# document

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"This forms the critical foundation of Swaziland\u2019s population as more than 70% of the rural Variable precipitation patterns, droughts, higher significantly impacted this sector. groups such as households with The health sector is a cross-cutting on the climate resilience of the agriculture, water, and biodiversity and develop a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) by 2020."


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"This includes electricity generation and reduced consumption of non-sustainable biomass. the use of a 10% ethanol blend in petrol for use in all vehicles additional to the contribution of doubling the share of renewable energy. Phasing out the use of HFCs, PFCs and SF6 gases. for Swaziland\u2019s INDC is 2010. The development of a robust national GHG inventory, credible baseline and emissions trajectory and a comprehensive MRV system for Swaziland will commence from the the INDC. itigation actions will be implemented between 2020 and 2030."


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"This is additional to the energy sector contribution This contribution of the nation\u2019s inventory in 2010. as more vehicles are purchased. Currently the average growth rate of the number of vehicles, of all types, Swaziland does not currently blend ethanol in petrol, though successful pilot projects have been undertaken. This commitment is agricultural sector, particularly in the sugar industry."


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"This is exacerbating the country\u2019s existing challenges insecurity5, the ability to attain the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, of HIV/AIDS in an adult population in the world importance in Swaziland, particularly in four key sectors of the economy adaptation contribution of Swaziland\u2019s INDC:  \uf001 The biodiversity and ecosystems is heavily dependent on these degradation of healthy ecosystems  \uf001 The water sector will likely be which will impact on the achievement security and human health."


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"This is exacerbating the country\u2019s existing challenges which include chronic poverty, food the ability to attain the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, and the highest prevalence of HIV/AIDS in an adult population in the world6."


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"This is undertaken within the context of Swaziland\u2019s national and regional development priorities, objectives and United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Swaziland\u2019s INDC| 1 rich country situated in Southern Africa, and home to middle income country, Swaziland\u2019s ultimate vision is to its world standing in terms of measureable indices of human development. Underlying this vision is a , social justice, political stability, poverty eradication,  Swaziland recognises that climate change can severely impact on the achievement of the ultimate vision for the country."


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"This will be achieved through integrated water r management, climate smart agriculture, cross-cutting themes of disaster risk management, improving emergency preparedness and response capacities, energy efficiency and energy security, biodiversity conservation sustainable land management. Facilitate the integration of climate change adaptation, in a coherent manner, into relevant new and existing policies, programmes and activities, in particular development planning and budgeting processes within relevant sectors and at different levels."


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"This will provide the framework on which to develop a mitigation goal and associated action plan by 2020. Energy sector Swaziland\u2019s contribution is to double Swaziland recognises that access to renewable forms of energy plays a significant role in improving livelihoods of its people economic growth. This The contribution covers grid and off \uf001 Implement small scale, decentralized renewable energy technologies to improve energy access in rural areas. This will also reduce the unsustainable wood harvesting that are currently undertaken."


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"Though not a large Swaziland remains committed in is reflected in a fair and ambitious INDC that will see Swaziland improving the share of energy mix, increasing the ethanol blend in petrol, and phasing out the ther ambition is reflected in Swaziland\u2019s efforts to develop\f  synergies and co-benefits between climate change mitigation and adaptation. These actions not only help to tackle global warming, but will assist the country and improving water and food security."


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"Tiers 2 and 3 are sometimes referred to as higher tier methods and are generally considered to be more accurate on condition that adequate data are available to develop, evaluate and apply a higher tier method.\f 2. Enhance participation of women and girls in decision making to facilitate representation of gender issues and finding solutions to gender-based problems 3. Develop gender responsive policies and strategies in natural resource management and disaster risk reduction 4."


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"To ensure environmental integrity of the emission reduction units and to avoid d counting, Swaziland suggests the use of internationally recognized accounting principles such as under the Clean Development Mechanism or similar types of crediting mechanisms. focus human capital on mitigation as a response to climate change will participate in research, pilot projects and planning and implementation Swaziland\u2019s INDC was developed through several iterations of stakeholder consultation, along with an assessment of priority emitting sectors and key vulnerabilities."


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"Transport Under transport sector the measures include: o Introducing commercial use of 10% ethanol blend in petrol by 2030 and o Conducting studies to assess the adoption of electric mobility options.  19 In 2010, 51MW of biomass electricity generation existed. 20 In 2010, access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking (% of population) was 33.0%. 21 Definition of the energy intensity in this context of \u201cResidential\u201d is energy use per household. 22 In 2010 energy intensity (residential) was 4846 kWh per household."


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"Transport Under transport sector the measures include: o Introducing commercial use of 10% ethanol blend in petrol by 2030 and o Conducting studies to assess the adoption of electric mobility options. Reduce GHG emissions by 2030 compared to baseline scenario through  improvements in waste treatment (including landfilling) across urban and rural areas. Key measures to be implemented include: \u2022 Decreasing open burning of municipal solid waste (MSW)  7 This includes existing grid connected capacity of 15.85MW."


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"Variable precipitation , higher temperatures and increased storm intensities have already affected middle income country, with 69% of the le capacity to cope with these impacts. Adaptation this forms the basis of Swaziland\u2019s climate change response and INDC. The full implementation of Swaziland\u2019s INDC is contingent upon continuous strengthening of the country s financial support received. Swaziland\u2019s 2014 gross domestic product was USD 3,400 million, with 2.5% Ministry of Economic Planning and Development, Government of Swaziland (1997): The National Development Strategy."


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"Where possible, Eswatini shall also utilize the provisions under the non-market approaches in Article 6.8. Eswatini recognizes the urgent need for climate action as articulated in AR6 IPCC report. Key contributions of Eswatini to the Paris Agreement The new and enhanced mitigation contributions of Eswatini for all sectors include: 4.1 Energy and transport Increasing the share of renewable energy to 50% in the electricity mix by 2030 relative to 20105 levels through the adoption of solar, wind, biomass, hydro, and solar water heater technologies."


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"While at present, there is no clarity on Article 6, Eswatini does not exclude the possible of utilizing international market mechanisms to achieve its NDC targets. 6."


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"actions that have been identified to achieve these contributions artificial groundwater recharge; integrated river basin management; leakage detection; rainwater harvesting; sand dams; solar pumps borehole water pumping; water recycling and reuse; and wetland restoration. Swaziland\u2019s contribution is to: the contribution of agriculture to economic development food security and exports. poverty and improve food and nutrition security through sustainable use of natural resources, improved access to markets, and improved disaster and management systems."


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"by 0.03 MtCO \uf001 Estimating the country\u2019s Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and the IPCC\u2019s fourth assessment report over a 100 alternative zero Conditionality The implementation of Swaziland\u2019s INDC is conditional upon appropriate support in the form of finance, technical assistance and capacity building. Depending on the level of support received, Swaziland will update its These mitigation acti carbon credits."


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"c) How the Party has taken into consideration paragraphs 31 (c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21: Eswatini commits to extend over time, the scope of its NDC to all categories of anthropogenic emissions in line with paragraph 31(c). (d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties\u2019 adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties\u2019 adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans."


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"contributes approximately 9.5% to the country\u2019s gross domestic product. forms the critical foundation of Swaziland\u2019s population as more than 70% of the rural population is dependent on subsistence agriculture. Variable precipitation patterns, droughts, higher temperatures and increased storm intensities have already significantly impacted will be affected by climate change impacts, with groups such as households with expected to be particularly vulnerable."


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"e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. Not applicable as Eswatini is not an LDC or SID  7."


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"effective long-term biodiversity conservation, landscape management and natural resource management programmes. Strategically plan and manage the ecological infrastructure, which includes healthy grasslands, rivers, wetlands, woodlands and natural forests. Enhance biodiversity and promote ecotourism with benefit sharing surrounding communities. actions that have been identified to achieve these contributions forestry; ecological pest management; flood mapping; grazing lan degraded land rehabilitation; fire management; and erosion control through terracing."


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"from this mature Substitutes for ozone depleting substances Swaziland\u2019s contribution is to phase This contribution gases, and enhancing the skill level In 2010, emissions from HFCs and SF inventory. As a ratifying partner to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, Swaziland has already phased out with HCs which have no global warming potential)."


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"grid applications where Swaziland will: Implement small scale, decentralized renewable energy technologies to improve energy access in rural areas. This will also reduce the unsustainable wood harvesting practices with fuel sources such as energy access and security, particularly relevant in the context of the current challenges experienced in the regional 2014: Sustainable Energy for All Country Action , this includes both grid connected renewable\f  Coverage Actions Transport sector Swaziland\u2019s contribution is petrol by 2030."


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"improved emergency systems to integrate water resource management across all the sectors of contributions include: rge; integrated river basin management; leakage detection; rainwater harvesting; sand dams; solar pumps borehole water pumping; water recycling the contribution of agriculture to economic development, to support both food and nutrition security through sustainable use of natural resources, improved access to markets, and improved disaster and risk contributions include: conservation tillage; crop diversification; greenhouse farming; hydroponics; livestock d solar dryers."


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"is reflected in a fair and ambitious INDC that will see Swaziland improving the share of \u2019s energy mix, increasing the ethanol blend in petrol, and p consumption of HFCs, PFCs and SF6 gases. Further ambition is reflected in Swaziland\u2019s efforts to develop  Swaziland\u2019s INDC| 6 O will be avoided by increasing the x and ethanol blending in petrol. The consumption of The contribution applies to the entire country. calculated by: Determining the share of renewable energy in the national electricity mix in 2010."


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"national and regional development priorities, objectives and\f  Adaptation  Evidence of climate change is already visible in Swaziland through the dwindling crop yields, violent storms and persistent drought."


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"o Hydro: 80 MW o o Wind: Conduct feasibility studies and assessments \u2022 Residential o Achieving 100%20 access to clean modern energy for cooking at household-level by 2030 o Improving by 50%, uptake of energy efficient biomass stoves used for cooking by 2030 o Replacing inefficient wood-based water heating with energy efficiency options to reduce its share by 13% o Reduce energy consumption in water heating, through replacing conventional geysers with 1 000 solar water heaters by 2030 o Reducing energy intensity21 (electricity) by 20%22  by \u2022 Industry o Reducing energy intensity23 (electricity) by 5%24  by \u2022 Commercial and public services o Reducing energy intensity (electricity) by 3%25 by 2030 relative to 2010 levels \u2022 Agriculture o Reducing energy intensity (electricity) by 3%26 by 2030 relative to 2010 levels Electricity consumption in all these sectors is expected to continue to increase, but the country is committing to efficiency improvements that will reduce the speed of that growth."


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"to develop a robust national GHG inventory, a credible baseline measurement, reporting and verification This will provide the framework on which to develop a mitigation goal and associated action the share of renewable energy in the national energy Swaziland recognises that access to renewable forms of energy plays a significant role in both in terms of increasing social equity and improving will also reduce the energy sector\u2019s GHG emissions."


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"\uf001 Doubling the share of renewable energy in the national electricity generation and reduced consumption of non \uf001 Introducing the additional to the contribution of doubling the share of renewable energy. \uf001 Phasing out the use of The reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year) The base year for Swaziland\u2019s INDC is 2010. Time frames and/or periods for implementation The development of trajectory and a comprehensive MRV system submission of the INDC."


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"\uf001 Facilitate the integration of climate change adaptation, in a coherent manner, into relevant new and existing policies, programmes and activities, in particular development planning and budgeting processes within releva different levels. It is envisaged that the NAP will also framework which sectors.  5 25 \u2013 50% of the population are currently 6 26% of Swaziland\u2019s adult population is currently living with HIV. Evidence of climate change is already visible in Swaziland through the dwindling crop yields, violent storms and ."


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"\uf001 Implement \uf001 Strengthen the capacity of early warning centres preparedness, disaster risks and response \uf001 Develop systems to integrate water resource management across all the sectors of human endeavour, land use and the environment."


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"\uf001 Increasing the use of grid waste, solar, bagasse (from the sugar industry) and wood chips. This contribution particularly relevant in the context of the current challenges experienced in the regional electricity system."


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"\uf001 Strategically plan grasslands, rivers, wetlands, woodlands and natural forests \uf001 Enhance biodiver surrounding communities The possible actions that have been identified to achieve these agro-forestry; ecological pest management; flood mapping; grazing lan degraded land Water sector Swaziland\u2019s contribution is to: \uf001 Align the climate change policy and strategy components of the National Water Policy with the 2003 Water Act. \uf001 Develop water pricing structures to encourage efficient water use."


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"\uf001 The agriculture sector contributes sector forms the critical foundation of Swaziland\u2019s population as more than 70% of the rural population is dependent on subsistence agriculture. temperatures and increased storm intensities have already  \uf001 The health sector will be affected by members living with HIV expected to be particularly vulnerable sector and is dependent ecosystems sectors."


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"$/tonne reduced) in the transport sector relative to other sectors. mitigation options identified in kenya\u2019s second national communication Seven mitigation options were presented for the transport sector in Kenya\u2019s SNC, building on the analysis undertaken for the NCCAP. Biodiesel has been removed from consideration as it is no longer considered a viable option, given that previous efforts to produce biodiesel were unsuccessful."


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"(1) A person who\u2014  (a) without lawful excuse ignores or fails to obey any instruction issued by any member of the Council or officer or agent of the Council in exercise of the powers or the performance of the functions of the Council under this Act; or  (b) wilfully obstructs any member of the Council or officer or agent of the Council in the discharge of their lawful duties; or  (c) misrepresents, knowingly submits false or  Protection from  personal liability.  Offences and penalties."


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"(1) No matter or thing done by a member of the Council or by any officer or agent of the Council shall, if the matter or thing is done bona fide for executing the functions, powers or duties of the Council under this Act, render the member, officer or agent or any person acting on their directions personally liable to any action, claim or demand whatsoever."


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"(1) The Cabinet Secretary shall, in accordance with the appropriate law, and in consultation with the Cabinet Secretary responsible for finance, grant to persons who \u2014  (a) encourage and put in place measures for the elimination of climate change including reduction of greenhouse emissions and use of renewable energy;  (b) put in place measures to mitigate against the adverse effects of climate change;  (c) are involved in the conduct of accredited training in programmes that are aimed at eliminating climate change;  such incentives as may be necessary for the advancement of the elimination of and mitigation against climate change and the effects of climate change."


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"(1) The Council may, in consultation with the Cabinet Secretary and relevant State Departments, impose climate change obligations on private entities, including entities constituted under the Public Benefits Organizations Act, 2013.  (2) The Council shall make regulations governing the nature and procedure for reporting on performance by private entities, including the authority to monitor and evaluate compliance."


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"(1) The Council shall cause to be kept all proper books and records of account of the income, expenditure and assets of the Council and shall cause the accounts of the Council to be audited within a period of three months after the end of each financial year.  Incentives fort promotion of climate change initiatives.  Annual estimate  Financial year o the Council.  Accounts and audit."


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"(1) The Council shall, at least three months before the end of each financial year, prepare an annual report setting out\u2014  (a) the financial statements of the Council; (b) a description of the activities of the Council;  (c) the progress made towards implementation of the climate change action plans;  (d) whether the objectives of the action plans for the year under review were met and the manner in which those objectives were or were not met;  (e) the action taken by the national and county governments to address the impacts of climate change during that year;  (f) any further efforts which may be necessary to achieve the objectives of the action plans;  (g) recommendations on legal and administrative measures necessary for mitigating and adapting to the effects of climate change; and  (h) any further information relating to the functions  Reports. \fNo."


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"(1) The Council shall, every twelve months, prepare and publish a public engagement strategy setting out the steps that it intends to take to\u2014  (a) inform the public about climate change action plans specified under this Act; and  (b) encourage the public to contribute to the achievement of the objectives of those action plans.  (2) The public engagement strategy shall, in particular, identify actions which the public may take to contribute to the achievement of the objects and purposes set out in section 3."


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"(1) The National Environmental Management Authority shall on behalf of the Council \u2014  (a) monitor, investigate and report on whether public and private entities are in compliance with the assigned climate change duties;  Climate change duties of private entities.  Monitoring compliance.\fNo. 11 Climate Change  (b) ascertain that private entities are in conformity with instructions prescribed under section 16 of this Act; and  (c) regulate, enforce and monitor compliance on levels of greenhouse gas emissions as set by the Council under this Act."


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"(1) There is hereby established the Climate Change Fund which shall be a financing mechanism for priority climate change actions and interventions approved by the Council.  (2) The Fund shall be vested in the National Treasury. (3) There shall be paid into the Fund\u2014  (a) monies appropriated from the Consolidated Fund by an Act of Parliament;  Climate Change Fund."


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"(1) This Act shall be applied for the development, management, implementation and regulation of mechanisms to enhance climate change resilience and low carbon development for the sustainable development of Kenya."


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"(1) Where this Act imposes a requirement for public consultation in matters relating to climate change policy, strategy, programme, plan or action, the Council or respective public or private entity shall publish a notice\u2014  (a) in the Gazette;  (b) in at least two newspapers with national circulation;  (c) in at least one newspaper circulating in the locality to which the climate change policy, strategy, programme, plan or action relates; and  (d) in at least one Kenyan radio station broadcasting in that locality."


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"(1) Without prejudice to section 13, where the Government formulates a policy or an action plan on climate change, the Council, in consultation with the Cabinet Secretary, shall, as soon as reasonably practicable, prepare and cause to be tabled before Parliament a programme setting out\u2014  (a) the objectives of the policy in relation to adaptation to and mitigation against climate change;  (b) the proposals for meeting those objectives;  (c) the arrangements for involving stakeholders and engaging the public in the course of meeting the objectives;  (d) the period within which the proposals and policies will be implemented; and  (e) measures for addressing the risks identified in the policies."


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"(10) The functions of the Directorate shall be financed through a vote in the estimates of revenue and expenditure of the relevant State Department, taking into account the functions vested in the Directorate in this Act.  (11) The functions of the Council shall be financed through a vote in the estimates or revenue and expenditure of the relevant State Department.\fNo. 11 Climate Change  26."


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"(10) The members of the Council shall be paid such allowances as the Salaries and Remuneration Commission may determine.  (11) The Council shall meet at least four times in a year.  (12) Except as provided in subsection (7) the membership of the Council shall be for a term of three years and renewable once.  8. (1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, the Cabinet Secretary shall exercise control and provide guidance over climate change governance and implementation of this Act."


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"(2) A disclosure of interest made under subsection (1) shall be recorded in the minutes of the meeting at which it is made.  (3) A person who contravenes subsection (1) commits an offence and is liable to a fine not exceeding five hundred thousand shillings or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years or to both such fine and imprisonment.  (4) No member of the Council or staff of the Council shall transact any business or trade with the Council.  32."


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"(2) In discharging their functions and duties under this  Act the Council, the Cabinet Secretary, county government, any state officer and state organ shall be guided by the following \u2014  (a) national values and principles of governance in Article 10 of the Constitution and the values and principles of public service in Article 232 of the Constitution;  (b) be guided by the provisions of Articles 42 and 69 of the Constitution;  Guiding values and principles."


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"(2) In the performance of this function, the Authority shall \u2014  (a) have all powers necessary for purposes of monitoring and investigation including the power to enter premises of any private entity and make an enquiry; and  (b) at a reasonable hour, for the purposes of monitoring and investigation, enter any private land or premises to make an inspection or other task related to this function."


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"(2) Subsection (1) shall, with necessary modifications, apply to reports on policies or action plans formulated by the government under this section.  PART IV\u2014DUTIES RELATING TO CLIMATE CHANGE  15. (1) The Council may, on recommendation of the Cabinet Secretary and in consultation with relevant Cabinet Secretaries and county government, impose duties relating to climate change on any public entity at all levels of government.  Policies formulated by the Government.  Climate change duties of public sector.\fNo."


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"(2) The Cabinet Secretary shall, for the purpose of subsection (1), in regulations set out the nature of the incentives, the conditions for the grant or withdrawal of such incentives and such other matter as may be necessary for the exercise of the power conferred under subsection (1).  (3) In granting incentives under subsection (1), the Cabinet Secretary shall take into account international standards and best practice."


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"(2) The Cabinet Secretary shall\u2014 (a) formulate and periodically review the climate change policy, strategy and the National Climate  Change Action Plan and submit to the Council for approval;  Powers and duties of the Cabinet Secretary.\fNo."


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"(2) The Council shall be constituted as follows\u2014  (a) (b) (c)  (d) (e) ()  (g)  (h)  @  the Cabinet Secretary responsible \u2014_ for environment and climate change affairs;  the Cabinet Secretary responsible for the National Treasury;  the Cabinet Secretary responsible for economic planning;  the Cabinet Secretary responsible for energy;  the chairperson of the Council of Governors;  a representative of the private sector nominated by the body representing the largest number of institutions in the private sector;  a representative of the Civil Society nominated by the most representative registered national umbrella association of civil societies working on climate change ;  a representative of the marginalised community within the meaning of Article 260 of the Constitution who has knowledge and experience in matters relating to indigenous knowledge; and  a representative of the academia nominated by the Commission for University Education."


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"(2) The affixing of the seal shall be authenticated by the chairperson of the Council and the Director of Climate Change.  (3) Any document purporting to be under the seal of the Council or issued on behalf of the Council shall be received in evidence and shall be deemed to be so executed or issued, as the case may be, without further proof, unless the contrary is proved.  11."


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"(2) The notice shall in each case \u2014  (a) set out a summary of the policy, strategy, programme, plan or activity;  (b) state the premises at which the details of the policy, strategy, programme, plan or action may be inspected;  (c) invite written comments on or objections to the policy, strategy, programme, plan or action;  (d) specify the person or body to which the comments are to be submitted; and  (e) specify a date by which the comments or objections are required to be received, not being a date earlier than sixty days after publication of the notice.  2."


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"(2) The provisions of subsection (1) shall not relieve the Council of the liability to pay compensation or damages to any person for any injury to him, his property or any of his interests caused by the exercise of any power conferred by this Act or any other written law or by the failure, wholly or partially, of any works.  33."


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"(2) Where an application is made under sub-section (1), the Court may make an order or give directions that it considers appropriate to- (a) prevent, stop or discontinue an act or omission that is harmful to the environment; (b) compel a public officer to take measures to  prevent or discontinue an act or omission that is harmful to the environment; or  (c) provide compensation to a victim of a violation relating to climate change duties."


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"(2) Where an offence under subsection (1) is committed by a body corporate, every director or officer of the body corporate who had knowledge of the commission of the offence and who did not exercise due diligence, efficiency and economy to ensure compliance with this Act, shall be guilty of an offence under subsection (1)."


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"(2) Without prejudice to subsection (1), this Act shall be applied in all sectors of the economy by the national and county governments to\u2014  (a) mainstream climate change responses into development planning, decision making and implementation;  (b) build resilience and enhance adaptive capacity to the impacts of climate change;  (c) formulate programmes and plans to enhance the resilience and adaptive capacity of human and ecological systems to the impacts of climate change;  (d) mainstream and reinforce climate change disaster risk reduction into strategies and actions of public and private entities;  (e) mainstream intergenerational and gender equity in all aspects of climate change responses;  (f) provide incentives and obligations for private sector contribution in achieving low carbon climate resilient development;  (g) promote low carbon technologies, improve efficiency and reduce emissions intensity by facilitating approaches and uptake of  No."


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"(2) Without prejudice to the generality of subsection (1), regulations under this Act may provide for\u2014  (a) anything required by this Act to be prescribed; (b) the conduct of the business of the Council;  (c) the delegation of the Council\u2019s functions or powers; and  (d) any other matter required under the Constitution, this Act or any other written law."


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"(2003): The Forest Revenue System and Government Expenditure on Forestry in Kenya. A paper prepared for the FAO work-programme component on financing sustainable forest management. Working paper: FSFM/WP/11. Policy and Planning Division, Rome Regional Office for Africa, Accra. May 2003 As a result of climate change, there will be increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events like droughts and floods, which will lead to losses of productive assets, personal possessions and even life."


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"(2008); Youngman et al. (2008).] noted in Chatterjee 2011 239 See Dechezlepr\u00eatre et al. (2009); Doranova et al. (2009); Haites et al. (2008); Seres et al. (2008); Youngman et al. (2008).]"


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"(2010) broadened the definition of land degradation beyond simply soil erosion or loss of soil fertility, extending it to the deterioration of a balanced ecosystem and the loss of the services that ecosystem provides. Land degradation thus needs to be considered in an integrated way, taking into account all ecosystem goods and services; biophysical as well as socio-economic. The current 1600 million hectares of cultivated land represent the better and more productive part of global land resources."


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"(2013): National Water Master Plan 2030, Kenya, Government Printers  101 Parry, J E et al, (2012), Climate Risks, Vulnerability and Governance in Kenya: A review, UNDP 102 Government of Kenya (GoK). Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (MEMR). (2012). Kenya Climate Change Action Plan 104 Kenya Human Development Report (2013) Climate Change and Human Development: Harnessing Emerging Opportunities, UNDP /index.html [accessed 11 July  2014] 106 Kenya Human Development Report (2013) Climate Change and Human Development: Harnessing Emerging Opportunities, UNDP 107 Government of Kenya (GoK)."


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"(2013): National Water Master Plan 2030, Kenya, Government Printers 30 United Nations (UN) Population Division. 2011. \u201cWorld Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision\u201d New York: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division 32 Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis (KIPPRA). (2013). Economic Report 2013 Nairobi: KIPPRA 33 Government of Kenya (GoK). (2008). Second Medium-Term Plan (MTP) 2013-2017. Nairobi: Government Printers."


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"(2013): National Water Master Plan 2030, Kenya, Government Printers 47 Government of Kenya (GoK). Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (MEMR). (2014): Kenya Forest Policy 2014 48 Government of Kenya (GoK). Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (MEMR). (2012). Kenya Climate Change Action Plan  - Mitigation Analysis \u2013 Forestry chapter 49 Institute of Economic Affairs 2010. Biodiversity and Development. Trade Notes 24. Nairobi: Institute of Economic Affairs. p.5. cited in the NCCAP mitigation 50 Government of Kenya (GoK)."


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"(2013): National Water Master Plan 2030, Kenya, Government Printers 5 Kenya Bureau of Statistics: Facts and Figures 2012 [Assessed 22 April 2014] 6 Kenya: A Natural Outlook: Geo-Environmental Resources and Hazards (Developments in Earth Surface Processes) by Paolo Paron, Daniel Ochieng Olago and Christian Thine Omuto (22 Oct 2013) 8 Kareri, R W, Geography of Kenya, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya 9 Met Office. (2011). Climate: Observations, projections and impacts. Kenya. Exeter, UK: Met Office. 10 McSweeney, C., New, M. & Lizcano, G. 2010."


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"(2014) found that in the sub-humid parts of Nigeria, the mean monthly rainfall has been increasing by 65 mm/month/decade from 1982 to 2010. These changes have contributed to prolonged and intensified droughts in eastern Africa; unprecedented floods in western Africa; depletion of rain forests in equatorial Africa; and an increase in ocean acidity around Africa\u2019s southern coast."


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"(3) A person commits an offence if the person-  (a) fails to give or refuses to give access to the Authority or its authorised staff who has requested access to any land:  (b) hinders the execution by the Authority of the duties under this Act or any other law;  (c) fails or refuses to give information that the person may lawfully be required to give to the Authority; or  (d) gives false or misleading information to the Authority."


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"(3) A person shall be appointed under subsection (2)(), (g),(h) and (i), if the person has expertise and experience in matters of climate change, economy, finance, law, environment and public administration.  Members of the Council.\f2016 Climate Change  (4) The names of persons nominated for appointment under subsection (2) (f), (g), (h) and (i) shall be submitted to Parliament for approval."


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"(3) For the purposes of Article 94(6) of the Constitution-  (a) the purpose and objective of the delegation under this section is to enable the Council to make regulations and give directions for the orderly conduct of business of the Council;  (b) the regulations made and directions given under this section shall be of such nature, scope and within the limits as specified under this section;  (c) the principles and standards applicable to the regulations made under this section are those set out in the Interpretation and General Provisions Act and the Statutory Instruments Act, 2013."


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"(3) For the purposes of this section, an applicant does not have to demonstrate that a person has incurred loss or suffered injury.  PART V\u2014PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AND ACCESS TO INFORMATION  24. (1) Public entities at each level of government shall, at all times when developing strategies, laws and policies relating to climate change, undertake public awareness and conduct public consultations.  (2) Public consultations shall be undertaken in a manner that ensures the public contribution makes an impact on the threshold of decision making."


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"(3) Notwithstanding other provisions in this Act, the Council may \u2014  (a) by notice in the Gazette, require a private entity that is subject to climate change obligations to, at any time, prepare reports on the status of its performance of the climate change duties and prescribe the period for reporting; and  (b) require any private entity that fails to comply with its climate change obligations to prepare a report within a specified time, on the actions it has taken , is taking or intends to take to secure future performance with those duties.  17."


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"(3) The Cabinet Secretary in discharge of the duties  and functions under this Act shall be assisted by the Climate Change Directorate established under this Act.  9. (1) There is established the Climate Change Directorate, as a Directorate in the state Department for the time being responsible for climate change.  (2) The Directorate shall be the lead agency of the government on national climate change plans and actions to deliver operational coordination and shall report to the Cabinet Secretary."


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"(3) The Council may establish, control, manage, maintain and contribute to pension and provident funds for the benefit of the members of the Council and staff of the Council and may grant pensions and gratuities from any such fund to the said officers upon their resignation, retirement or separation from the service of the Council or, as the case may be, to the dependants of any such officer upon such officer\u2019s death."


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"(3) The Council shall, from time to time, review the public engagement strategy and where the Council varies the strategy, it shall, as soon as reasonably practicable, publish the strategy as so reviewed.  31. (1) If a person is present at a meeting of the Council or a committee of the Council at which a  Cap 480.  Public engagement strategy.  Conflict of interest.\fNo."


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"(3) The Deputy President who shall be the vice- chairperson to the Council.  (4) The Cabinet Secretary for the time being responsible for environment and climate change affairs shall be the secretary to the Council.  (5) The Directorate established under this Act shall serve as the Secretariat of the Council.  6."


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"(3) The Directorate shall be headed by a Director of Climate Change who shall be recruited competitively and appointed by the Public Service Commission.  (4) A person shall be qualified for appointment as a Director of Climate Change if the person\u2014  (a) is acitizen of Kenya;  (b) has a postgraduate degree, knowledge and experience in any of the following fields\u2014  (i) environmental studies;  (ii) engineering;  Climate Change Directorate."


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"(3) The Governor of a county shall designate a County Executive Committee Member to coordinate climate change affairs.  (4) Subject to this Act and the Constitution, a county government may enact legislation that further defines implementation of its obligations under this Act, or other climate change functions relevant to the county or such other related purposes."


