# document

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"An analysis of the development benefits of mitigation options was undertaken for the NCCAP and updated for SDGs. Tables 4.3 and 4.4 below provide an overview of development benefits of the mitigation options in the energy sector. development impacts Mitigation options that reduce electricity consumption or the need to import fossil fuels improve energy security in Kenya. It is for this reason that geothermal power, besides being a low-cost generation source, is prioritised over other sources."


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"An analysis of the national energy shows heavy dependency on biomass that accounts for 70% of total primary energy. The balance is supplied by petroleum (21%) and electricity (9%). The draft 2015 Energy and Petroleum Policy indicates that rapid growth in Kenya\u2019s economy over the past decade is partly attributed to increased investment in the energy sector, particularly in the electricity sub-sector."


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"An assessment of the impacts of present and projected climate change on natural and socio- economic systems is therefore central to the whole issue of climate change for Kenya. Climate change impact assessment involves the following:  \ufffd Identification, analysis, and evaluation of the impacts of climate variability and changes on natural ecosystems, socio-economic systems, and human health. \ufffd Assessment of the vulnerabilities of the affected communities and sectors, such as farmers, forest dwellers, and fishermen, and assessment of the potential adaptation responses."


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"An assessment of the response to the 2008-2009 drought in Kenya. A report to the European Union Delegation to the Republic of Kenya. ILRI. Lobell, D. B., Burke, M. B., Tebaldi, C., Mastrandrea, M. D., Falcon, W. P. & Naylor, R. L. (2008) Prioritizing Climate Change Adaptation Needs for Food Security in 2030. Science. Vol 319 (1): 607-610. Wilby, R. L. and Dessai, S. (2010). Robust adaptation to climate change. Weather, 65(7), pp. 180- 185. 15 Hawkins, E. and Sutton, R. (2009)."


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"An estimate of the average annual cost of climate-related events (storms, floods, droughts, and fires) in Kenya cannot be made with any level of accuracy, due to a lack of reliable and comprehensive data.  Kenya, like other African countries, does not have enough adequately trained climate change\f  professionals and support is needed in this regard. Future funding to develop enough climate change professionals is therefore needed."


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"An estimated 10 million people were engaged in the informal sector in 2012, up from 6 million The informal sub-sector is generally characterised by low productivity, vulnerability of employment, and low incomes.66  In addition to concerns about an expanding informal economy, the labour market is also beset with under-employment. In 2013, Kenya\u2019s unemployment was estimated at 36 per cent, with those for youth (15-35 years) constituting the highest, at 61 per cent."


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"An example is NMT, which can help to reverse the trend toward more private vehicles by making walking and cycling safe and attractive, and assist in improving accessibly to the Nairobi\u2019s MRTS. Improving conditions for pedestrians and bicyclists are an important component of Vision 2030, Integrated National Transport Policy and Nairobi\u2019s NMT Policy. Annex 7.1 discusses other transport options that were suggested by Kenyan experts and the rationale for not including in the mitigation scenario."


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"An example is the 1999/2000 La Ni\u00f1a droughts, which left approximately 4.7 million Kenyans facing starvation. In addition, increased average temperatures have led to the spread of vector-borne diseases like malaria to areas where the disease is not known to be endemic. Global Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions are continuing unabated and in the future, the impacts of climate change are likely to worsen an already precarious situation."


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"An example is the serious production losses in the tea sector in 2015 due to a water shortage because of reduced rainfall.17 The 2016-2017 drought, characterised by below average short (October to December) and long (March to May) rains in most parts of the county has greatly impacted agricultural production."


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"An implementation framework provides for the use of national climate change action plans as the main tool, and integration of climate change actions in the national planning and budgeting process. The policy focuses on research and technology as necessary for optimal interventions. Public participation and engagement of the private sector are required to address climate change. The government is also required to establish an M&E system to track implementation or the policy."


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"An implementation strategy for each sector was devised that combines actions and aims to help to build the adaptive capacity of the sector to climate change. The proposed combined adaptation actions in the ATAR for the agricultural sector are presented below as an example (note livestock is presented separately in the ATAR). See ATAR Technical Report (TR) for all 24 combined adaptation actions. Box 5.4 Adaptation actions over 5 years for the agricultural sector (ATAR) Medium-term adaptation outcome proposed for the agriculture sector: \u2022\ufffd Farmers\ufffdand\ufffdclimate\ufffdadaptive\ufffdfarming\ufffdpractices\ufffdsupported\ufffdby\ufffdapplied\ufffdresearch."


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"An important low carbon climate resilient action is the restoration of forests on degraded (dry) lands, which has a mitigation potential of over 30 MtCO2e a year in 2030. Other important low carbon climate resilient actions are reforestation and reducing deforestation and forest degradation, with mitigation potentials of 6.1 and 1.6 MtCO2e, respectively."


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"An improved stove with an improved efficiency of 50 percent requires half the fuel of a traditional stove; and LPG stoves totally mitigate the need for biomass resources. This reduces pressure on the country\u2019s wood biomass resources or enables the wood to be used for other purposes. Hydro generation is the mitigation option most vulnerable to climate change. Reductions in rainfall, and thus water reserves, directly reduce the availability of hydroelectricity."


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"An increase in emission reduction target by 2030 from 30% in the initial NDC to 32% in this Updated NDC b. Enhanced domestic contribution from 0% to 13% of the NDC budget  (b)  Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity Kenya being a developing country prioritizes increasing the per- capita GDP growth above the 2019 levels of 6.36% so as to address poverty alleviation and sustainable economic development in a the low carbon climate resilient development pathway."


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"An institution should also be established to undertake peri- odic determination of levels of GHG emissions in order to identify \u2018high-emissions\u2019 sectors and areas where significant GHG reductions can be realised. Such GHG emissions data could also feed into the National Communications as re- quired under the UNFCCC. Moreover, because there are few climate change specialists in the areas of science, policy, adaptation, mitigation and carbon finance and markets it is important to put in place a targeted capacity-building framework."


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"An institutional arrangement for the governance of climate change has also been proposed. Public awareness and communication A survey undertaken during the development of the NCCAP confirmed that public awareness about climate change in Kenya is very low, confirming similar findings during the development of the National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS)."


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"An integrated MRV mechanism (MRV+) that tracks adaptation and mitigation actions, impacts and benefits is needed to determine progress toward the achievement of low carbon climate resilient development."


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"An oversupply of credits combined with a lack of demand for such credits in developed countries has significantly reduced the scale of financing for developing countries through the CDM.  Article 6 of the Paris Agreement creates two market-based approaches. The first is the voluntary international transfer of mitigation outcomes, which aims to provide flexibility in the achievement of NDCs. This would allow any county to purchase or sell mitigation outcomes as it strives to achieve its NDC."


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"An understanding of how ecosystems might evolve is needed in order to project how humans will modify their environment in the future and in turn be affected by the changes (Odada et. al., 2009). Such assessments should lead to the development of essential climate change scenarios and corresponding policy responses."


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"An up-to- date capacity assessment to be undertaken once staff are recruited for the Climate Change Directorate, as approved by the Public Service Commission."


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"An updated GHG inventory was developed for the NCCAP in 2010, calculating historical emissions between 2001-2010 and using historical trends and expert assessments to project annual emissions until 2030. The agriculture and forestry sectors were the largest emitters in the 2010 NCCAP GHG inventory, accounting for approximately two-thirds of national emissions, mainly due to emissions from livestock and deforestation. Energy demand was the next largest emitting sector accounting for about 16 per cent of emissions, followed by transportation at about 10 per cent."


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"Analysis and research is needed to clearly show what is needed to achieve the projected baseline \u2013 and to exceed the baseline and meet the emissions reduction target. This should include both the technical potential set out in the NCCAP, and the NDC target that is half the technical potential. This will require an emphasis on the development and compilation of appropriate data and information for measurement of GHG emissions."


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"Analysis of climate trends in 21 ASAL counties between 1977 and 2014 shows an increase in temperature in all 21 counties, with five counties surpassing a 1.5\u00b0C increase, and a general decline in rainfall in 15 out of the 21 counties. These results suggest that the normal variability in Kenya\u2019s precipitation patterns will be the dominant influence on its  climate over the coming decades.  Drought and floods are the main climate hazards, negatively impacting lives and livelihoods, with human health increasingly being at risk."


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"And as per the capacity, at the individual level it is necessary to consider the climate change specialists who have assignments in the core climate change space and others who need to incorporate climate change into their sectors e.g. health professionals who need to consider the increased incidence of malaria in non-traditional areas; agricultural extension agents who need to integrate advice on climate change resilience into the advice that they share with farmers."


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"Annex 1: Priority Adaptation Actions in the Agriculture Sector in the NAP, 2015-2030 short term sub-actions medium term sub-actions long term sub-actions Agriculture \u2022 Promote indigenous knowledge on crops \u2022 Coordinate and mainstream climate change adaptation into agricultural extension services \u2022 Promote new food habits Livestock \u2022 Conduct capacity building on indigenous knowledge on crops, livestock insurance schemes, early warning systems, early action, livestock management and breeding \u2022 Strengthen land management systems including rangeland management, fodder banks and strategic reserves Fisheries \u2022 Upscale sustainable aquaculture initiatives \u2022 Promote sustainable fish farming as a means of economic diversification, to reduce over-fishing in inland lakes and rivers, and adapting to climate change Agriculture \u2022 Establish, maintain and promote the uptake of climate change related information on agriculture \u2022 Develop and up-scale specific adaptation actions: promotion and bulking of drought tolerant traditional high value crops; water harvesting; index-based weather insurance; conservation agriculture; agroforestry; and integrated soil fertility management \u2022 Develop and apply Performance Benefit Measurement methodologies for adaptation and development \u2022 Support adaptation of private sector agricultural value chain actors through capacity building"


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"Annex 1b: NCCAP Sub-Components and Respective Consulting Agencies Sub-component Number and Title Consulting Agencies Long-term National Low Carbon Development Strategy International Institute for Sustainable Development  (IISD) Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN) ClimateCare Kenya Enabling Policy and Regulatory Framework International Development Law Organization (IDLO) Adaptation Analysis and Prioritisation LTS-Africa Acclimatise UK Mitigation and nationally appropriate mitigation action (NAMA) International Institute for Sustainable Development  (IISD) Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN) World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Technology Action Plan Professional Training Consultants (PTC) National Performance and Benefit Measurement LTS-Africa Ricardo-AEA UK Baastel Knowledge Management and Capacity Development Arid Lands Information Network (ALIN) Finance Adam Smith International Vivid Economics Coordination and Management HTSPE Matrix Development Consultants\fKenya s 15."


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"Annex 2 Action Sheets for Chapter 6 \u2013 Low Carbon Option Action 1:    RESTORATION OF FORESTS ON DEGRADED LANDS Action Reference Number:  MITI- 1 Action summary Restore forests on 960,000 hectares of degraded lands by 2030 to abate 32.6 MtCO2e. Building on Kenya\u2019s on-going work to develop a National REDD+ strategy, the forestry low-carbon scenario assessment, and a concept paper for dryland forest conservation developed under SC4, a programme of work should be undertaken to restore forests on 960,000 hectares up to 2030."


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"Annex 3 Action Sheets for Chapter 7 \u2013 Climate Finance Action 1:   ESTABLISH THE KENYA NATIONAL CLIMATE FUND Action Reference Number: Action summary Establish the Kenya National Climate Fund \u2013 a body that will become the main financing mecha- nism for the Kenyan Climate Change Action Plan."


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"Annex 4 Action Sheets for Chapter 8 \u2013 Enabling Policy and Regulatory Framework\fKenya s Indicative timeframe Launch timeframe: currently underway Duration of the Action: 3-6 months Quick win opportunity  \u221a Cost associated with the Action in Kenyan Shillings Ksh 10,000,000 (drafting committees and consultation processes) Immediate next steps Once the draft Climate Change Policy is finalised, extensive consultation, validation and redrafting processes will need to be conducted to build consensus, ensure political support and ensure the relevance of the policy for affected communities."


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"Annex 5 Action Sheets for Chapter 9 \u2013 Knowledge Management & Capacity Development\fKenya s Current status: Many organisations dealing with climate change host large databases of research work. These information and knowledge repositories are not interlinked to facilitate ease of sharing and wider access. Examples of these repositories include: databases; web portals and libraries. \u00b7\ufffd The University of Nairobi\u2019s Institute of Climate Change and Adaptation uses library services, web-based and in-house databases."


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"Annex A of the SNC presents the standard reporting tables for the years 2000, 2005 and 2010.  The chapter starts with energy sector for which the methodology, the activity data, the GHG emissions and the indirect GHG emissions are discussed. The other sectors follow with discussions under the same topics after which, the inventory gaps, needs and recommendations are presented. The chapter then analyses the key sources, uncertainty and improvements between the FNC and the SNC."


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"Annex I \u2013 Abbreviations and Acronyms  ASALs Arid and Semi-Arid Lands EAC East African Community GDP GHG Gross Domestic Product Greenhouse Gas GoK Government of Kenya IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MEWNR Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources MRV Measurement, Reporting and Verification MTEF MTP Medium Term Expenditure Framework Medium Term Plan NCCAP NCCRS National Climate Change Action Plan National Climate Change Response Strategy PPP R&D UNFCCC Public Private Partnership Research and Development United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change\f Annex II \u2013 Terminology  Adaptation Adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities."


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"Annual rainy seasons in Kenya are becoming progressively wetter, with sudden and/or late onsets bringing with them \ufb02oods and inundation. Major \ufb02oods periodically af\ufb02ict the Winam Gulf of Lake Victoria, Lower Tana basin and the coastal regions. Geographically, the western, northern, eastern, central and south- eastern parts of the country are quite susceptible to seasonal \ufb02oods in the wet seasons of March-April-May and October-November-December. Riverine \ufb02oods are the most dominant \ufb02oods in Kenya, although the ASALs are particularly vulnerable to \ufb02ash \ufb02ooding."


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"Another consideration is the promotion of investment in infrastructure that supports transformation to a low carbon economy while creating employment and reducing poverty. (v)  Extractive Industries The extractive industry in Kenya is rapidly developing into a potentially high contributor to economic growth. High value resources such as petroleum, coal, and titanium have been discovered. Natural resource extraction contributes to and is vulnerable to climate change. Extraction of resources such as petroleum and minerals utilises copious quantities of water and energy, and releases GHG emissions."


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"Another parallel effort is the Kenya Climate Change Authority Bill 2012, a private members Bill that was presented to Parliament in 2012."


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"Anticipated impacts of climate change on biodiversity include shifting of ecosystem boundaries, change in natural habitats and sharp increases in extinction rates for some species.57 The distribution of forests in Kenya is largely determined by precipitation, therefore in areas where precipitation is projected to decrease there is the potential for significant forest die-back and biodiversity loss to occur, which will have associated detrimental consequences for rural livelihoods."


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"Any reasonable achievement of the adaptation goal will require financial, technology and capacity building support.\u201d The adaptation goals in the NDC are based on priority adaptation actions that are identified and elaborated in Kenya\u2019s National Adaptation Plan, 2015-2030.6 These actions, listed in Table 1.2, are based on risk and vulnerability assessments across the MTP sectors, and many of the adaptation actions have strong synergies with mitigation actions. The NAP adopts a mainstreaming approach across all sectors in the national planning, budgeting and implementation processes."


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"Apart from this, capacity building in terms of institutional infrastructure, development of skilled professionals, and better incentive structures for adoption of low carbon technologies will create a more favourable technology transfer environment, which can be achieved through structured and dedicated R&D expense allocations.  Re-emphasising the importance of technology transfer to Kenya so as to meet climate change related challenges, it is imperative to ramp up the mechanisms of technology transfer in terms of value as well as the portfolio significantly."


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"Applying modern technologies to better cope with climate variability is not new to our country and as technology developments have supported Kenya to cope with climate variability in the past, new technologies will continue to pave the way for low carbon climate resilient development in the future. Technology developments will improve the investment climate, stimulating sustainable flows of finance needed for long-term action. Multiple social, economic and environmental challenges can be addressed through the development and transfer of technologies."


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"Appoint a multi-departmental Task Force within the GoK to steer the process of establishing the Fund (GoK); 3. Convene a climate finance pledging conference (Task Force); 4. Create a Trust Fund by legal decree (GoK); 5. Communicate and consult nationwide about the Fund, its mandate, and date for the launch (TF); 6. Appoint the Governing Board (Task Force and stakeholders); 7. Draft terms of reference for the Fund Administrator (Governing Board with temporary assistance from Task Force); 8."


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"Appropriate adaptation measures are therefore required to ensure the programmes succeed. These could include the adoption of tree species that are adapted to varied weather conditions and tolerant to emerging pests and diseases (e.g. drought tolerant trees for dry regions that also frequently experience suppressed rains), irrigation and other appropriate technologies. Similarly, efforts aimed at Reducing Deforestation and Forest Degradation could be hampered by high temperatures, with many wildfires reportedly started by unknown factors during hot and dry conditions."


