4244eb493c477f6d7
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:09
updated_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:09
content_type: text
index: document
vector_id: 4859
content:
"Implementation arrangement Governance and coordination \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd 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