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"(3) The National Climate Change Action Plan shall prescribe measures and mechanisms\u2014 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) @ (k) to guide the county toward the achievement of low carbon climate resilient sustainable development; to set out actions for mainstreaming climate change responses into sector functions; for adaptation to climate change; for mitigation against climate change; to specifically identify all actions required as enablers to climate change response; to mainstream climate change disaster risk reduction actions in development programmes; to set out a structure for public awareness and engagement in climate change response and disaster reduction; to identify strategic areas of national infrastructure requiring climate proofing; to review and determine mechanisms for climate change knowledge management and access to information; to enhance energy conservation, efficiency and use of renewable energy in _ industrial, commercial, transport, domestic and other uses; to strengthen approaches to climate change research and development training and technology transfer; to review and recommend duties of public and private bodies on climate change; Cabinet Secretary to coordinate the preparation of climate change action plans, strategies"


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"(3) The rights and duties conferred under this Act are in addition to those conferred by any other law.  4. (1) The guiding values and principles of low carbon climate change resilient and development in this section shall bind all level of government and all persons when\u2014  (a) enacting, applying or interpreting any provisions  of this Act; and  (b) making or implementing public policy decisions on climate change."


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"(3) Where an offence under subsection (1) is committed by a partnership, every partner or officer of the partnership who had knowledge of the commission of the offence and who did not exercise due diligence, efficiency and economy to ensure compliance with this Act, shall be guilty of an offence under subsection (1).  34."


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"(4) A person who commits an_ offence under subsection (3) is liable, on conviction, to a fine not exceeding one million shillings or to imprisonment for a period not exceeding five years, or to both.  (5) The Authority shall, annually, report to the Council on the performance of functions under this Act, and such report shall form part of the report by the Council to the National Assembly.  18."


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"(4) Mwanzia P., Kimani, S.N., Stevens, L. (2013). Integrated Solid Waste Management: Decentralised service delivery case study of Nakuru Municipality, Kenya. 36th WEDC Interational Conference, Nakuru, Kenya.  The fraction of domestic sewage treated by different wastewater treatment systems is shown in Table 39.  The methane conversion factor represents the percentage of total potential methane emissions that can be expected for each system and is based on IPCC defaults from the 2006 IPCC Guidelines."


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"(4) The Cabinet Secretary shall make the regulations specified under subsection (2) within a period of twelve months from the commencement of this Act.  27. At least three months before the commencement of each financial year, the Council shall cause to be prepared estimates of the revenue and expenditure of the Council for that year.  28. The financial year of the Council shall be the period of twelve months ending on the thirtieth June in each year.  29."


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"(4) The Council may invest any of the funds of the Council in securities in which for the time being, trustees may by law invest funds or in any securities which Treasury may from time to time, approve for that purpose.  (5) The Council may place on deposit, with such bank or banks as it may determine, any monies not immediately required for the purpose of the Council.  PART VII\u2014 MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS  30."


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"(5) A county government shall at the end of every financial year, through the designated County Executive Committee Member, submit a report on progress of implementation of climate change actions to the County Assembly for review and debate, and a copy of this report shall be forwarded to the Directorate for information purposes.  20. The Authority shall integrate climate risk and vulnerability assessment into all forms of assessment, and  Mainstreaming climate change actions into County Government function.  Integration of climate change risk.\fNo."


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"(5) Any person may request for information from the Council and the Directorate, and such request for information\u2014  (a) shall be addressed to the Secretary of the Council or the Director or such other designated person;  (b) may be subject to the payment of the prescribed fee in instances where the Council or Directorate incurs an expense in providing information; and  (c) may be subject to confidentiality requirements of the Council or Directorate."


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"(5) Each state department and national government public entity shall have the following duties\u2014  (a) integrate the climate change action plan into sectoral strategies, action plans and _ other implementation projections for the assigned legislative and policy functions;  (b) report on sectoral greenhouse gas emissions for the national inventory;  (c) designate a unit with adequate staff and financial resources and appoint a senior officer as head of the unit to coordinate the mainstreaming of the climate change action plan and other climate change statutory functions and mandates into sectoral strategies for implementation;  (d) regularly monitor and review the performance of the integrated climate change functions through sectoral mandates;  (e) put in place and implement mechanisms for sustainability in performance of _ sectoral mandates; and  (f) report annually to the Council on the status and progress of performance and implementation of all assigned climate change duties and functions."


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"(5) Except for members appointed under subsection (2)(a), (b), (c), (d) and (e) each person shall be qualified for appointment as member of the Council if such person\u2014  (a) is acitizen of Kenya;  (b) fulfils the requirements of Chapter 6 of the Constitution; and  (c) has at least ten years\u2019 experience in the relevant field.  (6) The President shall in the appointment of members ensure compliance with the two thirds gender principle."


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"(5) In administering the Fund, the Council shall\u2014  (a) (b)  (c)  (d)  (e)  (f)  (g)  determine the composition of the Fund;  set strategic directions for applications of the Fund;  define eligibility criteria for the Fund to finance climate change actions and enhance achievement of low carbon climate resilient development;  set out procedures for disbursement, recovery and repayment of loans including interest;  set out procedures to ensure gender and intergenerational equity in access to monies from the Fund;  set out procedures, criteria and eligibility for funding research institutions, private, public, civil society research, development and investment ventures that enhance low carbon climate resilient development; and  set out other procedures and requirements for effective and transparent administration of the Fund, including tracking and accounting for climate change finance and monitoring and evaluation procedures through regulations which shall be subjected to public participation and approval by the National Assembly."


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"(5) In formulating the National Climate Change Action Plan, the Cabinet Secretary shal] be informed by\u2014 (a) scientific knowledge about climate change;  (b) technology and technological innovations relevant to climate change;  (c) economic circumstances, in particular the likely impact of the action plan on the following\u2014  (i) the economy;  (ii) the competitiveness of particular sectors of the economy;  (iii) small and medium-size enterprises;  (iv) employment opportunities; and  (v) the socio-economic well-being of any segment or part of the population;  (d) fiscal circumstances, in particular, the likely impact of the action plans, strategies and policies on the marginalised and disadvantaged communities;  (e) social circumstances in particular, the likely impact of the action plans, strategies and policies on biodiversity and ecosystem services;  (f) international law and policy relating to climate change; and  (g) indigenous knowledge related to climate change adaptation and mitigation."


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"(6) A notice shall be published in the Kenya Gazette and national newspapers to notify the public on approval of the National Climate Change Action Plan by the Council. \f2016 Climate Change  (7) The Directorate shall undertake a biennial review of the implementation of the National Climate Change Action Plan and report to the Council.  (8) The Cabinet Secretary shall, in every five year period, review and update the National Climate Change Action Plan."


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"(6) Subject to Article 35 of the Constitution, the Council or the Directorate may decline to give information to an applicant where\u2014  (a) the request is considered unreasonable in the circumstances;  (b) the information requested is at a deliberative stage within the Council or Directorate;  (c) the prescribed fee is not paid; or  (d) the applicant fails to satisfy any confidentiality requirements of the Council or Directorate.  PART VI\u2014 FINANCIAL PROVISIONS  25."


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"(6) The Council shall approve request for funding and make funding allocation decisions.  (7) The Principal Secretary in managing the Fund  shall\u2014 (a)  (b)  provide mechanisms for daily operations of the Fund;  process financing applications from eligible applicants for approval by the Council; \f(c)  (d)  (e)  Climate Change No. 11  ensure quality assurance in execution of the mandate of the Fund;  undertake resource mobilization for various sources;  provide technical assistance to the private sector, civil society and public entities."


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"(6) The Director shall advise the Cabinet Secretary on matters relating to legislation, policy, coordination, regulation and monitoring of climate change governance.  (7) The Directorate shall, on behalf of the Council, perform functions as may be specifically set out in this Act and in regulations."


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"(6) Where an evaluation report from a statutory public body discloses unsatisfactory performance, the State Department shall undertake investigations and report the findings to the Council.  (7) An investigation under this section shall be undertaken by the head of unit and be processed within thirty days after receipt by the State Department. \f2016 Climate Change  (8) Upon receiving the reports from the State Department, the Council shall undertake an evaluation on performance of climate change duties and functions."


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"(7) The Council shall at its first sitting, ballot to determine which of the members appointed under subsection (2) (f), (g), (h) and (i) shall serve for a two year term to ensure pro rata succession of membership.  (8) The Council may co-opt members with relevant expertise when needed to advise on specific matters.  (9) The Council may from time to time establish committees for the better carrying out of its functions."


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"(8) The Fund shall be applied to\u2014  (a)  (b)  (c)  (d)  provide grants for climate change research and innovation, in the following fields\u2014  (i) industrial research; (ii) technological research; (iii) policy formulation; (iv) scientific research; and (v) academic research;  provide grants and loans to business, industry, civil society, academia and other stakeholders for development of innovative actions that benefit climate change responses in Kenya;  finance, through grants and loans the implantation of climate change adaptation and mitigation actions; and  provide technical assistance to county governments."


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"(8) Without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing subsection, the Directorate shall perform the following duties and functions\u2014  (a) provide analytical support on climate change to the various sector ministries, agencies and county governments;  (b) establish and manage a national registry for appropriate mitigation actions by public and private entities;  (c) serve as the national knowledge and information management centre for collating, verifying, refining, and disseminating knowledge and information on climate change;  (d) in collaboration with other agencies at the national and county government levels\u2014  (i) identify low carbon development strategies and coordinate related measurement, reporting and verification; \fNo."


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"(9) The Cabinet Secretary for the National Treasury shall, within one year of the Act coming into force, develop a strategy and make regulations setting out procedures and powers to identify sources of climate finance to monitor uses by various state, non-state and private sector actors, to enhance integrity and to eliminate corrupt practices."


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"(9) The Cabinet Secretary shall, in consultation with the Public Service Commission determine the staff establishment required for the Directorate to effectively perform its functions under this Act, including mechanisms to transition staff from the climate change secretariat to the Directorate, based on performance evaluation.  10. (1) The seal of the Council shall be such device as may be determined by the Council and shall be kept by the Director of Climate Change."


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"(9) The Cabinet Secretary, all public bodies, and any person or entity engaged in climate change governance and administration shall, when exercising any power or discharging any statutory duty or function, be bound by the contents of the National Climate Change Action Plan,  14."


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"(9) The Council shall, within three months after the end of every financial year, publish publicly and submit the evaluation report on performance of climate change duties by public entities to the National Assembly for review, discussion and debate.  (10) The National Assembly shall, within six months of receiving the evaluation report, _ provide recommendations and proposed actions to the Council, the Cabinet Secretary, the Directorate, a State Department or statutory public entity.  16."


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"(AgGDP) respectively, and forestry contributing about 0.8%. The agriculture sector is mainly dominated by small-holder farmers with most production being carried out on farms averaging 0.2\u20133 ha. This small-scale production accounts for over 75% of the total agricultural output and over 70% of marketed agricultural produce. The\ufffdagricultural\ufffdsector\ufffdcontributes\ufffdsignificantly\ufffdto\ufffdKenya\u2019s\ufffdfood\ufffdsecurity,\ufffdincome\ufffdgeneration,\ufffdemployment\ufffd creation and poverty reduction. The sector contributes 60% of the country\u2019s income, accounts for over 65% of total exports, provides 60% of total employment, 18% of which is formal (UNEP, 2015)."


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"(Billions in KSh) National Government County Government Other Stakeholders Strategic Issue 2: Vulnerabilities due to extreme weather events Strategic goal: Reduced vulnerabilities of farmers, pastoralists and fisher-folk to extreme weather events."


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"(Departments of Environment, Science & Technology,  Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries) \u2022\ufffd Technical support (Development partners and International Research Institutions) MT\f |Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Strategy| Strategies Activities Measure of achievement Responsibilities and Institutions Priority TimelineST MT 3-6 yrs LT > 6) Indicative Budget (Billions in KSh) National Government County Government Other Stakeholders (ii) Promote Sustainable Natural Resource Management (a) Develop a framework for sustainable natural resource management \u2022\ufffd Framework for natural resource management \u2022\ufffd Resources \u2022\ufffd Review and develop regulations and guidelines for sustainable natural resources relevant to CSA (MALF, NEMA, MENR, KALRO, KEFRI, NACOSTI and KMFRI) \u2022\ufffd Resources \u2022\ufffd Enforce regulations and guidelines on sustainable natural resource management."


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"(Departments of Environment, Science & Technology,  Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries) \u2022\ufffd Technical support (Development partners and International Research Institutions) ST (c) Develop and maintain database for natural resources at national and county levels \u2022\ufffd Updated database at national and county levels \u2022\ufffd Establish a database for natural resources. \u2022\ufffd Link and manage  the national level and county levels database (MALF, MENR, KALRO, KEFRI, NACOSTI and KMFRI, DRSRS) \u2022\ufffd Establish a database for natural resources \u2022\ufffd Manage county level database."


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"(Development partners and International Research Institutions) ST (b) Undertake Inventory and mapping of  natural resources \u2022\ufffd Number of reports \u2022\ufffd Resource maps \u2022\ufffd Funding \u2022\ufffd Do mapping (MALF, MENR, KALRO, KEFRI, NACOSTI and KMFRI, DRSRS) \u2022\ufffd Participate in mapping exercise \u2022\ufffd Prioritize natural resource in the counties that require mapping."


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"(Farmers, Private research Organizations) |Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Strategy| Strategies Activities Measure of achievement Responsibilities and Institutions Priority TimelineST MT 3-6 yrs LT > 6) Indicative Budget (Billions in KSh) National Government County Government Other Stakeholders (v) Strengthen research, technology development and dissemination for sustainable Land Management and agriculture water management (a) Undertake participatory and collaborative research on suitable SLM and agricultural water management technologies and innovations \u2022\ufffd No."


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"(MALF, KALRO) \u2022\ufffd Formulate county specific programs \u2022\ufffd Implement the developed programs \u2022\ufffd Build capacity (Departments responsible for  Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries) \u2022\ufffd Capacity building \u2022\ufffd Formulation and implementation of programmes \u2022\ufffd Technical assistance (NGOs, ILRI, Private sector, CBOs, FBOs) ST/LT (b) Formulate and support programs that promote development and use of low emissions technologies for rangeland, manure and livestock waste management \u2022\ufffd No of technologies developed and adopted \u2022\ufffd No of programs formulated and supported \u2022\ufffd Research in technologies for rangeland, manure and livestock waste management \u2022\ufffd Formulate programs \u2022\ufffd build capacity \u2022\ufffd Develop guidelines for rangeland, manure and livestock waste management."


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"(MALF, KALRO) \u2022\ufffd Formulate county specific programs \u2022\ufffd Implement the developed programs \u2022\ufffd Build capacity (Departments responsible for Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries) \u2022\ufffd Capacity building \u2022\ufffd Formulation and implementation of programmes \u2022\ufffd Technical assistance (NGOs, ILRI, other regional and international research institutions, Private sector, CBOs, FBOs) ST/LT (c) Formulate improved feeds and feed additives to reduce enteric fermentation \u2022\ufffd No of improved feeds types and feed additives formulated \u2022\ufffd Research on feed formulations and feed additives \u2022\ufffd Develop policy, guidelines and standards for feeds \u2022\ufffd Capacity building (MALF, KALRO) \u2022\ufffd Implement policy, guidelines and standards \u2022\ufffd Capacity building \u2022\ufffd Provide extension services \u2022\ufffd Facilitate involvement of private sector in improved feed business (Departments responsible for Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries) \u2022\ufffd Technical assistance \u2022\ufffd Formulate feeds and feed additives \u2022\ufffd Offer advisory services \u2022\ufffd Research (NGOs, ILRI, other regional and international research institutions, Private sector, CBOs, FBOs) ST/LT (d) Develop breeding schemes and improve herd health to enhance efficiency in production \u2022\ufffd No of breeding schemes developed, \u2022\ufffd Increased herd efficiency in production \u2022\ufffd Policy direction and guidance \u2022\ufffd Undertake breeding to improve"


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"(MALF, MENR, MPSYGA) \u2022\ufffd Identify the target  groups to be trained \u2022\ufffd Capacity building (Departments of Public Service, Environment, Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries) \u2022\ufffd Financial support \u2022\ufffd Capacity building \u2022\ufffd Curriculum development (Development partners, CBOs, NGOs, CSOs, FBOs, other stakeholders) ST/LT (b) Promote CSA-related income generating activities targeted at WY&VG \u2022\ufffd No of income generating activities \u2022\ufffd No of beneficiaries \u2022\ufffd Policy guidance \u2022\ufffd Capacity building (MALF, MPSYGA, MENR and MITC) \u2022\ufffd Identify income generating activities."


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"(MALF, MENR, MPSYGA) \u2022\ufffd Participate in identification of target groups. (Departments of Public Administration, Gender, Culture, Environment and Labour) \u2022\ufffd Funding \u2022\ufffd Capacity building of service providers and beneficiaries (Private sector, Development partners, CBOs, NGOs, CSOs, FBOs, other stakeholders) T/LT\f |Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Strategy| Strategies Activities Measure of achievement Responsibilities and Institutions Priority Timeline (ST <3 yrs; MT 3-6 yrs Budget (Billions in  KSh) National Government Other Stakeholders Strategic Issue 11: Limited human resource capacity to undertake CSA."


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"(MWI, MALF, NIB, ME&P, KALRO) \u2022\ufffd Mobilize resources for infrastructure development \u2022\ufffd Facilitate preparation of project design and tender documents \u2022\ufffd Execute, supervise and commission construction works. (Departments responsible for  Agriculture, Livestock, Environment and Natural Resources, Fisheries, Water and Irrigation) \u2022\ufffd Financial and Technical support (Development Partners, NGOs and Private Sector) LT (c) Promote effective and efficient agricultural water use, including waste water management. \u2022\ufffd No. of effective and efficient water use practices \u2022\ufffd No."


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"(Refer to Figures 33-38 in Chapter 3; Climate Change Scenarios; Present Climate Change (Trends and Baseline) from page 98.)  Temperatures in Kenya, since 1960, have exhibited an incremental trend. The annual mean increase has been estimated at 10C with an average rate of 0.210C per decade.  Temperature Projections The country\u2019s temperature projections are based on General Circulation Models, (GCMs), also known as Global Climate Models."


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"(Source: KARI, undated) 7.1 Research and Development Research and development is important not only in understanding the causes, manifestations and impacts of climate change, but also in responding to it. Indeed, research activities are explicitly encouraged by numerous international Conventions and Agreements including the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol, which call on Parties to promote, and to cooperate in, scientific, technological, technical, socioeconomic and other research, systematic observation and development of data archives."


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"(a) Breeding of crop varieties, livestock and fish breeds, and tree species, that are adapted to weather variations and tolerant to pests and diseases \u2022\ufffdNumber and type of bred and adapted crop varieties, livestock and fish breeds and tree species \u2022\ufffdPolicy guidance \u2022\ufffdBreeding \u2022\ufffdResearch Infrastructure and support \u2022\ufffdFunding (KALRO, KEMFRI, KEFRI, MALF, MENR) \u2022\ufffdPrioritize research needs \u2022\ufffdParticipate in research (Departments responsible for agriculture, livestock, fisheries, forestry) \u2022\ufffdPrioritize research needs \u2022\ufffdSupport research / funding \u2022\ufffdParticipate in research (Private sector, NGOs, CBOs and FBOs) ST/LT (b) Facilitate the adoption of crop varieties, livestock breeds and fish and tree, species, that are adapted to weather variations and tolerant to pests and diseases \u2022\ufffdNo of breeds / varieties / species adopted \u2022\ufffdCapacity building \u2022\ufffdSupport extension programmes \u2022\ufffdFarmer extension services \u2022\ufffdDevelop outreach and distribution networks (Departments responsible for agriculture, livestock, fisheries, forestry) \u2022\ufffdDevelopment of outreach and distribution networks \u2022\ufffdExtension service provision \u2022\ufffdFarmer sensitization \u2022\ufffdFunding (Private sector, NGOs, CBOs and FBOs) ST/LT |Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Strategy| Strategies Activities Measure of achievement Responsibilities and Institutions Priority TimelineST MT 3-6 yrs LT > 6) Indicative Budget (Billions"


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"(a) Establishment of in-situ and ex-situ genetic resources conservation areas/ centres \u2022\ufffd No."


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"(a) Incorporation of components that enhance resilience (irrigation of crops, aquaculture, livestock watering and agroforestry) in designs and development of water harvesting and storage structures \u2022\ufffd No."


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"(a) Review  and collate information on existing natural resources and their distribution \u2022\ufffd Baseline reports \u2022\ufffd Undertake baseline survey (MALF, MENR, KALRO, KEFRI, NACOSTI and KMFRI) \u2022\ufffd Provide personnel to participate in the survey. (Departments of Environment, Science & Technology,  Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries) \u2022\ufffd Technical support towards natural resources survey."


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"(b)  (c)  Climate Change  monies received by the Fund in the form of donations, endowments, grants and gifts; and  monies under an Act payable to the Fund.  (4) The Fund shall be administered by the Council and managed by the Principal Secretary for the time being responsible for climate change affairs."


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"(b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the | Information will be provided in Kenya s NIR that will be consistent  nationally determined contribution, including, as | with the IPCC guidelines.  applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Sectors:  Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines Energy; industrial processes and product use; agriculture; land-use, land-use change and forestry; and waste. Gases: Carbon dioxide (CO); methane (CHy); and nitrous oxide (N20)."


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"(b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including | Not applicable regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article +,paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article +, paragraphs16-18, of the Paris Agreement."


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"(c)  If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 1+, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate  Kenya s current GHG inventory is in accordance with decision 24/CP.19 and hence the Revised 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC, 2006), the Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC, 2000), Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (IPCC, 2003)."


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"(c) How the Party s preparation of its nationally determined | Kenya s climate targets and polices are developed in the context of contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the | best available science, and hence the IPCC Special Report on 1.5\u00b0C, global stocktake, in accordance with Article +4, | has been central to the assessment of the nationally determined paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement contribution."


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"(d) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article + of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article +4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit  \fREPUBLIC OF KENYA  MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTRY  information on:  @  (ii)  How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution  Kenya\u2019s NDC consists of adaptation actions."


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"(i) Mainstream Sustainable Natural Resource Management to reduce emissions as a co-benefit (a) Promotion of agroforestry for reduction of emissions from deforestation and forest degradation plus, forest conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of carbon stocks, including range management."


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"(ii)  Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries The agriculture, livestock and fisheries sector is one of the economic sectors in Kenya that is most vulnerable to climate change. Over 70 per cent of rural livelihoods are dependent on rain-fed subsistence agriculture, and are therefore significantly impacted by declining agricultural production due to unpredictable rainfall, reduced soil productivity through erosion and increased evapo-transpiration."


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"(ii) Build capacities on  data collection and information management This entails the identification of capacity gaps and training in data collection and information management, including those required for MRV. (iii) Promote data management and information generation and dissemination This involves data collection, analysis and information generation as well as information packaging and dissemination during planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation at both national and county levels. . Oil Palm in Western Kenya\f specialists from the Joint Agricultural Secretariat (JAS) will form the secretariat of the SWAGs."


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"(ii) Capacity building of agricultural sector stakeholders on Measuring, Reporting and Verification processes Without an accurate assessment of agricultural sector carbon emissions, it will be difficult to plan effective policies and strategies that address sector emissions, hence inability to monitor progress on the target and sectoral contribution in regard to Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Capacity building on measurement of GHGs emissions in agricultural sector; management of inventory system and data collection, reporting and verification are critical."


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"(ii) Develop and use  index-based agricultural insurance This involves the identification and development of diverse agricultural insurance products, capacity enhancement among actors to support insurance product availability, and the sensitization of product users along the value chains to take up agricultural insurance as a means of risk transfer."


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"(ii) Improve CSA knowledge and skills among technical personnel This will entail carrying out training needs assessment, organizing and conducting trainings; mainstreaming CSA into training curricula of educational institutions and awareness creation. Strategic issue 12: Limited CSA research, technology development and innovations Strategic Goal: Enhanced CSA research, technology development, innovations and knowledge management. Strategic Objective: To improve capacity to undertake CSA research, technology development, innovations and knowledge management."


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"(ii) Promote Sustainable Management and Utilization of Natural Resources This involves the development of a framework for sustainable natural resource management; the development and implementation of programmes and projects on sustainable management and utilization of natural resources. This includes integrated soil health management to include soil nutrient management, soil and water conservation, and conservation agriculture; restoration of degraded soils and conservation of soil biodiversity; protection of riparian reserves, fish landing stations, wildlife corridors and stock routes."


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"(ii) Promote crop varieties, livestock and fish breeds and tree species that are adapted to varied weather conditions and tolerant to associated emerging pests and diseases This involves breeding and promoting the use of crop and forage varieties, livestock breeds, fish and tree species that are adapted to flooding, drought, strong winds, hailstorms, heat waves and frost as well as tolerant to emerging pests and diseases."


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"(ii) Promotion of energy-efficient technologies and innovations This will entail the reduction of the rate of emissions associated with processing and transportation of agricultural inputs and products; reduction of the rate of emissions associated with distances covered and residence-time used for capture fisheries; and the promotion of alternative techniques/innovations, along agricultural value chains that either use fuel efficiently or green energy. of downscaled weather information on extreme weather events, and the preparation of contingency plans to end drought emergencies."


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"(ii) Reduce the rate of emissions from  rice production systems This will involve promotion and development of programmes for improving efficiency in irrigated rice production systems; promotion of production of rainfed rice; and develop and transfer appropriate technologies for efficient rice production. Strategic Issue 5: Emissions from other sources in agricultural production systems Strategic Goal: Minimize emissions from other sources in agricultural production systems Strategic Objective: Mainstream efficient agricultural production systems to enhance productivity and minimize emissions as a co-benefit."


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"(ii) Reduce vulnerability to the impacts of climate change by building adaptive capacity, enhancing climate change resilience and strengthening capacities for disaster risk reduction. (iii) Catalyse Kenya\u2019s transition to cleaner, lower emission and less carbon intensive development. (iv) Incentivize private sector involvement in building climate change resilience and engaging in low carbon development opportunities. (v) Facilitate widespread public awareness, participation, ownership and oversight of Kenya\u2019s climate change response efforts and Action Plans."


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"(ii) Right to a clean and healthy environment: under the 2010 Constitution every person in Kenya has a right to a clean and healthy environment and a duty to safeguard and enhance the environment. (iii) Right to sustainable development: the right to development will be respected taking into account economic, social and environmental needs. Kenya seeks to achieve people-centred development that builds human capabilities, improves people\u2019s well being and enhances quality of life."


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"(ii) Strengthen institutions involved in CSA This will entail enhancing capacity building and provide support to CSA institutions at national and county levels. ADDRESSING CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES THAT ADVERSELY IMPACT CSA Strategic Issue 9: Inadequate financing of CSA activities Strategic Goal: Adequate and sustainable financial sources for CSA activities."


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"(iii) Human Resource Development Adequate human resource, both in terms of number and requisite skills, is required for effective implementation of CSA. However, the numbers and skills available is not adequate to meet the needs of CSA. This is due to many factors, including low employment of relevant professionals and limited capacity of institutions to train on emerging issues such as adaptation and building resilience in response to climate change impacts."


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"(iii) Promote water harvesting and storage, irrigation infrastructure development and efficient water use This entails incorporation of components that enhance resilience (irrigation of crops, aquaculture, livestock watering and agroforestry) in designs and development of water harvesting and storage structures; development of appropriate irrigation infrastructure and technologies (including use of clean energy) as per the prevailing farming and pastoral systems; and promotion of effective and efficient agricultural  water use, including waste water management."


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"(iii) Technology development, dissemination and adoption along crops, livestock, fisheries and forestry value chains This entails research that includes crops and forage varieties, livestock breeds and fish species that are able to withstand weather variations; facilitating the adoption of crop varieties, livestock breeds and fish and tree species; providing efficient extension and advisory services, and improving the capacity of actors to use new or existing technologies."


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"(iii) Terminal (ten years) evaluation will be conducted at the end of the Framework period to analyze impacts and learning experiences. The climate change units will be responsible for preparing relevant reports on the progress of implementation of the KCSAIF approved work plans. The reports will also include assessment of processes, results and outcomes and analysis of factors affecting progress during the reporting period."


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"(iii) | Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure | Not applicable PP 7 PP in forests; @  Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including:  How the reference indicators, baseline(s)and/or reference | Removals from the land sector will be accounted for based on level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- | specific accounting rules for the different land categories as per the or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, | Forestry (IPCC, 2003)  definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used  For Parties with nationally determined contributions that | Not applicable."


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"(iv)  Partnership: building partnerships, collaboration and synergies among various stakeholders from the public, government, non-governmental organisations, civil society and private sector, as well as vulnerable communities and populations including women and youth, will be prioritized to achieve effective implementation of this Policy. (v)  Cooperative government: embracing a system of consultation, negotiation and consensus building in government administration between and within the national and county governments."


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"(iv) Diversification of enterprises and alternative livelihoods This includes incorporation of integrated farming and pastoral production systems based on agro-ecological zones and priorities, non-agricultural enterprises and putting in place contingency plans. (v) Enhance productivity and profitability of agricultural enterprises This entails promotion of use of improved technologies; post-harvest approaches such as improved storage and distribution of agricultural products and market access. Strategic Issue 2: Vulnerabilities due to extreme weather events Strategic goal: Reduced vulnerabilities of farmers, pastoralists and fisher-folk to extreme weather events."


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"(iv) Promote and support conservation  and propagation of  germplasm of species with adaptive capacity This involves the establishment of in-situ and ex-situ genetic resources conservation areas/ centres, the identification of species of livestock, crop and fish origin that are adaptive and tolerant to adverse weather conditions, breeding, multiplication and field trials and demonstrations."


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"(ix)  Integrity and transparency: the mobilisation and utilisation of financial resources shall be undertaken with integrity and transparency in order to eliminate corruption and achieve optimal results in climate change responses. (x)  Cost effectiveness: the selection of climate change interventions will take into account available alternatives in order to identify appropriate choices that provide most benefit to society at least cost."


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"(v) Strengthen research, technology development and dissemination for sustainable natural resource management This involves participatory and collaborative research towards development of suitable sustainable natural resource management technologies and innovations as well as technology packaging and transfer to end users e.g. farmer\u2019s field schools, exhibitions, demonstrations, exchange visits, ICT, and electronic and print media.\f Strategies (i) Strengthen coordination of CSA implementation The coordination framework and implementation mechanism for KCSAS will be harmonized with the inter-governmental coordination structure."


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"(vi)  Equity and social inclusion: ensuring a fair and equitable allocation of effort and cost, as well as ploughing back of benefits in the context of the need to address disproportionate vulnerabilities, responsibilities, capabilities, disparities, and inter\u2013 and intra-generational equity. (vii) Special needs and circumstances: the special needs and circumstances of people and geographic areas that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change will be prioritized."


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"(vi) Energy To achieve the goal of becoming a middle-income economy by 2030, it is imperative for Kenya to attain energy security and accessibility to address increasing demand for energy. Peak electricity demand has increased from 899 megawatts in 2004/05 to 1,194 megawatts in 2010/11, while the number of electricity consumers more than doubled from 735,144 in 2004/05 to 1,753,348 in 2011."