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"Appropriate responses to emerging drought and actions to develop long-term resilience to drought could save lives and enhance Kenya\u2019s overall economic and social development, and improve livelihoods in some of the poorest regions of the country.  Disaster risk management also responds to flooding, a climate hazard that occurs relatively frequently. Riverine floods are the most dominant and ASALs are particularly vulnerable to flash flooding. Urban flooding is becoming more frequent with rapid urbanisation, poor planning and loss of green spaces."


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"Approximately 16 percent of Kenya\u2019s total land area is of high to medium agricultural potential, and this land supports 80 percent of the country\u2019s population who depend primarily on subsistence agriculture for their livelihoods. The livestock sub-sector is dominated by pastoralism, which is the most important economic and livelihood activity in the Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASALs) that comprise over 80% of the country\u2019s land area."


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"April 2004. 146 GOK (2012). Kenya Post disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA); 2008-2011 Drought. Government of Kenya, with technical support from the European Union, United Nations and the World Bank. 147 Government of Kenya (GoK) (2010). National Climate Change Response Strategy. April. GoK, Nairobi, Kenya. 148 Kithiia, J. and Dowling, R. (2010). An integrated city-level planning process to address the impacts of climate change in Kenya: The case of Mombasa. Cities 27, 466\u2013475."


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"Arable land and permanent pasture occupy one-third of the land area in Africa. Agriculture constitutes approximately 30% of GDP. It is estimated that 75% of the African population resides in rural areas, and almost all of the rural labor force is engaged in the production of crops, livestock, fisheries, and forestry. Climate change is real, and is already affecting African agriculture."


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"Archiving  Archives refer to a collection of records in a given location that have been created during the development of the inventory (references, methodological choice, expert comments, revisions, etc.). An archive system helps to make a national inventory transparent, allows estimates to be easily reproduced and facilitates development of subsequent inventories by future inventory team members.  A position of Archiving Officer within the lead institution should be considered to undertake this task."


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"Are additional resources, such as additional workers, Counties are expected to prepare waste management action plans (linked to the CIDPs) to meet the targets of the National Solid Waste Management Strategy 2015, which include achieving approximately 80% waste recovery (recycling, composting and waste to energy) and 20% landfilling in a sanitary landfill (inert material) by 2030.25 These plans offer opportunity to introduce climate proofing of infrastructure and to ensure that systems are climate resilient."


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"Areas of relevance All sectors, national relevance Adaptation \u221a      Mitigation   \u221a       Development    \u221a Current status To ensure new institutional initiatives build on current structures, legislation for a Climate Change Secretariat  could strengthen and adapt  the current Climate Change Secretariat in the Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources for the purposes proposed in the NCCAP.  A future NCCS would be under the Ministry for the time being responsible for climate change."


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"Areas of relevance All sectors, national relevance Adaptation \u221a      Mitigation \u221a   Development \u221a Current status A draft Climate Change Policy has been in development since June 2012 by the Climate Change Secretariat and Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resource under the auspices of the NCCAP."


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"Areas of relevance All sectors, national relevance. Adaptation \u221a      Mitigation   \u221a       Development    \u221a Current status Analysis and research during the NCCAP process have resulted in realisation that a standalone law on climate change is necessary. The findings have resulted in proposals for an institutional framework at the national and county government level, and the recommendation of climate change mainstreaming within sectoral functions.  This needs to be consolidated in legislation in order to provide mechanisms to underpin the national climate change response for Kenya."


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"Areas of relevance Public Administration \u2013 Finance Adaptation r  Mitigation \u221a  Development r Current status The process is under discussion within the Government of Kenya."


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"Areas of relevance Public Administration \u2013 Finance Adaptation r Mitigation   \u221a  Development r Current status Initiative identified in the National Policy on Carbon Investments and Emissions Trading Lead Agency to take this Action forward Ministry of Finance Stakeholder support required to take the action forward Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources Kenyan carbon  market community Indicative timeframe Launch timeframe: action can begin immediately and be established in 12-18 months Duration of the Action: Permanent Quick win opportunity r The quick win box should be checked when the SC team recommends that this is an obvious \u2018quick win\u2019 action."


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"Areas of relevance Public Administration \u2013 Finance Adaptation r Mitigation  \u221a  Development r Current status Consistent with the interventions identified in the National Policy on Carbon Investments and Emissions Trading Lead Agency to take this Action forward Ministry of Finance Stakeholder support required to take the action forward Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources NEMA Kenyan carbon market community Indicative timeframe Launch timeframe: action can begin immediately Duration of the Action: 2 to 3 years Quick win opportunity  r The quick win box should be checked when the SC team recommends that this is an obvious \u2018quick win\u2019 action."


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"Areas of relevance Public Administration \u2013 Finance Adaptation r Mitigation \u221a Development  r Current status Initial (internal) discussions already held\fKenya s Lead Agency to take this Action forward Ministry of Finance Stakeholder support required to take the action forward Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources The carbon market community in Kenya Ministry of Energy Geothermal Development Company KenGen Indicative timeframe Launch timeframe: discussions can begin immediately Duration of the Action: 2 to 3 years Cost associated with the Action in Kenyan Shillings Costs should be minimal, perhaps Ksh 4 to 6 million to include the costs of a consultancy study to assess the potential impacts of the EC decision on Kenya."


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"Areas of relevance Public Administration \u2013 Finance Adaptation \u221a       Mitigation   \u221a        Development   \u221a Current status This would be a new initiative although the proposed design builds heavily from the experience from established trust funds in Kenya, e.g."


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"Areas of relevance Public Administration \u2013 Finance Adaptation \u221a  Mitigation   \u221a Development  r Current status Initiative under discussion in the Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Planning Lead Agency to take this Action forward Ministry of Finance Stakeholder support required to take the action forward Ministry of Planning Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources Development partners Indicative timeframe Launch timeframe: action can begin immediately and be completed within three months Duration of the Action: Permanent Quick win opportunity  \u221a The quick win box should be checked when the SC team recommends that this is an obvious \u2018quick win\u2019 action."


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"Areas of relevance Public Administration \u2013 Finance Pan-Kenya Adaptation \u221a Mitigation \u221a  Development r Current status Initiative under discussion in the Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Planning Lead Agency to take this Action forward Ministry of Finance Stakeholder support required to take the action forward Ministry of Finance Development partners Indicative timeframe Launch timeframe: action is ongoing and further efforts can begin immediately. It would likely take at least three years to complete."


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"Areas of relevance Sectors: Physical Infrastructure Sector; Adaptation r Mitigation \u221a Development \u221a Current status Feasibility studies for a Mass Transit System in Nairobi have been undertaken and some plans for Mass Rapid Transit corridors have already been announced, such as the light rail system stretching from the Nairobi station to the international airport.\fKenya s Lead Agency to take this Action forward The Ministry of Transport is requested to lead the work to promote agroforestry."


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"Areas of relevance The action is relevant to all geographic areas. The sector will depend on the MDA selected. Adaptation \u221a      Mitigation r  Development    \u221a Current status Most ministries currently carry out some M&E activities and M&E units provide the foundations on which to build additional capacity. However, the indicators used tend to be linked to projects or programmes and are usually process-based, output indicators. They are not specific to adaptation. This makes it very difficult to ascertain the outcome of adaptation activities."


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"Areas of relevance The action is relevant to all sectors. The geographic area will depend on the county selected. Adaptation \u221a      Mitigation   r       Development    \u221a Current status There are structures within MDAs for district level M&E, and upward reporting, although no coordinated approach to adaptation. Counties have not yet been established and the procedures are likely to change over the next year. Key to the process will be County Development Officers, as well as MDA-based M&E at county level."


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"Areas of relevance The action is relevant to all sectors. The geographic area will depend on the county selected. Adaptation \u221a      Mitigation r      Development  \u221a Current status There are structures within MDAs for district and ward level M&E, and upward reporting, although no coordinated approach to adaptation. Counties have not yet been established and the procedures are likely to change over the next year. Key to the process will be County Development Officers, as well as MDA-based M&E at county level."


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"Areas of relevance This action is relevant to all geographic areas and all sectors. Adaptation \u221a      Mitigation   \u221a       Development    \u221a Current status Most ministries currently carry out some M&E activities. Central Planning Units (CPUs) and Project Monitoring Units (PMUs) access some of the data sets required for climate change MRV+.  However, the CPUs, PMUs and staff within at national and county levels need capacity strengthening and capacity building to cope with the additional demands of the MRV+ system."


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"Areas of relevance: Adaptation  \u221a    Mitigation  \u221a    Development  \u221a Current status: A wide range of initiatives are taking place to build capacity on various aspects of the NCCAP from geothermal to REDD+. More in-depth capacity analysis will be required as implementation of the various actions takes place. It is important that lessons on capacity development are learned and shared across the various sectors."


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"Areas of relevance: Adaptation  \u221a    Mitigation  \u221a    Development  \u221a Current status: The Climate Change Secretariat of MEMR is currently leading the implementation of the action plan and wider coordination of climate change in Kenya. The Secretariat was formally established by the Public Service Commission in August 2012 and recruitment of the staff for the Secretariat will take place in early 2013. Once staff are in place, an up-to-date assessment of the capacity gaps will be required."


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"Areas of relevance: Adaptation  \u221a    Mitigation \u221a   Development \u221a Current status: Many of organisations dealing with climate change host large number of publications like books, journals, magazines and multimedia knowledge products of climate change. Most of these are housed in in-house libraries as well as other forms of physical storages. A number of institutions having in-house libraries include: The University of Nairobi\u2019s Institute of Climate Change and Adaptation; The World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF); KMD and; NEMA  among others."


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"Areas of relevance: Using a social mobilisation approach anchored on a functional communication structure will be relevant to: Adaptation  \u221a  Mitigation \u221a   Development \u221a Current status: There is no coordinated approach to creating awareness on climate change in Kenya. Whilst various stakeholders have diverse initiatives to create awareness on climate change, there is need for a mobilisation conceptual framework and focal point to coordinate the disparate efforts for optimum impact."


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"Article 70 provides the right to have environment protected for the benefit of present and future generations through legislative and other measures. In addition\f  NEMA work links closely with the Vision 2030 goal of a clean secure and sustainably managed environment. NEMA has been assigned leading roles in the flagship projects of Waste management; Education for Sustainable Development (ESD); securing wildlife corridors through the EIA process; clean development mechanisms among other projects."


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"As Kenya expands and modernises its infrastructure, it is important that the country introduce measures that will assure the resilience of infrastructure over its lifespan, particularly in the face of climate change, i.e. \u2018climate-proof the infrastructure.\u2019 Ways of achieving this include: \u2022\ufffd investing more in alternative energy sources like geothermal that are less sensitive to climate change and variability as highlighted in the energy section under mitigation."


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"As Kenya strives to achieve middle income status, national development is challenged by the environmental consequences of economic growth, largely experienced elsewhere on the planet. Development in Kenya is best served by harnessing a comprehensive response to climate change \u2013 one that involves building resilience through adaptation measures, one that invests in and achieves due rewards from reducing deforestation and forest degradation, and one that pursues the benefits of low emissions development."


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"As a basic right, access to information is grounded in the Constitution, and its entitlement is limited only to citizens of Kenya. This right has various elements that are key to its utility on dissemination of climate change knowledge. Information held by a private party can only be accessed if it is necessary in realisation of a specific basic right, while information held by public agencies can be accessed."


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"As a clean energy source, it has significant mitigation potential of 14.1 MtCO2e per year by 2030. 12.2.2 Distributed clean energy solutions Vision 2030 recognises the importance of increasing access to electricity, including through off-grid solutions and by improving energy efficiency such as distributed solar photovoltaics, improved cookstoves, liquefied petroleum gas cookstoves, renewable lanterns and other clean technologies. A shift to improved cookstoves supports the Government\u2019s efforts to reduce over-reliance on fuelwood and reduces deforestation and increases access to clean reliable energy."


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"As a follow-up to the work of Brundtland Commission, which is formally known as the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), informally known as the Earth Summit was convened in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in June 1992. The Summit sought to take stock of past development paths and lay foundations for a new future economic development trajectory, one that would marry economic needs with environmental concerns."


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"As a follow-up to the work of the Brundtland Commission, formally known as the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), which had produced the Brundtland Report, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), informally known as the Earth Summit was convened in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in June 1992. The Summit sought to take stock of past development paths and lay foundations for a new future economic development trajectory \u2013 one that would marry economic needs with environmental concerns."


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"As a natural resource conservation approach, the integrated basin-based natural resources development and management tool include, but are not limited to the following: \u2022\ufffd promotion of community empowerment initiatives such as high-value economic activities like sustainable fisheries including fingerlings production, livestock production, tree nurseries establishment and crop production as well as value addition initiatives such as refining honey, processing rice, milk and cotton. All these initiatives support conservation of water catchments because communities are able to see the importance of conserving their natural resources."


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"As a result of the need to track progress in building adaptive capacity a theory of change has been developed and indicators have been proposed against the major changes expected in resilience until 2030."


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"As a result, Kenya initiated a concerted national effort to respond to climate change, which commenced with development of the National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS) in 2010. It was the first national planning document dedicated to addressing the threats posed by climate change and taking advantage of potential climate change related opportunities."


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"As a result, traffic congestion on the roads, especially in urban areas, is a common daily occurrence leading to high emissions of greenhouse gases and other air pollutants and high fuel consumption. Technologies in the action plan to address these issues include, but are not limited to, the following:\fKenya s \u2022\ufffd Employ more effective traffic management technologies, especially traffic control lights to reduce vehicle travel time mainly in urban areas."


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"As a result, unsustainable land use is causing land degradation resulting into loss of land productivity. Land degradation (both chemical and physical) manifests itself in many forms such as soil erosion, loss of soil fertility, salinity, reduced vegetation cover, reduced biodiversity and ecosystem services and reduced livestock carrying capacity. The impacts of land degradation are closely linked to poverty and food insecurity. 2.4.2."


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"As an example, consultations during the development of the climate change bill and policy engaged a wide range of stakeholders and took place across the country."


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"As climate change and its mitigation are seen as a collective responsibility of all countries in the world, diffusion of technology and capacity building should be the major focus as well, both at multilateral and national levels.  The development of domestic technological capability is crucial because an endogenous technological change may lead to substantial reduction in carbon prices as well as GDP cost, and it is in this context that significant action on the technology transfer component should be addressed through various agreed mechanisms."


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"As climate change is a cross sectoral issue, civil engineers need to learn how to design and develop structures that can withstand climate shocks, doctors need to be aware of the effects of climate change on human health, architects should have the skills and training to design houses that need minimal energy to run and maintain and teachers ought to be equipped with knowledge about climate change in order for them to be suited to teach a curriculum that integrates climate change across all subjects taught at schools in Kenya."


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"As detailed in the NCCAP (2013-2017), the impacts and risks identified below are based on desk-based review, utilising peer-review and grey literature, together with Kenya\u2019s First National Communication to the UNFCCC, stakeholder and county consultations, Technology Needs Assessment reports and other relevant national planning documents. By incorporating an assessment of their future likelihood and consequence (the two key elements of risk), the assessment prioritised and ranked impacts with reference to the themes of the Medium Term Plan."


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"As far as the GEF portfolio is concerned, a number of projects under implementation indicate that technology transfer and capacity building is taking place across the nation, in various sectors. A fair amount of low-carbon technologies and know-how is being transferred and purchased, most involving cross-boundary acquisitions, but it is not adequate.  RESEARCH AND SYSTEMATIC OBSERVATION  Various systematic observation and research activities related to national, regional and the global climate change are carried out in Kenya."


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"As future climate change is also projected to negatively affect many livelihoods in Kenya (such as agriculture and pastoralism) and exacerbate the existing development de\ufb01cit, it in turn poses a threat to achieving Kenya\u2019s educational goals. Examples of ongoing projects/initiatives Kenya Global Partnership for Education, Primary Education Development project targeting the arid and semi-arid areas, Digital Learning Programme, Education Reforms, Education for Sustainable Development. Gaps Awareness, capacity, \ufb01nancing. Short Term Sub-actions \u2022\ufffd Assess the inclusion of climate change adaptation in school curricula."


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"As governance and planning is the basis for national and local level climate adaptation, countries that are politically unstable and have weak governance structures are seen as being more susceptible to climate-induced conflicts. However, a \u2018securitization\u2019 of debates on climate change responses runs the risk of devolving humanitarian responsibilities to the security forces, ignoring key challenges and losing sight of those climate vulnerable communities that stand most in need of protection."


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"As has been recommended for primary schools, integration of climate change studies into secondary education should happen through the introduction of content that makes learners aware of the need to develop climate adaptation and mitigation capacities for the country. Courses touching on specific areas, such as clean energy alternatives and reduction of deforestation, should then be introduced incrementally at secondary school level."


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"As noted earlier, results from energy audits indicate that energy efficiency improvements can have payback times of less than two years based on savings in electricity consumption of between 8% and 26%. adaptation and climate resilience impacts The energy efficiency mitigation options are not directly vulnerable to the potential impacts of climate change. There may be indirect impacts, which would be related to the performance of the sector, rather than the specific mitigation option."


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"As noted, this could be scaled up to an NDC mitigation option if successfully piloted through the NAMA project. key mitigation technologies in the waste sector Implementation of the landfill gas capture and utilisation (for energy) mitigation option consists of several hard and soft technologies."


id: c61e0dd6c29454a7d0fb8586b5c13b05
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"As of 2007, Kenya\u2019s emissions stood at 11.43 MtCO2eq. Only emissions due to combustion are tracked. An anaerobic digester and discharge system for biogas generation. Controlled methane emissions such as this can provide rural farming communities with clean energy as well as enable them benefit from the CDM opportunities. Photo by Camco Kenya. CO2 emissions in t Year Per capita emissions in Kenya\f\u2022\ufffd creating awareness and possibly car- pooling policies through punitive taxes and charges, e.g."


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"As part of the assessment of the extent and impact of implementation of the NDC to date, an inventory of historical GHG emissions was prepared up to June 2020, subject to data availability. The inventory applied the GHG Inventory established under the NIR 3 up to the year 2015. Thereafter, the inventory was extended to cover up to June 2020 applying the best available data from various official  sources and reports."


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"As part of this effort detailed surveys should be undertaken to ascertain the amount of biomass (fuelwood, wood for charcoal, commercial harvesting) that is removed from forests and their geographic distribution. This would also reduce the uncertainty of CH4 and N2O emissions (see fourth recommendation). \f  \ufffd N2O emission from Agricultural Soils.  N2O emissions are driven by the application of manure to soils, or simply by manure from pasture being left on grazing lands."


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"As per the NCCAP, the assessment \u2013 which includes a bottom-up assessment of mitigation opportunities and a top-down economy-wide economic, energy and emissions model \u2013 provides the evidence base for prioritising low-carbon development opportunities and, ultimately, developing investment proposals to attract international climate finance through nationally appropriate mitigation actions (NAMAs) and reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation plus the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks (REDD+)."


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"As recommended by the 2003 Good Practice Guidance for LULUCF, estimations are provided for emissions and removals from land that did not undergo any land-use change, reflecting increase or loss of carbon under the same type of use (e.g. carbon increase in secondary vegetation or even in primary vegetation in managed areas), as well as, conversions of land between the six IPCC land-use categories (Forestland, Cropland, Grasslands, Wetlands, Settlements and Other Lands)."


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"As regards the major industrial crops (tea, coffee, and sugar), the production level has been fairly stable as a result of increased area, but the yields per hectare have been on the decline. This has largely been attributed to changes in climate."


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"As required under the UNFCCC, Kenya undertook in 2005 a technology needs assessment study that highlighted Kenya\u2019s mitigation technological needs and the barriers to technology transfer to Kenya."


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"As short-term and medium-term economic growth projections are updated they will have an impact on the projection. 4. Fourth, the emission projection tries to account for improvements in emission intensity of production and service. For example, an autonomous energy efficiency Waste Transportation LULUCF Generation Agriculture\fUpdate of Emission Baseline Projections  improvement factor is incorporated in the model for different end-uses."


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"As such while the GoK has overall responsibility for ensuring that programmes are put in place to deliver its obligations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), all the administrations under the national and county governments play a part in meeting this through the policies available to them. Climate change, because of its crosscutting and multi-sectoral nature, is a function of the national and county governments and requires concurrent jurisdiction across both levels."


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"As such, sectoral strategies will be key to achieving the overall emission reduction target, and it makes sense to set expectations for mitigation actions and sectoral targets individually for each sector. Rather than a fixed emission reduction target for each sector, a range of emission reductions is proposed. This range provides several advantages including: 1. Flexibility to the responsible ministries and agencies to select from a menu of potential options for the individual sector; 2."


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"As there is expected to be significant change in the Ministerial arrangements post 2013 elections, it is recommended that further capacity gap analysis takes place once agencies have been adjusted. Lead agency to take this Action forward: The Climate Change Secretariat will take the lead in capacity development Stakeholder support required to take the action forward: Inputs from a range of actors/service providers will be required  . Donor support in terms of funding to provide the capacity development support."


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"As these two rise, consumption of goods and services correspondingly increases, and consequently does the amount of waste generated."


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"As well, it provides a solid foundation for further work on scientific and policy issues and clearly defines the climate change-related concerns within the national context and identified potential areas for further action. \f  viii  The SNC notes that Kenya needs to strengthen the coordination, networks and information flows between ministries, different levels of government, civil society, academia and the private sector to have a more efficient integration of climate change variables into poverty reduction and development strategies."


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"As well, the process has helped to identify opportunities, as well as threats, that arise as a result of the changing climate. The SNC builds on the National Climate Change Action Plan, 2013-2017 (NCCAP) and the draft National Adaptation Plan, among others.  The updated and improved information brings out the projected high regional and sectoral variability and vulnerability in the country. A high standard of scientific rigour and data quality has been maintained throughout the process."


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"As with all capacity development efforts, the required capacity development for climate change resides in three different levels, namely, (i) systemic; (ii) organisational; and (iii) individual. Capacity development for climate change must focus on those individuals and institutions that are dedicated to climate change and to those that are mainstreaming climate change adaptation or low carbon development into their sectors, organisations and companies."


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"Aspects of manure management relate to housing, manure collection, storage system and utilization. There is very low adoption of recommended measures to address the management of emissions arising from manure in livestock production systems. Strategic Issue 5: Emissions from other sources in agricultural production systems Crops Poor agricultural practices such as inappropriate tillage, burning of agricultural residues, clearing of trees in farmlands and inappropriate use of fertilizers contribute to greenhouse gas emissions."


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"Assessing the Evidence and Impacts of Climate Change in Kenya\f\u2018together we can tackle climate change\u2019 National Climate Change Response Strategy collapse of the Kainuk Bridge in Rift Valley Province cutting off the supply of crucial goods including foodstuff to the agriculturally unproductive Turkana and Samburu districts.19 Kenya\u2019s already dilapidated railway network is likely to be further damaged by floods and extreme heat, which the country is expected to experience as the climate changes in the tropics."


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"Assessing the Evidence and Impacts of Climate Change in Kenya\f\u2018together we can tackle climate change\u2019 National Climate Change Response Strategy to possibly more frequent occurrences of El-Ni\u00f1o events occasionally coupled with relatively warmer sea surface temperatures over the western Indian ocean (along the coast of east Africa) and relatively cooler than average sea surface temperatures (SSTs) to the east of the Indian Ocean. This sea surface temperature pattern is conducive for enhancing rainfall over the country."


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"Assessing the Evidence and Impacts of Climate Change in Kenya\f\u2018together we can tackle climate change\u2019 Strategic Focus 3 Strategic Focus\f3.1 Importance of the NCCRS to Kenya As the preceding chapter shows, the direct and indirect impacts of climate change are already being felt across the country and there is a high possibility of increasingly severe changes in the future if unprecedented measures are not taken to reduce GHGs emissions. Natural disasters associated with climate variability and change can cost huge losses in GDP."


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"Assessment of socio-economic impacts of climate change on livelihoods of riparian communities Capacity building in climate change mon- itoring and oceanographic studies Developing mitigation measures against resource decline, e.g. through \u2022\ufffd enactment\ufffdof\ufffdnecessary\ufffdlaws \u2022\ufffd strengthening\ufffdmonitoring\ufffdand\ufffdsurveying\ufffd systems \u2022\ufffd upscaling\ufffdsustainable\ufffdaquaculture\ufffdactivi- ties in fresh, brackish and marine water systems to ensure food security Mitigation against loss of biodiversity through restoration of degraded ecosys- tems e.g. mangrove restoration, planting of vegetation to prevent riverine and lake- shore erosion Enhancing adaptive capability of ripar- ian communities e.g."


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"Assuming half of the 10% tree cover is achieved by 2030 would mean that 1.2 million hectares of forest are established in fifteen years. Consultations with KFS experts determined that 80 percent of this amount, or approximately 960,000 hectares, could be attained through enhanced natural regeneration of degraded lands through conservation and sustainable management, whereas the other 20% could be attained through tree planting. Rehabilitation of degraded forests \u2013 Rehabilitation involves planting trees on lands that have been severely degraded."


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"Assuming that this figure is also a reasonable scenario for sustainable land management, converting 20% of rain-fed agricultural croplands from full tillage to conservation tillage would mean converting 475,000 hectares over ten years. Limiting the use of fire in range and cropland management involves reducing the frequency and extent of fires and/or reducing the fuel load through vegetation management and burning at times of year when fewer GHGs are emitted from burning."


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"Assuming these conditions are met, the action could be implemented after the elections (from April 2013).\fKenya s Action: 7 M&E OF VULNERABILITY INDICATORS IN [COUNTY TBC] (DEMONSTRATION) Action Reference Action summary Currently, the districts carry out some M&E of adaptation actions. However, there is no systematic approach to measuring output and outcome adaptation indicators in any district, nor is there any collation of district level adaptation indicators at a national level."


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"Assuming these conditions are met, the action could be implemented from early 2014.\fKenya s Action: 8 EFFECTIVENESS ASSESSMENT OF ADAPTATION AT THE COUNTY LEVEL (DEMONSTRATION) Action Reference Action summary There are currently many adaptation activities being undertaken at county and local level. However, the effectiveness of these actions is largely unknown. It is still far from clear what needs to be measured in order to assess progress. The best way to gather the information is to involve vulnerable communities in the M&E process."


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"Assumption that most fuel demand for cement production will be met by coal. 3. Assumption that the Oil Refinery has not been operating since 2014 and is not expected to restart. 4. Estimates of the harvest and use of wood products (such as fuelwood, charcoal and timber) and the level of carbon stocks in Kenya\u2019s forests are based on old data and have considerable levels of uncertainty."


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"Assumptions Underlying the Mitigation Options in the Transport Sector improving passenger vehicle stock efficiency This option results in total fuel efficiency improvements of 7% versus the reference case by 2030 for petrol and diesel cars.  This can be achieved through different avenues including restrictions on the import of second hand vehicles, removing older (15+ year), low-efficiency vehicles and providing incentives to increase the market share of hybrid and electric vehicles."


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"Assumptions and methodological approaches Methodology for emissions accounting The IPCC Revised 1996 Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and the Good Practise Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories were used to calculate the GHG emissions and removals as described in the Second National Communication. Emissions of carbon dioxide from the combustion of biomass are assessed but not counted towards the contribution. Future contribution from the extractive sector has not been included in the accounting."


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"Assumptions underlying the mitigation options are elaborated in Box 7.1. Numerous combinations of the 6 mitigation options in Figure 7.3 could achieve the low (2.0 MtCO2e) or high (3.5 MtCO2e) range emission reduction target for the transport sector. For example, full implementation of the Bus Rapid Transit and Light Rail Transit Systems in Nairobi, as well as the freight from road to rail mitigation option, would achieve the high range target."


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"At a minimum, biomass cooking needs to improve 10% from the 2010 baseline average efficiency (baseline efficiency is estimated to be approximately 18-20% accounting for the existing penetration of improved cookstoves) by 2030 to deliver emission reductions in line with the overall technical potential of energy demand mitigation options. Improvements greater than 10% from the baseline average efficiency substantially reduce the need to implement a wide range of other mitigation options such energy efficiency improvements in lighting or industry."


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"At an offset supply price of US$15 per tonne, offsets supply rises steadily throughout the simulation, primarily as a result of forestry reductions which account for over 90 per cent of all offsets supply up until 2030. The total climate investment to deliver the reductions climbs from US$12 million in 2015 (US$2,011 at a 10 per cent discount rate) to on average about US$40 million annually out to 2030."


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"At independence in 1963, Kenya\u2019s forest cover stood at about 11 per cent.49 Approximately 12,000 hectares of forest a year have been lost through Between 1990 and 2010, for instance, forest cover fell from 12 per cent in 1990 to 6 per cent in 2010.51 The drivers of deforestation are mainly unsustainable utilisation and conversion of forest land to other land uses.52 About 80 per cent of Kenyans rely on wood biomass53 for their energy requirements and forests also provide other goods to support their livelihoods such as timber materials."


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"At least 15 different public agencies support climate change activities within the country, including those with resources from climate finance. Multilateral institutions, such as the World Bank and African Development Bank (AfDB), are key players providing, for example, low-carbon infrastructure investment in the renewable energy sector.  Kenya is also looking at opportunities to secure funding from the Green Climate Fund and has to that end nominated the National Treasury to act as Kenya\u2019s National Designated Authority (NDA) to the GCF."


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"At least 7% of the total fund is shared equally among the country\u2019s local authorities. Approximately 60% of the Fund is disbursed according to the relative population size of the local authorities while the remainder is shared out based on the relative urban population densities. The LATF monies are combined with local authority revenues to implement local development priorities. The CDF on the other hand was established to correct imbalances in regional development in the country."


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"At present, no unified legal framework for addressing climate change exists in Kenya and the relevant laws and institutions that are currently in place are fragmented across multiple sectors and institutions. The impact of the action will be to demonstrate the GoK\u2019s high- level commitment to addressing climate change, put in place through a single piece of legislation, crucial institutional, financial and technical architecture and thereby ensure that the NCCAP has a sound overarching legal framework to facilitate successful implementation."


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"At present, the absence of such a code inhibits monitoring of climate change-related expenditures, which is important both for effective internal government processes as well as for reporting to the UNFCCC. Working with development partners to harmonise funding with priority interventions is another action area for the Government. This could include standardising the financial requirements and fiscal calendars of the government and development partners according to the principles of Kenya\u2019s Joint Assistance Strategy."


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"At present, the funds mainly constitute pledges by donor countries and agencies. As history shows pledges do not always lead to actual delivery and implementation of the funds. Again, even with the pledges included, the funds still fall short of the US$ 100 billion per annum which developed countries have pledged to mobilise under the Copenhagen Accord to help address climate change needs6 of developing countries by 2020."


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"At the bilateral level, initiatives such as the United Kingdom\u2019s International Climate Fund, Japan\u2019s Fast Start Finance and Germany\u2019s International Climate Initiative have been at the forefront of scaled-up climate finance.  REDD+ finance flows through multilateral and bilateral channels. The UN-REDD programme and the World Bank\u2019s Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) are the\f main multilateral funds. Bilateral funders of REDD+ programmes include Norway\u2019s International Climate and Forest Initiative, and Australia\u2019s International Forest Carbon Initiative."


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"At the moment the capacities of the stakeholders are limited hence few mechanisms are in place for effective land use planning for sustainable utilization of natural resources. There is therefore need for integrated information and knowledge on the extent of these natural resources and their distribution across the country. Degradation of natural resources is a serious threat to biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of resources. This threatens both the economic and physical well-being of the communities dependent on natural resources."


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"At the moment, a bio-ethanol blending programme is being instituted and will commence in the western regions and expand to other areas subject to adequate availability of feedstock, \u2022\ufffd investment in cogeneration, which is the production of heat or steam and electricity from renewable biomass waste."


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"At the same time water is the core input for most economic activities: irrigated and rain-fed agriculture, hydroelectric power that constitutes over half the installed capacity of electric power, sanitation and provision of drinking water. Climate change will affect all sectors of the economy."


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"At the same time, increasing urbanisation and the growth of major cities have put pressure on urban transport systems and infrastructure. In Nairobi and other major cities, severe traffic congestion, especially during the extended peak hours, contributes to local air pollution and leads to significant economic losses in time and fuel. That said, the majority of individual trips in cities are still by foot because public transport services are comparatively expensive and private cars are out of the financial reach of the majority of Kenyans."


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"At the same time, it is forecasted that there will be a 5% decrease in global food production by 2050 and that without adaptation, crop yields will decline by around 1.5% per decade (Lobell and Gourdji, 2012) or by approximately 5.6% by 2050 in an optimistic assessment. While increased agricultural productivity is key to meeting global food production deficit, agriculture also contributes to emission of greenhouse gases."


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"At the same time, the sector is a large and growing GHG emitter, responsible for about 30 per cent of Kenya\u2019s emissions in 2010, with about 90 per cent of these emissions generated by the livestock sector. However actions to respond to these increasing emissions will be considered and prioritised based on the country\u2019s unique social, cultural, environmental and economic factors. The agriculture sector offers great potential for synergies among the objectives of food security, poverty reduction, adaptation and mitigation."


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"At the time it was the most realistic projection of the future given what was known about planned private and public investment. However, since the NDC was published a great deal more information has become available that can be used to update the emission baseline projection and the mitigation option analysis. The NDC was prepared using historical activity data and projection data that was almost exclusively published before the year 2014."


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"At these prices, a wide range of reduction opportunities are available within the Kenyan economy; but opportunities in forestry, the electricity sector and cookstoves dominate. Commercial buildings also represent an opportunity (but were not assessed in detail in the bottom-up and more technically detailed analysis). A more disaggregated view of reductions relative to the UNFCCC six sectors is provided to reveal a wider range of low carbon development opportunities."