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"(vi) Provide a framework to mobilise resources for Kenya\u2019s climate change response and ensure effective and transparent utilisation of the resources. (vii) Adopt intergenerational, special needs and gender mainstreaming approaches across all aspects of Kenya\u2019s climate change response. (viii) Provide the policy framework to facilitate effective implementation of regularly updated and scientifically informed Climate Change Action Plans. (ix) Enhance research and use of science and technology in policy decisions and sustainable management of resources."


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"(vii) Tourism Tourism in the Kenyan context is highly climate sensitive because of its close connection to the natural environment. A large proportion of tourism depends directly on natural resources and much is focused on protected areas. In addition, the tourism sector, which accounts for about 10 per cent of GDP, is important for human development in Kenya because of its potential to reduce poverty and create employment. However climate variability is causing negative impacts that could inhibit the positive contribution of tourism to Kenya."


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"*@ Make efforts towards achieving land degradation neutrality. \u00a2 Scaling up Nature Based Solutions (NBS) for mitigation  e@ Enhancement of REDD+ activities  e  Clean, efficient and sustainable energy technologies to reduce over-reliance on fossil and non-  sustainable biomass fuels.  \u00a2 Low carbon and efficient transportation systems.  \u00a9 Climate smart agriculture (CSA) in line with the Kenya CSA Strategy with emphasis to efficient livestock management systems.  e Sustainable waste management systems."


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", $/tonne reduced) in the industrial sector relative to other sectors. mitigation options identified in kenya\u2019s second national communication Three mitigation options were identified, developed and presented for the industry sector in Kenya\u2019s SNC. Each of these options was assessed to determine their technical potential to contribute to emission reductions in the baseline in 2030."


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", 1998). Such fluctuations also have a deleterious consequence on the overall fish production in the country. Climate change is predicted to alter hydrological regimes, which in turn will influence biological, biogeochemical and hydrological functions of wetlands. However, owing to the heterogeneity of the wetlands, such impacts might be site- specific. Where these wetlands form important nursery grounds for fishery resources, changes in their functions would affect fisheries."


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", 2004) cited in KNdh report 83 Government of Kenya (GoK). (2008). Second Medium-Term Plan (MTP) 2013-2017. Nairobi: Government Printers. [Accessed 22 84 Government of Kenya (GoK). Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (MEMR). (2012). Kenya Climate Change Action Plan 85 Kenya national Bureau of Statistics (2013), Kenya Facts and Figures 2012 (Nairobi, Kenya National Bureau of Statistics), page 12 86 Authors common knowledge 87 Government of Kenya (GoK). Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (MEMR). (2012)."


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", 2006). During floods especially those related to El- Ni\u00f1o events, environmental diseases such as typhoid, amoeba, cholera, and bilharzia, normally associated with contaminated water and poor sanitation, reach epidemic levels in areas where water and sanitation facilities are inadequate or are in poor state. This was the case for Nyanza, Western, Coast, Eastern and North Eastern Provinces which recorded several cases of cholera outbreaks during the 1997/1998 El-Ni\u00f1o rains. In addition, warmer waters provide conditions conducive for the survival of the amoeba protozoan."


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", 2009) and the Atlas of Kenya\u2019s Changing Environment (UNEP, 2009) indicates that Kenya\u2019s average annual temperatures increased by 1\u00b0C between 1960 and 2003. In western Kenya, temperatures rose by 0.5\u00b0C between 1981 and 2004 while in the drier parts of the country the temperatures went up by 1.5\u00b0C over the same period. These changes have led to a shift of the upper altitudinal limits of Agro-Ecological Zone (AEZ) boundaries."


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", Alagarswamy, G. and Andresen, J. (2009). Spatial variation of crop yield response to climate change in East Africa. Global Environmental Change 19, 54\u201365. 154 Thornton, P.K., Jones, P.G., Alagarswamy, G., Andresen, J. and Herrero, M. (2010). Adapting to climate change: Agricultural system and household impacts in East Africa. Agricultural Systems, 103, 73\u201382. 155 Gitu (2004). Agricultural development and food security in Kenya: Building a Case for more Support. A paper prepared for Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)."


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", Alagarswamy, G., Andresen, J. and Herrero, M. (2010). Adapting to climate change: Agricultural system and household impacts in East Africa. Agricultural Systems, 103, 73\u201382. Gitu (2004). Agricultural development and food security in Kenya: Building a Case for more Support. A paper prepared for Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Sugden K., Macgregor N., Thompson D. and Broadmeadow M. (2008). A review of research into adaptation to climate change by agriculture in the UK. Defra, London. Kabubo-Mariara, J. (2009)."


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", Energy, Industrial Processes, Solvent and Product Use, Agriculture, LULUCF and Waste) is critical. Although some initial and basic training on greenhouse gas inventory work has been provided under the Ministry of Environment Water and natural Resources through the UNDP sponsored Low Emission Capacity Building Programme, it is recommended that training workshops be conducted as part of future greenhouse gas inventory work to provide both to government staff and local consultants sectoral level training."


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", Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries, Kenya Forest Service, Ministry of Energy and Petroleum and the Kenya Revenue Authority) need to develop capacity to continue supporting GHG inventories. One suggested approach is to provide training for sector leads from each of the six major sink/source categories (Energy, Industrial Processes, Solvent and Product Use, Agriculture, Land-Use Change & Forestry, and Waste)."


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", Nejadhashemi, A.P>, Harrigan, T. and Woznicki, S.A. (2017). Climate change and livestock: Impacts, adaptation and mitigation. Climate Risk Management (vol. 16), pages 145-163. 34 Government of Kenya (2017). 35 Cinner, J.E., Huchery, C., Darling E.S., Humphries, A.T., Graham, N.A.J., Hicks, C.C., Marshall, N. and McClanahan, T.R (2013). Evaluating Social and Ecological Vulnerability of Coral Reef Fisheries to Climate Change. PLOS/one. Accessed at:"


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", Santos, M.E. & Seth, S. (2011). Kenya Country Briefing, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) Multidimensional Poverty Index Country Briefing Series CIA World Factbook. Unemployment Rates. Ellis, K. et al, (2013). Low carbon competitiveness in Kenya. Policy Brief. ODI, London Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2010). Global Forest Resource Assessment Country Report: Kenya. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization. Available at: Government of Kenya (GoK). (2007). Kenya Vision 2030. Nairobi. Nairobi: Government Printers."


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", Tignor, M. & Miller, H.L. (eds.). Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press. 137 Downing, C., Preston, F., Parusheva, D., Horrocks, L., Edberg, O., Samazzi, F., Washington, R., Muteti, M., Watkiss, P. and Nyangena, W. (2008). Kenya: Climate Screening and Information Exchange. Final report. London: Department for International Development. 138 Kenyan Meteorological Department. (2012). Climatological Data [Online]. Available at:  139 McSweeney, C., New, M. and Lizcano, G. (2010). UNDP Climate Change Country Profile: Kenya."


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", by imposing a water levy to generate funds for investment in conservation of water catchment areas, animal diseases, as well as supporting the improvement and dissemination of such technologies. These inventories are important elements for planning as they provide efficient, appropriate and time- tested ways of advising communities affected by climate change, \u2022\ufffd promoting economic diversification among pastoral communities (e.g."


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", constructing railways with ma- terials engineered to withstand high temperatures, - creating natural protective barriers against the sea so as to prevent its interference with the usual land prac- tices, and - in coastal areas, buildings and infra- structure should be constructed using non-corrodible materials that cannot be damaged by rising salty sea waters. 4.1.10 Fisheries, Coastal and Marine  Ecosystems Kenya\u2019s inland lakes, coastal and marine ecosystems are a repository of rich natural resources which support local and national economies and include fisheries, terrestrial forests, mangroves, sea grass beds, and coral reefs."


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", converting grasslands or forested land to cropland). Additionally, there is no data around the GHG emissions associated with that land clearing or the increased use of nitrogen fertilizer. More research is needed on the relationships between crop production, fertilizer and GHG emissions to determine if this could be a mitigation option."


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", oil and gas, chemical industry, steel, aluminum, coal mining).  These industries currently don\u2019t exist in Kenya and have not been included in the 2050 projection, but there are potential projects, especially in the oil and gas sector.  Although not enough detail is currently available to include these potential developments, they could have significant impact."


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", residential, commercial, transportation etc). National energy balances should be routinely prepared by the Ministry of Energy and Petroleum and should include biomass fuels. Estimates of woodfuel and charcoal consumption have very high uncertainty and are not based on recent surveys. A comprehensive nation-wide bottom-up survey of producers and a top-down survey of consumers should be conducted (by Kenya Forest Service) to reduce the level of uncertainty associated with production and demand for woodfuel and charcoal."


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", tariff regulation) and relevant market information. The portal provides information regarding each of the clearances issued by government agencies and local authorities that are required to start a renewable energy project."


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", the excessive growth of Acacia reficiens after the 1997 El-ni\u00f1o in the North-Eastern Province and the consequent suppressed growth of various grassland species. The projected rise in temperatures and long periods of drought will lead to more frequent and intense forest fires. These have in the recent past affected Kenya\u2019s major forests including the Mau and Mt. Kenya Forests."


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", to the transfer of clean technologies from developed countries to developing countries. If the technology to be used in a CDM project is not available in the CDM host developing country, the technology must be imported. This is often from a developed country where such technologies exist; hence, the project leads to a technology transfer. This technology may consist of \u2018hardware\u2019 elements such as machinery and equipment involved in the production process, and/or \u2018software\u2019 elements including knowledge, skills and know-how."


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", ways of coping with climatic impacts that cannot be avoided. This is both a matter of need and equity. It is a matter of need because climate change is already underway and is expected to continue as a result of past GHG emissions. Such accumulated GHG emissions are known to reside in the atmosphere and have a global warming potential for many years into the future."


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", wood, charcoal, timber) that impact emissions and removals from LULUCF between 2011 and 2030 are based on a number of different assumptions which are summarised in Table 64. Table 55: Projection assumptions for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry Emission / Removal Category Metric Assumption Notes Conversion of Forest Land to Farm lands Ha converted per year Reduced by Increased protection and forest management under the Forest Conservation And Management Bill, 2014 is expected to reduce the rate of deforestation."


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"-  Implementation of the project will offer local people skills in high pressure cogeneration technology and will act as a clean technology demonstration for the other local sugar companies. Olkaria III Geothermal Expansion Project in Kenya  \ufffd There is a specific mention of TT that: - Technology specific training, - Attendance of international geothermal conferences to broadens the experience of the staff. - Olkaria provides different training opportunities to its staff. These courses and development opportunities contribute to the skills development within the country."


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"- Develops indigenous technology in line with Article 35 of the Constitution and technology assessment - Improves technology cooperation - Improves the innovation and knowledge base in Kenya Performance Management and Benefit Management Framework - Measure benefits and results, including increasing resilience to climate change and emission reductions, using the MRV+ system - Identify key synergies between adaptation and mitigation outcomes - Report on links between low carbon climate resilient actions and national priorities and sectoral objectives - Track Kenya\u2019s voluntary contributions to address adaptation and mitigation - Track international support and the results generated - Ensures effectiveness and accountability of climate change actions - Attracts funding, through proper accounting and cost effective use of resources - Reinforces synergies between adaptation and mitigation outcomes - Facilitates reporting to the UNFCCC on progress to adapt to climate change, reduce GHG emissions and achieve the Convention\u2019s climate goals Kenya s 4.4 Moving Forward Significant investments are required and a series of barriers need addressing before the low carbon climate resilient opportunities can be realised."


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"- Further transfer of knowledge to Kenya is also made possible through the education and awareness-raising aspects of the PoA. End-users will receive information at the point of sale regarding the benefits of solar lanterns, as well as how to use the technology effectively. International water purification programme  \ufffd There is a specific mention of TT that: - The PoA stimulates the technology transfer of both equipment and knowledge from developed countries of Annex 1 to the host countries hosting the CPAs."


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"- Improves capacity to face new challenges posed by climate change - Improves knowledge of what works for people, at the national and local level, including indigenous knowledge as recognised in the Constitution Article 11 (2) (b) - Provides access to and sharing of climate change knowledge - Facilitates capturing of best practices from outside Kenya\u2019s borders to support cross- country learning - Guides strategy, planning and implementation through improved links between science and evidence-based policy and planning Kenya s Action plan chapter Recommended enabling actions Importance in the transition to a low carbon climate resilient future Technology - Identify priority technologies using the updated Technology Needs Assessment - Establish and support climate change technology promotion centres - Upgrade codes and regulations to promote low carbon climate resilient technology choices - Promote research and development to ensure appropriate technologies use and development - Explore South-South technology cooperation - Facilitates the introduction of leading-edge technology and leapfrogging to the best technologies - Develops indigenous technology in line with Article 35 of the Constitution and technology assessment - Improves technology cooperation -"


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"- Improves investment climate - Strengthens Kenya\u2019s position as a credible and attractive destination for international public climate finance flows - Improves absorptive capacity - Stimulates involvement of private sector - Improves access to carbon finance - Improves promotion and marketing of Kenya\u2019s carbon market activities Regulatory and Policy Framework - Enact an overarching standalone climate change law - Amend sectoral laws to facilitate priority actions - Establish a high-level National Climate Change Council to provide oversight and coordination - Establish a Climate Change Secretariat as the main technical mechanism to deliver on the Action Plan - Provides legitimacy - Sets goals - Encourages transparency and openness - Regulates conduct and establishes sanctions to ensure compliance - Promotes coherent, crosscutting action - Promotes investment Knowledge Management and Capacity Development - Establish a national framework for capacity development - Establish a climate change information and knowledge management network to collect, generate and analyse climate change knowledge products - Disseminate climate change knowledge products to potential beneficiaries, especially women and other vulnerable groups, through improved public awareness and communication - Develop collaborative"


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"- Most of the TT will be in the form of know-how as due to the nature, e.g. constructed from bricks or size it is not possible to import systems. Biogas appliances however will likely be imported until local capacity is developed."


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"- Transfer of know-how will take place through the training of local engineers and other technical staff by the operations and maintenance contractor with the support of the turbine manufacturer."


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"- Transfer of know-how will take place through the training of local engineers and other technical staff by the operations and maintenance contractor with the support of the turbine manufacturer.  Kipeto Wind Energy Project  \ufffd There is a specific mention of TT that: - Transfer of environmentally safe and sound technology will take place through the introduction of state of the art wind turbine technology."


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"- identify rainfall homogenous zones under the changed climate scenarios, - analyze future rainfall and tempera- ture characteristics of the homog- enous zones, - project future changes of the current vulnerability indicators, - project future changes in the socio- economic dynamics in the surround- ing communities, - make a projection of future changes in the climate induced human dis- turbances in the wildlife areas under business as usual scenarios, - make a projection of future trends in human-wildlife conflicts, \u2022\ufffd identification of botanical composition of grazing animal diets; interaction of climate change and other environmental factors on invasive plant species; iden- tification, characterisation and transfer of microbial endophytes into native plant materials to improve success of rangeland restoration, and \u2022\ufffd creating a National Biological Inventory and Monitoring Partnership that facili- tates a more strategic and cohesive use of the conservation community\u2019s moni- toring resources, and generates empiri- cal data needed to track the impacts of climate change on the distribution and abundance of wildlife. 7.2 Technology Transfer In the context of climate change, technology transfer is defined as \u2018a broad set of processes covering the flows of know-how, experience and equipment for mitigating and adapting to climate change amongst different"


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". 160 Annex 3 Action Sheets for Chapter 7 \u2013 Climate Finance . 178 Annex 4 Action Sheets for Chapter 8 \u2013 EPRF . 194 Annex 5 Action Sheets for Chapter 9 \u2013 KM & CD .202 Annex 6 Action Sheets for Chapter 11 \u2013 National Performance and Benefit Measurement Framework . 212 Footnotes XVI Kenya s Abbreviations AAP Africa Adaptation Programme ASALs Arid and Semi-Arid Lands ATAR Adaptation Technical Analysis Report BaU business as usual BRT Bus Rapid Transit BUR Biennial Update Report CBA Community-based Adaptation CCD Climate Change Directorate CCRDR Climate Change Relevant Repository CCU Climate Change Unit CDKN Climate and Development Knowledge Network CDM Clean Development Mechanism CGE Computable General Equilibrium Carbon dioxide equivalent COF Climate Outlook Forum COMECs County Monitoring and Evaluation Committees (proposed in NIMES) DfID UK Department for International Development DoE Directorate of Environment DNA Designated National Authority DSROA Data Supply and Reporting Obligation Agreement EAC East African Community EF Emissions Factor EMCA Environmental Management and Coordination Act FU Focal Unit GDP Gross Domestic Product GHG Greenhouse Gas GoK Government of Kenya IA Inventory Agency (for estimating GHG Emissions) ICPAC Climate Prediction and Applications Centre Kenya s XVII ICRAF World Agroforestry Centre IDLO International"


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". 2.12 Provision of climate change fund in the Climate Change Act, 2016 Cross-cutting Issues 2.13 Low public expenditure on CSA. 2.14 High cost of research.  3. SOCIAL FACTORS Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture 3.1 Gradual adoption of agricultural practices that safeguard against climate change e.g. irrigation and intensification. 3.2 Existence of indigenous knowledge for climate change adaptation. 3.3 Conflicts in natural resource use due to competition for declining resources. 3.4 Demographic challenges e.g."


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"0.053 billion) LPG stoves: KSh 5.3 billion (USD - Abatement potential to 2030 of 5.6 + - Health benefits from reduced indoor air pollution - Lower fuelwood demand and defor- estation - Potential cost savings to households Agroforestry Agriculture Ministry of Agriculture KSh 70 \u2013 117 billion billion) billion billion) - Abatement potential to 2030 of 4.1 - Increased soil fertility and crop yields, improving livelihoods of farmers and food security - Improved climate resilience - Contributes to goal of 10% tree over on farms Bus rapid transit (BRT) with light rail transit (LRT) corridors Infrastructure Ministry of Transport KSh 170 billion (USD 2 billion) BRT: KSh 21 billion (USD 0.25 billion) LRT: KSh 149 billion (USD 1.75 billion About 75-85% public investment cost for infrastructure and 15- 25% private costs for vehicle stock KSh 79 billion (USD 0.93 billion) BRT: KSh 10 billion (USD 0.116 billion) LRT: KSh 69 billion (USD 0.81 billion) - Abatement potential to 2030 of 2.8 - Reduced traffic congestion - Improved local air quality - Improved road safety Kenya s 6.4 Summary of Actions Table 6.3 summarises the recommended mitigation actions, including enabling actions."


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"1 :   I N T R O D U C T I O N  &  M E T h O D O L O g Y 1.3 NEXT STEP S Kenya\u2019s updated NCCAP, 2018-2022 and NDC implementation plan will be developed in a coordinated manner using this NDC sector analysis as the evidence base for identification of priority actions for the next five years."


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"1 :  I n t r o d u c t I o n\f2 :  r E V I E W  o F  I M P L E M E n tAt I o n  o F  n c c A P  A c t I o n S\f2 :  r E V I E W  o F  I M P L E M E n tAt I o n  o F  n c c A P  A c t I o n S The NCCAP identified 38 priority actions in the five components listed in Table 1."


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"1 Green Jobs \u2013 A potential benefit of low carbon climate resilient development The transition to a low carbon climate resilient development pathway can include a shift to green jobs - where the economy, companies and workplaces promote decent work that: \u00a7\ufffdReduces consumption of energy and raw materials; \u00a7\ufffdLimits GHG emissions: \u00a7\ufffdMinimises waste and pollution; and \u00a7\ufffdProtects and restores ecosystems Source: International Labour Organization. 2012. Green Jobs."


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"1(a), and Article 4,paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement.  (d) How the Party has addressed Article 4,paragraph +, of | Kenya s NDC covers all sectors of the economy. the Paris Agreement  (e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of | Not applicable. the Paris Agreement."


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"10  National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP), Adaptation Technical Analysis Report, 2013 11  Refer to the ATAR, Chapter 2. 12  National Drought Management Authority Bill 2013, Accessed at:   13  Government of Kenya (2012). National Climate Change Action Plan Subcomponent 2 - Enabling Legislative and Institutional Framework Report. Accessed at: www.kccap.info. 14  Government of Kenya (2012). National Climate Change Action Plan Subcomponent 8 - Finance Section B - Kenya National Climate Fund. Accessed at: www.kccap.info. 15  National Climate Change Framework Policy, November 2014, page 8."


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"10 The future climate trends for Kenya are discussed in more detail in the Adaptation Technical Analysis Report which forms part of the NCCAP.11\fEnhanced climate resilience towards the attainment of Vision 2030 and beyond | 7\f| Kenya National Adaptation Plan 2015-2030 Chapter 2: Coordination of Adaptation Actions This chapter presents the current coordination arrangements for climate change adaptation and those set out in the Climate Change Act, 2016, which include coordination of climate change adaptation. 2.2 Current Institutional Arrangements The coordination of climate change activities is currently the responsibility of the National Climate Change Secretariat (NCCS) in the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources."


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"10 of 2012 on Kenya Vision 2030 establishes the goal of Kenya becoming a middle-income country providing a high quality life to all its citizens by the year 2030. Climate change poses a significant challenge to these sustainable national development goals. 1.3.2 Kenya\u2019s continuing vulnerability to climate change and the threat this poses to achieving long-term development goals has thus been clearly recognised."


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"11 Climate Change  (2) Any public entity on which a climate change duty has been imposed shall, in exercising functions under this Act or any other law, act in a manner best suited to achieve the successful implementation of this Act and the National Climate Change Action Plan.  (3) The duties shall be imposed and may be varied or revoked through regulations made by the Council.  (4) The imposition of climate change duties shall be preceded by public awareness and consultations."


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"11 Climate Change  (b) comments, whether in writing or not, received at a public meeting held in relation to the policy, strategy, programme, plan or action at which the Council or respective public or private entity was represented, or by any other invitation, to comment.  4."


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"11 Climate Change  (b) coordinate negotiations on climate change related issues in consultation with the Cabinet Secretary responsible for foreign affairs;  (c) formulate a national gender and intergenerational responsive public education and awareness strategy on climate change and implementation programme;  (d) provide through the Directorate, technical assistance on climate change actions and responses to county governments, based on mutual agreement and needs cited by the county governments; and  (e) report biannually to Parliament on the status of implementation of international and national obligations to respond to climate change, and progress towards attainment of low carbon climate resilient development."


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"11 Climate Change  (ii) develop strategies and coordinate actions for building resilience to climate change and enhancing adaptive capacity;  (iii) optimize the country\u2019s opportunities to mobilize climate finance;  (e) coordinate adherence to the county\u2019s international obligations including associated reporting requirements,  (f) coordinate implementation of the gender and intergenerational climate change education, consultation and learning at the national and county governments levels;  (g) provide, on instruction of the Cabinet Secretary, technical assistance based on needs identified by county governments."


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"11 Climate Change  (m) to review levels and trends of greenhouse gas emissions; and  (n) to identify outputs, overall budget estimates and timeframes to realize expected results.  (4) Without prejudice to the foregoing, the National Climate Change Action Plan shall address all sectors of the economy, and provide mechanisms for mainstreaming of the National Climate Change Action Plan into those sectors."


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"11 Climate Change  for that purpose liaise with relevant lead agencies for their technical advice.  21. (1) The Kenya Institute of Curriculum Development shall, on advice of the Council, integrate climate change into various disciplines and subjects of the national education curricula at all levels.  (2) The Council shall advise the public agencies responsible for regulating universities and tertiary institutions curricula on integration of climate change into their curricula.  22."


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"11 Climate Change  of the Council.  (2) The Council shall submit a report prepared under sub-section (1) to the President, Parliament and the county assemblies and shall publish the Report in the Gazette and in such other manner as it considers appropriate.  (3) The President, Parliament or a county assembly may at any time require the Council to submit a report on a particular issue.  35. The members of the Council shall be appointed within three months of the coming into force of this Act."


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"11 Climate Change  particular matter is the subject of consideration and in which matter that person or that person s spouse is directly or indirectly interested in a private capacity, that person shall, as soon as is practicable after the commencement of the meeting, declare such interest and shall not, unless the Council or committee otherwise directs, take part in any consideration or discussion of, or vote on any question touching such matter."


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"11 Climate Change  technologies that support low carbon, and climate resilient development,  (h) facilitate capacity development for public participation in climate change responses through awareness creation, consultation, representation and access to information;  (i) mobilize and transparently manage public and other financial resources for climate change response;  (j)_ provide mechanisms for, and facilitate climate change research and development, training and capacity building;  (k) mainstream \u2014 the principle of sustainable development into the planning for and decision making on climate change response, and  (1) integrate climate change into the exercise of power and functions of all levels of governance, and to enhance cooperative climate change governance between the national government and county governments."


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"11 Climate Change \u201cclimate change secretariat\u201d means the secretariat established by the Public Service Commission to coordinate climate change mitigation and adaptation actions and interventions; \u201cclimate finance\u201d means monies available for or mobilized by government or non-government entities to finance climate change mitigation and adaptation actions and interventions; \u201cCouncil\u201d means the National Climate Change Council established under section 5; \u201ccounty executive committee member\u201d means the county executive committee member for the time being responsible for matters relating to climate change; \u201cemissions\u201d, in relation to a greenhouse gas, means emissions of that gas into the atmosphere where the emissions are attributable to human activity; \u201cFund\u201d means the Climate Change Fund established under section 25; \u201cgreenhouse gas\u201d includes but is not limited to- (a) carbon dioxide; (b) methane; (c) nitrous oxide; (d) hydrofluorocarbons; (e) perfluorocarbons; (f) sulphur hexafluoride; and (g) indirect greenhouse gases; \u201cintergenerational\u201d means with reference to equity among present and future generations and equity in the present generation; \u201cmainstreaming\u201d means the integration of climate change actions into decision making and implementation of functions by the sector ministries, state corporations and"


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"118 Downing, C., Preston, F., Parusheva, D., Horrocks, L., Edberg, O., Samazzi, F., Washington, R., Muteti, M., Watkiss, P. and Nyangena, W. (2008). Kenya: Climate Screening and Information Exchange. Final report. London: Department for International Development. 119 McSweeney, C., New, M. and Lizcano, G. (2010). UNDP Climate Change Country Profile: Kenya. New York: UNDP-National Communications Support Programme. 120 Met Office. (2011). Climate: Observations, projections and impacts. Kenya. Exeter, UK: Met Office. 121 McSweeney, C., New, M. and Lizcano, G. (2010)."


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"12 Zhang, X., and F. Yang. 2004. RClimDex (1.0) User Manual. Climate Research Branch, Environment Canada, Downsview, Ontario. See also:King\u2019uyu, S. M., M. Kilavi, P. Omeny, E. Muigai and A. K. Njogu.2010/2011. Climate Change Indices for Kenya.  Meteorological& Related Sciences. Vol. 5, No. 1; Nov 2011; Kenya Meteoreological Society. 13 Government of Kenya/Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. 2010. National Climate Change Response Strategy. Nairobi. 14 King\u2019uyu, S. M. 1994. Space-time characteristics of the extreme temperature values over the Tropical Eastern Africa region. MSc."


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"12, Centre for Environmental Economics and Policy in Africa (CEEPA), Univer- sity of Pretoria Kaudia A. A (2010) Governance and Insti- tutional Arrangements for Climate Change Mitigation. A Discussion Paper Presented to Regional Course Participants. Kenya Forestry Research Institute. March, 2010 Kenya National Water Develop Report prepared for the 2nd UN World Water Development Report KFS (2007). Forest Law Enforcement and Gov- ernance in Kenya."


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"14 Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (2013). Analysis of Demand and Supply of Wood Products in Kenya. 15 IPCC (2014), Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the IPCC. (Core writing team: R.K. Pachuri and L. A. Meyer (eds.) Geneva: IPCC.  page 46. Accessed at: Topics.pdf 16 Climate and Development Knowledge Network (2014). Integrating Climate Change in the Post-2015 Development Agenda. London: Climate and Development Knowledge Network. 17 Otuki, N. (2017)."


id: 2cee6d8840f6176051a338436b19eef3
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"14 United Nations Environment Programme (2010). Waste and Climate Change - Global Trends and Strategy Framework. Accessed at:   ietc/Publications/  spc/Waste&ClimateChange/Waste&ClimateChange.pdf 15 Bogner, J., M. Abdelra e Ahmed, C. Diaz, A. Faaij, Q. Gao, S. Hashimoto, K. Mareckova, R. Pipatti, T. Zhang (2007). Waste Management, In Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (B. Metz, O.R. Davidson, P.R. Bosch, R. Dave, L.A. Meyer [eds]). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press."


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"14.1 - Energy security, economic growth - May require relocation of communities/ villages Reforestation of degraded forests Environment, Wa- ter and Sanitation (Forestry) Kenya Forest Service KSh 48 \u2013 61 billion billion) billion billion) - Abatement potential to 2030 of 6.1 - Sustained water availability (genera- tion of hydropower) - Contributes to constitution\u2019s goal of 10% tree cover - Biodiversity benefits - Sustainable forest products contribute to improved livelihoods Kenya s Low carbon option Government planning sector Lead Agency Investment costs for implementation to (KSh and USD, 2011) Estimated split between public, private sector and household investments NPV of investment at a 10% real discount rate (KSh and USD, Abatement potential and sustainable development impacts Improved cookstoves and LPG cookstoves Population, Urbanisation and Housing Ministry of Energy KSh 20 billion (USD Improved cookstoves: KSh 9 billion (USD LPG stoves: KSh 11 billion (USD 0.13 billion) Improved cookstoves: about 75% consumer costs and 25% public support costs LPG stoves: about 85% consumer cost and 15% public sup- port KSh 10 billion (USD 0.12 billion) Improved cook- stoves: KSh 4.5 billion (USD 0.053 billion) LPG stoves: KSh 5.3 billion (USD - Abatement potential to 2030 of 5.6 + - Health benefits from"


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"142 Wilby, R. L. and Dessai, S. (2010). Robust adaptation to climate change. Weather, 65(7), pp. 180- 185. 143 15 Hawkins, E. and Sutton, R. (2009). The potential to narrow uncertainty in regional climate predictions. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. doi:10.1175/2009BAMS2607.1 144 GoK (2012). Kenya Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA); 2008-2011 Drought. Government of Kenya, with technical support from the European Union, United Nations and World Bank. 145 World Bank (2004). The Republic of Kenya: Towards a Water-Secure Kenya \u2013 Water Resources Sector Memorandum. Report No. 28398-KE."


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"149 Ericksen, P., Thornton, P., Notenbaert, A., Cramer, L., Jones, P., Herrero, M. (2011). Mapping hotspots of climate change and food insecurity in the global tropics. CCAFS Report no. 5. CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). Copenhagen, Denmark. Available online at: www.ccafs.cgiar.org 150 Herrero, M., Ringler, C., van de Steeg, J., Thornton, PK., Zuo, T., Bryan, E., Koo, J. and Notenbaert, A.M. (2010). Kenya: Climate variability and climate change and their impacts on the agricultural sector."


id: 59bb6130d597c633dd6fe6a2ef0a9b6b
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:05
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"156 Sugden K., Macgregor N., Thompson D. and Broadmeadow M. (2008). A review of research into adaptation to climate change by agriculture in the UK. Defra, London. 157 Kabubo-Mariara, J. (2009). Global warming and livestock husbandry in Kenya: Impacts and adaptations. Ecological Economics 68, 1915\u20131924. 158 Otiende, B. (2009). The Economic Impacts of Climate Change in Kenya: Riparian Flood Impacts and Cost of Adaptation. Case Study. Economics of Climate Change, Kenya, 2009. 159 Baylis, M. and Githeko, A.K. (2006)."


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"16  Climate Change Bill, 2014, Accessed at:   ClimateChangeBill2014.pdf. 17  Climate Change Act, 2016, Part II: Policy, Coordination and Oversight. 18    19  Refer to ATAR, Technical Report 7, Civil society organisation activities in climate change. 20  Republic of Kenya (2012), Vision 2030 Strategy for Northern Kenya and Other Arid Lands. Nairobi: Government of Kenya. 21  Republic of Kenya (2012), Kenya Post-Disaster Needs Assessment for 2008-2011 Drought. Nairobi: Government of Kenya. 22  Kenya Post-Disaster Needs Assessment 2008-2011 Drought, page 14."


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"16 Government of Kenya (2010). National Climate Change Response Strategy. Nairobi: Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources. 17 Based on the updated baseline, and developed building on calculations undertaken for the National Climate Change Action Plan, 2013-17, and updated for the Second National Communication. 18 Fischer, E., Schmidt, T., Hora, S., Geirsdorf, J., Stinner, W., and Scholwin, F. (2010). Agro-Industrial Biogas in Kenya: Potentials, Estimates for Tariffs, Policy and Business Recommendations. Berlin: German International Cooperation (GIZ). 19 Soezer A. and Owino T. (2015)."


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"16 Government of Kenya (2013), Chapter 4, Forestry, Mitigation Analysis. 17 The fact sheets are available in the sector chapters of the NCCAP mitigation analysis, available at:   18 Food and Agricultural Organization (2010). Global Forest Resource Assessment Country Report: Kenya. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization. 19 Pfeifer, M., Platts, P.J., Burgess, N.D., Swetnam, R.D., Willcock, S., Lewis, S.L., and Marchant, R. (2013). Land use change and carbon fluxes in East Africa quantified using earth observation data and field measurements."


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"17 Although the current available evidence suggests little overall change in precipitation, there is significant geographical diversity in observed rainfall trends. Rainfall trends in Kenya since 1960 have shown the following specific characteristics:18 \ufffd Some evidence shows that northern areas of the country have become wetter, and southern areas drier, although this is subject to considerable uncertainty; 19 \ufffd Trends in extreme rainfall events based on daily rainfall data are mixed."


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"17 Government of Kenya/Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources. 2010. National Climate Change Response Strategy. Nairobi.\fKenya s 18 World Bank. 2011: The Drought and Food Crisis in The Horn of Africa: Impacts and Proposed Policy Responses for Kenya. Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit Africa. Nairobi. 19 Mutai, C. C., S. O. Ochola, H. K. Mukiira, L. N. Gachimbi, M. Otiono, S. M. King\u2019uyu, and S. N. Marigi. 2011. State of the Environment \u2013 Chapter 3: Climate change and variability. NEMA, 2011. 20  IPCC. 2007."


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"179 Lindsay, S.W. and Martens, W.J., (1998). Malaria in the African highlands: past, present and future. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 76, 33. 180 Githekoa, A.K., Ototoa, E.N. and Guiyun, Y. (2012). Progress towards understanding the ecology and epidemiology of malaria in the western Kenya highlands: Opportunities and challenges for control under climate change risk. Acta Tropica 121, 19\u2013 25. 181 Emert et al. (2012)."


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"18 Kenya agricultural experts have advised that the most viable form of sustainable land management in Kenya is minimum or reduced tillage.19 Planting takes place on spatially prepared soil surfaces, aiming to leave at least 30 percent of crop residues on the soil surface, which can greatly enhance soil moisture conservation, reduce erosion and increase carbon sinks. Intercropping crops with legumes can enhance the fertility of the soil by increasing nitrogen levels that in turn can significantly increase crop yields."


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"18 billion in 2014. Forestry and agriculture are closely linked, since agriculture is the major driver of deforestation leading to forest loss. The forestry sub-sector contributes about 0.2% of AgGDP."


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"19 It will enable support towards enhancing capacity for cross-sectoral planning, communication within and between ministries, government institutions with different mandates with regard to CSA issues. Further, the component will enable sector institutions to contribute to and take responsibility for sector-wide coordination and implementation for more effective delivery of their CSA related mandates. The sub-components are: Sub-component 1.1:  Inter-Ministerial and County Government Coordination. Sub-component 1.2: Partnerships with Private Sector and Civil Society Organizations. Sub-component 1.3: Programmatic Coordination with Development Partners. Sub-component 1.4: Research-Extension Liaison Framework."


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"19, (1) A county government shall, in performance of its functions, integrate and mainstream climate change actions, interventions and duties set out in this Act, and the National Climate Change Action Plan into various sectors.  (2) A county government shall, in development, updating and approval of the County Integrated Development Plan, and the County Sectoral Plans mainstream the implementation of the National Climate Change Action Plan, taking into account national and county priorities."


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"19: April \u2013 June.   MITI 9: Mainstreaming of low-carbon development opportunities into planning process Title Other low carbon actions to reduce GHG emissions included in the NCCAP mitigation analysis Action Type Enabling Timeframe Short term / Quick Win Sector Planning and devolution Action Summary Develop a process to mainstream low carbon development opportunities into the government of Kenya planning process."


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"19: July \u2013 September 2016.  MITI 2: Geothermal Title Geothermal Action Type Mitigation, Enabling Sector Physical Infrastructure, Energy Action Summary Long term: Develop an additional 2,275 MW of geothermal capacity by 2030 to abate 14.1 MtCO2e by 2030 (in addition to the 2,734 MW of geothermal capacity in 2030 assumed in the baseline)."


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"19\u2014Mainstreaming climate change actions into County Government function.  20\u2014Integration of climate change risk. 21\u2014Integration of climate change into curricula. 22\u2014Reporting on climate change actions. 23\u2014Enforcement of rights relating to climate change.  PART V\u2014PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AND ACCESS TO INFORMATION  24\u2014Public participation. PART V\u2014 FINANCIAL PROVISIONS  25\u2014Climate Change Fund. 26\u2014 Incentives for the promotion of climate change  initiatives. 27\u2014Annual estimates. 28\u2014Financial year of the Council. 29\u2014Accounts and audit.  PART VI\u2014MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS 30\u2014Public engagement strategy. 31\u2014Conflict of interest. 32\u2014Protection from personal liability. 33\u2014Offences and penalties. 34\u2014Reports. 35\u2014Transitional provision."


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"2 : r E V I E W o F I M P L E M E n tAt I o n o F n c c A P A c t I o n S Table 3: Status of Enabling Actions area action status climate finance FINA 1: National climate fund In Progress FINA 2: Climate change budget code In Progress FINA 3: Harmonize Government and Development partner requirements In Progress FINA 4: Negotiations to overcome lack of access to carbon market In Progress FINA 5: Enhance capacity of Designated National Authority (DNA) In Progress FINA 6: Unit to promote generation of carbon credits In Progress FINA 7: Improve policy and regulatory environment for low-carbon investment In Progress FINA 8: Government of Kenya and investor platform for engagement In Progress FINA 9: One-stop shop for renewable energy permits and information In Progress enabling policy & regulatory framework EPRF 1: Climate change policy In Progress EPRF 2: Climate change law Complete EPRF 3: Miscellaneous amendments bill In Progress EPRF 4: Climate change council In Progress EPRF 5: Climate change secretariat"


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"2 For the purpose of reporting, it is necessary to reverse the sign so that the resulting values is expressed as (-) for removal or uptake and (+) for emissions. 3 FL- Forest Land, CL-Cropland, GL-Grassland, WL-Wetland, SL-Settlement Land, OL \u2013 Other Land.  Table 27: Total LULUCF Non-CO2 Emissions from Vegetation Fires (Gg) Sector in IPCC Guidelines  Table 26 and Table 27 identify that Kenya\u2019s LULUCF sector has been a net emitter (net loss from carbon pools) between 1990 and 2010."


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"2 Time frames and/or periods for implementation: (a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, including | From 1st January 2021 to 31st December 2030, with milestone start and end date, consistent with any further relevant | targets at 2025. decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA); (b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as | Single-year target in 2030. applicable."


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"20 Government of Kenya (2016). Electricity Generation and Transmission Master Plan 2015-2035. Nairobi: Ministry of Energy and Petroleum. Government of Kenya (2011). Updated Least Cost Power Development Plan Study Period: 2011-2031. Nairobi: Energy Regulatory Commission. 21 United Nations (2017). Revised list of global Sustainable Development Goal indicators. Accessed at:   Revised%20List%20of%20global%20SDG%20indicators.pdf. 22 United Nations Environment Programme (2016). Actions on Air Quality. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme. 23 Urban, F. and Mitchell, T. (2011). Climate change, disasters and electricity generation. Brighton:  Institute of Development Studies."


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"20 See page 112 of Kenya National Water Development Report (2006) 21  Information from the KenGen website A waterfall for micro-hydro power generation. Hydropower potential has dramatically reduced in the past 20 years due to the destruction of water catchment areas."


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"20 Smith, M. (2013), The Manufacturing Sector \u2013 Climate Change Risk and Opportunity Assessment. An Educational Module to Help Identify and Implement Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Opportunities. Canberra: Australian National University. 21 Kenya Private Sector Alliance (2014). Climate Change and the Energy and Manufacturing Sector. Climate Change and Your Business Briefing Note Series. 22 Wakiaga, P. (2016). Towards a Water-Smart Future.  Accessed at:   kam.co.ke/towards-water-smart-industrial-future/ 23 UNIDO (2015). 24 Kenya Private Sector Alliance (2014). 25 UNIDO (2015)."


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"20 Soezer A. and Owino T. (2015). 21 United National Environment Programme (UNEP) (2007). Environmental Pollution and Impacts on Public Health - Implications of the Dandora Municipal Dumping Site in Nairobi, Kenya. Nairobi: UNEP. 22 Government of Kenya (2010), National Climate Change Response Strategy; Government of Kenya (2013), National Climate Change Action Plan, 2013- 2017; and Government of Kenya (2016) National Adaptation Plan, 2015-2030. 23 UNEP (2007). 24 USAID (2012). Solid Waste Management: Addressing Climate Change Impacts on Infrastructure. Fact Sheet. 25 NEMA (2015)."


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"20 | Kenya National Adaptation Plan 2015-2030\fEnhanced climate resilience towards the attainment of Vision 2030 and beyond | 21 Chapter 4: Adaptation Actions The Government of Kenya has been addressing climate change impacts, especially drought, for many years. These interventions have been geared towards disaster risk reduction, humanitarian action, preparedness and response actions, including efforts of the NDMA to address drought and through the department of Special Programmes for \ufb02oods and other disasters."


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"200 million annually will be required over five years to support operationalisation of the policy."


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"2015 proposal to the NAMA Facility developed by KfW (German Development Bank) and GIZ. www.nama-facility.org/projects/kenya-mass-rapid-transport-system-for- nairobi/ National-Urban-Transport-Improvement-Project-NUTRIP-procurement-plan\f4 :  M I t I G At I o n  A c t I o n S MITI 7: Development of greenhouse gas inventory Title Development of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) inventory, improvement of emissions data and analysis of mitigation options Action Type Enabling Timeframe Short term/Quick Win Sector Energy, Agriculture, Transport, Waste, Industrial Processes and Forestry Action Summary Develop Kenya\u2019s GHG inventory, building on the information developed in the NCCAP mitigation reference case of GHG emissions and build capacity to develop, use and monitor data and impacts Status Complete Lead Agency MENR and NEMA Partner Agency KFS, MALF, MOEP, MOTIHUD, National Treasury, Bureau of Statistics and others to provide input and data."


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"2016 Climate Change  (2) The Council may apply to the Cabinet Secretary responsible for finance for exemption from payment of duty payable under the Stamp Duty Act in respect of an instrument executed by or on behalf, or in favour of the Council which, but for this section, the Council would be liable to pay."


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"2016 Climate Change  (c) ensure promotion of sustainable development under changing climatic conditions;  (d) ensure equity and social inclusion in allocation of effort, costs and benefits to cater for special needs, vulnerabilities, capabilities, disparities and responsibilities;  (e) ensure integrity and transparency;  (f) ensure participation and consultation with stakeholders in accordance with the Schedule.  PART Il\u2014POLICY, COORDINATION AND OVERSIGHT  5. (1) There is established an unincorporated body to be known as the National Climate Change Council.  (2) The Council shall be chaired by the President."


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"2016 Climate Change  misleading information to any member of the Council or officer or agent of the Council in exercise of the powers or the performance of the functions of the Council under this Act,  commits an offence and is liable, on conviction, to a fine not exceeding ten million shillings or to imprisonment for a period not exceeding five years, or to both."


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"2016 Climate Change (iii) meteorology; (iv) climatology; (v) law; (vi) economics; or  (vii) such other relevant field as may be determined by the Cabinet Secretary in consultation with the Public Service Commission;  (c) has at least ten years\u2019 experience at senior management level in the relevant field; and  (d) meets the requirements of Chapter Six of the Constitution.  (5) The Director appointed under subsection (4) shall be responsible for the performance of specific duties and functions of the Directorate as set out in this Act."


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"227 Noted in the TNA fact sheet Technology fact sheets on adaptation Annex 1.1: Water sector Fact Sheets 228 MW&I, 2010 noted in the TNA TAP adaptation report 229 MW&I, 2010 noted in the TNA TAP adaptation report 230 TNA process 2013 adaptation report 233 Quezada et al., 2012 noted in the TNA process 2013 adaptation report 234 TNA TAP 2013 adaptation report\f  236 Found here 237 See Dechezlepr\u00eatre et al. (2009); Doranova et al. (2009); Haites et al. (2008); Seres et al."


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"23  Kenya Post-Disaster Needs Assessment 2008-2011 Drought. 25  Mwangi K.K. & Mutua F. (2015). Modelling Kenya\u2019s vulnerability to climate change \u2013 A Multifactor Approach. International Journal of Science and Research. ISSN (online):2319-7064. Impact Factor (2012): 3: 358. Volume 4, Issue 6, June 2015. 26  ATAR, page 31. 27  Otiende, B. (2009). The economic impacts of climate change in Kenya: Riparian \ufb02ood impacts and cost of adaptation. Accessed at:   riparian-\ufb02oods-case-study.pdf. 28  Mwangi & Mutua."


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"231  Drip irrigation on the on the other hand was ranked highly as it is considered to provide 90 per cent water-use efficiency in contrast to surface irrigation and sprinkler systems, which provide 60 per cent and 75 per cent efficiency, respectively.232 It enables farmers to adapt to climate change in crop production under erratic rainfall pattern233. Available statistics show a very low adoption level of drip irrigation in the country."


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"237 An assessment of the project design documents (PDDs) of Kenya\u2019s registered CDM projects238 (Annex 1) shows that of the 20 registered CDM projects in Kenya, 16 projects claimed some technology transfer benefits. However, it has not been possible to establish the extent to which the CDM contributed to their implementation and how many of the projects have actually been implemented and therefore, realised technology transfer benefits."


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"24  SC2, Legal Working Paper: \u201cThe Legal and Institutional Framework in Kenya for Climate Change Mitigation in the Energy Sector\u201d, page 11 26  Sessional Paper on Integrated National Transport Policy;  Ministry of Transport, November 2010."


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"24 Government of Kenya (2013). National Climate Change Action Plan: 2013- 2017. Page 35. 25 Care International (2010). Tool Kit for Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Development Projects: Version 1.0. Accessed at:   careclimatechange.org/tk/integration/en/about_the_toolkit/what_do_we_ mean_by.html 26 Kirai, P. (2009). Energy Systems: Vulnerability-Adaptation-Resilience (VAR) Project. Paris: Helio International. 27 Government of Kenya (2013). National Climate Change Action Plan 2013-17. page 35. 28 Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (2016). Economic Survey 2016. Nairobi: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. 29 Asian Development Bank (2013)."


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"24 The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) has put forward the following supportive actions to enhance the industrial sector\u2019s preparedness to address climate change: \u2022 Generation of data to improve awareness of impacts and decision making in the sector. \u2022 Support for the growth of insurance markets to help manufacturers have access to a range of insurance products, including those that can cushion them against climate-related risks. \u2022 Technology development, transfer and deployment at scale."


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"24-25.  Protection,%20Water%20and%20Natural%20Resources.pdf, page 8.\fn c c A P  S tAt u S  o F  I M P L E M E n tAt I o n  2 0 1 7 MITI 4: Improved cookstoves Title Improved Cookstoves and Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Cookstoves Action Type Mitigation, Enabling Sector Energy, Agriculture and Rural Development; Environment Water and Sanitation; Tourism, Trade and Industry Action Summary Long term: Programme to support the use of improved cookstoves and of LPG cookstoves Short term: Development of a NAMA proposal for a support programme submitted to UNFCCC Status Long term: In progress; Short term: Complete Lead Agency MOEP leads the work on clean cookstoves."


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"248 \ufffd Three satellite receiving stations, two for Metro-Sat. Second Generation (MSG) and one for National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The NOAA is currently not functional. 249 \ufffd 4 marine tidal gauges with automatic meteorological sensors at Shimoni, Kilifi and Lamu by Kenya Meteorological Services and at Malindi by Kenya Ports Authority. These gauges are used to monitor ocean tides and waves as well as tsunamis. The data collected is also used to study sea level rise associated with global warming."


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"27  There is a dedicated section in the Strategy on forests; 6.6 Forests and Wildlife Resources, page 72 28  Ministry of Water & Irrigation\u2019s Strategic Plan 2009-2012, page ix 29 Mutimba S. et al, Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation Preparedness in Kenya, Heinrich B\u221all 30  The summit on the Horn of Africa crisis:  Ending Drought Emergencies: A Commitment to Sustainable Solutions; 8th-9th September 2011; Nairobi, Kenya."


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"274  The low budgetary allocation means there is a problem of: \ufffd Lack of necessary equipment and infrastructure \ufffd Weak information management in most programmes, and non-existent in some \ufffd Inadequate staff and technical capacity for climate observation and climate change research The lack of requisite equipment for data collection, research and modelling has meant that key institution such as the Kenya Metrological Department does not functioning optimally."


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"275   They are therefore not able generate the required data and information for use in policy making and planning. This is further compounded by the low intake of research students in climate change related fields in the Kenyan universities. 276   Where there has been an attempt to train staff such on climate change modelling. The training has faced challenges in the areas of budgetary allocations to purchase climate change specific infrastructure, facilities and equipment particularly super computers for modelling."


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"2NC to be ideally created to accompany the BUR, but likely to be created several months later. This is a short term, priority action. Quick win opportunity \u221a Cost associated with the Action in Kenyan Shillings (Part of Action 1). Immediate next steps The technical team to generate the GHG inventory needs to be established \u2013 including the FUs, the TWGs and the GHG inventory Technical Analysis Group (TAGGHGI)."


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"3 :  A g R I C U LT U R E\f\f4 :  E N E R g Y 4 :  E N E R g Y 4.1 ThE ENER g Y SEC TO R  I N K ENYA Clean and sustainable energy is essential for Kenya\u2019s sustainable development and is considered one of the infrastructure enablers of the socio-economic pillar of Vision 2030.1 Energy use in Kenya in 2013 was 0.49 tonne of oil equivalent (TOE) per capita while electricity consumption was 167.7 kilowatt hours per capita (3% of the total national TOE, with the remaining supply is used for transport, household cooking and industrial processes).2 The energy sector in Kenya is largely dominated by biomass, electricity and imported petroleum, with biomass (wood fuel, charcoal, and agricultural waste) providing the basic cooking and heating energy needs of the rural communities, urban poor and the informal sector."


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"3 :  A g R I C U LT U R E a compulsory farm tree cover of at least 10% on any agricultural The agroforestry mitigation option targets existing arable cropland and grazing lands that have high or medium agricultural potential. The total area of arable cropland and grazing land is estimated in the Agricultural Sector Development Strategy 2010-2020 to be approximately 5,620,000 hectares."


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"3 :  A g R I C U LT U R E ndc target for the agriculture sector Kenya\u2019s NDC \u201cseeks to abate its overall GHG emissions by 30% by 2030 relative to the BAU scenario.\u201d However, this does not necessarily translate into a 30% emission reduction target for the agriculture sector equivalent to 11.8 MtCO2e reductions from baseline emissions in 2030 of 39.5 MtCO2e."


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"3 Asphalt production is based on assumption that there is 10% bitumen content in asphalt produced and that all Bitumen is used in asphalt production for road paving.  Kenya does not manufacture HFCs; however, emissions from the consumption of HFCs is related to bulk imports of HFC gases that are used to recharge refrigeration and air conditioning products, as well as the stock of HFCs that- is imported within refrigeration and air conditioning, aerosols and other products."


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"3 Government of Kenya (2013). National Climate Change Action Plan: 2013-2017. Nairobi: Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. Accessed at:   www.kccap.info 4 Government of Kenya (2015). Kenya\u2019s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC), 23 July 2015. 5 World Bank (2016). CO2 emissions (kt), World Development Indicators. Accessed at:   KT?view=chart 6 Government of Kenya (2015). Kenya: Second National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Nairobi: National Environment Management Authority. Accessed at:   7 Government of Kenya (2016). National Adaptation Plan, 2015-2030."


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"3 MISSION VISION AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES 23 CHAPTER TWO: SITUATION ANALYSIS .27 2.1.1 Impact of Climate Change on the Agriculture Sector 27 2.1.2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Agriculture Sector29 2.1.3 Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework 31 2.2  ANALYSIS OF STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES, OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS (SWOT) 38 2.3  POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, TECHNOLOGY, LEGAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL (PESTLE) 2.4.1: Impacts of Climate Change on the Agriculture Sector .47 2.4.2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Agriculture Sector52 2.4.3 Policy Legal and Institutional Framework .53\f The broad objective of the Kenya CSA Strategy (KCSAS) is to adapt to climate change, build resilience of agricultural systems while minimizing emissions for enhanced food and nutritional security and improved livelihoods."


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"3 MtCO2eq or MtCO2e is an abbreviation for million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent, or the amount of GHG emissions expressed as an equivalent amount or concentration of carbon dioxide. The main greenhouse gases that are measured in a GHG inventory are: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3). 4 Government of Kenya (2013). National Climate Change Action Plan: 2013- 2017. Nairobi: Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. Accessed at:"


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"3 Scope and coverage:  (a) General description of the target Economy-wide, emission reductions by at least 32% compared to  2030 BAU (baseline) emissions. The target covers all sectors and greenhouse gases. In the event that Kenya s enhanced NDC Target is exceeded, Kenya intends to use the both market and non-market provisions mechanisms provisions of Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, based on domestic legislation developed."


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"31 Food and Agriculture Organization & New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre. 2017. Options for low emission development in the Kenya dairy sector - reducing enteric methane for food security and livelihoods. Rome: FAO. Page VIII. 32 Odera M.M., Thomas T.S., Waithaka M., and Kyotalimye M. (2013). Kenya, in Waithaka M., Nelson G.C., Thomas T.S. and Kyotalimye M. (eds). East African Agriculture and Climate Change: A Comprehensive Analysis. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. 33 Rojas-Downing, M.M."


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"31 See Report of the Conference of the Parties on its seventeenth session, held in Durban from 28 November to 11 December 2011 Addendum Part Two: Action taken by the Conference of the Parties at its seventeenth session - FCCC/CP/2011/9/Add.1 33  A regional development organisation composed of 8 Eastern African nations,namely,  Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan and Uganda."


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"32 Billion FY 2015/16 then increased to KSh. 41.09 Billion in 2016/17. The overall sector absorption rate was 83% in the FY 2014/15 compared to 90% in the FY 2015/16 and 82% in the FY 2016/17. The Second Medium Term Investment Plan (MTIP) 2013-2017 (GoK, 2013b) outlines the government\u2019s investment strategy for improving the situation through the ASDS 2010-2020 which is aligned to CAADP (GoK, 2010b)."


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"32 Kenya has previously experimented with bioethanol-petrol blending (at Muhoroni Sugar Factory), but stopped the programme in 1993; this will therefore, not be an entirely new technology in the country 33  An example is the Mumias Co-generation Clean Development Mechanism project 34  Other than the transport sector, Kenya\u2019s manufacturing sector is the largest consumer of fossil fuels imported into the country for heat and steam generation.\f4.2.2.3 Energy Efficiency Energy efficiency is simply defined as using less energy to provide the same service without compromising the quality of service."


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"34  IGAD Environment and Natural Resources Strategy, April 2007, page 11 35  NEPAD is designed to offer opportunities for African countries to take full control of their development agenda, to work more closely together, and to cooperate more effectively with international partners. See  36  See NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency \u2013 Climate Change and Natural Resources, available at  37  See Kenya plans open-ended green energy fund: government, available at   article/2010/01/14/us-kenya-energy-idUSTRE60D2CS20100114. See also Budget speech for the Fiscal Year 2009/2010 by Hon."


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"35  For instance, according to the KPLC, the planned Government\u2019s programme to replace 1 million incandescent bulbs with fluorescent bulbs will save the country 49 MW, equivalent to the current installed capacity of the Kindaruma hydro plant 36  See \u2018Tackling Climate Change on the Ground\u2019-World Business Council for Sustainable Development, WBCSD 37  See   38  This recommendation should strictly apply to plantations and private land; otherwise, if broadly interpreted, it could lead to encroachment into natural and reserve forests Sectoral Adaptation and Mitigation Interventions\f\u2018together we can tackle climate change\u2019 National Climate Change Response Strategy Agroforestry systems are known to store more carbon than conventional cropping systems through two mechanisms: TBI systems increase carbon storage in the biomass of planted trees and increase carbon stored in the soil, and \u2022\ufffd promotion of organic farming, e.g."


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"35 Geothermal and wind power expansion \u2013 Total incremental capacity in each year until 2030 is calculated as the difference between the reference scenario and the capacity development\fN D C  S E C T O R  A N A LY S I S  R E P O R T  2 0 1 7 profile in the ULCPDP. This assumes that climate finance would be used to move beyond a reference case to fulfil the ambitious growth forecast of the ULCPDP."


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"38,114 tonnes of CO2e have been reduced through the 2013-2016 initiative. \u2022 Energy 4 Impact (formerly GVEP International) is distributing improved cookstoves and providing capacity building to cookstove entrepreneurs to improve their technical, business and marketing skills, and establish a seed fund for producers to invest in expansion activities. \u2022 Burn Manufacturing has established a factory for the local manufacture of the Jiko Koa and distribution centres. \u2022 EcoZoom has established distribution centres for improved cookstoves."


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"3: Climate Hazard and Vulnerability Analysis 15 Climate hazards and vulnerability .15 Chapter 4: Adaptation Actions 21 Proposed sectoral adaptation actions 21 Cross cutting MTP sector 42 Resource Mobilisation 43 Chapter 5: Adaptation Monitoring and Evaluation 45 The Adaptation Theory of Change .46 Performance Indicators for Adaptation 48 Adaptation Reporting and Learning .50 X | Kenya National Adaptation Plan 2015-2030 Enhanced climate resilience towards the attainment of Vision 2030 and beyond | 1 Chapter 1: National Circumstances Kenya, like other African countries, is bearing the brunt of climate variability and change; hence the need for a coordinated approach to address related vulnerabilities and risks."


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"3: Harmonize Government of Kenya and development partner funding requirements 23 FINA 4: Accelerate negotiations with countries to overcome lack of carbon market access for Kenya 24 FINA 5: Enhance the capacity of the designated national authority 24 FINA 6: Determine the appropriate home for and establish a unit that develops and promotes projects responsible for generating carbon credits 25 FINA 7: Support for a series of ongoing actions to improve the policy and regulatory framework for low-carbon investment 25 FINA 8: Establish a regular platform for engagement and dialogue between the Government of Kenya and investors 26 FINA 9: Support the planned creation of a one-stop shop to expedite process of acquiring renewable energy permits and licenses 26 6: Enabling Policy & Regulatory Framework 28 EPRF 1: Consult on and adopt the draft climate change policy 29 EPRF 2: Enact an overarching framework climate change law 30 EPRF 3: Amend key sectoral laws consistent with priority actions identified in the NCCAP through a miscellaneous amendments bill . 31 EPRF 4: Establish a high-level national climate change council 31 EPRF 5: Establish a climate change secretariat within the ministry responsible for climate change affairs . 32 7: Knowledge Management &"


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"4 :  E N E R g Y\fN D C  S E C T O R  A N A LY S I S  R E P O R T  2 0 1 7\f5 :  F O R E S T R Y  S E C T O R 5 :  F O R E S T RY  S E C TO R 5.1 ThE FOR ESTRY SEC TO R  I N K ENYA Sustainable and productive management of land and land resources are enshrined in Chapter 5 of the Kenyan Constitution, which among other things, stipulates that the state will work to achieve and maintain a tree cover of at least 10% of total land area."


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"4 :  E N E R g Y ANNEX 4.1 A SSU M P TI O NS U ND ER LYI Ng  Th E MI T I gAT I ON OPTIONS IN  Th E ENER g Y SEC TO R The assumptions underlying the mitigation options in the NDC analysis are described below, drawing on the information included in the detailed energy demand and electricity supply chapters developed for the NCCAP mitigation analysis.34 Improved cook stoves \u2013 The mitigation scenario assumes that the overall efficiency of using fuelwood and charcoal for cooking can be improved by 10% by 2030 through the increased penetration of improved cookstoves."


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"4 :  E N E R g Y Renewable energy technologies such as solar PV (distributed and grid-connected), hydro-generation, wind generation, geothermal generation, solar thermal water heating and cogeneration in agriculture that have been prioritised in this NDC analysis increase the share of renewable energy in the energy mix and contribute to the achievement of SDG 7.2.  The large investments in geothermal, wind and solar are consistent with SDG 7.b to expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and sustainable energy services."


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"4 :  E N E R g Y activities, stakeholders and results; then modifying project designs or implementation plans to reduce those risks.\u201d25 risks and impacts The impacts of climate change \u2013 flooding, seasonal droughts, storm surges, landslides, extreme winds, higher temperatures and heat waves \u2013 affect energy transmission and use regardless of how the energy is produced. Table 4.5 provides examples of the impacts of climate change on electricity systems."


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"4 :  E N E R g Y mitigation options identified in kenya\u2019s second national communication Twelve mitigation options were developed and presented for the energy supply and residential and commercial energy demand sector in Kenya\u2019s NCCAP and SNC. Each of these options was assessed to determine its technical potential to contribute to emission reductions in the baseline in 2030."


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"4 IPCC AR4 WGII (2007). Climate Change 2007 - Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007. Glossary available online:   5 IPCC AR4 WGII (2007). Climate Change 2007 - Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007. Glossary available online:   6 Government of Kenya. 2007. Kenya Vision 2030. Nairobi: The Government of Kenya. page vii."