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"Athi has the least renewable water sources and is the catchment serving the two main cities: Nairobi and Mombasa. The uneven distribution across the basins is a big challenge for water resource management."


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"Authority NMVOC Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds NOx Nitrogen Oxides PHC Primary Health Care RCM Regional Climate Model SNC Second National Communication Sulphur Dioxide UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change xi TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 CHAPTER 1: KENYA NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES REPORT . 13 CHAPTER 2: KENYA NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORY REPORT 2010 53 CHAPTER 3: ASSESSMENT OF VULNERABILITY AND ADAPTATION . 97 CHAPTER 4: MITIGATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT . 131 CHAPTER 5: OTHER INFORMATION 191 END NOTES 242 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Climate Change is the most serious global challenge of our time."


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"Available at:   Government of Kenya (GoK). (2014). National Energy Policy Final Draft. Nairobi: Government Printers. Available at:   [Assessed 22 April 2014] Government of Kenya (GoK). (2014). Second Medium-Term Plan (MTP) 2013-2017. Nairobi: Government Printers Government of Kenya (GoK). Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (MEMR). (2013): National Water Master Plan 2030, Kenya, Government Printers Government of Kenya (GoK). Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (MEMR). (2012)."


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"Available at:  World Bank. (2013). World Development Indicators. Available\f  at:  catalog/worlddevelopment-indicators."


id: ef48de05c40a135810afbae7dfc224c7
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:06
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"Available at: ersion.pdf Government of Kenya (GoK). (2010). National Climate Change Strategy. Nairobi: Government Printers. Government of Kenya (GoK). (2014). National Energy Policy Final Draft. Nairobi: Government Printers. Available at:  Government of Kenya (GoK). (2014). Second Medium-Term Plan (MTP) 2013-2017. Nairobi: Government Printers Government of Kenya (GoK). (2014). The Energy Bill (Fifth working draft). Nairobi: Government Printers. Available at:  Government of Kenya (GoK). Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries (2010). Agriculture Sector Development Strategy 2010- 2020. Nairobi: Government Printers."


id: dd585062166ce79d7aa017b47283fa8b
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"Available for download at US EPA website:  es/internationalpartnerships/capacity- building.html#National  \f  CHAPTER 3 OF VULNERABILITY AND ADAPTATION  Assessment of Vulnerabilities and Adaptation Report\f  TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION BASELINE CLIMATIC, ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCI-ECONOMIC SCENARIO CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS Present Climate Change (Trends and baseline) Future Climate Change (Climate Change Scenarios) CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS AND VULNERABILITY Water Resources Agriculture, livestock and fishing (food security) Impacts on coastal zones Human health Forestry and wildlife Urban and housing Arid and semi-arid lands Tourism Manufacturing, Transport and Trade Infrastructure (for energy and transport) PRIORITY ADAPTATION OPTIONS ADAPTATION GOVERNANCE REFERENCES  \f  INTRODUCTION  Although Kenya has little historical or current responsibility for global climate change, and emissions are small relative to global emissions, the country is highly vulnerable to its impacts."


id: f97c6a1c148d4acd23788f13fb2128ca
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"Available:   profiles.geog.ox.ac.uk/ [Accessed 22 April 2013] 20 Defined as daily rainfall total that is in the top 5 per cent of rainfall events for that region and season 21 Government of Kenya (GoK). Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (MEMR). (2012). Kenya Climate Change Action Plan  - Adaptation Technical Analysis Report [Accessed 22 April 2014] 22 National disaster management policy (Final draft), Government of Kenya (GOK). (2009)."


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"Awareness raising by Wildlife Clubs of Ke- nya Green Schools Programme targeting pri- mary and secondary schools \u2022\ufffd Tree\ufffd planting,\ufffd roof\ufffd water\ufffd catchment,\ufffd biogas production \u2022\ufffd Promote\ufffdenvironmental\ufffdeducation Integrated Natural Resource Conservation and management programme targeting rural communities \u2022\ufffd Diversification\ufffdof\ufffdlivelihoods \u2022\ufffd Tree\ufffdnursery\ufffddevelopment\ufffd&\ufffdseedling Environmental governance programme \u2022\ufffd Regulation\ufffdof\ufffdenvironmental\ufffd&\ufffdnatural\ufffd resource use Pollution and waste management Pro- grammes targeting urban councils, public institutions, private institutions \u2022\ufffd Minimise\ufffdpollution\ufffdthrough\ufffdreduce,\ufffdre- use, recycle and recover (4Rs) Capacity building in climate change \u2022\ufffd Participation\ufffdin\ufffdLPAC,\ufffdNational\ufffd&\ufffdInter- national training/exchange programmes Investment in climate change programmes and projects together with other relevant ministries and institutions-Agriculture, Forestry, Water, etc Climate change activities governance (the cost of running the proposed climate change secretariat) Lake Turkana Basin Ecosystem and Liveli- hoods Sustenance Programme \u2022\ufffd Promote\ufffdintegrated\ufffdenvironmental\ufffdman- agement \u2022\ufffd Promote\ufffdrenewable\ufffdenergy\ufffdtechnologies KWS, Wildlife Clubs of Kenya, MoT, Devt."


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"Awareness raising on the use and benefits of drip irrigation and improving accessibility of the technology to small scale farmers are needed to increase the uptake of this technology. 10.3.5 Transport sector Motor vehicles in the country have been increasing at the rate of about 10,000 per year with overall numbers now standing at about 1,000,000 small vehicles and 120,000 heavy vehicles, according to Ministry of Transport estimates."


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"B: Red shades show areas with high variation coefficients A: Mean annual rainfall distribution over Kenya (Source: Data and figure from KMD, 2012) LOD NAR WAJ MAR MOY MAK VOI LAM DAG MAN MOM KAK KISU GAR NYA MAL MER NYE ELD KIT KISI KER NAK EMB EQ B: Annual Rainfall variability in Kenya (Source; Data and figure from KMD, 2012) Source: Data and figure from KMD, 2012 BAR A COLC H DAG O ELDORE T ELGO N ELWA K EMB U GAL O GAR B GAR I ILERE T ISIO L KAI S KAK A KATUMA NI KATZ E KISI I KISU M KITAL E LAM U LOD W LOKIC H LOKO M MAK I MAL I MAN D MAR L MAR S MER U MOM B MON I MOY A MUT O NAI V NAKUR U NAN Y NAR O NYE R OLEN G THIK A TODE N VANG A VOI WAJI R Figure 40: Trend in the seasonal and annual variation rainfall over Mombasa (Coastal Kenya) A: Total Annual Rainfall Trend: The total Annual rainfall received depicts"


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"Background and Overview  The frequency and intensity of extreme weather events have increased in Kenya over the past decade. Prior to 2010, Kenyan sectors had ad-hoc responses to extreme weather events and other climate change impacts. The responses included distribution of famine relief food, El Nino Response programmes, and Animal off-take programs, among others. Kenya developed a National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS) in 2010, the first National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) in 2013, and a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) in 2015."


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"Barasa Mumbe Livestock- Trans Nzoia County Director Livestock 17. Patrick Wateyi Agriculture- Trans Nzoia Senior Superintendent (Agri.) 18. Samson Kosgei Fisheries- West Pokot County Director Fisheries 19. Janeth Chepng\u2019etich Agriculture- Uasin Gishu County Agriculture Engineer 20. Fredrick Kangogo E.M.C Elgeyo Marakwet County Director Fisheries 21. Peter Chepkwony Elgeyo Marakwet County Director Livestock 22. Peter Isigi Agriculture-Elgeyo Marakwet County Crops Officer 23. Elia Lolem Livestock-Turkana County Livestock Officer 24. Thoma Elim Livestock-Turkana County Veterinary Officer 25. Kevin W. Adwera MALF-Busia Fisheries Assistant 26."


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"Barefoot Power Lighting Programme  \ufffd There is a specific mention of TT that: - GEEREF aims to accelerate the transfer, development, use and enforcement of environmentally sound technologies for the world s poorer regions, helping to bring secure, clean and affordable energy to local people."


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"Base Knowledge(Knowledge directly added to the KM4C2), Workflow Engine Content  management, CC Experts & Institutions directory RSS feeds, Forums, Blogs and calendars auto Alerts (email, SMS) advanced searches Document Management GIS Functionali ty Data mining Decision Support Artificial Intelligence Protocol descriptors/ orchestrators Knowledge CSO Knowledge Source 2 Research institutions e.g. KARI (CSO) Knowledge Private sector Knowledge Source Disaster management center Knowledge Source 3 - Govt institutions e.g."


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"Based on a recent Kenya Forest Service (KFS) report 11.3 million tonnes of fuelwood were cut by the refugees from an area of 80-km radius over three years. The recovery of these resources will take a long time in the pastoral areas. \u00a7\ufffd Over the past few decades, the ASALs have witnessed several transformations that impacted on the livelihoods of the pastoralists."


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"Based on costs of developing national forest inventories in other countries, an estimated cost is Ksh 438 million (US$5.15 million). The development of the reference scenario and monitoring system is estimated to cost Ksh 186 million (US$ 2.186 million), for a total cost of Ksh 624 million. Immediate next steps 1.  KFS to develop proposals and seek funding for the National Forest Inventory, and a monitoring and reporting system, building on the forest mapping exercise: by June 2013 2."


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"Based on the above objectives the following sections summarise the Strategy\u2019s contents and related recommendations as proposed by stakeholders that have participated in the process of developing this Strategy. 1. Understanding the international climate change regime The main purpose of Chapter 1 of the Strategy is to enhance understanding of climate change in a global context."


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"Based on the contributions of stakeholders during the national and regional National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS) workshops as well as literature review, both observed and potential impacts of climate change on Kenya\u2019s key sectors and land use systems were assessed. These key sectors include: agriculture; rangelands which are the backbone of Kenya\u2019s pastoralism, wildlife and tourism sectors; forestry; water resources; aquatic and marine resources; health; as well as physical and social infrastructure."


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"Based on the mitigation actions (proposed by SC4) and adaptation actions (proposed by SC3), synergies with the greatest potential are: \u2022\ufffd Increased fuel security from reduced reliance on external imports \u2022\ufffd Increased productivity and quality of life from climate resilient electricity generation \u2022\ufffd Improved water storage potential of soils from reduced occurrence of grassfires \u2022\ufffd Improved human health from improvements in vehicle efficiencies and reduced air pollution \u2022\ufffd Improved human health from replacement of kerosene lamps with renewable lamps in the home \u2022\ufffd Reduced vulnerability to floods and storm surges from increased climate change resilience of sanitation \u2022\ufffd Improved water storage potential in soils, reduced run off and floods from forestry investments \u2022\ufffd Increased carbon sequestration from reforestation, agroforestry and conservation tillage."


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"Based on these and the findings presented in the detailed report of the analysis, the establishment of an electronic system for managing climate change related knowledge has been recommended. The Proposed Knowledge Management System for Kenya will be structured according to the Conceptual Framework illustrated in Figure 9.1."


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"Based on these county level indicators, a total of 27 national level, outcome-based indicators were identified, subsequently reappraised and reduced to a shortlist of 10. The idea is that these indicators measure the effectiveness of local and county initiatives to reduce vulnerability at the national level. A large proportion of the national level indicators are taken from Vision 2030. These are relevant to adaptation because of the close alignment of adaptation with development goals."


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"Based on these factors it is clear that the 30% emission reduction target only applies to the original BAU emissions projection, and that this target represents not exceeding 100 MtCO2e emissions in Kenya in 2030. The updated emission projection baseline developed and presented in this chapter is only useful for assessing what needs to be done to meet the NDC emission reduction target and to provide greater clarity of how the overall target could be achieved at the sectoral level."


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"Based on these factors, the share of passenger diesel vehicles was adjusted to 32% of the total, and the share of diesel buses and freight vehicles was adjusted to 90%. Table 61 indicates the vehicle type and fuel shares used in the model.  Total projections of on-road vehicle population by fuel and vehicle type are shown in Figure 51 relative to the total Kenyan population (black  line). This figure illustrates that the number of vehicles is expected to increase significantly faster than for overall population."


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"Based on this analysis and the 20.1 MtCO2e NDC target for emission reductions in 2030 (see Figure 5.2), restoration of forests on degraded lands is the priority mitigation option for the LULUCF sector. Technical mitigation potential in 2030 of the forestry mitigation options is presented in Figure 5.3. Effective implementation of the identified key mitigation options will require the deployment of forestry technologies and enabling actions."


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"Based on this analysis and the low range 1.0 MtCO2e NDC target for emission reductions in 2030 (see Figure 6.2), there is considerable flexibility and it is not necessary to fully implement all the industry mitigation options. In fact, an aggressive program to reduce emissions from charcoal production alone could potentially be sufficient to meet the high range NDC target (1.3 MtCO2e). The technical mitigation potential in 2030 of the three industry mitigation options is presented in figure 6.3."


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"Baseline Agriculture Greenhouse Gas Emissions Projections (MtCO2e) Source: Derived from Government of Kenya (2015), Second National Communication, p. 166. Figure 3.2. Comparison of 2030 Baseline Emissions and NDC Target Emission Reductions (MtCO2e)\f3 :  A g R I C U LT U R E conditions."


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"Baseline Energy Supply and Energy Demand GHG Emissions Projections (MtCO2e) Note: Emissions from fossil fuel production are in relative terms so small they do not appear in the figure.  Figure 4.2. Baseline Electricity Generation Capacity (MW)\f4 :  E N E R g Y M-Kopa, Sunlar and Go Solar Systems \u2013 have been instrumental in increasing access for solar home systems that provide off-grid energy solutions for lighting and powering electronic devices."


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"Baseline GHG Emissions from the Agricultural Sectorand Mitigation Potential in Countries of East and West Africa. CCAFS Working Paper no. 13. CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS).  Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2010).  Global Forest Resources Assessment Country Report Kenya. Forestry Department. Rome.  Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (2014). Economic Surveys 1996 to 2014. Nairobi. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. Statistical Abstract 2006.  Nairobi.  Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (2009). Government of Kenya Census.  IPCC (1996)."


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"Baseline LULUCF Sector GHG Emissions Projections (MtCO2e) NDC Target for the Forestry Sector\f5 :  F O R E S T R Y  S E C T O R emissions by acting as a \u201csink\u201d by sequestering carbon and storing it for long periods of time. The Forest Conservation and Management Act, 2016 (Section 42) indicates that indigenous forests and woodlands are to be managed on a sustainable basis for, inter alia, carbon sequestration."


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"Baseline electricity generation emissions currently account for less than 2% of total national emissions and are smaller than emissions from residential and commercial energy demand. However, projections are that electricity generation emissions will account for approximately 25% of total national emissions in 2030 as there is expected to be a considerable addition of coal and natural gas generation capacity in the next 15-year period."


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"Beginning in the 1980s, the frequency and widespread distribution of reported coral reef bleaching events increased. This has been attributed to global warming and consequent rising seawater temperatures (P.W. Glynn and L. D\u2019Croz, 1990). Upholding the results of a recent study that revealed that 59% of the world\u2019s destroyed coral reefs were located in the Indian Ocean,12 studies by KMFRI in conjunction with other organizations13 have confirmed coral bleaching and loss of Kenya\u2019s coral reefs."


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"Benefit Measurement Framework Subcomponent 7 \u2013 Knowledge Management & Capacity Development Subcomponent 8 \u2013 Climate Finance SNE Single National Entity (for reporting GHG emissions to the UNFCCC) SSA Sub-Saharan Africa SSEA Strategic Social and Environmental Assessment Threshold 21 dynamic model TACCC Transparency, Accuracy, Completeness, Comparability, Consistency TAG Technical Analysis Group TAGA Technical Analysis Group on Adaptation TAGD Technical Analysis Group on the adaptation/mitigation outcomes of Development actions TAGM Technical Analysis Group on Mitigation TAGGHGI Technical Analysis Group on the GHG Inventory TAMD Tracking Adaptation and Measuring Development TF Task Force TR Technical Report TWG Thematic Working Group UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change XX Kenya s Definition of Terms Adaptation refers to an adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects that moderate, harm or exploit beneficial opportunities1."


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"Benefit Measurement methodologies for adaptation and development \u2022 Support adaptation of private sector agricultural value chain actors through capacity building efforts Livestock \u2022 Develop new feeds."


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"Benjamin Kibor Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, State Department of Livestock 9. Davies Makilla Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, State Department of Fisheries dmukwabi@gmail.com 10. Maurice Ouma Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, State Department of Livestock onyiouma@gmail.com Dr. Michael Okoti Kenya Agricultural  and Livestock Research Organisation michael.okoti@kalro.org 12. Dr. James Kinyangi Climate Change and Food Security, East Africa j.kinyangi@cgiar.org 13. Dr. George Wamukoya Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa wamukoyageorge@gmail.com 14."


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"Benson Muriithi Agriculture-Kirinyaga Deputy Director 34. David Mululu Agriculture-Tharaka Nithi Assistant Director 35. Dr. Joseph Muriira Veterinary-Isiolo Assistant Director 36. Ibrahim Hassan Environment-Marsabit Environment Officer 37. Evans Mwiti Livestock-Meru Chief Livestock Production 38. Murigi Kahiu Agriculture-Murang\u2019a Chief Agricultural Officer List of Participants in County Consultations: Venue Naivasha 27th - 30th March 2017 (Nyandarua, Baringo, Bomet, Laikipia, Kajiado, Kiambu, Embu, Narok and Nakuru Counties) No. Name Institution/County Job Title 1. Veronica Ndetu MALF-CCU Principal Agricultural Officer 2. Davies Mukwabi MALF-CCU Senior Fisheries Officer 3."


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"Besides, agriculture expansion is in conflict with forest conservation as it has been identified as a core driver of deforestation and forest degradation."


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"Besides, there is no climate smart agriculture resource centre or a platform to share data and information on climate smart agriculture. There is therefore need to establish and maintain a data and information management system, build capacities on data collection and information management, and promote data generation and dissemination during planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation at both national and county levels. This will help in developing reliable country inventory system on GHG emission as well as enhance MRV."


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"Best practices and experience related to the preparation | Covered in section 2 of the nationally determined contribution  c. Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged | Just transition: Kenya has an extensive consultation process for when joining the Paris Agreement social protection and institutionalised review by stakeholders. This  serves, amongst others, to to ensure all stakeholder interests are considered in all climate action.  Human Rights: Citizen rights are enshrined in The Constitution of Kenya."


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"Between 1886 and 2012, global average temperatures have risen by 0.85\u00b0C and this is reflected across all regions of sub-Saharan Africa; and further increases of about 1.5\u00b0C by 2050 are almost certain. In 2013, Africa experienced an overall hot year, the second warmest on record after 2010. Changes in current rainfall patterns are less clear. However, a decline in precipitation has been observed in West Africa since the end of the 2010). In a recent study, Fabusoro et al."


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"Between 2005 and 2015, the GoK has committed approximately KSh 37 billion (USD 438 million equivalent) while development partners have committed KSh 194 billion (USD 2.29 billion equivalent) to programmes that they classified as having a \u2018significant\u2019 or \u2018principal\u2019 climate change component (See Section 7.2). Climate change is considered a cross-cutting issue that has to be mainstreamed in all the sectors of the economy through the planning process."


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"Bilateral aid agencies, multilateral development banks and other providers of finance need the results of MRV systems to validate the effectiveness of funds they provide. Therefore, securing further financial support for the implementation of the NCCAP will be dependent on the successful establishment of the framework described below.\fKenya s 11.2 Key Findings The key component of the proposed NPBMF is an \u201cMRV+\u201d system."


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"Bilateral and multilateral funding, as well as international climate finance mechanisms \u2013 such as the Green Climate Fund, Adaptation Fund and emerging NAMAs and REDD+ mechanisms, are essential if Kenya is to implement such an ambitious National Climate Change Action Plan."


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"Billion Productive Sector Agriculture Tourism Marine & Fisheries Resources Forestry and Wildlife Environment & Mineral Resources Cooperative Development and Marketing Regional Development Authorities Physical Infrastructure & Service Industry Energy Sector Water & Irrigation Roads (maintenance) Transport Sector (devt."


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"Bioethanol remains as a feasible option, with sugar companies increasing Each of the remaining six mitigation options was assessed to determine their technical potential to contribute to emission reductions in the baseline in 2030. In order to achieve the minimum 2.0 MtCO2e recommended NDC target for emission reductions in 2030 (Figure 7.2) there is flexibility and it is not necessary to fully implement all transport mitigation options. The technical mitigation potential in 2030 of the 6 transport mitigation options is presented in Figure 7.3."


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"Biofuels for cooking practices \u2013 Biofuels for cooking practices were not included because the costs of production of refined fuels on a community scale are too high for cooking and lighting. Other (relatively) low-cost options, such as solar lanterns and LPG, are considered to be more suitable for this market. Stakeholders at county consultations reported mixed experiences with biofuels production based on jatropha."


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"Biomass and biofuels  The Government has identified the existence of power generation using forestry and agro- industry residues such as the use of bagasse for co-generation. The total potential for co- generation using sugarcane bagasse is significant. So far only Mumias Sugar Company (Independent Power Producer) generates 35 megawatts out of which 26 megawatts is dispatched to the grid. The generation potential within the other 10 sugar factories is estimated to be up to 300 megawatts have not been exploited."


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"Biomass energy, such as charcoal and firewood, continues to be used in the country\u2019s urban and rural households. Security in access to biomass energy is important for building resilience. However, it is equally critical to ensure efficienct production and use of this biomass energy, including through sustainable plantation forests, sustainable tree harvesting techniques for commercial charcoal production, and efficient charcoal kilns and cook stoves."


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"Borrowing from the Communication, Education and Public Awareness (CEPA)44 programme of the Conventions on Biological Diversity (CBD), an effective public education and awareness programme on climate change will entail: \u2022\ufffd communicating the scientific and techni- cal work of the UNFCCC, the Kyoto Protocol, and the post Kyoto agreement documents in a language that is accessible to many different groups, \u2022\ufffd integrating climate change into education systems of all Parties to the Convention, and \u2022\ufffd raising public awareness of the impor- tance of climate change and its implica- tions to our lives."


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"Both adaptation and mitigation actions are analysed, recognizing that adaptation is the priority in Kenya and is a critical part of its NDC.3,4 This is appropriate given that the country accounted for 0.04% of worldwide and ranked 94 of 162 nations for CO2 emissions (the primary greenhouse gas) in The NDC sector analysis first examined the expected GHG emission reduction contributions by sector."


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"Both are discussed below. energy supply The three main electricity generation sources in Kenya are hydro, geothermal and thermal, together making up 99% of electricity sent to the national grid under normal hydrological conditions."


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"Both grow in areas with as little as 250 mm of rainfall per annum. The breeds have been developed and adopted by some farmers in the country. Extension agents and NGOs are also promoting drought tolerant sorghum for food security and beer brewing. However, studies on the extent of adoption by farmers in the country are still on-going. 230 The preliminary target for the transfer and diffusion of drought tolerant sorghum varieties is to introduce the technology to one million farmers by the year 2017."


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"Both show uneven distribution across the five basins. Figure 13: Distribution of renewable surface water resources  Sources: Water bodies (FAO 2000a), permanent and intermittent rivers (NIMA 1997) and major drainage areas (MoWD and JICA 1992a).  On an annual basis, precipitation in the country is governed primarily by the movement of the ITCZ which migrates south through Kenya in October to December and returns northwards in March to May."


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"Both the BUR and NC will need to include the results of Kenya\u2019s GHG inventory, and the contents of the BUR and NC must follow the guidelines set out by the UNFCCC.  Since the GHG inventory is a common component of the BUR and NC, we have created this action to deliver all three items. The GHG inventory and BUR need to be fast-tracked through the MRV+ system in order to meet the first BUR international reporting deadlines of December 2014."


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"Both the BUR and SNC will need follow UNFCCC guidelines and include the results of Kenya\u2019s GHG inventory. The GHG inventory is a common component of, and underlies, the BUR and SNC Status In progress Lead Agency MENR Partner Agency NEMA, KFS, MALF, MOEP, National Treasury, MOTIHUD, MOEP Stakeholders County governments, private sector, civil society status Kenya\u2019s Second National Communication (SNC) was submitted to the UNFCCC in December 2015."


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"Both women and youth lack awareness and capacity to undertake CSA activities that are attractive to them. In the face of climate change, the ability of WY&VG to obtain productive resources is reduced. Climate variability and change has serious implication on food security: food availability, accessibility, utilization and systems stability. In the context of climate change, food sources become more erratic and scarce, making WY&VG to experience food insecurity and loss of income."


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"Box 5.3 Drought Intervention Policy, strategy, legal frameworks and assessment documents that reflect the Government\u2019s position on drought management and the development of arid and semi-arid lands include  Kenya\u2019s Vision 2030, specifically the Northern Kenya addendum, the Draft Sessional paper on National Policy for Sustainable Development of Northern Kenya and other Arid Lands, the Draft Disaster Management policy, the Agricultural Sector Development Strategy, the Food and Nutrition Security Policy, the draft National Social Protection Policy, the policy framework for Nomadic Education in Kenya, the strategy for Ending Conflict Among Communities in Northern Kenya and other Arid Lands 2010-2012  and the National Climate Change Response Strategy 2010."


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"Brian Otiende East African Community botiende@eachq.org 53. Dr. Peter Mokaya OCA mokayapm@gmail.com 54. Prof. B. Mochoge KU benson.mochoge@gmail.com 55. John Ndungu Wairore FICCF (DFID) jwairore@gmail.com 56. Doreen J. Chirchir FICCF (DFID) Doreen.Chirchir@ficcf.com Team of Experts that finalised  KCSAIF NAME ORGANIZATION EMAIL ADDRESS 1. Dr. Lucy Ng\u2019ang\u2019a MOA&I-CCU 2. Robin Mbae MOA&I-CCU robinmbae@yahoo.com 3. Veronica Ndetu MOA&I-CCU vndetu@yahoo.com 4. Rose Akombo KFS - M E & F rakombo@gmail.com 5. Vincent Ogwang\u2019 MOA&I-CCU 6. Davies Makilla MOA&I-CCU dmukwabi@gmail.com 7. Benjamin Kibor MOA&I-CCU 8."


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"Bringing the design of an evaluative framework up front so that it is central in the initiation of the planning and implementation cycle leads to better outcomes and more reliable impacts. This is the sense behind having SC6 \u2013 National Performance and Benefit Measurement \u2013 fully integrated into and concurrent with the development of the other sub-components of the NCCAP."


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"Broadly speaking, for developing countries like Kenya that are yet to adequately develop their energy, transport and telecommunication infrastructure, addressing climate change in these sectors should not present significant additional costs to conventional development costs, and should not be viewed as negating a country\u2019s development agenda. Development goals and climate goals are in many instances, interlinked. Examples include improvements in the efficiency of the vehicle fleet that, in addition to reducing GHG emissions, also lessen urban air pollution and generate associated health benefits."


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"Budget Responsibility Ministry responsible for  oil and mineral resources and MDAs, County Governments, research institutions and academia, civil society and private sector\f| Kenya National Adaptation Plan 2015-2030 4.2 Cross cutting MTP sector Common Programme Framework for Ending Drought Emergencies 2012-2022 Action Fast track the implementation of the Ending Drought Emergencies (EDE) Common Programme Framework. Summary The EDE Common Programme Framework focuses on the 23 most drought-prone counties in Kenya."


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"Budget Responsibility Ministry responsible for education and training, MDAs, County Governments, research institutions and academia, civil society and private sector.\f| Kenya National Adaptation Plan 2015-2030 HEALTH Action Strengthen integration of climate change adaptation into the health sector. Summary Kenya\u2019s recent improvements in malarial control, water-borne diseases, infant mortality and malnutrition are vulnerable to set backs from climate change. Impacts on water quality, water resources, changes in habitat, increasing exposure of vulnerable groups, sanitation and drainage, and vector-borne diseases are all areas for concern."


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"Budget Responsibility Ministry responsible for energy, MDAs, County Governments, research institutions and academia, civil society and private sector.\f| Kenya National Adaptation Plan 2015-2030 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATIONS Action Support innovation and development of appropriate technologies and capacity that promote climate resilient development Summary Rising to the challenges of climate change requires innovative application of technology and science matched to local needs and risks."


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"Budget Responsibility Ministry responsible for public sector reforms, MDAs, County Governments, research institutions and academia, civil society and private sector.\f| Kenya National Adaptation Plan 2015-2030 HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT, LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT Action Enhance adaptive capacity and resilience of the informal sector. Summary Kenya\u2019s need to increase the number of bene\ufb01cial, fair-paying jobs available is closely aligned with the need for effective responses to climate risks that are organised and led by Kenyan stakeholders."


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"Budget Responsibility Ministry(ies) responsible for Infrastructure development, MDAs, County Governments, research institutions and academia, civil society and private sector.\f| Kenya National Adaptation Plan 2015-2030 LAND REFORMS Action Mainstreaming climate change adaptation in land reforms. Summary Climate change alters the balance of environments, creating new conditions or increasing variability that in turn can affect the economic value, cultural use or physical condition of land. Unsustainable land use practices may lead to accelerating land degradation or productivity loss."


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"Budget Responsibility Ministry(ies) responsible for population, urbanisation and housing, County Governments, research institutions and academia, civil society and private sector\fEnhanced climate resilience towards the attainment of Vision 2030 and beyond | 35 GENDER, VULNERABLE GROUPS AND YOUTH Action Strengthen the adaptive capacity of vulnerable groups* (women, orphans and vulnerable children, the elderly, and persons with disability)."


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"Budget allocation declined from 5.1% in 2009/10 to 3.6% in 2012/13 (IEA, 2014). Therefore, the budget allocation to agriculture sector falls short of meeting the Maputo Declaration of budget allocation of 10% to the agricultural sector. Overtime time, the development partner\u2019s contribution to the domestic Figure 8: Proportion of national government and donor contributions to the agriculture sector budget Source: IEA (2014) The\ufffdprivate\ufffdsectors\ufffdincluding\ufffdfinancial\ufffdinstitutions\ufffdhave\ufffdbeen\ufffdsupporting\ufffdinvestments\ufffdrelated\ufffdto\ufffdagriculture\ufffd overtime."


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"Building capacity to manage climate risks in urban centres will increase in importance, particularly since cities such as Nairobi and Mombasa are predicted to play a vital role in Kenya\u2019s future economic development. Priority adaptation actions to promote a climate resilient pathway in the population, urbanisation and housing sector include expanded flood management in high-risk areas, including in slums, which need upgrading to increase the resilience of the poor. Also important is the upgrading of building codes to include climate resilience and green building concepts."


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"Building climate resilience requires Kenyan governance systems, ecosystems and society to have capability to maintain competent function in the face of climate change and to return to some normal range of function even when faced with adverse impacts of climate change. The adaptive capacity of the country depends on its capability to enhance resilience of its systems. 4.1.2 Adaptive capacity is key to improving socio-economic characteristics of communities, households and industry as it includes adjustments in both behaviour and in resources and technologies."


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"Building on lessons learned in the project, ICPAC and other research partners aim to see harmonised forecasts used on a wider scale in the country and beyond.  Kenya\u2019s Turn-Key Tsunami Early Warning System (EWS)  This is a project to measure water levels at three points along Kenya\u2019s coast for early warning of tsunamis and data collection crucial to monitor, predict meteorological and climatic events. It is envisaged that the establishment of EWS decreases the impact of tsunamis and other related maritime disasters (e.g."


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"Building resilience and appropriate mitigation actions component which aims at building resilience and\ufffdassociated\ufffdmitigation\ufffdco-benefits\ufffdto\ufffdaddress\ufffd\ufffdissues\ufffdrelated\ufffdto\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdsoil\ufffdhealth\ufffdand\ufffdland\ufffddegradation;\ufffd water\ufffdand\ufffdnatural\ufffdresources;\ufffdinsurance\ufffdand\ufffdother\ufffdsafety\ufffdnets;\ufffd\ufffdbuilding\ufffdof\ufffdsynergies\ufffdin\ufffdadaptation\ufffdand\ufffd mitigation measures. 4. CSA knowledge, extension and agro-weather services component which will raise awareness and strengthen mainstreaming of communication systems to transmit timely information on CSA extension and agro-weather issues among value chain actors. This component will also support local stakeholders\ufffdto\ufffdaccess\ufffdand\ufffdadopt\ufffdmethodologies\ufffdas\ufffdwell\ufffdas\ufffdinfluence\ufffdthe\ufffdlocal\ufffdplanning\ufffdsystems\ufffdthat\ufffd support CSA."


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"Building resilience to climate change impacts on waste disposal systems and facilities is of greater importance. Improperly managed solid waste can accumulate in areas otherwise intended for water runoff and flood control, and such conditions make cities and towns vulnerable to floods and contaminated water \u2013 from moderate rainfall, let alone intense and heavy rain expected with climate change. Areas of uncontrolled and improperly disposed of waste can be sources of environmental pollution and health hazards."


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"Building the capacity of entities and institutions with the mandate of managing wildfires could support the goal of this mitigation option. 3.4 ADAPTATI O N I N Th E A g R I C U LTU R E SEC TO R Kenya\u2019s NDC places emphasis on adaptation and resilience because of the country\u2019s high vulnerability to climate change and climate variability. The approach is to mainstream adaptation actions into the planning, budgeting and implementation process at both the national and county levels of government."


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"Building the capacity of entities and institutions with the mandate of managing wildfires could support the goal of this mitigation option. 5. 4 ADAPTATION IN  Th E FO R ESTRY SEC TO R Kenya\u2019s NDC places emphasis on adaptation and resilience because of the country\u2019s high vulnerability to climate change and climate variability. The approach is to mainstream adaptation actions into the planning, budgeting and implementation process at both the national and county levels of government."