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"4 Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (2016). Economy Survey 2016. Nairobi: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. 5 Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (2013). Analysis of the Charcoal Value Chain in Kenya. Nairobi: Kenya Forest Service. 6 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2014). Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change."


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"4 National Transport and Safety Authority (2016). New Motor Vehicles Statistics for the Last 10 Years. Nairobi: National Transport and Safety Authority. 5 Government of Kenya (2013). Second Medium Term Plan 2013-17 - Transforming Kenya: Pathway to devolution, socio-economic development, equity and national unity. Nairobi: Ministry of Devolution and Planning 6 Kenya Airport Authority (2016). Our Airports. Accessed at:   airports/our-airports. 7 Nairobi City County Government (2015). 8 Government of Kenya (2013). 9 ToPDAd (Tool-supported policy development for regional adaptation) (2015)."


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"41 Downing, C. Preston, F., Parusheva, D., Horrocks, L., Edberg, O., Samazzi, F., Washington, R., Muteti, M., Watkiss, P. and Nyangena, W. 2008. Kenya: Climate Screening and Information Exchange. Final report. Report to Department for International Development. Oxfordshire: AEA. page 30. 42 International Institute for Sustainable Development. 2012.  Climate Risks, Vulnerability and Governance in Kenya: A state of the art review. Pre-publication version. Winnipeg: IISD. page 24. 43 Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. 2012. Economic Survey 2011. Nairobi: Government of Kenya. page 20."


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"41 NARRATIVE SUMMARY INDICATORS MEANS OF VERIFICATION RISKS AND ASSUMPTIONS Partnerships with private sector and civil society organizations strengthened 1.2.1 Engagement platforms with private and CSOs  in CSA 1.2.2."


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"42 NPBM 6: Monitoring and evaluation of adaptive capacity indicators . 42 NPBM 7: Monitoring and evaluation of vulnerability indicators in selected county . 43 NPBM 8: Effectiveness assessment of adaptation at county level 43 NPBM 9: Climate change relevant data repository . 44 N C C A P S TAT U S O F I M P L E M E N TAT I O N 2 0 1 7 vi A B B R E V I AT I O N S AFD Agence Fran\u00e7aise de D\u00e9veloppement (French development agency) AfDB African Development Bank BRT Bus rapid transit BUR Biennial Update Report CCD Climate Change Directorate CDKN Climate and Development Knowledge Network CDM Clean Development Mechanism CFL Compact fluorescent light CGIAR Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research CIDP County Integrated Development Plan COG Council of Governors DFID Department for International Development (United Kingdom) DNA Designated National Authority DRSRS Department of Resource Surveys and Remote Sensing EnDev Energising Development EPRF Enabling policy and regulatory framework ERC Energy Regulatory Commission FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FINA (Climate) Finance GACC Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves GCF Green Climate Fund GDC Geothermal Development Corporation GDP Gross domestic product GEF Global Environment Fund"


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"43 of 2016 The Act provides for the regulation, management, development and use of water resources, and water and sewerage services."


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"44 Kenya Power and Lighting Company. 2011. 2010/2011 Annual Report. Nairobi: Kenya Power and Lighting Company. 45 World Bank. 2011. Turning the Tide in Turbulent Times: Making the most of Kenya\u2019s demographic change and rapid urbanization. Kenya Economic Update No. 4. World Bank, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit, Africa Region. 46 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2001. Climate Change 2001. Synthesis report. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 47  World Health Organization. 2011. Global Health Observatory Data Repository. Available from   who.int/ghodata/#."


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"48 This section draws on ideas set out in a programming framework for Ending Drought Emergencies in Kenya, which is under development by the Government of Kenya. 49 SEI (2009). Economics of Climate Change in Kenya. Stockholm: Stockholm Environment Institute, Oxford. 50 World Bank (2004). The Republic of Kenya: Towards a Water-Secure Kenya \u2013 Water Resources Sector Memorandum. Report No. 28398-KE. April 2004 51 GoK (2012). Kenya Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA); 2008-2011 Drought."


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"5   A comparison between the Vision Expansion Scenario in the new Master Long Term Plan and the reference case scenario of the old ULCDP indicates a total electricity generation forecast in 2030 of 38,463 Gigawatt hour (GWh) versus the old reference case forecast of 91,946 GWh."


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"5 :  F O R E S T R Y  S E C T O R\f\f6 :  I N D U S T R Y 6 :  I N D U S T RY 6.1 ThE IND U STR I A L SEC TO R  I N K ENYA Kenya\u2019s industrial sector is the largest in the Eastern African region, underscoring the importance of the sector to the economy of Kenya and neighbouring countries."


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"5 :  F O R E S T R Y  S E C T O R sustainable use of timber and non-timber forest products. As noted, complementary strategies in regard to improved cookstoves and sustainable charcoal production could be part of a REDD+ programme. Perhaps just as important as implementing mitigation options in the forestry sector, is improving the ability to measure, report on and verify (MRV) the actions and achievements of forestry projects."


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"500 billion (US$ 5.0 billion) for adaptation and mitigation actions for agriculture sector up to 2026. This will contribute to building resilience and adaptive capacity in the sector as well as reducing sectoral emissions to 30 MtCO2e relative to the business as usual trajectory projection of 37 MtCO2e in 2026. Investment resources to implement the KCSAS will be mobilized from diverse sources and appropriate mechanisms established for access, disbursement and utilization. The strategy provides a detailed implementation framework with clear stakeholder roles and responsibilities."


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"52 Kaudia  A. A (2010).  Governance  And  Institutional Arrangements For Climate  Change  Mitigation.  A Discussion Paper Presented to Regional Course Participants. Kenya Forestry Research Institute."


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"54  The choice of the denotation \u2018pilot fund\u2019 is deliberate, as \u2018facility\u2019 and \u2018trust fund\u2019 imply a much larger capacity Currently, discussions in the Adaptation Fund Board include the nature of entities that would qualify for funding, the role of national coordination, and capabilities required for monitoring, reporting and verification. Even though the form of a national adaptation strategic and implementing entity has not yet been elaborated in the UNFCCC, an entity such as a National Adaptation Facility (NAF) will be necessary in future."


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"5: Establish a climate change secretariat within the ministry responsible for climate change affairs . 32 7: Knowledge Management & Capacity Development 34 KMCD 1: Development and maintenance of a robust and up-to-date climate change knowledge management system 35 KMCD 2: Establish a physical climate change resource centre . 35 KMCD 3: Address capacity gaps required to implement NCCAP in agencies coordinating and leading climate change effort . 36 KMCD 4: Provide capacity development support to actors at national and county level . 36 KMCD 5: Establishment of an effective social mobilization framework . 37 KMCD 6: Integration of climate change into Kenya\u2019s education system . 37 8: National Performance & Benefit Measurement . 38 NPBM 1: Establish MRV+ system governance structure . 39 NPBM 2: Climate change relevant data tracking and mapping 39 NPBM 1: Establish MRV+ system governance structure . 40 NPBM 2: Climate change relevant data tracking and mapping 40 NPBM 3: Indicators and baselines . 41 NPBM 4: Institutional capacity strengthening and staff capacity building 41 NPBM 5: GHG inventory, biennial update reports and national communications 42 NPBM 6: Monitoring and evaluation of adaptive capacity indicators . 42 NPBM 7: Monitoring and evaluation of vulnerability indicators"


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"6 :  I N D U S T R Y\f\f7 :  T R A N S P O R TAT I O N  S E C T O R 7 :  T R A N S P O RTAT I O N  S E C TO R 7.1 ThE TRANSP O RT SEC TO R  I N K ENYA The Integrated National Transport Policy of 2009 identifies road transport, rail transport, maritime and inland water transport, pipeline transport, air transport and non-motorised and immediate means of transport as the main modes of transport Kenya has experienced high rates of urbanisation and development, but transport systems and infrastructure have not kept pace."


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"6 :  I N D U S T R Y development impacts of mitigation actions Mitigation actions to reduce GHG emissions in the industrial sector can have positive adaptation impacts, as well as development impacts that are linked to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In 2015, the UN General Assembly session adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (the 2030 Agenda) that included 17 SDGs that meet urgent environmental, political and economic challenges."


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"62 Panos/Dieter Telemans\fKenya s Box 5.2: Focus on Droughts Drought is the prime recurrent disaster in Kenya. In recent times intense droughts have these events has caused severe crop losses, famine and population displacement in the country. Climate change introduces additional uncertainties into existing vulnerabilities, particularly in the ASALs.66 Increased temperatures and rainfall variability are likely to exacerbate the conditions already experienced and may in the future have a significant impact on water availability and thereby droughts."


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"7 :  K N O W L E D G E  M A N A G E M E N T  &  C A P A C I T Y  D E V E L O P M E N T KMCD 5: Establishment of an effective social mobilization framework Title Establishment of an effective social mobilization framework and functional communication structure Action Type Enabling Timeframe Short term/Quick Win Sector All sectors Action Summary Develop a social mobilisation framework and functional communication structure to rally all segments of society to take appropriate action towards climate change mitigation and adaptation."


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"7 :  T R A N S P O R TAT I O N  S E C T O R 7.4 ADAPTATI O N I N Th E TR A NSP O RT SEC TO R Kenya\u2019s NDC places emphasis on adaptation, and identifies priority adaptation actions for key sectors drawing on the 2015-2030 NAP. Adaptation for the transport sector in the NAP is nested within the broader framework of climate-proofing infrastructure."


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"7 :  T R A N S P O R TAT I O N  S E C T O R ANNEX 7.1 M I TI g ATI O N O P TI O NS I N Th E TR AN S P ORT SECTOR NOT  C O NSI D ER ED  I N Th E A NA LYSI S Biodiesel \u2013 The transport expert group recommended removal of this option because of previous negative experiences with biofuels crops, particularly jatropha curcas."


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"7 :  T R A N S P O R TAT I O N  S E C T O R of certainty that the overall target will be achieved if all other sectors also meet their low target reduction.  The high target is intended to guide responsible ministries and agencies in terms of what they should  objectively  plan  and  prepare  for  should the sector require additional emission reductions."


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"7 Food and Agricultural Organization (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015. County Report Kenya. Rome: FAO. Page 7. 8 Gichu, A. and Chapman, S. (2014). Overview of REDD+ in Kenya. REDD+ Law Projects \u2013 Briefing Paper. Accessed at:   9 Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (2014). Forest Policy, 2014. page 5. 10 UNFCCC (2014). Land Use, Land-use Change and Forestry (LULUCF). Accessed 11 UNFCCC (2014). 12 Tropical Forests and Climate Change Adaptation (2012). Forests for the adaptation of people."


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"7 How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2:  (a) How the nationally determined contribution contributes | Kenya regards the long-term target of the Paris Agreement to be in towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set line with Article 2 of the Convention, as explained under 6a out in its Article 2 (above).  (b) How the NDC contributes towards Article2, paragraph | Addressed in 6a and 7a."


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"7 World Bank. 2012. Kenya Overview. Available online at [  overview]. Downloaded 24 Aug 2012 8 Kenya National Bureau of Statistics 2009. Kenya\u2019s Population and Housing Census 2009 9 UNEP. 2009.Kenya: Atlas of Our Changing Environment. Division of Early Warning and Assessment (DEWA). Nairobi. 10 Stockholm Environment Institute. 2009.The Economics of Climate Change in Kenya. SEI. Oxford. 11 Obati,G. O.P. 2005. The Impacts of ENSO in Africa, In Low, P. S. (Ed.) Climate Change and Africa.Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pp. 218-230."


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"70 Billion accounting approximately 40% of the Agricultural GDP. According to the 2009 Figure 2: Agricultural growth index and major extreme events in Kenya 1980-2012 Source: GoK (2015)\f census, the country\u2019s livestock population was 17.5 million cattle, 27.7 million goats, 17 million sheep, 3 million camels, 31.8 million poultry, and 1.8 million donkeys while in 2016 the cattle were 20.5 million, goats 26.6 million, sheep 18.9 million, camels 3.2 million, poultry 36.6 million and donkeys 2 million (GoK, 2001)."


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"75 per cent of the total agricultural output is produced on these small-scale farms rendering the sector highly vulnerable to extreme weather events and the changing climatic conditions of shifting rain patterns and drought. Climate change is adversely affecting the stability of the sector. Energy: Energy is a key component for the Kenyan economy and its population\u2019s standard of living. The country\u2019s economic growth and better quality of life for its citizens require an adequate and reliable supply of energy."


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"8 :  W A S T E 8 :  WA S T E 8.1 ThE WA STE SEC TO R  I N K ENYA Municipal solid waste (MSW) generation rates are influenced by economic development, the degree of industrialisation, public habits and local climate. Generally, the higher the level of economic development and rate of urbanization, the greater the amount of solid waste produced. This is linked to disposable incomes and living standards."


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"8 : N AT I O N A L P E R F O R M A N C E & B E N E F I T M E A S U R E M E N T NPBM 7: Monitoring and evaluation of vulnerability indicators in selected county Title M&E of vulnerability indicators in selected county (demonstration) Action Type Enabling Timeframe Short term/Quick Win Sector All sectors Action Summary The action will select suitable national level (process) indicators to measure performance against agreed NAP actions; select suitable county level (outcome) indicators to measure effectiveness of measures at county level; identify and agree on suitable targets by which to measure performance against both sets of indicators; agree M&E roles within the MDA; identify data sets for indicator measurement and review data quality; establish data sharing agreements; collect baseline data and measure the baseline value for each indicator; define additional internal processes data collection, quality control, measurement and reporting; identify capacity building requirements; provide adaptation M&E training for staff; and produce a proposal for further staff training, procurement of computer"


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"8 of 2012 on National Policy for the Sustainable Development Northern Kenya and other Arid Lands recognizes that pastoralists have successfully managed climate variability for centuries. However, the policy notes that skills and indigenous knowledge will become more valuable as the impact of global climate change becomes more pressing. The policy also states that climate change will exacerbate the challenges already facing the arid and semi-arid regions of the country."


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"82  Information Communications and Technology (ICT) Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has been identified as a key enabler to the attainment of the goals and aspirations of the Vision 2030, helping to transform Kenya into a knowledge and information based economy by enabling access to quality, affordable and reliable ICT services in the country. The Government has undertaken various measures aimed at developing the ICT sector, such as putting in place a national broadband strategy."


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"82 Apart from road transport, the sector includes some limited water transport along the coast and on inland lakes, a rail network in need of rejuvenation and national air transport. Emissions from these sub-sectors are included in the reference case, but the low-carbon development options focus on road transport. 83  This number assumes a share of 35 per cent unsustainable biomass in the woodfuel mix."


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"84 The low-carbon analysis in the forestry and other land use sector considers natural forestlands, as well as other types of vegetarian such as grasslands and bush lands, The forestry and land-use change sector is referred to as the forestry sector in this analysis because transitions in forests, through clearing of forested lands for agriculture, urban development or settlement, as well as wood harvesting, account for most GHG emissions of carbon dioxide in the sector."


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"85 In this calculation, only the GHG mitigation impact of methane emission prevention was taken into account. Emissions mitigation through the use of methane gas for electricity production was taken into account in the calculations for the electricity sector. 86 In addition, the consultancy team also prepared a separate overview report describing the overall climate finance landscape."


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"87 Kenya Climate Change Action Plan (2012) Subcomponent 8: Kenya National Climate Fund 88 Kenya Climate Change Action Plan (2012) Subcomponent 8: Absorptive capacity development plan 89 Kenya Climate Change Action Plan (2012) Subcomponent 8: Carbon trading platform 90 Kenya Climate Change Action Plan (2012) Subcomponent 8: Investment climate for climate investment 91 According to the methodology used by Subcomponent 8, all projects (and their funds) with a climate change component were included in the analysis, as long as development partners and the Government of Kenya deemed that component \u2018significant\u2019 or \u2018principal\u2019 in the OECD Development Assistance Committee\u2019s Rio Markers terminology."


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"8\u2014Powers and duties of the Cabinet Secretary. 9\u2014Climate Change Directorate.  10\u2014Seal of the Council.  11\u2014Delegation of powers by the Council. 12\u2014Code of conduct.  PART III\u2014CLIMATE CHANGE RESPONSE MEASURES AND ACTIONS  13\u2014Cabinet Secretary to coordinate the preparation of climate change action plans, strategies and policies.  14\u2014Policies formulated by the Government.  PART IV\u2014DUTIES RELATING TO CLIMATE CHANGE  15\u2014Climate change duties of public sector. 16\u2014Climate change duties of private entities.  17\u2014Monitoring compliance.\fNo. 11 Climate Change 2016  18\u2014Mainstreaming climate change actions into strategic areas."


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"92 Government of Kenya, Ministry of Finance, Medium Term Budget Policy Statement, 2011 93 Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves, 2012. Kenya Market Assessment \u2013 Intervention Options. Available at  94 SCC-Vi Agroforestry. n.d. Economics of climate change adaptation for Kenya: A case study of SCC-Vi Agroforestry project in Kisumu. Nairobi: SCC-Vi Agroforestry. 95 Consulting Engineering Services and APEC Limited Consulting Engineers. 2011."


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"95 per cent of industrial process emissions in Kenya are created by two industries: figures for charcoal production assume that the feedstock used is completely carbon neutral. If 35 per cent unsustainable biomass usage is assumed, emissions from charcoal production increase to 4.3 MtCO2e.  In the reference scenario, emissions from charcoal production are projected to remain relatively stable, while emissions from cement production increase to 4.4 MtCO2e in 2030."


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": I N T R O D U C T I O N & M E T h O D O L O g Y 1 : I N T R O D U C T I O N & M E T h O D O L O g Y 1.1 INTROD U C TI O N Kenya submitted its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) on 28 December 2016, when it deposited its instrument of ratification for the Paris Agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).1 The NDC sets out an adaptation contribution of mainstreaming adaptation into Medium Term Plans and implementing adaptation actions."


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"; and to establish System for Land-based Emissions Estimation in Kenya (SLEEK) MITI 9: Mainstreaming climate change in sectors \u2013 In progress Climate change indicators included in handbook of national reporting for the Second Medium Term Plan (MTP2)."


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">  (a)  (b)  Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party s nationally determined contribution, consistent 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA;  with decision  Kenya will at the latest by 31 December 2021 report a GHG inventory in accordance with 18/CMA.1 and report on progress towards its nationally determined contribution by 2025. For accounting relevant information, Kenya will use the accounting guidance in 4/CMA.1. For IPCC methodologies and metrics, see 5  (d)."


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"@ (Rtd) Paul Kihara Kartuk  Cabinet Secretary, Ministry of Environment Attorney General, Kenya and Forestry, ul  Sigr{ed sae POG ercccc eee Signed! Mh Mt ales asd hh Meco  Hon, (Amb.) Amb. Raychelle A. Omamo/ EGH, SC Cabinet-Secretary, The National Treasury & Cabinet Secretary, Ministry of Foreign Planning, ee Affairs, Kenya  vate RE DL lamlla 2000. owe. 264-[12-f 20s"


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"A 1% improvement in overall freight vehicle efficiency in 2030 would reduce emissions on the order of 0.064 MtCO2e. The adoption of technologies to improve vehicle fuel efficiency can be complemented with support programmes that monitor and enforce vehicle emission standards. Testing and inspection of vehicles, either as a mandatory program or as part of highway enforcement, even if it affects only a small percentage of vehicles, can still significantly improve overall vehicle emission efficiency as they target the highest emitters."


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"A 1% improvement in overall passenger vehicle efficiency in 2030 would reduce emissions on the order of 0.15 MtCO2e. Aggressive adoption of electric vehicles could significantly exceed the technical potentials outlined here. The same mechanisms and policies can be applied to improve freight vehicle efficiency. Technical potential of the improvement in freight vehicle efficiency mitigation option considered an improvement of approximately 15% in overall freight vehicle efficiency in 2030 resulting in 0.97 MtCO2e emission reductions."


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"A 2009 assessment of the vulnerability of Kenya\u2019s energy system to climate change identified the following impacts: \u2022 A reduction in hydroelectric generation capacity due to reduced rainfall; \u2022 Potential damage to above-ground electricity transmission and distribution lines by storms and floods; \u2022 Reduced biomass energy availability due to drought and changing rainfall patterns; and \u2022 Disruption in transportation of energy such as fossil fuel and charcoal caused by damaged transportation infrastructure.26 priority adaptation actions in the energy sector The main action in the electricity sub-sector identified in Kenya\u2019s NAP is the development of \u201can energy generation mix plan that increases the resilience of the current and future energy systems to the impacts of future climate variability and change.\u201d27 (See Table 4.6 for priority action identified in the NAP and through expert input.)"


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"A 2010 study on agro-industrial wastewater suggested that the potential for methane capture and utilisation is relatively low because the methane potentials per cubic metre of wastewater are much lower than solid substrates due to the low content in organic material and high water content.\f8 :  W A S T E emission reduction target must be less than the technical potential of individual mitigation options identified, while also contributing to the overall 30% emission reduction target."


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"A 2014 Kenya Private Sector Alliance (KEPSA) publication identified the following actions at the level of the firm: \u2022 Climate risk assessments to improve planning and decision- making \u2013 Understanding how climate change will a\ufb00ect business activities and the risks to growth and production. This includes assessing climate change impacts on infrastructure; business and regulatory risks, such as changes in insurance coverage; and markets risks, such as potential changes in the pattern and volume of supply chains and trade flows."


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"A 50% reduction is projected from existing measures in place. Conversion of Settlement to Farm lands Ha converted per year Reduction to zero No settlement land is expected to be converted to farmlands between 2010 and 2030. Conversion of Plantation to Farmlands Ha converted per year Loss of 300 hectatres per year (1990 to Increase of ~3,000 ha per year Trend in historical data between 2010 and 2013 indicates an increase in the size of plantations of approximately 3,000 ha per year."


id: 3e063562cb3c02efef70727360ed2568
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"A BRT is instead defined by various features which makes the system faster than conventional bus transport systems and these could include dedicated (exclusive right-of way) lanes; rapid boarding and alighting; free transfers between lanes; pre- board fare collection and verification; clear route maps; real-time information displays, etc 42  For more information concerning the first four interventions, see Karekezi S., Majoro L. and Johnson T.M, 2003: Climate Change and Urban Transport: Priorities for the World Bank could derive from the carbon markets."


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"A Climate Change Bill is expected to be enacted into law in 2015. This Bill includes establishment of a National Climate Change Council that has responsibility for coordination of climate change actions, including mainstreaming  The Government of Kenya has moved to implement a number of actions in the NCCAP, including improved drought management and promotion of renewable energy."


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"A Comprehensive Study and Analysis on Energy Consumption Patterns in Kenya: A Synopsis of the Draft Final Report. Nairobi: Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis. 79  The recent developments in coal and oil were not included in this low-carbon analysis because of a lack of concrete data. 80 Although growth is modelled until 2030, it does not account for an expected structural shift in energy use with increased industrialization. 81 Assuming 35 per cent of unsustainable biomass."


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"A Decade of Energy Access Transformation (2006-2016): Is energy inclusion in Kenya on the Rise? FSD Kenya (20th July). Accessed at: 10 Kenya Power (2016). Milestones in Kenya\u2019s Electricity Sector. Accessed at: 11 Stock Taking and Gap Analysis Report (2013), cited in Ministry of Energy and Petroleum (2016). Sustainable Energy for All: Kenya Action Agenda. page 5. 12 Wasike, N. (2016). 13 Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (2013). Analysis of Demand and Supply of Wood Products in Kenya. Accessed at:"


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content:
"A Globally Competitive and Prosperous Kenya. Government of Kenya, GoK. (2010a). The 2009 Population and housing census. Central Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Finance and Planning. Government of Kenya. GoK. (2010b). Agricultural Sector Development Strategy 2010-2020. Government of Kenya. GoK. (2010c). National Climate Change Response Strategy. Government of Kenya. GoK. (2012). Kenya National Climate Change Action Plan. Government of Kenya. IPCC. (2001). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Third Assessment Report: Climate change impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. IPCC. (2007). The Physical Science Basis."


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"A N N E X  4 .2  M I T I gAT I ON  OP T I ON S  I N  T hE  E N E RgY  S E C TOR N OT  C ON S I DE RE D I N  T hE  A N A LY S I S Biogas \u2013 Biogas was not included mainly because of specific requirements for operation."


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"A National Adaptation Facility or Authority should therefore be established to enable mobilisation and consolidation of resources from multiple sources. In developing such a capacity, there are many options that must be based on the unique structures of national government and civil society."


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"A UNEP study listed a range of heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants from the Dandora dumpsite that could be potentially linked to skin disorders, respiratory abnormalities, and abdominal and intestinal disorders, amongst other ailments that are afflicting the adjacent priority adaptation actions in the waste sector The NDC\u2019s adaptation goal is enhanced resilience to climate change towards the attainment of Vision 2030. This is to be achieved by mainstreaming climate change adaptation into MTPs and implementing adaptation actions."


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"A broad cross-section of stakeholders from Members of Parliament, key government officials, civil society and the public at large will need to debate on a draft law, and build consensus and political support for enactment by Parliament."


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"A changing climate is likely to have a number of direct and indirect impacts on livestock production, as outlined below:  \ufffd Higher temperatures and reduced water availability directly cause heat stress in livestock, which affects physiological processes, health and mortality."


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"A climate change knowledge and communication needs assessment is required to develop appropriate systems and processes for climate related data collection, knowledge gathering, storage, utilisation and effective communication. 8.1.5 The nature of knowledge is diverse and the stakeholders are extensive. To enhance public participation, climate change knowledge and information management systems must engender community ownership and participation, and provide culturally and contextually relevant information, in local languages where possible."


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"A climate resilient industrial sector will need to build on these initiatives that promote cleaner and resource-efficient\f6 :  I N D U S T R Y production technologies and practices that de-couple economic growth from unsustainable resource consumption and environmental degradation.23 Additionally, adaptation actions help to protect industrial infrastructure and supply chains."


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"A comprehensive list of drought-related projects reference can  be accessed at:   kenya-integrated-climate-risk-management-project and an IISD report on Current and Planned Adaptation Action in Kenya.  The ATAR includes a list of ongoing adaptations efforts by various stakeholders reference and can be accessed at:   34  ATAR, Technical Report 5. 35  NCCAP, pages 60-61. 36  NCCAP, pages 129-143. 37  NCCAP, pages 135-136. 38  LTS, AEA and Baastel, 2012, National Performance and Bene\ufb01ts Framework Systems Review Report."


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"A comprehensive renewable energy map will 30  See   31  e.g. hydro schemes CO2 free and CH4 - free except in some particular reservoirs in tropical zones, with emissions that are associated with anaerobic decays in some dams. See Tackling Climate Change on the Ground, a WBSCD 2009 publication for more details The exploitation of abundant geothermal resources is the best option for Kenya. For this reason, it should be fast-tracked as a matter of highest priority."


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"A continuous programme for monitoring and evaluation will be developed; and the Policy shall be reviewed within three years to assess its effectiveness and relevance in dealing with national and global climate finance issues.  \f POLICY OVERVIEW AND CONTEXT POLICY OVERVIEW This National Policy on Climate Finance (hereinafter referred to as the \u2018Policy\u2019) seeks to position Kenya to better access climate finance through a variety of mechanisms."


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"A contribution towards the global efforts of combating climate change and facilitate approaches that support low carbon climate resilient development; v. A framework for the governance, coordination and financing of climate change at all levels. The stand-alone law needs to be accompanied with, or followed by, a series of sectoral legislative and regulatory reforms that enable implementation of all NCCAP priority actions."


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"A description of the appropriate methodologies used and an analysis and interpretation of the data generated on anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and sinks, on a sector-by sector basis, for Kenya is provided in the SNC.  The greenhouse gas Inventory was conducted on an individual sector basis for the Energy, Industrial Processes, Solvent and Product Use, Agriculture, Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF), and Waste Sectors. The greenhouse gases included are Carbon Dioxide partially fluorinated hydrocarbons (HFCs) not covered under the Montreal Protocol."


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"A detailed list of potential intervention options to support improved cookstoves (especially in rural areas where penetration of improved stoves is lower than in urban areas) and LPG cookstoves (especially in urban areas) has been developed by the\u201cGlobal Alliance for Clean Cookstoves\u201d.93 Potential interventions can happen on three levels: improving the enabling environment, strengthening demand and enhancing supply."


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"A detailed set of activities is provided in the MRV+ Road Map set out in the \u201cNPBMF and MRV+ System Design, Road Map and Guidance Report\u201d, (Stage 2 report). Areas of relevance This action is relevant to all geographic areas in Kenya and all sectors. Adaptation \u221a      Mitigation   \u221a      Development   \u221a Current status Most ministries currently carry out some M&E activities and Central Planning and Projects Monitoring Units (CPPMUs) access some of the data sets required for climate change MRV in their normal operations."


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"A draft Climate Change Framework Policy and a National Policy on Climate Finance are expected to provide guidance on mainstreaming to national departments and country governments.\f  National Policies and Legislation Other relevant national policies and legislation that contain measures that enable mainstreaming of climate change are included in Table 6 below."


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"A draft code of conduct, terms of reference, agenda, and work plan have been developed in preparation for the first Council meeting. development partners The USAID-funded, UNDP-managed LECRD project will provide support for the first Council meeting."


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"A draft document of the framework was presented to various stakeholders including National and County Governments for consultations and their valuable inputs were incorporated in this CSA implementation framework.  It is our sincere hope that by proper implementation of this framework by all the stakeholders in the sector, Kenya\u2019s agriculture will immensely and sustainably contributes towards a food and nutrition secure country while at the same time enhancing conservation of the natural production environment."


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"A few organisations are, however, starting to share their knowledge but on a small scale. A good example is the Arid Lands Information Network (ALIN) which publishes Joto Afrika, a quarterly magazine that carries climate change research briefings by African scientists. In 2011, ALIN partnered with the Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN) and CARE to develop special issues of Joto Afrika in the build up to COP 17."


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"A financial analysis conducted on different primary sources of electricity generation revealed geothermal to be the most cost effective source of power. Approximately 1,000 MW of geothermal electricity can be harnessed at a cost of US$ 0.06 per kWh in the next three to four years, while still generating substantial revenues for further investment."


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"A foundation has been laid for sustainability in preparing successive national communications. On behalf of the Government of Kenya, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the Global Environment Facility (GEF), and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) as its implementing agency, for their support throughout the preparation of this SNC. I congratulate all those who have contributed directly and indirectly in towards this Communication."


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"A framework for the implementation of global obligations arising from relevant international conventions, protocols and agreements; ii. A framework to enhance the resilience of human and ecological systems to the impacts of climate change taking into consideration Article 42 of the Constitution of iii. For the mainstreaming of the principle of sustainable development in the planning and making of decisions on climate change; iv."


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"A framework for tracking climate finance should incorporate finance sources derived from the broad spectrum of actors, including international and domestic, public, private and civil society. Improved tracking of climate change- related inflows and expenditures should be integrated into national budgetary processes, including identification and coding of climate change expenditure.  Kenya\u2019s institutions \u2013 central government, county governments, the private sector and civil society \u2013 have a large enough reach to channel climate finance."