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"Building the capacity of local communities to help them adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change as well as take opportunities such as those offered by the Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) mechanisms  is also important."


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"Bulk imports of HFCs are tracked by NEMA using customs excise data; however, the reliability of the data is low as there are problems with the assignment of appropriate HS Codes and information that clearly identifies the type of HFC or other ozone depleting substance that is being imported.  Additional training and support should be provided to customs agents so that there is a reliable tracking system for HFCs."


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"Bus Rapid Transit and Light Rail Corridors - Implement an extensive Mass Transit System for greater Nairobi, based predominantly on Bus Rapid Transit corridors complemented by a few Light Rail Transit corridors.  Development of GHG inventory and improvement of emissions data Develop Kenya\u2019s GHG inventory, building on the information developed in the SC4 reference case of GHG emissions; develop Kenya specific emissions factors, especially in the agricultural sector; improve overall data; and build capacity to develop, use and monitor data and impacts."


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"But a well developed ICT infrastructure could also help leverage some of the impacts of climate change on the economy, e.g. during rainstorms, access to quality internet and a reliable telephone system could enable people to telecommute, and this would have the added advantage of helping reduce transport- related GHG emissions. 2.2.3.3  Energy Sector Kenya is a developing economy that requires large quantities of affordable, but quality energy services to affect a prudent pace of social transformation and economic development."


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"But burning range and croplands is also a major source of GHG emissions in Kenya due to the permanent loss of protective vegetation and crop residue cover that causes reductions in soil carbon levels. It can also negatively impact the long-term viability of the land. The practice of using fire to manage rangelands is quite common in Kenya, with over 430,000 hectares burned each year. This results in emissions of approximately 0.26 Mt of CO2e per year."


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"By demonstrating Kenya\u2019s progress toward climate resilience and emission reduction goals, the MRV approach will further contribute to attracting climate finance. Policy Statements  The Government will: 1. Establish an integrated MRV framework for performance, outcomes and benefits of mitigation, adaptation and climate finance actions. 2. Prioritize the use of existing MRV processes, data collection and information management systems to ensure efficiency in climate change related monitoring, reporting and benefit measurement. 3."


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"By incorporating an assessment of their future likelihood and consequence (the two key elements of risk), the assessment prioritised and ranked impacts with reference to the themes of the Medium Term Plan. The strength of this methodology is that it puts climate effects at the centre of the analysis and derives priorities to address the most important risks \u2013 often assessed in terms of expected economic losses where there is adequate information."


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"By putting in place this policy architecture, Kenya aims to safeguard the wellbeing of its citizens, their property, and the country\u2019s prosperity in the face of a changing climate. This Policy therefore aims to enhance adaptive capacity and build resilience to climate variability and change, while promoting a low carbon development pathway."


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"By storing run-off, forests can also act as natural water recharge areas by replenishing stream-flows.12 The forestry sector is also vulnerable to climate change, which is expected to have important effects on the composition, growth rates and regenerative capacity."


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"C1(a): Functional CSA institutional coordination mechanisms C1(b): Proportion of agriculture sector budget committed to CSA C1(c): CSA policies and strategies at both levels of governance \u2022 CSA baseline survey and M&E reports \u2022 Sector budgets and expenditures reports \u2022 Agricultural sector partners willingness to support the framework \u2022 Political and socio-economic stability is sustained in the country \u2022 Capacity on policy development and implementation available."


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"C3 (a): Proportion of GHGs emissions sequestered  / abated from adaptation and mitigation practices C3 (b): Type of resilience building actions with mitigation co-benefits C3 (c): Type of CSA investments relevant to NRM C3(d): Type of value chain based safety nets \u2022 Sector MRV reports \u2022 CSA baseline survey \u2022 M&E reports \u2022 All-inclusive selection criteria for green innovations will be applied."


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"CAPACITY BUILDING  Under the framework \u2018capacity development\u2019 in the context of climate change is viewed as \u201cthe actions needed to enhance the ability of individuals, organisations and systems to make and implement climate change decisions and perform functions in an effective, efficient and  Capacity-building in the country is seen as a cross-cutting issue which transcends all of the activities relating to the implementation of the country\u2019s obligations within the Convention."


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"CAPACITY BUILDING The capacity in the areas of climate finance and fiduciary management is currently inadequate. The Government will endeavour to build this capacity over time. In this respect the Government will: a) Provide training in areas related to climate finance, particularly for matters related to fiduciary management, and environmental and social safeguards. b) Establish strong linkages between local and international organisations dealing with climate finance."


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"CARBON CLIMATE RESILIENT DEVELOPMENT  \f Climate Resilience and Adaptive Capacity  4.1.1 The Kenyan social, economic and environmental architecture significantly relies on the environment and natural resources. Key economic sectors are particularly susceptible to climate change impacts that threaten to undermine Kenya\u2019s recent and impressive development gains. It is important for the country to build and enhance its climate resilience and adaptive capacity."


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"CCD is developing a web-based registry of climate change actions that will include enabling actions, including capacity building. The Climate Change Act requires that the Cabinet Secretary, in consultation with the Public Service Commission, determine the staff establishment required for the CCD to effectively perform its functions under the Act. development partners Various development partners are providing capacity building support for climate change including the Governments of Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, the UK and the US."


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"CDKN provided support to Treasury and NEMA to identify and develop bankable adaptation projects.   level-sensitisation-workshops\f5 :  C L I M AT E  F I N A N C E FINA 6: Determine the appropriate home for and establish a unit that develops and promotes projects responsible for generating carbon credits Title Determine appropriate home for and establish a unit that develops and promotes projects responsible for generating carbon credits Action Type Enabling Timeframe Short term/Quick win Sector Public administration, finance Action Summary Create an agency explicitly tasked with developing and marketing Kenyan carbon market projects and their associated credits."


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"CDKN, which is funded by the Governments of the UK and the Netherlands, provided support to examine the mainstreaming process in Kenya. The Technical Assistance to the Government of Kenya (TA) Component of the UK-funded StARCK+ programme provided support to review mainstreaming of climate change in CIDPs. MENR (2016), County Integrated Development Plans: Review of Climate Change Mainstreaming."


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"CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). Copenhagen, Denmark. Available online at: www.ccafs.cgiar.org Herrero, M., Ringler, C., van de Steeg, J., Thornton, PK., Zuo, T., Bryan, E., Koo, J. and Notenbaert, A.M. (2010). Kenya: Climate variability and climate change and their impacts on the agricultural sector. ILRI-IFPRI World Bank Project Report. International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya, 65 p. Thornton, P.K., Jones, P.G., Alag arswamy, G. and Andresen, J,(2009)."


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"CH4 and N2O emissions are largest for the residential sub-sector accounting for more than half of these emissions.    Figure 30 illustrates the contribution of emissions from different energy sub-sectors for each of the greenhouse gases.  Emissions are expressed in carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) so that the relative importance of emissions of CO2, CH4 and N2O can be easily compared."


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"CH4 emissions arise from enteric fermentation and manure management associated with livestock, as well as, rice cultivation and prescribed burning of savannah and crop residues. N2O Emissions arise primarily from synthetic and natural fertilizers (i.e., manure, crop residues) applied to cultivated soils and are based on IPCC assumptions\f  regarding atmospheric deposition and leaching from soils."


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"CHAPTER 1 KENYA NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES REPORT  Kenya National Circumstances\f  TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION GOVERNMENT PROFILE GEOGRAPHICAL PROFILE Location Topography CLIMATIC PROFILE Temperature Precipitation Disasters and extreme climatic events POPULATION PROFILE NATURAL RESOURCES PROFILE Biodiversity Forestry Water Resources ECONOMY, INDUSTRY AND SERVICES PROFILE Economy Industry Mining, Quarrying and Oil and Gas Extraction Manufacturing Services Agriculture profile Energy profile Health Profile Education Profile Institutional Profile National Policies and Legislation Lead Government institutions for climate change Kenya on-going responses to Climate Change Conclusion  \f  INTRODUCTION This chapter, provides information on Kenya\u2019s national circumstances, based on which, the country would be addressing the challenges due to climate change."


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"CHAPTER 2 KENYA NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORY REPORT 2010  Kenya National Greenhouse Gas Inventory\f  TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION SUMMARY OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND REMOVALS GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS BY SECTOR Energy Sector Industrial Processes Sector Solvent and Other Product Use Agriculture Land-Use, Land Use Change and Forestry Waste KEY SOURCE ANALYSIS UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS INVENTORY GAPS, NEEDS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Activity Data Collection Capacity Building Sustainable Greenhouse Gas Inventory Systems OTHER PLANS AND INTERVENTIONS PARTNERS REFERENCES  \f  INTRODUCTION  All parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are required to update and report periodically on their inventory of anthropogenic emissions and removals of greenhouse gases (GHGs)."


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"CHAPTER TWO:\f SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS The agricultural sector in Kenya is highly vulnerable to extreme weather events, climatic shocks, climatic changes and variability. Climate change is creating further stresses on food and water supply while further degrading the environment. It is estimated that between 2008 and 2011, drought which is a major climatic hazard in Kenya became more and more frequent and has caused losses of KSh. 699.3 billion (72.2% of total losses) in the livestock sector while the agKSh. 121.1 billion (12.5% of total losses)."


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"CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS AND VULNERABILITY The increasing variability in climate and the projected incremental changes in air and sea temperatures, precipitation and sea level, together with changes in the frequency and severity of extreme events will have significant implications for social, economic and environmental systems. The cumulative impacts of climate change over the next two to three decades have the potential to reverse much of the progress made towards the attainment of Vision 2030."


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"CLIMATIC PROFILE Kenya\u2019s climate varies considerably across the country. It is hot and humid at the coast, temperate inland, and very dry in the north and northeast parts of the country. The climate is heavily influenced by its variable topography and the N-S migration of zonal arm of the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Its geographic location also makes the country\f  prone to cyclical droughts and floods with climate change expected to make such types of climate driven events increase in intensity and frequency."


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"CSA implementation (a) Establish CSA coordination structures \u2022\ufffd Structures established and operational at National and County level \u2022\ufffd Establishment, facilitation and guidance by MALF \u2022\ufffd Establishment, facilitation and guidance by County Ministry for Agriculture \u2022\ufffd Participation and support by Development partners and Non state actors ST (b) Promote partnerships between stakeholders to enhance joint planning and implementation of CSA programs."


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"CSA is an approach that sustainably increases agricultural production and incomes, builds resilience of agricultural systems to climate change and minimizes GHG emissions.\f CHAPTER TWO: SITUATION ANALYSIS 2.1 CURRENT SITUATION 2.1.1 Impact of Climate Change on the Agriculture Sector Kenya\u2019s total area is comprised of 97.8% land and 2.2% water surface."


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"CSA is an approach that will simultaneously enhance gains in agricultural productivity, build resilience to climatic and weather shocks as well as reduce emissions intensity from agriculture and food systems\ufffdby\ufffdadapting\ufffdto\ufffdefficient\ufffdpractices.\ufffdThis\ufffdwould\ufffdrequire\ufffdcollaborative\ufffdactions\ufffdamongst\ufffdthe\ufffdvarious\ufffd actors along the value chain, including: National and County Governments, farmers, the private sector, development partners, Non-Governmental Organizations, Civil Society Organizations and other value chain actors."


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"CSA is defined as agriculture that \u201csustainably increases productivity, enhances resilience, reduces/ removes greenhouse gas emissions, and enhances the achievement of national food security and development goals\u201d.14 Kenya is at the forefront of adopting CSA, including releasing its Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Strategy 2017-26."


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"CSA provides an excellent opportunity for the transformation by uniting agriculture, development and climate change under a common agenda through integrating the three dimensions of sustainable development (economic, social and environmental) by jointly addressing food security and climate challenges. CSA therefore sustainably increases agricultural production and incomes, builds resilience of agricultural systems to climate change and minimizes GHGs emissions."


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"CSA was defined as an agriculture that \u201csustainably increases productivity, enhances resilience, reduces/ removes greenhouse gas emissions, and enhances the achievement of national food security and development goals\u201d (FAO, 2010).  This definition set a global agenda for investments in agricultural innovations that unite agriculture, development and climate change communities under a common agenda through integrating the three dimensions of sustainable development (economic, social and environmental) by jointly addressing food security and climate challenges."


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"CU \fREPUBLIC OF KENYA  MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTRY  Kenya\u2019s mean surface temperature is projected to increase in the range of 1\u00b0C to 1.5\u00b0C by 2030. Rising temperatures trend is expected to continue in Kenya in all seasons. The temperatures may increase at a higher rate in lowlands than those in plateaus and highlands. It is estimated that temperatures in western Kenya could increase between by 0.9\u00b0C and 1.1\u00b0C by 2025."


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"CUM  \fREPUBLIC OF KENYA  MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTRY  Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties\u2019 adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including  description of specific projects, measures and initiatives  The mitigation co-benefits of the adaptation actions will be included in the mitigation contribution of this NDC  of Parties\u2019 adaptation actions and/or economic  diversification plans."


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"Cabinet Secretary Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources\fEnhanced climate resilience towards the attainment of Vision 2030 and beyond | V Preface Charles Sunkuli, Principal Secretary - State Department of Environment This National Adaptation Plan (NAP 2015-2030) is a critical response to the climate change challenge facing our country. The NAP is Kenya\u2019s \ufb01rst plan on adaptation, and demonstrates our commitment to operationalise the National Climate Change Action Plan by mainstreaming adaptation across all sectors in the national planning, budgeting and implementation processes."


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"Camels are reared mainly in the arid areas, and their high versatility in drought periods means their rearing is gradually\f  extending to the South Rift region and is expected to expand to other parts of the country.  Production in the fisheries subsector is fairly minimal with aquaculture commercial enterprises increasingly taking shape.  Figure 21: Agricultural GDP Growth Rate vs. National GDP Growth Rate (% change), 1968-2012  Source: World Bank, 2014 The agricultural sector is highly vulnerable to climate change."


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"Cap 3: Farming and Land Use to Cool the Planet. www.worldwatch.org Yanda P., Wandiga S., Kalangawe R., Opondo M., Olago D., Githeko A., Downs T., Kabumbuli R., Opere A., Githui F., Kathuri J., Olaka L., Apindi E., Marshall M., Ogallo L., Mugambi P., Kirumira E., Nanyunja R., Baguma T., Sigalla R. and Achola P. Adaptation to climate change/ variability highland malaria and cholera in the Lake Victoria region. AIACC Working Paper No."


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"Capacities for enforcement at national and county levels will be enhanced. In addition, incentive mechanisms for promotion of CSA best practices according to the provisions of the Climate Change Act, 2016 will be developed. (ii) Strengthen collaboration between State Agencies on enforcing CSA activities This will entail review of CSA regulations to provide for harmonization of institutional mandates and responsibilities."


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"Capacity Building in Technology transfer \u2022\ufffd supporting education, training, informa- tion exchange, best practices and national strategy initiatives related to the develop- ment and applications of/access to state- of-the-art climate friendly technologies, \u2022\ufffd creation of regional networks of climate change focal points in governments to pro- mote exchange of experience and knowl- edge on technology transformation, \u2022\ufffd training programmes and capacity building\fin the use of the patent information sys- tems and practical mechanisms for tech- nology transfer, and \u2022\ufffd capacity building seminars/workshops in different regions to assist promote imple- mentation of new standards aiming at the reduction of GHG emissions through radio and ICT devices."


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"Capacity Building to enhance Reduced Emis- sions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) programmes in Developing Coun- tries \u2022\ufffd Capture opportunities offered by the UN-REDD Programme and Forest Carbon Partnership Facility as well as the REDD Mechanism under the Copenhagen Accord to prepare developing countries like Kenya for REDD, e.g. to - train personnel in carbon markets; offsets mechanisms; documentation (e.g."


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"Capacity building is highlighted in Article 11 of the Paris Agreement. It focuses on country-driven actions that respond to needs and foster country ownership. A capacity-building initiative will be established to support developing countries pre- and post-2020.  Readiness support is a key part of the Paris Agreement. This support ensures that developing countries have access to simplified and efficient application and approval processes, and develop the required national, country-driven capacity to access financial support."


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"Capacity building is needed to allow Government of Kenya officials to maintain the low-carbon scenario analysis over time, and to take up and effectively use the tools to inform the policy process. Impact:  Climate change and low-carbon considerations embedded across the planning process, including the MTP2, county plans and sectoral plans. This would differentiate Kenya\u2019s action plan process from that of many other countries, where the action plan remains marginalized because it is not owned or acted upon by relevant departments."


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"Capacity building on use of IPCC methodologies and additional information gathering through consultations with required departments and stakeholder consultations: 3. Finalization of 2010 GHG inventory: January to April 2013 4. Submission of GHG inventory to UNFCCC: May 2013 5."


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"Capacity building will help national and county governments to implement the Policy; and assist civil society and the private sector to be strong partners in implementation. Active participation in the international negotiations on climate finance and new market mechanisms will enable Kenya to remain informed and well positioned to act on opportunities that arise through the carbon market, development partners and international climate funds.  Strategic interventions that work toward the achievement of the Policy\u2019s goal and objectives are set out in five areas: 1."