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"A framework is being developed for the governance of climate\fKenya s adaptation decision-making and implementation from local to national levels."


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"A general increase in rainfall amounts has, however, been observed during the months of September to February in some parts of the country. This increase has been attributed to a tendency of the short rainfall season (October-December) to extend into the normally hot and dry months of January and February. Generally, the 24-hour rainfall intensity has shown a decreasing trend. 2.1.4 Since the early 1960s, Kenya has experienced increasing temperature trends in many parts of the country."


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"A geothermal Clean Development Mechanism Programme of Activities (CDM PoA) was registered with the UNFCCC in November 2016.The MPG Geothermal Energy PoA was submitted by the Marine Power Generation Company Limited for the Akiira I 35 MW geothermal project that will reduce GHG emissions by 142,999 metric tonnes of CO2e per year, and has a duration of 2013 to 2041. short term: complete Geothermal NAMA \u2013 MENR and Ministry of Energy and Petroleum (MOEP) developed a detailed NAMA proposal for a geothermal support program."


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"A good example is the Nordic Climate Facility (NCF), which was created within the Nordic Development Fund (NDF) of the five Scandinavian countries \u2013 Norway, Denmark, Finland, Sweden and Iceland. The NCF finances projects that have a potential to combat climate change and reduce poverty in low-income countries such as Kenya."


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"A greater penetration of installations could be reached over time because urban populations are growing, average rates of electricity use per consumer are growing and electricity tariffs are expected to increase significantly by 2030. Based on an assumed uptake of 200 MWp in 2020, then a total capacity of 1,000 MWp is taken as a nominal figure in 2030, based on a rough estimate of rates of adoption."


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"A key finding of this assessment is that climate change is already ravaging Kenya as shown for instance by the increase in the incidence and geographical spread of diseases like malaria as well as more frequent and more intense droughts, and erratic rainfall patterns. These impacts and others portend an increasingly worsening and worrying situation in the future if global and national efforts are not enhanced to reverse atmospheric GHG emissions which accelerate global warming. 3."


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"A key objective of this policy is to strengthen the climate resilience of communities living in the ASALs and ensure sustainable livelihoods. The policy proposes a variety of measures to reduce the effects of drought and climate change on vulnerable communities in the ASALs. d) National Livestock Policy The Sessional Paper No. 2 of 2008 (Revised 2015) on the National Livestock Policy identifies high frequency and increased severity of droughts as one of the effects of the climate change phenomenon."


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"A large number of documents were reviewed that provided some evidence of end-\f  use consumption patterns or ownership of appliances specific to certain fuels but this data was seldom aggregated to the national level or only indirectly indicated actual energy consumption.  For example, there was detailed data on the distribution of cooking devices used by urban and rural households, but this data only indirectly indicated fuel consumption."


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"A large number of documents were reviewed that provided some evidence of end-use consumption patterns or ownership of appliances specific to certain fuels but this data was seldom aggregated to the national level or only indirectly indicated actual energy consumption.  For example, there was detailed data on the distribution of cooking devices used by urban and rural households, but this data only indirectly indicated fuel consumption."


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"A large number of reports provide details on usage patterns of households and ownership of appliances but this data only indirectly indicates actual energy consumption. Other data, especially for biomass consumption, was often found to be contradictory and therefore not reliable. End-use allocation is based on estimates from experts and from the literature. There is no comprehensive source of information in Kenya on the historical end-use consumption patterns of different consumers of biomass and fossil fuels."


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"A lead state department to be selected from a priority sector for adaptation, such as MALF, Ministry of Water and Irrigation, KFS or Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS)."


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"A low carbon climate resilient development pathway should be tailored to the country\u2019s unique circumstances. Kenya has little historical or current responsibility for global climate change, and emissions are low relative to global emissions. Kenya\u2019s low carbon climate resilient development pathway recognises that national emissions will increase with population and economic growth. However, the pathway can help ensure that Kenya remains a low emitter as the country develops and takes steps to reduce vulnerability to climate change."


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"A low carbon climate resilient pathway includes active planning of industrial development, taking into account energy and water use and scarcity. Climate resilient actions include the generation of data to improve awareness of climate impacts and decision-making in the sector. Support for the growth of insurance markets can help manufacturers have access to a range of insurance products."


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"A low carbon climate resilient pathway means that: GHG emissions are as low as possible in the sector \u2013 recognising that emissions will rise as Kenya develops; and Infrastructure is \u201cclimate proofed\u201d \u2013 that is, designed, constructed and operated in a way that accounts for anticipated risks and opportunities that result from climate change, ensuring that infrastructure investments are not compromised in the future."


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"A low carbon climate resilient pathway prioritises renewable energy systems, which increase reliability of the electricity supply by reducing reliance on hydropower, which is vulnerable to climate change-induced variations in rainfall patterns. Development of Kenya\u2019s geothermal energy potential will arguably be the powerhouse for renewable energy development. This low carbon option has the largest abatement potential in the electricity generation sector at approximately 14 MtCO2e a year by 2030."


id: a787cbbc1006877d7137db313d15087b
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"A low carbon pathway also includes actions to improve energy efficiency in the manufacturing sector, which can abate 1.3 MtCO2e a year in 2030. Another important low carbon option is industrial-scale cogeneration using biogas produced from agricultural residues, which is used to generate electricity and heat. The co-generation action has a mitigation potential of 1.6 MtCO2e a year in 2030. Governments can also help to stimulate markets for climate- friendly products by prioritising purchases from manufacturers of green products."


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"A low carbon pathway includes distributed clean energy solutions for households and institutions (such as solar lanterns, improved cookstoves and LPG cookstoves, and energy efficient lighting and appliances), which can have huge social and economic benefits. Improved cookstoves can better the lives of individuals, particularly women and children, in rural and urban areas \u2013 by reducing time to collect fuelwood, reducing indoor air pollution, and potentially introducing cost savings to households."


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"A major area of concern, particularly as Nairobi and other urban areas grow, is that marginal lands vulner- able to hazards such as \ufb02ooding are becoming increasingly dense- ly populated and in particular by more vulnerable poorer people. Ensuring that continued population growth is matched with climate resilient urban development and green housing programmes is critical for Kenya\u2019s sustainable development and will provide a foundation for improving health and safety."


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"A major challenge in the country is how to harmonize national development and agricultural policies that seek to promote agricultural development while avoiding or mitigating against deforestation and forest degradation and associated greenhouse gas emissions. Agricultural\ufffdintensification,\ufffdfarm\ufffdforestry\ufffdand\ufffdagroforestry\ufffdhave\ufffdbeen\ufffdidentified\ufffdas\ufffdviable\ufffdand\ufffdattractive\ufffd options to reconcile agricultural development and forest protection."


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"A major concern in Kenya is the lack of adequate climate change information, knowledge and long-period data to researchers, planners, policy-makers and the general public on climate change impacts, adaptations and mitigations measures. The following measures should be pursued: \u2022\ufffd Curricula review to integrate climate change into education systems: The Ministry of Education should incorporate climate change into school curricula at all levels as part of education and public awareness."


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"A majority of development partners and the Government of Kenya do not (yet) classify development finance and climate finance separately. The analysis thus very likely contains some projects / funds that are not 100% dedicated to climate change, but rather have a dual \u2018development\u2019 and \u2018climate\u2019 focus and are a mixture of development finance and climate finance. The total amount of \u2018climate finance\u2019 presented here is therefore likely to be higher than the actual amount of climate finance, strictly defined, deployed in Kenya."


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"A mass transit system that achieves an estimated peak hourly ridership of 148,000 passengers in 2030 could reduce emissions by approximately 2.3 MtCO2e annually. Improvement in passenger vehicle efficiency can be achieved through many different policies including new vehicle fuel efficiency standards, removing low efficiency vehicles from the market, and providing subsidies or incentives for higher efficiency vehicles. Higher efficiency vehicles include hybrid and electric vehicles that can significantly reduce emissions per kilometre provided the national electricity generation mix remains predominantly based on renewable generation."


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"A mechanism facilitating linkages and exchange of climate change information and data with planning processes across all levels of government is an important element of the mainstreaming framework. 5.1.5 Climate change mainstreaming therefore provides an opportunity to reconfigure Kenya\u2019s development planning processes to effectively integrate climate resilience and low carbon development."


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"A most critical need is the setting up of an institutional arrangements, with supporting systems, which treat the national communication reporting process as an ongoing activity, and not just a project.  In order to meet the reporting requirements, both in quality and frequency, the Government needs to provide a robust and continuous institutional aspect for the preparation of NCs.  This will ensure that the required continuity is maintained and capacities created strengthened."


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"A multitude of funding channels increases the options and possibilities for Kenya to access climate finance, but they also make the process more complicated. Improving access to climate finance from the various sources requires a robust and efficient legal and institutional framework as set out in this Policy. Each component of the national finance system, such as budgeting, institutions and policy, have a role to play in the creation of an enabling environment for climate finance."


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"A national consultative workshops and a validation workshop were conducted with a wide range of stakeholders engaged including public and private sector, local and international NGOs, academia, farmer organizations, development partners, National and County government representatives among others. Further consultative sessions were held in six regional circuits with relevant County government\u2019s representatives to ensure bottom up approach in development of priority actions for implementation in the framework."


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"A national synthesis report for the develop- ment of the WWF-EARPO Eastern Africa Coastal Forests Ecoregion Programme Mbugua, D.K. (2003). The Forest Revenue Sys- tem and Government Expenditure on Forestry in Kenya. A paper prepared for the FAO work- programme component on financing sustain- Bibliography\f\u2018together we can tackle climate change\u2019 National Climate Change Response Strategy able forest management. Working paper: FSFM/ WP/11. Policy and Planning Division, Rome Regional Office for Africa, Accra. May 2003 Meridian Institute (March 2009)."


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"A national technology needs assessment has been undertaken separately to this action plan. Subcomponent 6: National Performance and Benefit Measurement \u2013 developed a national performance and benefit measurement framework for measuring, monitoring, evaluating, verifying and reporting results of mitigation actions, adaptation actions and the synergies between them. Subcomponent 7: Knowledge Management and Capacity Development \u2013 designed a knowledge management system to address the sharing of climate change-related knowledge and proposed capacity building measures to address the institutional and technical capacity needs of the various actors."


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"A new National Industrialization Policy (2014) is expected to provide a stronger and more robust institutional framework within which to synchronise and coordinate the various policies, strategies and activities. Expansion of the industrial sector forms a significant part of Kenya\u2019s economic development strategy."


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"A new emissions reference case or business as usual\f  scenario is developed using the historical GHG emissions developed and presented in Chapter 2 as well as from new available historical data from 2011, 2012 and 2013.  As a result emissions projected for each sector to 2030 vary from the NCCAP work.  In some cases this changes expected energy demand or economic activity which affects the emission reduction potential of the mitigation options investigated under the NCCAP."


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"A non-spatially explicit land-use change matrix as described in the 2003 IPCC Good practice Guidance for LULUCF was developed and is presented in Table 23. Wood removals between 1990 and 2010 for fuelwood, charcoal production and commercial uses were estimated based on a number of sources identified in Table 24. Forest fire activity data are highly variable year to year, but were found on average to be approximately 9,000 ha per year between 1980 and 2011."


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"A number of medium to large-scale HABs impacted the northern coasts of East Africa between December 2001\u2013February 2002) and led to extensive fish mortality in Kenya (e.g. surgeon fish, snapper, triggerfish).175  In coastal locations, ports and transport infrastructure is particularly exposed, together with tourism assets and settlements situated close to the coast."


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"A number of studies239 have expectation that scaled-up mechanisms such as CDM Programme of Activities (PoAs) and NAMAs may be able to mobilise cumulative technological learning on a much larger scale than project-by-project CDM. Table 65) have the objective of scaling up the deployment of technologies to targeted end- users across Kenya. PoA model eliminates cost barriers and bring in the private sector players. A trend already observed especially with the improved cooking stoves."


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"A paper prepared for the East African Community-led regional process in the framework of the Ministerial Declara- tion, Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon, October 16, 2003 on the Africa Forest Law Enforcement and Govern- ance (AFLEG). A study jointly prepared by the Kenya Forest Service (KFS) of the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resource KIFCON, Kenya Indigenous Forests Conserva- tion Programme Matiku, P. (undated). The Coastal Forests of Kenya: Forests data, threats, socio-economic issues, values, stakeholders, challenges, strat- egies, investment and enabling environment."


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"A particular focus of Japan\u2019s scheme is likely to be on geothermal electricity generation. This is also a key mitigation opportunity for Kenya (as shown in Subcomponent 4). Therefore the Government of Kenya should open negotiations with the Government of Japan to explore the possibility of using the Bilateral Offset Credit Mechanism to help finance Kenya\u2019s geothermal ambitions."


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"A partnership should also be established between the Climate Change Resource Centre and the Kenya National Library Services (KNLS) to make climate change information and knowledge products available at the county level."


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"A proportional contribution target for the sector, that reflects the technical mitigation potential of the sector, can be determined by multiplying the fraction of transport technical potential to total technical potential (8.0%) by the required emission reductions in 2030 (24 MtCO2e in 2030) based on the updated emission baseline projection. This sets a proportional\fUpdate of Emission Baseline Projections  contribution target for the sector at 1.94 MtCO2e."


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"A proportionately lower target in the waste sector may make sense because of the high cost of mitigation (i.e., $/tonne reduced) in the waste sector relative to other sectors. mitigation options Identified in kenya\u2019s second national communication Only one mitigation option, landfill gas capture and utilization was developed and presented for the Waste sector in Kenya\u2019s NCCAP and SNC."


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"A prototype web-based tracking tool has been developed to enable the National Climate Change Secretariat to track the implementation of the NCCAP. The database will be hosted by the NCCS and will contain up-to-date information on the status of each of the actions in the NCCAP implemented by relevant sectors and stakeholders."


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"A recent feasibility study95 for an even more extensive public transport system for Nairobi has estimated that such a system could serve about 3.2 and 4.5 million passengers by 2030, depending on growth rates and city planning. Implementing a Mass Transit System requires significant investments into the public transport infrastructure (e.g. for constructing dedicated bus lanes, purchasing buses and setting-up fare collection systems), integration the Mass Transit System into city planning and getting buy-in from stakeholders in the public transport sector."


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"A reinforced National Climate Change Secretariat under the Ministry responsible for climate affairs would undertake technical aspects of climate change, within the constitutional mandate of the national government. The establishment of the Kenya Climate Fund (KCF) (as described in Chapter 7) in the Ministry of Finance  to facilitate the sourcing of finance from domestic budgets and international climate funding mechanisms is crucial to ensure effective implementation of the Action Plan. A multi-sectoral taskforce is recommended to coordinate climate finance-related issues."


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"A representative for the Ministry of Transport, Industrialization, Housing & Urban Development (MOTIHUD) recently noted that: \u2022 Modern bridges are raised much higher than before in anticipation of more severe floods in future. \u2022 The Standard Gauge Railway has been raised 1.5 metres above the level of the old metre gauge railway in anticipation of more frequent flooding in the future. Some sections of the line required drainage system adjustments after washouts of the protection slope in November 2016 caused by heavy rainfall."


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"A review of the recent biomass literature available as part of the System for Land-Based Emissions Estimation in Kenya (SLEEK) project indicates that it is likely that total biomass stocks of forests have been underestimated in the modelling work conducted for Kenya\u2019s Second National Communication (SNC), which is one of the primary data sources for estimating net baseline emissions."


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"A sea level rise of 0.3 m could submerge 17% of Mombasa, which is located only 45 m above sea level, with a larger area rendered unusable thereby affecting the maritime transport system including the Mombasa Port facilities. Coast Province is a region that is prone to torrential rains and flooding, and the probability and severity of such storm events will increase with climate change and lead to the destruction of port facilities."


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"A second step is the setting up of an institutional framework that translates the aspiration of the public as a whole and identifies specific roles and responsibilities of all actors \u2013 government, private sector, nongovernmental organisations (NGOs), religious organisations, farmers, and all vulnerable groups. These are some of the vital areas this NCCRS addresses. 3.2 Strategic Focus The NCCRS\u2019s primary focus is ensuring that adaptation and mitigation measures are integrated in all government planning and development objectives."


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"A shift of freight transport from road to rail through modernising and extending the existing rail network would facilitate regional trade, as well as improve traffic safety and road infrastructure lifetimes. While the use of biofuels would lower GHG emissions and the need for fossil fuel imports, large-scale production of biofuels could compete for land with food production if poorly planned; any move towards commercial growing of biofuel crops should be pursued in a well-regulated manner."


id: f6069da6f68c751a7b7effad1eb4381a
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"A significant decrease in fuelwood demand as estimated for this improved cookstove action would likely increase the renewable fraction of wood harvested, and as a result decrease baseline emissions and emissions from the LULUCF sector further still. In any case, millions of improved cookstoves will need to be manufactured, distributed and efficiently utilized by the majority of households in Kenya if the full 5.3 MtCO2e emission reduction potential of the mitigation scenario is to be achieved by 2030."


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"A similar approach at secondary, tertiary and adult literacy levels could increase awareness on climate change. The Government can play an important role because it has the mandate to prepare or approve education curricula at all levels in public and private education institutions. 7.1.5 The mainstreaming of climate change into the functions of various sector institutions and county governments is central to implementation of this Policy. These players therefore need to develop sector or county specific public awareness strategies on climate change."


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"A standard drip irrigation system uses a water head of 10-15 metres while a low-head drip uses a head of 0.5-2 metres. Drip irrigation has been promoted in Kenya by both the government and the private sector for sometime now. It has taken off among large scale horticultural enterprises but it is yet to be widely adopted by small scale producers."


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"A state and transition model consistent with the 1996 Revised IPCC Guidelines was used to calculate fluxes of CO2 to (or from) the atmosphere and biomass carbon pools is the same as outlined in the 1996 Revised IPCC Guidelines. There is significant uncertainty in the BAU emission and mitigation potential estimates for this sector and work is underway to update and improve these estimates. Contribution of International Kenya does not rule out the use of international market-based mechanisms in line with agreed accounting rules."


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"A study conducted by the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) on the economic impacts of climate change in Kenya (2009) found the country\u2019s current GHG emissions, both total and per capita to be relatively low. However, Kenya\u2019s GHG emissions are rising quickly and energy sector emissions are estimated to have increased by as much as 50% over the last decade."


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"A summary of key technologies is included in Table 5.1. key mitigation technologies in the forestry sector Actions to ensure effective restoration of forests on existing degraded lands in Kenya will accelerate natural processes by removing or reducing barriers to natural forest regeneration such as soil degradation, competition with weedy species, and reducing disturbance, such as grazing, wood harvesting and fire. Actions include protection and conservation actions including limiting or prohibiting access to forests; community management programmes; and preventing disturbances through enforcement and monitoring."


id: a5ef40a42416b97f7ab3d13e5914a2aa
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"A summary of the key technologies is provided in Table 7.2. development impacts of mitigation action Actions to reduce GHG emissions in the transport sector can have positive development impacts that are linked to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)."


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"A thorough nationwide assessment of how these changes will affect human population, infrastructure, the environment, the economy and society as a whole. In parallel, it is important to conduct climate change scenarios and develop corresponding policy responses. Further, there is limited information regarding the country\u2019s vulnerability to the impacts of climate change. The same is true concerning the level of knowledge about the status of key natural resources such as lakes and rivers; rangelands; important ecosystems including the Mt."


id: d8751cf1f8d55082c4181f0ea9216e9b
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"A total of five sources contribute to a combined uncertainty above 1% as a percentage of total national emissions in 2010. The following recommendations are made to reduce uncertainties associated with these five sources which would greatly reduce the overall uncertainty of the inventory:  \ufffd Carbon stocks for forest land remaining forest land.  The primary activity required is to improve the overall understanding of carbon stocks in forests. The representation of forest lands in the inventory should be improved."


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"A typical example are the rainfall stations that have been declining due to economic constraints. The economic constraints have not only hampered maintenance of the relevant equipment but also the personnel to man the stations.265 According to the KMD, there were over 2,000 rainfall stations in Kenya in the year 1977. However the number of rainfall stations drastically dropped to 1,653 by the year 1988, 1,497 by 1990. At present there are only 500 rainfall stations in the country."


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"A well developed BRT system would offer a fast, comfortable and convenient means of movement within a busy traffic metropolis such as Nairobi, and would attract middle-income people \u201cto get out of their cars\u201d. Many developing countries are developing BRT systems to help them reduce their transport GHG emissions."


id: a6f19d2ef177adca01632b380c126474
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"A well-designed Climate Fund would have a number of key features: It would focus both on mitigation and adaptation activities; it would evolve in a phased manner starting with providing grant financing before evolving to offer a wider palette of financing instruments; it would aim to catalyse private sector funding through interacting with other financial intermediaries (e.g."


id: 4c0f81838a0cf1ac6b5e044dcbf552ee
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"A wide range of actors including Government agencies, private sector and civil society organizations will contribute to its implementation. As climate change planning is a cross-cutting and dynamic process, it is anticipated that the recommended actions will be tracked continuously and that the NCCAP will be revised and updated on a five yearly cycle in line with the national planning and budgetary processes.\fKenya s Nation/Stephen Mudiari\fKenya s 2."


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"ADAPTATION GOVERNANCE  The following organisations constitute part of the governance framework for adaptation in Kenya:  \ufffd The Climate Change Secretariat, MENRRDA leads the work on adaptation, including the development of the NAP and implementation of the NCCAP. \ufffd NEMA is the National Designated Authority for the CDM and the National Implementing Entity managing activities under the Adaptation Fund. \ufffd The Vision 2030 Secretariat, Ministry of\f  Planning and Devolution, is undertaking work to assess adaptation and mitigation in flagship projects."


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"ANALYSIS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN KENYA  of Climate Change in Kenya  2.1.1 Evidence of climate change is based on statistical analysis of trends in historical records of temperature, rainfall, sea level rise, mountain glacier coverage and climate extremes. 2.1.2 Temperature and rainfall records from the Kenya Meteorological Department over the last fifty years provide clear evidence of climate change in Kenya, with temperatures generally showing increasing trends in many parts of the country starting from the early 1960s."


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"ANNEX 1: TABLES AND FIGURES Table 61 TNA process prioritised sector and technologies Response Sector Technology options Score  Energy (including Transport-subsector) Solar Home Systems (SHS) Solar Dryers Non-Motorized Transport (NMT) Mini-hydros Electric Trains Mass transport Co-generation Waste Biogas Waste paper recycling Waste composting Plastic waste recycling Methane capture from landfills Waste re-use Adaptation Agriculture drought resistant sorghum, and drip irrigation hay preservation Biotechnology - Tissue Culture Banana Early Warning System for Crop Production Conservation Tillage Water roof rain water harvesting, and surface runoff water harvesting solar powered desalination Drilling of boreholes Construction of sand dams Treatment of waste water for irrigation Source: 2013 TNA process mitigation and adaptation report  Table 62 Overall Geothermal NAMA \u2013 barriers, NAMA solutions, and key features (GoK, 2014) The Gaps Risk/Return Inadequate Need for responsive Technical Support Future human capacity constraint NAMA to address gap through\u2026 Risk mitigation instruments Premium payment mechanism Technical Assistance Facility National Geothermal Capacity Building Program Key features Three sub-components are proposed for the early stage risks."


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"APPENDIX I:  DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY  Adaptation: Adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities.  Adaptation Fund: A fund under the UNFCCC generated by charging an adaptation levy on CDM projects. The purpose of the fund is to help vulnerable developing countries meet the costs of adapting to a changing climate."


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"About 46 per cent of the population is under the national poverty line.39,40 Table 3 shows the prevalence of poverty in rural areas (49.1 per cent) compared to urban areas (33.7 per cent). There are wide variations across counties. Counties in the ASALs such as Kitui, Marsabit, Mandera, Samburu, Tana River, Turkana and West Pokot have poverty levels above 70 per cent. These counties are very dry but and characterised by relatively weak infrastructure and poor access to public services."


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"About 46% of these will be privately owned cars, a trend that is consistent with the growing economy and rising income levels.3 Of note is the rise of registrations for motorcycles, from 6,350 in 2006 to 166,870 in 2015.4 These challenges have informed infrastructural and regulatory developments in the sector."


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"About 52 per cent of Kenya\u2019s population has access to basic health services within 5 km, 109 although significant disparities in service availability exist between rural and urban areas. The ASALs remain the most disadvantaged in the provision of health services especially, the distribution of health facilities and availability of health personnel. Mortality rates remain high."


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"About 60% of Kenya\u2019s livestock herd is found in the arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs) which constitute over 80% of the country. The livestock sub-sector contributes about 19.6% of the AgGDP and about 4.9% of Kenya\u2019s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The sub-sector employs 50% of the agricultural labor force and is the main source of livelihood to over 10 million Kenyans living in the ASALs."


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"About 61% of the waste is residential and non-hazardous, with the rest being industrial and hospital/pharmaceutical waste, which is hazardous.5 Poorly managed and inappropriately disposed of solid waste and wastewater pollutes air, water and soil, causing significant health and environmental problems. This is especially true in slums and other low-income areas, where high population density and lack of infrastructure and service provision aggravates these problems."


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"About 70% of Nairobi\u2019s 3.5 million inhabitants live in slums.6 Slum residents in Nairobi have a higher mortality burden than even rural dwellers from preventable and treatable conditions associated with among other factors, lack of or inadequate water and sanitation facilities, lack of garbage collection and overcrowding.7 Waste management is a devolved function, that is regulated at the national level by the Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Waste Management) Regulations 2006.8 The regulations stipulate measures and standards that counties are to comply with in managing waste."


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"About 80 per cent of the population depends on it for their domestic needs, providing 90 per cent and 85 per cent of rural and urban households\u2019 energy requirement, respectively.97 Current wood harvesting is unsustainable leading to deforestation and land degradation in the \f  Figure 23: Kenya Energy Sources  Source: Derived from data based on Ellis K. et al, 2013  Petroleum is imported and mainly used in the transport, commercial and industrial sectors."


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"About 85 per cent of the land area is classified as Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASALs) with a fragile ecosystem and where land use is largely pastoral. The country is situated between 5oN and 5oS latitude and 34oE and 42oE longitude with varied landforms types that are divided into plains, escarpments, hills, and low and high mountains. It is bordered by landmass to the north, west and east with the Indian Ocean to the southeast."


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"About 87% of the rural population uses firewood for cooking and 82% of the urban population uses charcoal for cooking.13 Considered holistically, the annual contribution of charcoal to the economy is estimated to be about KES 135 billion.14 The charcoal industry faces several challenges, including unsustainable fuelwood resources and the informal nature of the sector\u2019s operations. Energy efficiency measures help to reduce energy consumption in households and reduce the energy costs in commercial and industrial services and products."


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"Above all, climate change represents an opportunity to catalyse realignment of Kenya\u2019s development model to one that is climate resilient, based on lower GHG emissions, and takes full advantage of the green economy. A more people-centred approach to development can be achieved by focusing on vulnerable groups, and addressing climate change concurrently with poverty, food insecurity and unemployment measures. 2.5.2 Climate finance flows and carbon asset mechanisms present an opportunity to access new and additional levels of funding."


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"Access to basic Primary Health Care (PHC) and referral services, however, still remains a significant challenge. Significant disparities in service availability exist between rural and urban areas and in hard to reach areas. Maternal deaths and child malnutrition remain major challenges in the country. Climate change has potential negative impacts on the sector. The GoK identified malaria, Rift Valley fever, malnutrition, water borne diseases (such as cholera), scabies, jiggers and lice infestations as some of the negative impacts likely to grow due to climate change."


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"Access to modern and clean energy, including electricity by all sectors, particularly manufacturing and service sectors, is therefore crucial. Kerosene and biomass are the main types of energy consumed by households in Kenya. This is according to the MOE statistics that reveal that up to 68% of households use fuel wood as the main energy source for cooking and heating."


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"Access to modern energy solutions enables income-generating activities, health services, access to communication and improved education outcomes \u2013 all of which are of particular benefit to women and children. The mitigation potential of stepping up distributed clean energy technologies is over 10 MtCO2e per year in 2030. Some of the options, such as solar lamps, have very attractive payback times and can introduce cost savings to consumers."


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"Access to reliable, affordable energy is a key component of building climate resilience. Examples of ongoing projects/initiatives Geothermal power development in Olkaria, Menengai, Morendat- Malewa; coal development in Lamu, Dongo-Kundu, Kili\ufb01, Kwale, Meru/Isiolo; Lake Turkana Wind Power Project; installation of wind energy storage facility in Marsabit; connection of electricity to public institutions; Reforestation of Upper Tana and Sondu Miriu river catchments; Sustainable Energy for All. Gaps Financing, technology, capacity building, research. Short Term Sub-actions \u2022\ufffd Conduct risk and vulnerability assessments of energy infrastructure."


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"Accessed 16-Aug-2014  Table 19: Total Agriculture CH4 Emissions (Gg) Source CH4 Emissions (Gg) A. Enteric Fermentation B. Manure Management C. Rice Cultivation E. Prescribed Burning of Savannas F. Field Burning of Agriculture Residues TOTAL AGRICULTURE EMISSIONS  \f  Table 20: Total Agriculture N2O Emissions (Gg) Source N2O Emissions (Gg) B. Manure Management D. Agricultural Soils E. Prescribed Burning of Savannas F. Field Burning of Agriculture Residues TOTAL AGRICULTURE EMISSIONS  The enteric fermentation sub-sector generates the largest proportion of CH4 emissions (85%)."


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"Accessed at:   adaptation/forests-for-the-adaptation-of-people.html 13 Government of Kenya (2013). Chapter 4: Forestry, Mitigation Analysis. Background paper prepared for the National Climate Change Action Plan, 2013-2017. Nairobi: Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. page 4. Accessed at:   14 Bonn Challenge (2016). Kenya. Accessed at:   flr-desk/kenya 15 Valatin, G. and Price, C. (2013), How Cost-Effective is Forestry for Climate Change Mitigation? Challenges and opportunities for the World\u2019s Forests in the 21st Century. Volume 81 of the series Forestry Science. Pages 297-339."


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"Accessed at:   assistance/kenya-ndc-sector-analysis\fN D C  S E C T O R  A N A LY S I S  R E P O R T  2 0 1 7\f2 :   I N T E N D E D  C O N T R I B U T I O N S  B Y  S E C T O R 2 :   I N T E N D E D  C O N T R I B U T I O N S  B Y  S E C TO R 2.1 ThE PARI S A g R EEM ENT On 12 December 2015, countries under the UNFCCC adopted the Paris Agreement."


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"Accessed at:   starck-components/technical-assistance/county-integrated-development- plans-cidps-review-of-climate-change-mainstreaming\fn c c A P  S tAt u S  o F  I M P L E M E n tAt I o n  2 0 1 7 Mitigation: Other low carbon actions to reduce GHG emissions Title Other low carbon actions to reduce GHG emissions included in the NCCAP mitigation analysis Action Type Mitigation Timeframe Long-term Sector Energy, Agriculture, Transport, Waste, Industrial Processes and Forestry Action Summary The NCCAP mitigation analysis identified a total of 33 low carbon actions."


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"Accessed at:   starck-components/technical-assistance/county-integrated-development- plans-cidps-review-of-climate-change-mainstreaming NPBM 4: Institutional capacity strengthening and staff capacity building Title Institutional capacity strengthening and staff capacity building for national ministries, agencies, departments, and county governments Action Type Enabling Timeframe Short term/Quick Win Sector All sectors Action Summary Build institutional and individual capacities of national and county government, agencies and staff involved in providing data for the MRV+ system, paying particular attention to the identification, monitoring, consolidation, analysis and flow of relevant climate change data from counties to central government Status In progress Lead Agency MENR Partner Agency MODP, NEMA, KFS, MOEP, MOTIHUD, County Governments Stakeholders Climate change units in state departments, county monitoring and evaluation units, ILRI status MODP provided capacity building to the 47 counties to develop climate change indicators; and completed five county handbooks on climate change indicators in 2016."


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"Accessed at:   starckplus.com/index.php/about-starck 20 Brown, S., Grais, A., Ambagis, S., Pearson, T. (2012). Agricultural GHGs in East and West Africa: Baseline emissions and mitigation potential. CCAFS Working Paper No. 13. Copenhagen: CGIAR Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security. 21 Yevich, R. and Logan, J. (2003). \u201cAn assessment of biofuel use and burning of agricultural waste in the developing world.\u201d Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 17(4). 22 Government of Kenya (2017). 23 FAO and New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre (2017)."


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"Accessed at:   www.parliament.go.ke/the-national-assembly/house-business/bills-tracker 5 Government of Kenya (2015). The Energy Bill, 2015. Accessed at:   6 Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (2016). Economic Survey 2016. Nairobi: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. 7 Ministry of Energy and Petroleum (2016). Sustainable Energy for All: Kenya Action Agenda. Nairobi: Ministry of Energy and Petroleum. page 10. 8 Government of Kenya (2016). Electricity Generation and Transmission Master Plan 2015-2035. Nairobi: Ministry of Energy and Petroleum. 9 Wasike, N. (2016)."


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"According the Ministry of Energy, Kenya\u2019s sugarcane belt can generate additional 300 MW through cogeneration33 and given that Kenya is a major tea and coffee producer that generates coffee husks and used tealeaves waste, the opportunities for cogeneration using agricultural waste are abundant, \u2022\ufffd encouraging the manufacturing sector to grow trees for fuel switching (i.e."


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"According to Muok and K\u00e4llb\u00e4ck (2008) and ESDA (2005) sustainable biofuels and charcoal production in Northern Kenya can act as a source of income generation for poor families and could both alleviate poverty and stem rural-urban migration, as well as reverse environmental degradation in the region, \u2022\ufffd in line with a recommendation of the Energy Act (2006), investment in bio- ethanol processing32 to provide ethanol for blending with petrol will increase energy security, reduce fossil fuel imports, provide rural development opportunities, diversify agricultural industries, and create green jobs."


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"According to the Government, almost all National Irrigation Board schemes are surface irrigated.234 The small number of drip irrigation usage is attributed to the high capital\f  investment cost and to some extent the low technical know-how of the farmers regarding the use of the technology.235 The TNA process target for the drip irrigation technology is introduction of 500,000 and 1,000 drip irrigation systems to individual farmers and institutions, respectively by the year 2017."


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"According to the IPPC estimates, the sea level will rise by between 17 and 59 cm by the end of this century, which is well below estimates by other scientists who predict a rise of up to 1 m even if GHG emissions were kept at a low level. Forestry The projected rise in temperatures and long periods of drought will lead to more frequent and intense forest fires. These have in the recent past affected Kenya\u2019s major forests including the Mau and Mt."


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"According to the IPPC estimates, the sea level will rise by between 17 cm and 59 cm by the end of this century, which is well below estimates by other scientists who predict a rise of up to 1 m even if GHG emissions were kept at a low level. Fluctuation of river volumes and to some extent lake levels, alters breeding ecology not only of permanent populations but also of anadromous fishes, e.g. the eel Anguilla bengalensis labiata (Peters, 1852 in Okeyo D.O."


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"According to the NAMA proposal, Kenya needs approximately US$ 20 billion of investments to reach its geothermal targets. There is an acute awareness that a significant portion will need to come from private sources. Three categories of barriers prevent significant private participation: \ufffd Financial barrier due to a high risk-low return\f  profile. \ufffd Inadequate commercial and technical capacity to deal with IPPs, access to wider capital funds, permits and approvals, and private sector developers who have different (often more rigorous) needs concerning contractual documents."


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"According to the NEMA report, serious droughts have occurred at least 12 times in the past 50 years. Major rivers including the Tana, Athi, Sondu Miriu, Ewaso-Nyiro and Mara have experienced severe reduced volumes during droughts and many seasonal ones have completely dried up. The parts of the country most affected are Eastern, North Eastern and parts of Rift Valley regions. aspects of forests such as tree-growth, survival, yield and quality of wood and non-wood products."


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"According to the National Environmental Management Authority\u2019s (NEMA) State of Environment Report of 2006/2007, major floods periodically afflict Lake Victoria basin, the Lower Tana basin and the coastal region \u2013 occurring at least six times in the past 50 years. In these areas, higher turbidity, siltation, and sedimentation occur. Floods carry fertiliser and pesticide residues into water bodies resulting in eutrophication, which has detrimental impacts on water quality and aquatic life."


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"According to the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), if climate change in Kenya is not addressed effectively, the economic costs of its impacts are estimated to be 3% of GDP per year by 2030 and possibly 5% by 2050 (SEI, 2009).\f 2.2.1 Crop production The three main categories of crops in Kenya include food, industrial and horticultural crops. Food crops include;\ufffdcereals\ufffd(maize,\ufffdwheat,\ufffdsorghum,\ufffdrice,\ufffdmillet,);\ufffdpulses\ufffd(beans,\ufffdpigeon\ufffdpeas,\ufffdcowpeas,\ufffdchickpea,\ufffd green\ufffd grams);\ufffd and\ufffd roots\ufffd and\ufffd tubers\ufffd (sweet\ufffd potato,\ufffd Irish\ufffd potato,\ufffd cassava,\ufffd arrow\ufffd root\ufffd and\ufffd yam)\ufffd (GoK,\ufffd 2010b)."


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"According to the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), recurrent droughts in Kenya have already forced many rural residents to seek refuge in cities and towns where, without any assets and little skill for urban income generation, they find life unbearable. 2.2.3.5  Human Health Kenya\u2019s health sector is vulnerable to climate change in three ways: (i) the increase in vector-borne diseases such as malaria and RVF (ii) mortality due to climate-related disasters; and (iii) overstretching of the health infrastructure."


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"According to the World Health Organisation, increasing temperatures and precipitation patterns arising from a changing climate in the past 30 years already claim over 150,000 lives annually,176 among which 88% of the disease burden afflicts children under the age of 5."


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"According to the World Health Organisation, increasing temperatures and precipitation patterns arising from a changing climate in the past 30 years already claim over 150,000 lives annually.58 Geographic exposure to malaria is predicted to expand into new areas, including the Kenyan Highlands, due to increasing temperatures and changing distribution of precipitation. Increasing annual temperature is likely to be responsible for increasing prevalence of diarrhoeal disease, particularly among children under 5 years."


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"According to the World Health Organization (WHO), malnutrition causes millions of deaths each year from both a lack of sufficient nutrients to sustain life and the resulting vulnerability to infectious diseases such as malaria, diarrhoea, and respiratory illnesses.23 Such cases abound especially in ASALs during any episode of La- Ni\u00f1a induced drought. Submerged huts in Western Kenya."


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"According to the emissions analysis in the NCCAP, the development envisaged in Vision 2030 is likely to result in continued, and even increased emissions of greenhouse gases in the Business-As-Usual (BAU) development pathway scenario. However, a low carbon climate resilient development pathway as recommended in the NCCAP is a promising option for Kenya.  Previously, and with varying degrees, Kenya has applied modern technologies to better cope with climate variability."


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"Accordingly, this Policy reflects the Government\u2019s commitment to formulating a proactive, coherent and integrated climate change response that focuses on reducing vulnerability and building the resilience of the Kenyan people, property, environment and economy. The Policy will position Kenya to capture the economic, social and environmental benefits of the transition to a low carbon climate resilient economy. 1.3.5 This Policy will facilitate a coordinated, coherent and effective response to the local, national and global challenges and opportunities that climate change presents."


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"Achievement of the Bonn Challenge target of planting of trees on 410,000 ha of formerly forested land would exceed the NDC target.\fN D C  S E C T O R  A N A LY S I S  R E P O R T  2 0 1 7 Table 5.1."


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"Achievement of these short-term actions and progress on the long-term mitigation actions helps Kenya meet domestic goals set out in the Climate Change Act, and move toward its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) mitigation goals submitted under the Paris Agreement of the UNFCCC. 2 .2  E n A BL I n G A c t I on S Many actions in in the NCCAP are considered enabling actions in that they provide the foundation for effective progress toward mitigation and adaptation goals."


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"Achievement of this level of geothermal would proportionally exceed the emission reduction target for the energy sector. However, it may be prudent to consider a mixed renewable portfolio approach that balances regional resources, transmission and distribution requirements, investment costs, technical barriers and specific grid demands. Another approach to achieving emission reductions in the electricity generation sector would be to ensure that any new coal generation capacity installed was ultra-super critical technology (USC \u2013 that, is clean coal) as opposed to the baseline supercritical technology."


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"Achieving a 10% improvement over the baseline would require a minimum of 20% penetration of improved cookstoves that are 50% more efficient by 2030. (Baseline efficiency is estimated to be approximately 18-20% accounting for the existing penetration of improved cookstoves.) However, a greater penetration is likely required since the analysis does not assume rebound effects where cooking demand increases as fuel costs are lowered. Efficient lighting initiatives can be undertaken in both residential and commercial sectors."


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"Action 3 : L E A r n I n G F o r u P dAt I n G t H E n c c A P 3 : L E A r n I n G F o r u P d At I n G t H E n c c A P The review provides lessons for the updating of the NCCAP for the period 2018 to 2023."


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"Action Plan, Implementation Framework and Resource Mobilization Plan\f\u2018together we can tackle climate change\u2019 It is undeniable that climate change is currently affecting Kenya. Droughts and floods have become frequent and intense and the country has also seen an increase in average temperatures, hotter days, colder nights, successive crop failures and the spread of vector- borne diseases such as malaria to places where the disease is not known to be endemic. These climatic changes affect resources critical to the health and prosperity of Kenya."


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"Action Reference Number: Action summary: A wide range of capacities will be required to implement the NCCAP. A capacity analysis tool is required to enable actors to assess existing and required  capacities and  a wide range of service providers will be required to address the capacity gaps. Capacity development at the county level will be critical if the NCCAP is to be implemented at local level."


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"Action Reference Number: Action summary: The capacity analysis of the core agencies leading climate change in Kenya identified capacity gaps which are specific to climate change and also to wider organisational development capacities. A capacity building programme is required to address those gaps and additional capacities required to lead the implementation of the NCCAP."


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"Action Title Cost Ksh Develop and maintain a robust and up-to-date climate change knowledge management system Develop a physical climate change resource centre Address the capacity gaps required to implement the NCCAP in the agencies coordinating and leading climate change efforts Provide capacity development support to actors at national and county level to move forward with implementing the NCCAP (based on an annual identification of priorities) Establishment of an effective public awareness associated with the climate change resource centre Integration of climate change into all levels of Kenya\u2019s education system Total Establish MRV+ System Governance Structures Climate Change Relevant Data Tracking and Mapping Indicators and Baselines Institutional Capacity Strengthening and Staff Capacity Building in MDAs and LGAs GHG inventory, Biennial Update Reports (BURs) and National Communications (NCs) Part of Action 1 M&E of Institutional Adaptive Capacity Indicators (demonstration) M&E of Vulnerability Indicators (demonstration)."


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"Action Title Cost Ksh Establish the Kenya Climate Fund (38-94 Million/Yr) Create climate change code in the government  budget system Negligible Coordinate and  harmonise Government of Kenya and development partner funding  with priority interventions Open/Accelerate Negotiations with various countries to overcome the lack of carbon market access for Kenya Enhance the capacity of the Designated National Authority Determine the appropriate institutional home for, and then establish, a unit that develops and promotes projects responsible for generating carbon credits Support a series of ongoing actions to improve the regulatory and policy framework for low-carbon investment Establish a regular platform for engagement and dialogue between the Government of Kenya and investors Support the creation of a one-stop shop to expedite the process of acquiring renewable energy permits and licenses Sub-total related to finance actions Consult on and adopt the draft Climate Change Policy currently being developed Enact a stand-alone, overarching, framework Climate Change Law Amend key sectoral laws consistent with NCCAP priority actions through a Miscellaneous Amendments Bill."


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"Action Type Enabling Timeframe Short term Sector Public administration, Finance Action Summary Acquire a bilateral deal with the European Union to allow access to the European Union Emissions Trading Schemes for carbon credits created under Kenya CDM projects. Explore options to use Japan\u2019s Bilateral Offset Credit Scheme to finance geothermal."


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"Action will have to be taken across all sectors of the economy as well as the social sectors to address climate vulnerabilities. The Government of Kenya will need to work with the private sector, civil society, communities, individuals and international partners to meet these challenges. The decisions and investments that are made at the national and local level will need to be based on the best information that is available and guided by capable and well-educated experts."


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"Actions in the forestry sector need to promote forest adaptation, or \u201chow practice contributes to or detracts from building forest resilience to climate change\u201d; as well as people\u2019s adaptation or \u201chow practice contributes to or detracts from building people\u2019s resilience to climate change impacts, particularly forest-dependent people.\u201d25 UNEP-DTU has identified adaptation strategies for forests, which can include: \u2022 Anticipatory planting of species along latitudes and altitudes; \u2022 Assisted natural regeneration; \u2022 Implementation of mixed-species forestry programmes; \u2022 Planting of species-mix adapted to different temperature tolerance regimes; \u2022 Fire protection and management practices; \u2022 Thinning, sanitation and the intensive removal of invasive species; \u2022 Surplus seed banking; \u2022 Altering harvesting schedules and other silvicultural practices; \u2022 Conservation of genetic diversity; \u2022 Investing in drought and pest resistant tree species for commercial plantations; \u2022 Adaptation of sustainable forest management practices; \u2022 Increasing protected areas and linking them, when possible, to promote the migration of species; \u2022 Forest conservation and reduced forest fragmentation enabling species migration; and \u2022 Provision of energy efficient fuelwood cook stoves to reduce the pressure on forests.26 In addition,"


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"Actions to address climate change can help to catalyse Kenya\u2019s transition to a green economy and generate employment in new areas. A priority action will be the development of an enabling policy framework for green job creation, which will identify emerging green economy opportunities that promote private sector investment and engagement to maximise employment creation.  Policy Statements  The Government will: 1. Identify and implement fiscal, taxation and other policy options in priority areas with high GHG emission abatement potential that enhance sustainable development. 2."


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"Actions to reduce enteric fermentation in dairy herds can increase milk production by 21-36% compared to the baseline.31 This has positive impacts on food security and the incomes of dairy farmers. adaptation & climate resilience impacts The agriculture mitigation options are vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Agroforestry, just like conventional agricultural activities, could be susceptible to extreme climatic conditions such as drought or high temperatures. Appropriate adaptation measures (discussed below) are required to ensure the success of the mitigation programmes."


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"Activities and costs could be scale up over time. Immediate next steps  1. Determine the appropriate home for this body (Ministry of Finance; 6 months)  2. Ensure funding through budgetary processes (Ministry of Finance; 6-12 months)  3. Determine the appropriate delivery model for the agency, including the possible role for contracting services to the private sector, and  (6-18 months)  4."


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"Activities identified in the Action Plan require substantial additional and adequate financial resources for their implementation, and funding is therefore required from both internal and external sources. Given the importance of adaptation, it is recommended that the Kenyan Government create a multi- stakeholder National Adaptation Facility (NAF) for mobilising resources for adaptation activities. All stakeholders should mainstream climate- proofing and climate change responsive activities in their programmes and projects."


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"Activity Data Collection Key data gaps that were identified in regards to activity data and are outlined in Table 46 below and are organized by IPCC Sector. Specific recommendations are also provided that could be followed to address the data gaps.  Table 37: Key Inventory Activity Data Gaps and Recommendations IPCC Sector Key Activity Data Gap Identified Recommendation for Addressing Data Gap Energy National energy balances, including imports, exports, consumption and international bunker data for major economic sectors are not available (e.g."


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"Activity data provided by the Ministry of Energy & Petroleum in Table 12 was the basis of the allocation of secondary fossil fuel consumption by different sectors. Table 3, Table 4 and Table 5 present combustion and fugitive emissions for CO2, CH4 and N2O based on the sectoral approach."


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"Ad- aptation actions are required to ensure long-term sustainable growth of the tourism industry and its positive contribution to the economy. Examples of ongoing projects/initiatives None Gaps Awareness, \ufb01nancing, capacity building. Short Term Sub-actions \u2022\ufffd Conduct a climate risk and vulnerability assessment of the tourism sector. \u2022\ufffd Build capacity and raise awareness on impacts of climate change on the tourism sector to relevant departments and partners. \u2022\ufffd Develop climate resilient action plans for the sector."


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"Adaptation    Mitigation \u221a   Development Current status The Government of Kenya submitted a GHG inventory to the UNFCCC in 1994.  The MEMR received capacity building on inventory development in June 2012. Lead Agency to take this Action forward The MEMR is requested to develop the GHG inventory. Relevant ministries, such as the Ministries of Agriculture, Transport and Roads should be involved in specific actions to improve data availability and build capacity to interpret data in their sectors."


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"Adaptation  r Mitigation   \u221a   Development  r Current status Kenya has created a GHG inventory, and reported it in its first NC.  The GHG inventory needs updating.  No work has started on the BUR or the second NC. Lead Agency to take this Action forward The GHG inventory will be led by the National GHG Inventory Coordinating Unit which will sit in the NCCS  within the Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources (MEMR). The BUR and NC will be also be led by the NCCS."


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"Adaptation Two knowledge gaps have been identified which have a direct impact on climate change impacts and vulnerability: \ufffd Understand a changing climate \ufffd Adapting to a changing climate Understanding a Changing Climate  There is need for deeper understanding of how the climate and related ecosystems are changing, with special emphasis on the local\f  level, the speed of the change and where it is happening. Understanding of the complex  interactions within Kenya\u2019s ecosystem and how certain changes will affect other aspects is necessary."


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"Adaptation actions for the sector have been identified and set out in the CSA Strategy around three strategic issues for the ten-year period from 2017 to 2026, set out in Table 3.5. Additionally, the NAP identifies priorities for the period 2015-2030, which are included in Annex 1. These adaptation actions are to be supported by enabling actions that enhance the policy and regulatory framework, finance, capacity building, research and technology development and dissemination."


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"Adaptation activities under the foundations for national transformation pillar include implementing renewable energy projects, climate proo\ufb01ng of infrastructure and promotion and transfer of climate smart technology into various sectors. Outputs from these activities include increased uptake of climate smart technologies and an increase in climate smart infrastructure. This will eventually lead to an outcome on strengthened climate smart public service delivery."


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"Adaptation and Building Resilience 2. Green House Gas Mitigation 3. Policy, Legal and Institutional 4. Cross-Cutting Issues Total To implement the KCSAS, the bulk of the funding will be provided to the relevant Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) by the national and county governments through the Exchequer. This will be guided by the national and county prioritized CSA programs and projects including sectoral policies and strategies."


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"Adaptation and Resilience of the Transport Sector, Policy Transport Brief of the ToPDAd project. 10 Government of Kenya (2016). National Adaptation Plan, 2015-2030. Nairobi: Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. 11 UNEP (2011). Kenya Case Study, Global Fuel Economy Initiative. Nairobi: UNEP. 12 Secorum, L. (2017). \u2018This is our future\u2019 \u2013 Kenya\u2019s croton tree touted as new biofuels crop. The Guardian (10 January). Accessed at:   kenya-food-security-farming-africa 13 ICAO Agreement on Global Market Based Measure (GMBM) (2016). Accessed at:   mitigate-international-aviation-emissions.aspx 14 UNEP (2011)."


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"Adaptation and mitigation needs In order to cushion key sectors against the impacts of climate change, the NCCRS (also known as the \u2018Strategy\u2019) has identified sectoral adaptation and mitigation needs. In addition, the Strategy has recommended procedures contained in an Action Plan detailing the specific sectoral actions, implementation timeframe, key implementing or lead agencies and the indicative costs. The Strategy is complementary and consistent with existing development and economic plans, principally the Vision 2030."


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"Adaptation and resilience remain Kenya\u2019s, and indeed Africa\u2019s priority response to climate change."


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"Adaptation is a necessity for Kenya; and strengthened institutional and human resources are needed to improve capacity to adapt to the impacts of climate change. Kenya has mitigation potential in several sectors like energy, transport, forestry and waste management. Lack of funding limits the exploitation of opportunities to address adaptation and mitigation. This second national communication assesses Kenya\u2019s national circumstances and responses to climate change. This follows the Initial National Communication that was prepared and submitted to the UNFCCC in 2002."


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"Adaptation measures include the prevention, tolerance or sharing of losses, changes in land use or activities, changes of location, and restoration. The primary reason for adaptation is that the GHGs already present in the atmosphere are enough to cause significant climate change, irrespective of if all emissions were stopped today. Anthropogenic climate change is already occuring: glaciers are melting, sea levels are rising, and hurricanes are increasing in intensity. With rising carbon dioxide levels, climate change is likely to worsen."


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"Adaptation options related to waste management include protecting critical infrastructure, limiting the demand for SWM facilities through recycling and demand management, and requiring waste treatment facilities to prepare adaptation plans. Proper siting of landfills is a low-cost adaptation option. Landfills should be sited where there is reliable access, but away from bodies of water and areas with high water tables. A USAID report on addressing climate change impacts on solid waste management infrastructure provides a screening process to guide decision making."


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"Adaptation priorities, as discussed in Chapter 5, focus on building adaptive capacity (for example, the ability to respond to current and future climate extremes) and selected strategic decisions  and actions (such as infrastructure investments and spatial planning) that lock in long-term vulnerability profiles.\fKenya s This is an ambitious programme, which will require substantial investment. Raising the necessary capital is currently impeded by a number of barriers; overcoming them will also require public finance."


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"Adaptation r\ufffdMitigation \u221a Development \u221a- including building climate resilience where applicable Current status A number of initiatives on clean cookstoves are ongoing in Kenya undertaken by NGOs and development organizations and by carbon credit companies. Lead Agency to take this Action forward The Ministry of Energy is requested to lead the work on geothermal.  The MEMR could provide assistance to present funding proposals to the UNFCCC."


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"Adaptation thus is the highest priority for Kenya, not only through preventing further  infrastructure and economic development, while  losses and damage, but underpinning safeguarding lives, livelihoods and social development  in line with Kenya Vision 2030, MTP III (2018-2022),  ADAPTATION GOAL: Kenya aims to ensure a climate resilient society. This is to be achieved through mainstreaming climate change adaptation into the Medium-Term Plans (MTPs) and County Integrated Development Plans (CIDPs) and implementing adaptation actions."


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"Adaptation to climate change can be integrated through these and other subjects. It is also recommended that the formulators of the primary school curriculum make a conscious effort to introduce climate change and its impact into all primary school subjects. As Kenya implements a low carbon development pathway, students at secondary schools will need to be equipped with skills to support a future climate resilient economy."


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"Adaptation to climate change is the main priority of the country.  Developing countries such as Kenya have low adaptive capacity to withstand the adverse impacts of climate change due to the high dependence of a majority of the population on climate-sensitive sectors, coupled with poor infrastructure facilities, weak institutional mechanisms, and lack of financial resources. Kenya is, therefore, seriously concerned with the possible impacts of climate change."


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"Adaptation \u221a      Mitigation   \u221a       Development    \u221a Current status There are currently multiple databases in Kenya, many of which contain high quality data, for example the databases held by the KNBS.  However, these databases are not linked, not all contain data that are properly verified and gaining access to them tends to be a slow process. Lead Agency to take this Action forward This action should be led by the NCCS through the Data and QA/QC working group."


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"Adaptation \u221a     Mitigation \u221a       Development   \u221a Current status Most ministries currently carry out some M&E activities and Central Planning and Projects Monitoring Units (CPPMUs) access some of the data sets required for climate change MRV in their normal operations.  However, only MED attempts to draw all the data together when it reports against Vision 2030 objectives.  The introduction of GHG emissions reporting requirements, and mitigation and adaptation indicators adds another layer of complexity that is beyond the remit of the MED."


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"Adaptation \u221a \u00fe      Mitigation   \u221a       Development    \u221a Current status Most ministries currently carry out some M&E activities and Central Planning and Projects Monitoring Units (CPPMUs) access some of the data sets required for climate change MRV in their normal operations.  However, only MED attempts to draw all the data together when it reports against Vision 2030 objectives.  The introduction of GHG emissions reporting requirements, and mitigation and adaptation indicators adds complexity that is beyond the remit of the MED."


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"Adapting to a Changing Climate  It is currently understood that climate change is inevitable and that its impacts include increases in the magnitude and frequency of both floods and droughts, changes to fire regimes that will place people and property at higher levels of risk, rises in sea level and accompanying increases in the magnitude and frequency of storm damage along the coast, as well as changes to the dynamics of diseases affecting humans and livestock."


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"Adaptive Capacity The ability or potential of a system to respond successfully to climate variability and change, and includes adjustments in both behaviour and in resources and technologies.  Capacity building In the context of climate change, the process of developing the technical skills and institutional capability in developing countries to enable them to address effectively the causes and results of climate change."


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"Adaptive Capacity: The ability or potential of a system to respond successfully to climate variability and change, and includes adjustments in both behaviour and in resources and technologies.  Capacity Building: The process of developing the technical skills and institutional capability to effectively address climate finance within mandates and responsibilities.  Carbon Credits: A financial unit of measurement that represents the removal of one tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent from the atmosphere."


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"Adaptive capacity is a necessary condition for the design and implementation of effective adaptation strategies so as to reduce the likelihood and magnitude of harmful outcomes resulting from climate change. The ability of Kenya to enhance adaptive capacity is therefore imperative to enable sectors and institutions to take advantage of opportunities or benefits from climate change. An enhanced understanding of the adaptive capacity of Kenya can be derived from vulnerability assessments."


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"Additional analysis was also conducted to extend the baseline emissions projection to 2050 using long-term drivers such as economic growth, population growth and energy efficiency. Figure 9.1 illustrates a comparison of the BAU emissions projection used for the NDC against the updated emission baseline projection that incorporates new activity data and projection information. By 2050 the original NDC BAU emission projection is 28 MtCO2e higher than the updated emissions projection. In 2030 this gap is 19.7 MtCO2e."


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"Additional data or assumptions were required in order to estimate how much fuel and what type of fuel was consumed. Expert opinion or detailed end-use fuel consumption patterns from other countries were in some cases used to identify the share of fuel used by different end-uses. As a result, there is a fair degree of uncertainty associated with the end- use allocation and a number of the estimates are not Kenyan specific."


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"Additional data or assumptions were required in order to estimate how much fuel and what type of fuel was consumed. Expert opinion or detailed end-use fuel consumption patterns from other countries were in some cases used to identify the share of fuel used by different end-uses. As a result, there is a fair degree of uncertainty associated with the end-use allocation and a number of the estimates are not Kenyan specific."


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"Additional support for the development of geothermal electricity generation will be required to achieve the ambitious goals of capacity expansion. A programme providing such support should be based on existing initiatives, complementing them where required and ad- dressing barriers to deployment which are not yet targeted. Given the large investment require- ments and the inherent limits to public funding, the support program should aim at encouraging private sector investment."


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"Additional support of US$1 million for 2017-2018 is provided by the Capacity Building Initiative for Transparency through the GEF as the financial mechanism for the UNFCCC. JICA is supporting a five-year project that includes forest cover mapping, analysis of land use change, development and testing of the national forest monitoring system and other activities The Governments of Japan and Finland and the European Commission provide support to KFS for monitoring and reporting in forestry sector, including REDD+ readiness activities."


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"Additional support of US$1 million for 2017-2018 is provided by the Capacity Building Initiative for Transparency through the GEF as the financial mechanism for the UNFCCC. The Governments of Japan and Finland and the European Commission provide support to KFS for monitoring and reporting in forestry sector, including REDD+ readiness activities."


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"Additionally, countries are expected to prepare and implement National Adaptation Plans (NAPs). * UNFCCC (2011) Report of the Conference of the Parties on its sixteenth session, held in Cancun from 29 November to 10 December 2010."


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"Additionally, generated reports need to be stored in an organized manner and readily available for use by government, civil society, donors, research community and the public. The actions include a user analysis, list of data custodians, status and relevance; categorization of relevant data assets; demonstration system; and protection of data and process for data access."


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"Additionally, it is recommended that a Climate Change Resource Centre, hosted by the NCCS in the Ministry responsible for climate change affairs becomes the one-stop online space for Kenya\u2019s climate change information and knowledge. Development of such a system will be based on a phased approach. In addition to hosting an electronic system, it is recommended that the proposed Climate Change Resource Centre will also act as a resource centre for traditional information products such as books, reports, videos, etc."


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"Additionally, there is need to improve coordination of research, innovation, knowledge generation and dissemination. Strategic Issue 13: Inadequate data and information on CSA In the agricultural sector, there is inadequate CSA related data and information for estimating GHG emissions and monitoring activities on climate change adaptation and mitigation. Further, the existing CSA data and information is scattered across various actors hence is incompatible and difficult to integrate."


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"Additives Fuelwood Charcoal Agricultural Residues\f  \f  Table 42: Estimate of end-use consumption by fuel and consumer (%)  End-Use Consumption by Fuel and Consumer (%) Fuel Consumer Total Fuel Share by Consumer Cooking Hot Water Industrial Process Lighting Kerosene Urban Rural Commercial Other Industrial Fuel Oil Commercial Cement Industrial Heavy Diesel Oil Commercial Industrial Lubricants Industrial LPG Urban Rural Commercial Industrial Coal Cement Agricultural Residues Urban Rural Commercial Industrial Fuelwood Urban Rural Commercial Industrial Charcoal Urban Rural Commercial Industrial  \f  Electricity Generation  Developing a baseline projection for Kenya\u2019s electricity sector is challenging because there is considerable uncertainty regarding how the sector may grow to meet a large suppressed demand for electricity."


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"Addressing Cross-cutting Issues that Adversely Impact CSA Strategic Issue 9 Inadequate financing of CSA activities. Strategic Goal: Sustainable financial sources, efficient and effective utilization of funds."