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"Capacity building: In the context of climate smart agriculture, it is the process of developing relevant technical skills and institutional capability to enable effective addressing of the causes and effects of climate change for the agriculture sector. Carbon market: A trading system through which countries or other entities may buy or sell units of greenhouse gas emissions in an effort to meet their national limits on emissions under various protocols or other agreements."


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"Capacity building: In the context of climate smart agriculture, it is the process of developing relevant technical skills and institutional capability to enable effective addressing of the causes and effects of climate change for the agriculture sector. Carbon sequestration: The process of removing carbon from the atmosphere and depositing it in a reservoir such as the soil or trees. CSOs: In this framework CSOs include Non-Governmental Organization, (NGOs), Community Based Organization (CBOs), Faith-based Organizations (FBOs), and other Non-State Actors. Climate change:\ufffdClimate\ufffdchange\ufffdrefers\ufffdto\ufffda\ufffdchange\ufffdin\ufffdthe\ufffdstate\ufffdof\ufffdthe\ufffdclimate\ufffdthat\ufffdcan\ufffdbe\ufffdidentified\ufffd (e.g."


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"Carbon Sequestration: The process of removing carbon from the atmosphere and depositing it in a reservoir or \u201csink\u201d, such as soil or trees.  Clean Development Mechanism (CDM): A Kyoto Protocol initiative under which greenhouse gas emission reduction projects in developing countries generate tradable carbon credits called Certified Emission Reduction. These credits can be used by developed nations to offset their carbon emissions and meet their Kyoto reduction targets. Kenyan CDM projects include renewable energy generation, improved cookstoves and reforestation."


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"Carbon credits are generated by projects that deliver measurable reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, and can be sold or traded through carbon markets.  Carbon Market: A trading system through which countries or other entities may buy or sell units of greenhouse gas emissions in an effort to meet their national limits on emissions, either under the Kyoto Protocol or under other agreements such as that among member states of the European Union."


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"Carbon dioxide had been known then to have a greenhouse or warming effect, which is the inherent ability to trap and retain infrared radiation. The 1960s and 70s saw a precipitation of concerns over the global environmental change. These became prominent in the 1980s with the release of the Brundtland Report (also commonly known as  Our Common Future ). The report alluded to various environmental concerns including climate change2 and associated the change with increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs)."


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"Carbon is naturally stored in soils and is essential for any type of tree growth.  As trees grow they draw on stores of carbon. Equally, when trees and plants die or drop leaves some of this carbon is reintroduced into the soil, while the rest emitted into the atmosphere.  To assess the carbon in Kenya\u2019s soils, the Soil Carbon team will customize the RothC model for Kenya."


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"Carbon market A trading system through which countries or other entities may buy or sell units of greenhouse gas emissions in an effort to meet their national limits on emissions, either under the Kyoto Protocol or under other agreements, such as that among member states of the European Union. The term comes from the fact that carbon dioxide is the predominant greenhouse gas, and other gases are measured in units called \"carbon dioxide equivalents.\""


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"Carbon markets have incentivised international private sector investment in mitigation activities. Kenya has hosted several innovative projects through the CDM and the voluntary carbon market. Many voluntary market projects focus on cookstoves to improve household energy efficiency and forestry sector projects."


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"Carbon sequestration The process of removing carbon from the atmosphere and depositing it in a reservoir or \u201csink\u201d, such as soil or trees  Climate The average pattern for weather conditions occurs over a long time period. Weather refers to the atmospheric conditions at a specific place at a specific point in time. Climate has always varied because of natural causes. Increasingly, however, human increases in GHG emissions causing changes in climate as well."


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"Cascaded to the counties, a similar, if not higher, allocation should go to the three sub-sectors. In order to lower prices of agricultural inputs and raise product competitiveness, it is necessary for the National Treasury to institute targeted tax reliefs and subsidies that will promote CSA. 4.2.9 Regulatory agencies and support institutions Regulatory agencies and support institutions are critical in ensuring enforcement of laws and regulations."


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"Cases of conflict have been reported in areas around the Lower Tana Delta, Laikipia, and Lagdera. As an example, in the Lagdera case (2005) warthogs attacked and killed goats and sheep to drink their intestinal fluids after the warthog\u2019s natural watering points 2.2.1.3  Coastal and Marine Ecosystems The Kenyan coastline is characterised by a rich diversity of flora and fauna including fish, coral reefs and mangrove forests. Kenyan coral reefs are well distributed around most of the oceanic islands."


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"Cement production accounted for more than 80% of greenhouse gas emissions in the industrial sector based on carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e).  Table 11: Total Industrial Process CO2 Emissions in 2010 (Gg) Source Sub-Sector CO2 Emissions (Gg) Change Mineral Products 1 Cement Production 2 Lime Production 4."


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"Cereal production was 15% below the average of the previous five years, and maize prices in March 2017 were 66% higher than twelve months earlier.18 Some industries such as agro-processing are major consumers (and polluters) of water. Water resources are generally scarce and are likely to become more so with climate change. Greater risk of plant, product and infrastructure damage and supply chain disruptions from extreme weather events (e.g."


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"Certain interventions will need to be made in this sector and include: \u2022\ufffd breeding animals from various agro- ecological zones that adapt well to climatic vagaries, through the assistance of the Kenya Livestock Breeding Board and other relevant institutions, \u2022\ufffd like in agriculture, developing special livestock insurance schemes that will provide an opportunity to spread and transfer climate change risks, e.g."


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"Chair from the National Climate Change Council MED coordinator KNBS manager KNBS coordinator MRV+ system steering committee Members of each of the functional elements of the MRV+ system, key ministries ensuring sectoral coverage and CSO representation Climate Change Relevant Data Repository (CCRDR) MRV+ system management team (Climate Change Secretariat) Indicators and baseline working group Data and QA/QC working group Technical Analysis Groups Synergies & PI Figure 11.2: Diagram showing the governance hierarchy for the MRV+ system It is estimated that up to 100 people will be involved in setting up and running the MRV+ system."


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"Change in fuel efficiency of passenger vehicles +1.8% per year Historic improvements between 2000 and 2010 in average fleet wide fuel efficiency are low. This may be explained by the fact that average car size, and proportion of trucks and SUV vehicles increased over the last decade. We assume that fuel efficiency will improve at an increased rate going forward."


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"Changes in the quantity and quality of feed will encourage farmers to either decrease or increase their stocks.160  Pastoralism is the dominant form of livestock keeping in Kenya. Approximately 60% of the country\u2019s livestock is found in the ASALs, which constitute about 80% of the country\u2019s land mass and home of approximately 10% of the country\u2019s population161."


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"Changes in the terrestrial system, such as deforestation and loss of natural floodplain protection, also contribute to economic losses. Biodiversity: Kenya is endowed with an enormous diversity of wildlife and, according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the country ranks second in Africa in terms of mammalian species diversity. Wildlife-based tourism contributes about 70 per cent of the gross tourism earnings, 25 per cent of GDP and 10 per cent of total formal employment, underpinning its importance to the economy."


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"Changes in the terrestrial system, such as deforestation and loss of natural floodplain storage, also  contribute to increased flooding and damage.26The continued annual burden of these events leads to large economic costs (possibly as much as $0.5 billion per year, equivalent to around two per cent of GDP) and reduces long-term growth.27  __________________________________ POPULATION PROFILE  Kenya is characterised by a rapidly growing population, rapid urbanisation and increasing urban poverty, water scarcity, declining food production and low resilience to climate change."


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"Changes in water availability, biodiversity loss and reduced landscape aesthetics, increased natural hazards, coastal erosion and inundation and the increasing incidence of\f  vector-borne diseases will all impact the tourism industry to varying degrees. However limited research has been undertaken on the impacts of climate change on tourism in Kenya."


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"Chapter 1 explains that average temperatures are rising, rainfall patterns are changing and the incidence and intensity of extreme weather events such as droughts and floods is increasing. Droughts and floods have devastating consequences on the economy, environment and society, causing food insecurity, malnutrition, damage to infrastructure and loss of life."


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"Chapter 2 provides information on Kenya\u2019s greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory. The chapter reports greenhouse gas emissions and removals by sinks for the year 2000, as well as additional years between 1995 and 2010. Chapter 3 provides an analysis of climate change scenarios and impacts, the vulnerabilities of the various regions to the predicted impacts and the proposed adaptation measures. This chapter borrows heavily from the work to develop the NCCAP and Adaptation Plan."


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"Chapter 4 provides information on climate change mitigation opportunities for Kenya in the various economic sectors. The chapter borrows heavily from the top-down methodology developed and applied in the mitigation analysis of the NCCAP, albeit with updated data. Finally, Chapter 5 reports on any other information that Kenya considers relevant to the achievement of the objective of the Convention, looking at mainstreaming efforts, technology transfer, research and systematic observation and capacity building."


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"Chapter four sets out the strategic interventions that work toward the achievement of the Policy\u2019s goals and objectives. The fifth chapter provides an overview of the governance structures to implement the policy, and chapter six deals with financial requirements. The appendix provides a list of definitions. This National Policy on Climate Finance seeks to position Kenya to better access climate finance through a variety of mechanisms."


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"Chapters of this NDC sector analysis are listed below: \u2022 Chapter 1 \u2013 Introduction and Methodology \u2022 Chapter 2 \u2013 Kenya\u2019s NDC: Contributions by Sector \u2022 Chapter 3 \u2013 Agriculture \u2022 Chapter 4 \u2013 Energy \u2022 Chapter 5 \u2013 Forestry \u2022 Chapter 6 \u2013 Industry \u2022 Chapter 7 \u2013 Transportation \u2022 Chapter 8 \u2013 Waste 1 .2  N DC  S E C TOR A N A LY S I S  M E T hODOL OgY This NDC sector analysis examined options to deliver on Kenya\u2019s contributions in the six mitigation sectors set out in Article 4.3 of the UNFCCC: energy, transport, industry, waste, forestry and agriculture."


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"Charles K. Kirui Fisheries-Kericho Deputy Director 17. David Tonui Livestock-Kericho Director 18. Alice A. Kafwa Agriculture-Vihiga Director 19. Stephen Njau Fisheries- Vihiga Director 20. Richard Ndiwa Livestock- Vihiga Director 21. Robert Oduor Water-Vihiga Deputy Sub-County 22. Zachariah J. Bolo Fisheries- Siaya Director 23. Isaac Munyendo Agriculture-Siaya Director 24. Pitalis Owenga Water and Irrigation-Siaya Irrigation Engineer 25. Maurice Obiero Livestock- Siaya Director 26. Alfred O. Ajulu Livestock- Kisumu Director 27. Sylvester Oketch Agriculture- Kisumu Director 28. Joram Rasto Fisheries- Kisumu Director 29."


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"Children UK (formerly Oxfam) THEMATIC WORKING Victor Orindi, Ministry of Northern Kenya and Other Arid Lands Dr. James Kinyangi, ILRI Esther Magambo, Ministry of Agriculture Guyo Roba, International Union for the Conservation of Nature Programme Officer Michael Okoti, KARI Coordinator Environment Research Programme Emma Bowa, Care International Robin Mbae, Ministry of Livestock Prof Chris Shisanya, Kenyatta University James Sang, Ministry of Public Health Dr. Gilbert Ouma, University of Nairobi (Dept."


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"Cited in Parry J, et al Climate Risks, Vulnerability and Governance in Kenya:  UNDP, 2012 23 Government of Kenya (GOK). (2006). Disaster risk reduction strategy for Kenya 2006\u20132016: A resilient and safer nation. Unpublished cited in Parry J 24 AEA group 25 SEI economic costs of adaptation 28 Government of Kenya (GoK). (2008). Second Medium-Term Plan (MTP) 2013-2017. Nairobi: Government Printers. [Accessed 22 29 Government of Kenya (GoK). Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (MEMR)."


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"Civil society provides a voice for advocacy on policy direction and implementation, and engages in research that generates evidence. R&D requires financial support that could be drawn from the public and private sectors. 6.1.3 Technological innovation, which involves expanding and adapting existing technologies to the national or local context, is an imperative component of Kenya\u2019s climate change interventions. It requires not only strong capabilities of the various actors but a strategy to build, enhance and maintain the requisite human resource capacity."


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"Classifying by UNFCCC mitigation sectors assists with for international reporting,\f4 :  M I t I G At I o n  A c t I o n S\f4 :  M I t I G At I o n  A c t I o n S MITI 1: Restoration of forests on degraded lands Title Restoration of forests on degraded lands Action Type Mitigation, Enabling Sector Environment, water and sanitation Action Summary Long term: Restore forests on 960,000 hectares of degraded lands by 2030 to abate 32.6 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO2e)."


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"Clear and well-defined structures will help to overcome significant obstacles in translating climate change responses from concept to reality. 9.1.2 It is imperative that Kenya aims to attain sustainable development, which is framed by the Constitution as an important value of national governance. Climate change impacts will continue to place significant obstacles in the path of sustainable development mechanisms. The Constitution has set up a renewed structure of public administration, with one national government and 47 County governments."


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"Clear policy guidelines, sound coordination and effective oversight can promote coherence in Kenya\u2019s devolved governance system, helping to overcome the challenge of fragmented policy responses.\f Policy Statements  The Government will: 1. Put in place mechanisms for sustainable utilisation of natural resources to enhance climate resilience and adaptive capacity to protect the natural capital of Kenya. 2. Mainstream climate resilience into national and county government development plans, processes and implementation. 3."


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"Clear records of activity data used in the INC and methodologies followed were not always retained which makes it difficult to validate previous assumptions and update the inventory.  Insufficient evidence and documentation of quality control/quality assurance also brought into question the reliability of the existing 1994 Inventory. In addition lessons learned from the preparation of the INC were not passed on in an effective manner since methodological choices were not always explained."


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"Clearly defining institutional arrangements can help inventory teams assess and document the strengths and weaknesses of existing institutional arrangements for inventory development so as to ensure continuity and integrity of the inventory, promote institutionalization of the inventory process, and facilitate prioritization of future improvements.  Memoranda of Understanding can be executed between the lead institution and lead sector institutions that clearly outlines the expected deliverables and responsibilities and ensures that they have a mandate for ongoing contributions to the preparations of the inventories."


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"Climate Change  PART III\u2014CLIMATE CHANGE RESPONSE  13.  MEASURES AND ACTIONS (1) The Cabinet Secretary shall, in accordance  with Article 10 of the Constitution and section 3 of this Act, and through public consultation, formulate a National Climate Change Action Plan.  (2) The National Climate Change Action Plan shall be presented for approval by the Council."


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"Climate Change Act The Act outlines climate resilience and adaptive capacity to promote low carbon growth, and to mainstream climate change into planning processes while developing incentives to promote climate resilient actions. National Adaptation Plan (NAP) The Plan summaries short, medium and long-term actions that enhance resilience in the\ufffdagriculture,\ufffdlivestock\ufffdand\ufffdfisheries\ufffdvalue\ufffdchains. Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) The NDCs provide a framework in which the Kenya Government commits to reduce GHG emissions by 30% by 2030, compared to business as usual scenario (BAU), in addition to building resilience."


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"Climate Change Action Planning in Kenya 2.1 Global and Regional Context Climate change is a global challenge that requires a global response. The international political response to climate change began with the adoption of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1992. The convention sets out the framework for actions aimed at stablising the atmospheric concentration of GHG at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system."


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"Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation in the Tourism Sector: Frameworks, Tools and Practices. UNEP, University of Oxford, UNWTO, WMO: Paris, France. 188 World Bank 2010. Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change in Agriculture and Natural Resources Management Projects.   adaptationclimatechangeagriculture-and-natural-resources management- project. Guidance Note 4: Developing Readiness for Institutional Capacity Development and an Enabling Policy Framework. 189 Business Daily Africa (2010). KenGen profits drop attributed to local drought. 14 October 2010.   191 UNEP. 2011."


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"Climate Change Changes in global or regional climate patterns, including changes in temperature, wind patterns and rainfall. In particular, climate change refers to a change apparent from the mid to late 20th century onwards and attributed largely to human activities that increase levels of GHG emissions, especially atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels. Climate change is sometimes referred to as global warming, which specifically refers to the long-term trend of a rising average global temperature."


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"Climate Change Impact on Forest Resources. A Report from California Climate Change Center Benno R., Solveig M., Ulrike M. and Lars O. Cli- mate sensitivity of the energy sector, weather risks and adaptation to climate change. Un- Chretien J.P., Anyamba A., Bedno S.A., Brei- man R.F., Sang R., Sergon K., Powers A.M., Onyango C.O., Small J., Tucker C.J. and Lin- thicum K.J. Drought-associated \u201cChikungunya\u201d emergence along Coastal East Africa. Am. J. Community Development Trust Fund (2005)."