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"Addressing climate change in the in the transport sector means working to reduce greenhouse gas emissions while encouraging development of transport infrastructure that accounts for flooding, extreme weather events and other effects of climate change.  AGRICULTURE PROFILE  The agricultural sector directly contributes about 25.4 per cent of Kenya\u2019s GDP88 and another 27 per cent indirectly via linkages to agro-based industries and the service sector, giving an overall 52 per cent contribution to Kenya\u2019s GDP."


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"Addressing these constraints will help to further improve future National Communications and enable continuous reporting on a consistent basis and in accordance with the applicable guidelines. It is the responsibility of my Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources and Regional Development Authorities (MENRRDA) as the national climate change focal point to ensure the full implementation of the strategies and measures for curbing the adverse impacts of climate change and variability on all the sectors of economic growth, and to promote sustainable economic growth and development."


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"Adequate\f financial resources are integral to the identification, design and implementation of interventions required to achieve climate resilience, adaptive capacity and low carbon growth. The resources mobilised through such a mechanism will therefore play an instrumental role in developing and maintaining required human capacity, support governance arrangements and enhance collaboration amongst the various actors. 9.2.3 Kenya continues to face tremendous climate change challenges that require mitigation and adaptation interventions."


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"Adequate funding is a key need to enable staff training and improve organizational arrangements.  Other important gaps and constraints include the need for improved predictions of potential climate change at smaller scales, the development of appropriate impact simulation models, and improved forecasting and early warning systems. Improved communication among scientists, journalists, policy-makers and other stakeholders can help to improve awareness.  The Government of Kenya has improved its capacity to manage climate change and is working to improve legal and institutional framework."


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"Adopt a climate finance strategy and establish an appropriate fund mechanism that enables implementation of priority actions for climate resilience and adaptive capacity and low carbon growth. 2. Explore possible avenues to attract internal and external climate finance, including through foreign direct investment and other multilateral or bilateral funding. 3. Put in place a mechanism and criteria for balance in the allocation of mobilised climate\f finance to adaptation and mitigation actions. 4."


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"Adopt and implement sector specific anti-corruption, transparency, accountability and integrity mechanisms to safeguard prudent management of climate finance. d) Provide advice to county governments on priority actions and strategies related to climate change that should be in integrated into functions and budgets of department and entities of county governments. e) Establish a capacity building programme at national and county levels to assist priority government institutions, financial institutions, project developers, and civil society in developing bankable projects."


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"Africa Environment Outlook: GEO 4. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi UNEP (2006). Africa Environment Outlook 2. United Nations Environment Programme, Nai- robi UNEP (2009). Kenya Atlas of Our Changing Environment\fUnited Nations System (2008): Acting on cli- mate change: the UN system delivering as one Wang\u2019ati, F.J. (1984)."


id: 69341282568f3a67a90268bf64e353d8
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"Agency (for estimating GHG Emissions) ICPAC Climate Prediction and Applications Centre Kenya s XVII ICRAF World Agroforestry Centre IDLO International Development Law Organization IE Included Elsewhere IGAD Intergovernmental Authority on Development IIED International Institute for Environment & Development IISD International Institute for Sustainable Development IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change KAM Kenya Association of Manufacturers NCCAP Kenya Climate Change Action Plan KCCWG Kenya Climate Change Working Group KCF Kenya Climate Fund KEIN Kenya Environment Information Network KEPSA Kenya Private Sector Alliance KMD Kenya Meteorological Department KSh Kenyan Shillings LEDS Low Emissions Development Scenarios LPAR Legal Preparedness Assessment Report LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas LRT Light Rail Transit M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MDA Ministries, Departments and Agencies MDG Millennium Development Goal MEA Multilateral Environmental Agreement MEMR Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources MMECs Ministerial M&E Committees (proposed by NIMES) MPND Ministry of State for Planning, National Development and Vision 2030 MRV Monitoring, Reporting and Verification MRV+ Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (covering adaptation, mitigation and synergies between them) Mt Million tonnes MTP Medium Term Plan XVIII Kenya s Million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent NA Not applicable NAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action NAP National Adaptation Plan NAPA National Adaptation Programmes of Action NC"


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"Agency KAM Kenya Association of Manufacturers KARI Kenya Agricultural Research Institute KEFRI Kenya Forestry Research Institute KenGen Kenya Electricity Generating Company KENVO Kijabe Environment Volunteers KEPSA Kenya Private Sector Alliance KES Kenya Shilling KFS Kenya Forest Service KIWA Kenya Industrial Water Alliance KNBS Kenya National Bureau of Statistics KRC Kenya Railways Corporation KRDP Kenya Rural Development Programme Kton Kilotonne KWS Kenya Wildlife Service LED Light emitting diode LPG Liquefied petroleum gas LRT Light rail transit LULUCF Land Use, Land-use Change and Forestry MALF Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries MENR Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources MOEP Ministry of Energy and Petroleum MOTIHUD Ministry of Transport, Infrastructure, Housing and Urban Development MPCO Mikoko Pamoja Community Organisation MRTS Mass rapid transit system MRV Measurement, reporting and verification MSW Municipal solid waste Mt Million tonnes Million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent MTP Medium Term Plan (of the Vision 2030) MW Megawatt MWp Megawatt peak NAFP National Forest Programme NAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action NaMATA Nairobi Metropolitan Area Transport Authority NAP National Adaptation Plan, 2015-2030 NCCAP National Climate Change Action Plan 2013-2017 NCCRS National Climate Change Response Strategy NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NEMA National Environment Management Authority NMT Non-motorized transport NRT Northern Rangelands"


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"Agricultural Land \u2013 Agroforestry Establishment and management of trees on active agricultural land (under shifting agriculture), either through planting or regeneration, to improve crop productivity, provide dry season fodder, increase soil fertility, enhance water retention, etc. Source: Bonn Challenge (2016). Kenya. Accessed at:   Figure 5.1."


id: ed841c76f4f9fd460a812d668871ce23
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"Agricultural Residues Production of Rice, Wheat, Maize, Sugarcane +3% per year Historical data for 2011 to 2013 also used.  3% growth rate based on Forecast growth rate of Agricultural GDP in Vision 2030. Agricultural Soils Application of Nitrogen fertilizer +3% per year Historical data for 2011 to 2013 also used.  3% growth rate based on Forecast growth rate of Agricultural GDP in Vision 2030. Savannah Burning Hectares of land burned 0% per year No change in current practices forecasted."


id: 4d070a73ce21b552ce26862ea8d7cb5c
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:06
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"Agricultural Sector Development Strategy (2010- Provides framework for transforming agriculture into a modern and commercially viable sector. Notes that addressing food security will require addressing the challenge of over-dependence on rain fed agriculture. Energy Policy and Act (2004)  Encourages implementation of indigenous renewable energy sources to enhance the country\u2019s electricity supply capacity. The policy is implemented through the Energy Act of 2006, which provides for mitigation of climate change, through energy efficiency and promotion of renewable energy."


id: 5d6eb454c00f9b32ec91b6210cbfb66d
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"Agricultural Sector Growth Index and Major Extreme Events between 1980 and 2012 Source: Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Framework Programme 2015-2030, page 4."


id: b7442ae1d2ba5d6fa921d6783dc5cd44
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"Agricultural emissions are likely to increase from 20 MtCO2e in 2010 to 27 MtCO2e by 2030, largely driven by livestock methane emissions and land use change, which account for 90% of agriculture emissions and 30% of overall national emissions. Weak polices, legislations, enforcement, and overlap of mandates among institutions involved in regulation coupled with poor coordination and collaboration among institutions and stakeholders in climate smart agriculture (CSA) have contributed to the country\u2019s inability to effectively address vulnerability and GHG emissions."


id: a07798ff5cd1bbec3fe06982601ad776
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"Agricultural emissions are likely to increase from 30 MtCO2e in driven by livestock methane emissions and land use change , which account for 90 per cent of agriculture emissions and about 30 per cent of overall national emissions. The sector also plays an important role in sequestering carbon in soil and trees on farms.  Agricultural low carbon development options have the potential to abate in the order of 6 MtCO2e per year in 2030 (Figure 62)."


id: 67727e4cdeb8e66ee669def3705f056d
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"Agricultural enterprises and land management in the highlands of Kenya. In Pender, J, Place, F. and Ehui, S. (eds). Strategies for sustainable land management in the East African highlands. Washington DC: International Food Policy and Research Institute. 27 Kassie, M., Shiferaw, B., and Muricho, G. (2011). 28 Food and Agriculture Organization. (2010). The state of food and agriculture 2010-2011. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization. 29 Kassie, M., Shiferaw, B., and Muricho, G. (2011). 30 Government of Kenya (2013). Vision 2030 Second Medium Term 2013-2017."


id: 9f10b76eaee602ab22a2a1802fe28729
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"Agricultural finance and investments Agriculture offers the best prospect for economic growth and development in Kenya given its contribution to\ufffdthe\ufffdGDP,\ufffdgovernment\ufffdrevenue\ufffdand\ufffdbenefits\ufffdto\ufffdboth\ufffdurban\ufffdand\ufffdrural\ufffdhouseholds.\ufffdHowever,\ufffdavailable\ufffd statistics show that attention to the agricultural sector is inadequate in terms of both government budgetary allocation and resource utilization. On average, Kenya spent over 10% of its total government budget between 1980 and 1989 and thereafter dropped to 3% in the 1990 to 2000 period, and to 1.2% in 2000/1 then increased to 6.5% in 2008/9."


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"Agricultural residues are considered as a cogeneration option in the energy chapter. waste-to-energy generation Waste-to-energy generation is often better suited to areas with a scarcity of space for landfill (because of the lower costs of using landfill) and waste with a lower moisture and higher energy content (less likely in Kenya because of a high organic waste content)."


id: 3dac55b82acde78e0e794315af9b8353
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"Agricultural systems will need to adapt to climate change impacts and shocks in order to ensure adequate provision of food for a growing population while increasing export crop production to generate foreign exchange earnings. At the same time, the sector is a large and growing GHG emitter, responsible for about 30 per cent of Kenya\u2019s emissions in 2010, with about 90 per cent of the emissions generated by the livestock sector."


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"Agricultural transformation: The process by which individual farms shift from subsistence-oriented production towards more advanced production oriented towards the market or other systems of exchange. Arid and Semi-Arid Lands: Areas characterized by inadequate precipitation, which constrains their two major interlinked services of primary production and nutrient cycling. Biodiversity: The total diversity of all organisms and ecosystems at various spatial scales (from genes to entire biomass)."


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"Agriculture (Farm Forestry) Rules 2009 The key elements of the farm forestry rules relevant to climate smart agriculture are its objectives and purpose which is to maintain a compulsory farm tree cover of at least 10% of any agricultural land holding. The 10% tree cover would enhance conservation of water, soil and biodiversity; protection of riverbanks, shorelines, riparian and wetland areas; sustainable production of wood, charcoal and non-wood products; provision of fruits and fodder; and carbon sequestration and other environmental services."


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"Agriculture (October 2009) b. Rangelands (July 2009) c. Coastal and Marine Ecosystems (October d. Fresh Water Resources (August 2009) e. Lake Victoria and Lake Turkana Ecosys- tems (November, 2009) f. Forestry (October, 2009) 8. Stakeholders Analysis Report (June 2009) 9."


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"Agriculture and Food Authority (AFA) Act No. 13 of 2013 (revised 2015) This Act provides for consolidation of the laws on the regulations and promotion of agriculture generally, to provide for the establishment of the Agriculture and Food Authority. It also makes provision for the respective laws of National and County Governments in agriculture, excluding livestock and fisheries and related matters in furtherance of the relevant provisions of the 4th schedule of the Constitution and for connected purposes."


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"Agriculture and Rural Development & Environment Departments (World Bank). Herrero, M., Ringler, C., van de Steeg, J., Thornton, PK., Zuo, T., Bryan, E., Koo, J. and Notenbaert, A.M. (2010). Kenya: Climate variability and climate change and their impacts on the agricultural sector. ILRI-IFPRI World Bank Project Report. International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya, 65 p. Herrero, M., Ringler, C., van de Steeg, J., Thornton, PK., Zuo, T., Bryan, E., Koo, J. and Notenbaert, A.M. (2010)."


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"Agriculture and Rural Development Adaptation \u221a  Mitigation \u221a  Development\u221a  - REDD+ actions if well designed have climate resilience benefits\fKenya s Current status The KFS is undertaking a forest mapping exercise funded by the Government of Japan, but has not developed a National Forest Inventory. The UNDP supports aerial surveys under its Forestry Recovery Strategies and Policies project."


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"Agriculture experts notes that there are strong barriers to actions to reduce emissions from livestock in the pastoral areas including the cultural and economic importance of cattle and resistance to change in rural communities. Awareness raising and education actions in this sector are important to lay the groundwork for future mitigation and adaptation actions. This is particularly important because of the potential positive benefits for pastoralists in the ASALs and the large emissions generated by the sector."


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"Agriculture is a key economic sector and is considered the backbone of Kenya\u2019s economy for its direct contribution to the GDP and linkages with other sectors such as manufacturing and trade."


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"Agriculture is the backbone of the Kenyan economy directly contributing 24 per cent of the GDP valued at KSh342 billion in 2009 and another 27 per cent indirectly, valued at KSsh.385 billion.  The sector accounts for 65 per cent of informal employment in rural areas.  Kenya faces major food security challenges due to the over dependence on rain- fed agriculture for food production.  The number of Kenyans requiring food assistance rose from 650,000 in 2007 to almost 3.8 million in 2009/2010."


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"Agriculture is the primary source of livelihoods for the majority of Kenyans, accounting for 18 per cent and 60 per cent of the formal and total employment respectively. It accounts for 65 per cent of Kenya\u2019s total  Areas of high to medium agricultural potential (food crop production, cash crops and dairy farming) cover less than 15 per cent of land area and supporting about 80 per cent of the country\u2019s population (NEMA, 2010)."


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"Agriculture, livestock and fishing (food security)  Climate change has the potential to significantly affect agriculture-based livelihoods by challenging the sustainability of current arable, pastoral and fishing practices. Agriculture is extremely vulnerable to climate change, due to the natural connections and dependencies that exist between climatic conditions and plant development. There are a variety of climate drivers that are likely to directly and indirectly impact agricultural productivity, as outlined below:  \ufffd Higher temperatures are likely to directly reduce yields of desirable crops in the long- term."


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"Agriculture, livestock development and fisheries Enhance the resilience of the agriculture, livestock and fisheries value chains by promoting climate smart agriculture and livestock development. Private Sector/ Trade; Manufacturing; Business Process Outsourcing, Financial services Create enabling environment for the resilience of private sector investment, demonstrate an operational business case. Oil and mineral resources Integrate climate change adaptation into the extractive sector. Devolution Mainstream climate change adaptation into county integrated development plans and implement the Ending Drought Emergencies Strategy. \f  3."


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"Agriculture, which accounts for about 20 per cent of the GDP43, is very sensitive to climate change, meaning that agricultural systems will need to adapt to ensure provision of adequate food for a growing population and to improve production of export crops. Trade and industry rely on infrastructure and services, such as water, energy and transport, and are vulnerable to disruptions caused by droughts and heavy rains."


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"Agriculture:  The agricultural sector is the primary source of livelihoods for the majority of Kenyans and a backbone of the economy. The sector consistently contributes an average of 24 per cent to the national GDP. Due to a scarcity of potential agricultural land, the sector has come under pressure from population increase leading to subdivision of land into small-scale rain-fed farms that are difficult be run sustainably."


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"Agro-ecosystem: The organisms and environment of an agricultural area considered as an ecosystem. Agricultural emissions: Agriculture related atmospheric gases responsible for causing global warming and climate change released from converting land into cultivations, fertilizers application and/or livestock production. Agricultural productivity: A measure of the amount of agricultural output produced for a given amount of agricultural inputs e.g. the value of all farm outputs divided by the value of all farm inputs. The process involves increased integration of agriculture with other sectors of the economy."


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"Agro-ecosystem: The organisms and environment of an agricultural area considered as an ecosystem. Arid and Semi-Arid Lands: Areas characterized by inadequate precipitation, which constrains their two major interlinked services of primary production and nutrient cycling. Biodiversity: The total diversity of all organisms and ecosystems at various spatial scales (from genes to entire biomass)."


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"Agroforestry - Convert 281,000 hectares of existing arable cropland and grazing land that have medium or high agricultural potential to agroforestry by 2030 through a programme of work that includes: research to identify appropriate agroforestry practices; technological development; extension services and training of extension workers; capacity building and education for farmers; pilot projects; research to determine potential in more marginal lands; and measuring, monitoring and reporting."


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"Agroforestry Bus Rapid Transit and Light Rail Corridors Development of GHG inventory and improvement of emissions data Measuring, reporting on & monitoring forestry emissions &sinks Mainstreaming of low-carbon development options into planning Total Cost 1371-1773 billion KSh Total KSh for next five years (USD4596\u20135815 million equivalent) Total USD Equivalent to 2030\fKenya s 12.3.3 Administration and operational costs to implement NCCAP The following administrative and operational actions are recommended to effectively implement the adaptation and mitigation actions."


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"Agroforestry Conservation tillage Limiting use of fire in range and cropland management Goal 15 - Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss 15.2 - By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally Progress towards sustainable forest management Proportion of land that is degraded over total land area 15.3 - By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world Source: United Nations (2017)."


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"Agroforestry is considered in the NDC analysis of the agriculture sector (Chapter 3). They are not included as forestry mitigation options to avoid double-counting. technical potential to contribute to ndc emission reductions Each of the three options was assessed to determine its technical potential to contribute to emission reductions in the baseline in 2030."


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"Agroforestry or initiatives to plant trees on farms are considered in the NDC agriculture analysis (Chapter 3). Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects under the \u201cAfforestation and Reforestation\u201d category were restricted to include actions to replant trees commercial or indigenous tree species on areas of land that had no forest cover since 1990. Reducing deforestation and forest degradation includes actions to protect forests. This mitigation option aims to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases by reducing the removal of forests (i.e., the cutting of trees)."


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"Agroforestry, for example, has the potential to abate 4.2 MtCO2e by 2030, while offering climate resilience benefits of improved soil quality, improved water retention in the soil, reduced erosion, and perennials that are better able to withstand climatic changes. Improved livestock management has the scope to contribute to the Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASALs) strategy by improving the livelihoods of pastoralists and achieving climate resilience benefits through healthier livestock and reduced degradation of rangeland."


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"All activities to\f35 be implemented including monitoring and reporting for the KCSAIF will be coordinated by the National and County Ministries/Departments of Agriculture and Irrigation CCUs who will be reporting through the JASSCOM. 4.3.1 Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting The\ufffdaim\ufffdof\ufffdthe\ufffdKCSAIF\ufffdM&E\ufffdframework\ufffdwill\ufffdbe\ufffdto\ufffdguide\ufffdcoordinated\ufffdand\ufffdefficient\ufffddata\ufffdcollection,\ufffd analysis, use and provision of information that will provide indications of impact, outcomes and outputs. The monitoring will measure CSA achievements at the activity and output levels while the evaluation will measure achievements at the outcomes and impact levels."


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"All categories of classification support agricultural CHAPTER FOUR: STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION, MONITORING AND EVALUATION INTRODUCTION The realization of the objectives of this CSA strategy will depend on the roles and responsibilities undertaken by the ministries, departments and agencies (MDAs) responsible for; agriculture environment, energy, transport and infrastructure, finance, industrialization and enterprise development, land, water and irrigation, regulatory and support institutions at both levels of governments. The MDAs will also need to be coordinated to avoid overlaps and to create synergy in pursuit of effective strategy implementation."


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"All countries should submit adaptation communications, detailing adaptation priorities, support needs, plans and actions, which should be updated periodically. Collective adaptation efforts will also be subject to review under the global stocktaking process. Kenya\u2019s INDC sets out priority adaptation actions, stating that: \u201cKenya will ensure enhanced resilience to climate change towards the attainment of Vision 2030 by mainstreaming climate change adaptation into the Medium Term Plans (MTPs) and implementing adaptation actions."


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"All domains of planning, policy and regulation should consider low-carbon development opportunities \u2013 including removing barriers to implementation. This could include spatial planning to support mass transit, planning of waste landfills so that they are well managed and compatible with methane capture, assessment of current policies (such as the feed-in tariff), assessment of impacts of renewable energy development, land-use planning to support forest restoration, and assessment of impact of agricultural extension services."


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"Alliance for Clean Cookstoves GCF Green Climate Fund GDC Geothermal Development Corporation GDP Gross domestic product GEF Global Environment Fund GHG Greenhouse gas GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft fur International Zusammernarbeit (German development agency) ha Hectare IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IFMIS Integrated Financial Management Information System ILRI International Livestock Research Institute JICA Japanese International Cooperation Agency KAM Kenya Association of Manufacturers KARI Kenya Agricultural Research Institute KCEP- Kenya Cereal Enhancement Programme- CRAL Climate Resilient Agricultural Livelihoods Window KCIC Kenya Climate Innovation Centre KEBS Kenya Bureau of Standards KEFRI Kenya Forestry Research Institute KEREA Kenya Renewable Energy Association KEPSA Kenya Private Sector Alliance KFS Kenya Forest Service KfW German Development Bank KIRDI Kenya Industrial Research and Development Institute KMCD Knowledge management and capacity development KMD Kenya Meteorological Department KRA Kenya Revenue Authority KWS Kenya Wildlife Service KURA Kenya Urban Roads Authority LECRD Low Emission and Climate Resilient Development LEDS Low Emission Development Strategies LRT Light rail transit LPG Liquefied petroleum gas LULUCF Land use, land-use change and forestry M&E Monitoring and evaluation MALF Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries MDA Ministries, departments and agencies MENR Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources MITI Mitigation MODP Ministry of Devolution and Planning MOEP Ministry"


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"Alphonse Omollo  United Nations Environment Programme 1. Dr. George Manful 2. Mr. Martin Okun 3. Ms. Suzzane Lekoyiet  ClimateCare (Consultants) 1. Mr. Tom Owino 2. Mr. Seton Stiebert 3. Ms. Jackie Nyaoro 4. Ms. Deborah Murphy\f  v  FOREWORD On behalf of the Government of Kenya, it is a privilege and a great honour for me to present Kenya\u2019s Second National Communication (SNC) to the Conference of Parties to the UNFCCC."


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"Also illustrated are the country\u2019s current and planned technology transfer mechanisms, development and enhancement of the country\u2019s endogenous capacities and know- how, especially as relates to the grid connected energy.  Section 4 provides a description of the country\u2019s climate change observation and research systems, including research to adapt to and mitigate climate change and the country\u2019s participation in, and contribution to, activities and programmes, as appropriate to its national, regional and global research networks."


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"Also included are forestry related activities such as clearance of forest areas, reforestation/afforestation with alien species, and introduction of alien species and excisions of gazetted forest for whatever purposes.\f 2.1.4 Cross-Cutting Issues (i) Climate Smart Agriculture Finance This is an important enabling aspect to support climate change mitigation and adaptation activities in crops, livestock, fisheries, forestry and water sub-sectors."


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"Also, Kenya\u2019s present power generation capacity is grossly inadequate to meet demand. To bridge the supply gap, the Government occasionally rents imported emergency generation units. In the period from June 2006 to June 2008 approximately Planting of trees in deforested sections of the Mau Forests. The Government has initiated an am- bitious reforestation plan that aims to increase the country\u2019s for- est cover to 10% by 2030. Photo by Camco Kenya.\f150 MW worth of such generation units were rented."


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"Also, incremental changes in temperature and rainfall patterns are expected to contribute to biodiversity loss and emergence of new pests and diseases. Changes\ufffdin\ufffdthe\ufffddistribution,\ufffdonset\ufffdand\ufffdcessation\ufffdof\ufffdrainfall\ufffdseasons\ufffdmakes\ufffdit\ufffdincreasingly\ufffddifficult\ufffdto\ufffdplan\ufffd agricultural operations resulting in lower crop yields in major production zones thus aggravating the food and nutrition insecurity. Frequent water shortages leads to decrease in the reliable cropping days, higher incidence\ufffdof\ufffdcrop\ufffdfailure,\ufffdand\ufffdlivestock\ufffdand\ufffdfish\ufffddeaths.\ufffd According to the Kenya Second National Communications, the agriculture sector is the largest contributor of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (NEMA, 2015)."


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"Also, see chapter 4 under mitigation for GHG emission trends In view of the risks and opportunities presented by climate change, enhanced capacity building is required to strengthen capability of developing countries like Kenya which have very few climate change specialists in the areas of science, policy, adaptation, mitigation carbon trading and carbon markets. Therefore, it is important to put in place a targeted capacity-building framework, and build the capacity of local communities to help them adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change."


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"Also, wind energy poses a unique opportunity for Kenya to directly leapfrog the path taken by industrialised countries, to renewable sources of energy directly\f  The Government has estimated that 500 megawatts and 2 gigawatts of wind capacity will be installed in Kenya by 2016 and 2030, respectively. It is encouraging independent investment in the wind sector and has introduced a competitive feed-in tariff in order to attract investments in the wind sector."


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"Although Kenya also communicated adaptation actions to the UNFCCC through NAP (2015-2030), the actions outlined in this NDC form Kenya\u2019s adaptation communication regarding the Paris Agreement. The NAP, from which the priority adaptation  < Page 1 of 19 Uw, .\fREPUBLIC OF KENYA  MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTRY  actions communicated in the NDC are drawn, is aligned with the Constitution of Kenya, the Climate Change Act (2016) and Vision 2030 which is Kenya\u2019s long-term development plan up to 2030."


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"Although developed countries differ over the magnitude of these reduction targets and the pace at which they should occur, there is little disagreement that the responsibility of significantly reducing emissions lies with industrialised countries because they are responsible for the historical accumulation of anthropogenic GHG emissions through industrialisation. The most contentious element of climate change policy and discussion since Kyoto has been the contribution of non-Annex 1 countries in terms of commitments to reducing GHG emissions."


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"Although geothermal is the most promising renewable energy source, Kenya also has excellent bioenergy, solar, wind and hydro resources for the supply of electricity.  The analysis of six low carbon development options for electricity supply (Figure 58) shows that geothermal power has by far the largest abatement potential (14 MtCO2e per year) in 2030, with other technologies varying between 0.5 and 1.4 MtCO2e."


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"Although geothermal is the most promising renewable energy source, Kenya also has excellent bioenergy, solar, wind and hydro resources for the supply of electricity. The analysis of six low carbon development options for electricity supply (Figure 6.2, Chapter 5 of the Mitigation report includes the detailed analysis) shows\fKenya s that geothermal power has by far the largest abatement potential (14 MtCO2e per year) in 2030, with other technologies varying between 0.5 and 1.4 MtCO2e."


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"Although incineration can still prove beneficial under these conditions, there is a significant overlap with the option of electricity generation from landfill gas without appropriate waste separation practices, which are not currently found in Kenya. landfill gas flaring Landfill gas flaring is similar to the landfill gas methane capture option, but the captured methane is simply burnt to avoid its release to the atmosphere. It is a second-best option \u2013 because no electricity is produced \u2013 and not considered further in the mitigation scenario."


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"Although many researchers tend to work within a single domain (land, air and sea), it remains a fact that ecosystems are interconnected. However, understanding how the ecosystems are linked, and how changes in one system will affect others, has been in adequate at the local level. There is need to understand what are the priority forms of change on the land, sea and air that will directly or indirectly affect the other ecosystems."


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"Although some initial and basic training on greenhouse gas inventory work has been provided under the Ministry of Environment Water and natural Resources through the UNDP sponsored Low Emission Capacity Building Programme, it is recommended that training workshops be conducted as part of future greenhouse gas inventory work to provide both to government staff and local consultants sectoral level training."


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"Although the Constitution, Vision 2030 and the Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA 1999), provide some legal foundation,  more specific policy and legislative instruments are required that effectively acknowledge the severity of potential climate change impacts and address the importance of climate change response. Vision 2030 does not adequately recognise the threats and opportunities presented by climate change and this crucial planning document will be strengthened by integrating climate change response considerations into Kenya\u2019s development planning process."


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"Although the data is not country derived or spatially explicit it is publicly available and transparent.  Land-uses identified can be mapped at a high level to the six IPCC land-use categories (forest land, cropland, grassland, wetlands, settlement and other land). Land-use types and historic areas are presented in Table 22 below."


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"Although the making of a new legislation may be time-consuming and expensive, it may, given the current circumstances in Kenya, be the better option.  8.3 Institutions Governing Climate Change Between 2008 and 2009, the Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources (MEMR) established its Directorate of Environment (DOE) headed by an Environment Secretary. The DOE has 3 directorates covering: \u2022\ufffd Policy Formulation, Interpretation and Im- plementation, \u2022\ufffd Programmes, Projects and Strategic Initia- tives, and \u2022\ufffd Multilateral Agreements."


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"Among crops that will find future climatic conditions intolerable are soy bean (with very low yield potential and very high yield reduction under rising temperatures), cotton (its production risk stems from its transitional place between two seasons), and to lesser extents maize and dry beans. However, some crops are expected to experience more favorable growing conditions as a result of climate change, such as banana, cassava, sorghum, sweet potato, pearl millet, groundnut, and finger millet."


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"Among the enabling actions that are required to promote the transfer and diffusion of the technology are financial incentives, and information and awareness creation. 10.4 Institutions for the Development of Required Technology There are many institutions in Kenya currently involved in research and development activities for technologies that would support low carbon climate resilient development."


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"Among the speci\ufb01c duties of the Directorate are to \u201cset targets and coordinate actions for building resilience to climate change and enhancing adaptive capacity\u201d; and undertake a biennial review of the implementation of the NCCAP and report to the Council. 2.5 Implementation Roles The National Government will fast-track the rollout of this NAP by putting in place the requisite enabling environment, including the institutional structures proposed in the Climate Change Act (2016)."


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"Amount and type of strategic feed/grazing reserves \u2022 Sector reports \u2022 Baseline surveys \u2022 M&E reports \u2022 Policies on strategic food and feed reserves developed and implemented\f NARRATIVE SUMMARY INDICATORS MEANS OF VERIFICATION RISKS AND ASSUMPTIONS Outcome 3.1: Soil health improved and degraded lands rehabilitated Output 3.1.1: Climate smart integrated soil fertility management technologies and practices adopted 3.1.1.1. No. and type of climate smart integrated soil and water management technologies in practice 3.1.1.2. No."


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"An FAO study identified improving animal and herd productivity as one of the key pathways to reduce enteric methane emissions per unit of production. A combination of intervention packages aimed improving feed availability and quality, improving herd health and improved genetics can potentially result in reduction potential of 21-36% in emission intensity relative to the baseline Other mitigation options that were considered, but not included as priority mitigation options, are described in Box 3.2."


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"An analysis of both minimum (Tmin) and maximum temperatures (Tmax) based on the standard seasons of December-January- February (DJF), March-April-May (MAM), June-July-August (JJA) and September- October-November (SON) reveals that the rise in temperatures over the northern parts of the country is relatively higher than in other parts especially from October to February period. Similarly, the decrease in minimum temperatures in the northern parts of the coastal strip is also relatively higher than in the southern parts of the coastal areas during the same period."