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"Climate Change Impacts and Vulnerability Kenya is extremely susceptible to climate- related effects and extreme weather events pose serious threats to the socio-economic development of the country. The key drivers of the economy are primarily natural resource based and are climate sensitive. The cumulative impacts of climate change over the next two to three decades have the potential to reverse much of the progress made towards the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and Vision 2030."


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"Climate Change Relevant Data Repository (CCRDR): the aim of this action is to set up an extensive data repository to enable currently fragmented data sets to be readily accessed, viewed and queried with associated geospatial information. It is a subcomponent of NPBM-1, but described separately because it could be implemented independently. Part of Total for 5 years\fKenya s Nation/Anthony Omuya\fKenya s 12."


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"Climate Change Relevant Data Tracking and Mapping: the aim of this action is to map the data flows (sources and destinations) required for reporting of all the data necessary for the MRV+ system, including the GHG inventory. Indicators and Baselines: the aim of this action is to define the mitigation and adaptation indicators that the GoK will use, and to create baselines to support these indicators from the available data where possible."


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"Climate Change Scenarios Observed temperature trends indicate an increase in the mean annual temperature by approximately 1\u00b0C since 1960. The average number of hot days per year has increased by \f  approximately 15.6 per cent between 1960 and 2003, with the rate of increase being highest in March to May. The average number of hot nights per year has increased by approximately 31 per cent for the same period, with the rate of increase being highest from September to November."


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"Climate Change Unit at the Office of the Prime Minister(OPM) The Climate Change Unit, which provides technical support for the OPM,  also participates in the preparation and implementation of national climate change policies, strategies and action plans. National Environment Council (NEC) Established by EMCA, and chaired by MEMR, the NEC is responsible for policy formulation under EMCA, contains various provisions that impact climate change mitigation, adaptation and finance."


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"Climate Change Units/Desk Offices Climate Change Units and Desk Offices have been established in most Government of Kenya institutions including: Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI), Kenya Forest Service (KFS), Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS), Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI). County Governments The Kenya Constitution 2010 establishes 47 constitutionally autonomous county governments that have defined spheres of power and functions."


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"Climate Change Units/Desk Offices Climate Change Units and Desk Offices have been established in most Government of Kenya institutions including: Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI), Kenya Forest Service (KFS), Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS), and Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI). County Governments The Kenya Constitution 2010 establishes 47 constitutionally autonomous county governments that have defined spheres of power and functions."


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"Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation Preparedness in Kenya. Nairobi: Heinrich B\u00f6ll Stiftung.  Available from  imate_Change_Adaptation_Preparedness.pdf Kithiia, J. (2011). Climate change risk responses in East African cities: need, barriers and opportunities. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 3:176\u2013180. Simpson, M.C., G\u00f6ssling, S., Scott, D., Hall, C.M. and Gladin, E. (2008). Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation in the Tourism Sector: Frameworks, Tools and Practices. UNEP, University of Oxford, UNWTO, WMO: Paris, France. World Bank 2010."


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"Climate Change and Human De- velopment in Africa: Assessing the Risks and Vulnerability of Climate Change in Kenya, Ma- lawi and Ethiopia Human Development Report 2007/2008. Occasional Paper. Human Develop- ment Report Office. IGAD Climate Prediction and Applications Centre (ICPAC) Jacobson Arne. Connective power: solar elec- trification and social change in Kenya. World Kabubo-Mariara and Karanja F. (2006). The Economic Impacts of Climate Change on Crop Agriculture: a Ricardian Approach. CEEPA Dis- cussion Paper no."


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"Climate Change is not only a threat to the achievement of sustainable development and poverty reduction but has the potential to reverse the modest gains that we have achieved towards attaining the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Responding to climate change will require the sustained participation of all stakeholders, including government and the private sector. I firmly believe that we are up to the task.  Addressing climate change is now a top priority of the government."


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"Climate Change: Synthesis Report of the Fourth Assessment (AR4). 21 Government of Kenya/Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources. 2010. National Climate Change Response Strategy. Nairobi. 22 The Environmental Management and Co-Ordination Act, 1999 - No 8 of 1999 23  The Government of Kenya agencies with responsibility for managing climate risks and developing climate change responses are set out in Chapter 3."


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"Climate Change: The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), defines climate change as a \u201cchange of climate that is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and that is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods\u201d2. Climate Change is what we experience when the climatic conditions permanently shift either upwards or downwards from the average."


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"Climate Finance Local, national or international financing that may be drawn from public, private and alternative sources of financing, and is critical to addressing climate change because large-scale investments are required for adaptation and mitigation. Climate Resilience\f Closely linked to adaptation, building climate resilience includes reducing vulnerability to climate change, making sure that the impacts of climate change are avoided or cushioned, and enabling people to respond to climate risks."


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"Climate Finance: While climate finance is not clearly defined in the international climate change regime, in this policy it means the flow of funds (both domestic and foreign sources) toward activities that reduce greenhouse gas emissions or build climate resilience. Climate finance comprises both public and private sources. Public finance includes United Nations and global climate funds; funds through bilateral and multilateral partners; and domestic government funds allocated to climate change actions."


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"Climate Smart Agriculture Strategy 2017-26. Nairobi: Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries."


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"Climate Smart Agriculture Strategy 2017-26. Nairobi: Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries. 2 Government of Kenya (2013). Vision 2030 Second Medium Term 2013-2017 (Transforming Kenya: Pathway to Devolution, Socio-economic Development, Equity and National Unity). Nairobi: Ministry of Devolution and Planning. 3 Government of Kenya (2010). Agricultural Sector Development Strategy 2010- 2020. Nairobi: Government of Kenya. 4 Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) (2017). Economic Survey 2017. Nairobi: KNBS. Page 18. 5 Government of Kenya (2017). 6 Government of Kenya. (2010)."


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"Climate Smart Agriculture: Agriculture that sustainably increases productivity, resilience (adaptation), reduces/removes greenhouse gases (mitigation), and enhances the achievement of national food security and development goals. Co-benefits:\ufffdMultiple\ufffdbenefits\ufffdin\ufffddifferent\ufffdfields\ufffdresulting\ufffdfrom\ufffdone\ufffdpolicy,\ufffdstrategy,\ufffdor\ufffdaction\ufffdplan.\fxiii Conservation Agriculture (CA): An approach to manage agro-ecosystems for improved and sustained productivity,\ufffdincreased\ufffdprofits\ufffdand\ufffdfood\ufffdsecurity\ufffdwhile\ufffdpreserving\ufffdand\ufffdenhancing\ufffdthe\ufffdresource\ufffdbase\ufffdand\ufffdthe\ufffd environment. It is characterized by three linked principles namely, continuous minimum mechanical soil disturbance;\ufffdpermanent\ufffdorganic\ufffdsoil\ufffdcover;\ufffdand\ufffddiversification\ufffdof\ufffdcrop\ufffdspecies\ufffdgrown\ufffdin\ufffdsequences\ufffdand/or\ufffd associations. Degradation: Refers to any change or disturbance in the environment, land or soil that is perceived to be deleterious or undesirable."


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"Climate Variable  2050s and beyond  Temperature  No GCM simulations suggest temperatures in the future will be cooler than present. Mean annual temperatures are projected to increase by between 0.8 - 1.5\u00b0C across the country by the 2030s. Droughts are projected to become more extreme over the coming decades.  Mean annual temperature may increase by between 1.6 to 2.7\u00b0C by the 2060s. There is good GCM agreement that temperatures may increase by 3\u00b0C by 2100."


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"Climate change adds to the stresses on Kenya\u2019s forest cover by altering the growth of trees, causing dieback in forests and animal species to migrate, which will in turn impact on forest products supply. The reduction in forest cover will have disastrous effects on downstream agriculture and hydropower generation, with big rivers such as Ewaso-Nyiro being reduced to small streams and hundreds of other small rivers completely dry up especially during serious drought periods."


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"Climate change also affects the value chain particularly warehouse and transport facilities (road, rail, sea). Transport infrastructure suffered substantial damage in the 1997 -1998 El-Ni\u00f1o rains which caused economic losses of US$ one billion mainly from reduced trade activities.79  Tourism Kenya has a wide diversity of natural assets, including over 500 km of year-round warm sandy coastal beaches, marine ecosystems, abundant wildlife, a rich and diverse cultural heritage, and Mount Kenya\u2019s glaciers."


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"Climate change also presents opportunities for developing countries like Kenya, which can avoid the high-emission path that developed countries have pursued to attain their present high economic status. The \u2018carbon market,\u2019 where it is possible to trade carbon credits, presents an opportunity for developing countries to raise additional revenues for GHG emission reducing projects that also contribute to sustainable development. There are two types of carbon markets and both are relevant to Kenya."


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"Climate change and the resurgence of malaria in the East African highlands. Nature 905-909. WHO (2012). Rift Valley Fever. Global Alert and Response.  /en/ (Accessed: 22/04/2015). FAO (2009). Climate change implications for fisheries and aquaculture. Overview of current scientific knowledge. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Rome GoK (2012). Kenya Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA); 2008-2011 Drought. Government of Kenya, with technical support from the European Union, United Nations and World Bank. Mutimba, S., Mayieko, S., Olum, P. and Wanyatma, K. (2010)."


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"Climate change concerns are not considered within other sections of the NDP 2008-2012 even though this is an explicit aim of the NDP itself \u2013 \u2018full integration of environmental concerns in development planning at all levels of decision making remains a challenge to the country.\u2019 In general, climate change is not fully recognised in the Vision 2030 as a problem that could hamper the country\u2019s ambitious development goals the Vision articulates."


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"Climate change exacerbates these inequalities, and it is therefore necessary to understand the risks and impacts of climate change on women and men. This disaggregation should be applied not just across genders but also amongst the members of each gender, as the factors that exacerbate vulnerability to climate change vary. 9.3.3 Women, because of their roles in society, can be active agents to address climate change challenges. Mechanisms are needed to enhance this role and improve coping capacity."


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"Climate change exercabates human activities such as deforestation and degradation and disrupts ecosystem structure and functionality. There is therefore need to promote sustainable use and management of natural resources. Livestock In this sub-sector, soil health and water quality affect growth of pasture and fodder through diminished capacity of soils to avail water and nutrients to the plants; increased risk of soil erosion by water and wind; and increased soil surface temperatures and greater rates of mineralization of soil organic matter."


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"Climate change governance An analysis of existing environmental policy and legal framework has revealed that Kenya currently has no policies or laws that deal directly and explicitly with climate change. The only policy that has attempted to address climate change to some extent is the draft National Environmental Policy of 2008."


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"Climate change has the potential to increase the impacts of deforestation. Forests in water catchments are critical for sustaining water availability and for the generation of hydropower as well as helping to mitigate the impacts of flooding. Forests help to offset the climate impacts of decreased amounts of water flowing into rivers (particularly during the dry seasons) which reduces water availability for communities and reduces hydroelectric power potential.23 Forestry adaptation actions can help to abate flooding and landslides, two climate-related hazards in Kenya."


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"Climate change has the potential to significantly affect agriculture- based livelihoods by challenging the sustainability of current arable, pastoral and fishing practices.  Coastal Zones: Increases in sea surface temperature, sea level rise and coastal erosion are likely to put additional pressure on coastal ecosystems, including islands, estuaries, beaches, coral reefs and marine biodiversity. Coral reef ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts, with associated consequences for the livelihoods of millions of people depending on those ecosystems for food, income and shoreline protection."


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"Climate change impacts in the environment and water sectors also affect the health and sanitation sector; and actions in these sectors need to be looked at holistically in order to avoid mal-adaptation.  EDUCATION PROFILE  Kenya has had a remarkable increase in access and participation rates in the education sector as reflected in indicators of the enrolment rate and gender parity across all levels of education. However, disparities still exist, and access and participation rates remain below national average in the ASALs."


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"Climate change impacts on the waste sector are exacerbated by lack of or inadequate sanitary handling of wastes. The climate risks include: \u2022 Flooding of waste handling facilities is a climate change risk associated with more frequent and severe weather events."


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"Climate change impacts will add to human pressures that forest ecosystems are already facing. Photo by Camco Kenya.\fsmall increase in sea level will leave mangroves submerged unless they can retreat further inland, which is improbable due to human settlements."


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"Climate change impacts, including increases in sea surface temperature, sea level rise and coastal erosion, are likely to put additional pressure on coastal economies, communities and ecosystems, including islands, estuaries, beaches, coral reefs and marine biodiversity. Sea level rise in combination with extreme weather events is likely to intensify \ufb02ooding as most of the coastland is low-lying, with the coastal city of Mombasa particularly exposed."


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"Climate change implications for fisheries and aquaculture. Overview of current scientific knowledge. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Rome 185 GoK (2012). Kenya Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA); 2008-2011 Drought. Government of Kenya, with technical support from the European Union, United Nations and World Bank. 186 Mutimba, S., Mayieko, S., Olum, P. and Wanyatma, K. (2010). Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation Preparedness in Kenya. Nairobi: Heinrich B\u00f6ll Stiftung. Available from  187 Simpson, M.C., G\u00f6ssling, S., Scott, D., Hall, C.M. and Gladin, E. (2008)."


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"Climate change introduces additional uncertainties into existing vulnerabilities, particularly in  Droughts, being the prime recurrent disaster in Kenya have occurred in 1991/92, 1995/96, of drought is becoming shorter, more frequent and more intense. Each of these events has caused severe crop losses, famine and population displacement in the country. The prolonged drought of 2008 - 2011 resulted in crop production losses of Ksh 69 billion for food crops and Ksh 52 billion for cash crops, with maize, tea and coffee losses being the highest."


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"Climate change introduces an additional uncertainty into existing vulnerabilities, particularly in the ASALs which cover over 80 per cent of the country.20 Increased temperatures in the future are likely to exacerbate the drought conditions and may have a signi\ufb01cant impact on water availability and general well-being. The 2008/2011 drought highlights some of the devastating and pervasive socio-economic consequences resulting from such events."


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"Climate change is a potential \u201cexternal shock\u201d to the financial services sector for example through exposure to indirect risks to investment portfolios, and retail customers defaulting on loans, and to insurance through increased risks leading to high claim ratios and lower uptake of insurance cover.  Infrastructure (for energy and transport)  A range of climate drivers have the potential to compromise infrastructure design, function and performance across a range of settings."


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"Climate change is also expected to increase exposure to Rift Valley Fever, malnutrition and water-borne diseases.47 Geographic exposure to malaria, which is one of the most physically and economically debilitating diseases in Kenya, is predicted to expand into new areas due to increasing temperatures and changing distribution of precipitation. Priority adaptation actions to increase climate resilience include improved disease surveillance, including strengthening existing early warning, monitoring and evaluation systems for malaria epidemics."


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"Climate change is an additional burden to the poor.  NATURAL RESOURCES PROFILE  Biodiversity  Kenya is endowed with a rich biodiversity due to the abundance of species within the country\u2019s varied ecosystems. It is home to five globally important biodiversity hot spots and includes 62 Important Bird Areas (IBAs)42 among others."


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"Climate change is beginning to influence action in the industrial sector in Kenya, but for the most part, accounting for climate change is not common in business activities and decisions. The manufacturing sector is capital intensive, with many long-life fixed assets, long supply chains and significant water requirements, which are negatively impacted by floods, droughts and extreme weather events. Additionally, the industrial sector relies on services and products offered by other sectors such as energy, agriculture and transport."


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"Climate change is closely\fKenya s XXI related to global warming, the latter being the general increase in the earth\u2019s near- surface air and ocean temperatures due to rising greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions attributed to industrialisation, fossil fuel consumption, land use conversion, deforestation and other human influences since the mid-twentieth century. Climate variability refers to time scales ranging from months to decades, falling between the extremes of daily weather and the long-term trends associated with climate change3."


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"Climate change is happening, largely spurred by human activities, and it will have many serious and potentially damaging effects in the coming decades.\finclude the commencement of the European Union\u2019s Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). The EU ETS is the most ambitious GHG emissions trading programme in the world. The EU ETS commenced in January 2005 and is the world\u2019s largest emissions trading scheme with 30 nations covering nearly 400 million people in the world\u2019s most industrialised region."


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"Climate change is likely to affect the growth, composition and regeneration capacity of forests resulting in reduced biodiversity and capacity to deliver important forest goods and services, such as fuelwood to meet energy needs. This can contribute desertification, deforestation, and forest and land degradation as communities strive to derive their livelihoods on declining forest resources."


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"Climate change is likely to damage transport infrastructure in Kenya through higher temperatures, heavy rainfall and more severe storms. Coastal roads, railways, airports\fN D C  S E C T O R  A N A LY S I S  R E P O R T  2 0 1 7 Figure 7.1. Baseline Transport Greenhouse Gas Emissions Projections (MtCO2e) Figure 7.2."


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"Climate change is likely to lead to the emergence and re-emergence of certain wildlife diseases, which according to the \u2018Deadly Dozen\u2019 Report (2008) include babesiosis, trypanosomiasis, and a host of internal and external parasites. With the health of wild animals directly linked to their ecosystems and their environment, even minor disturbances can have far- reaching consequences on diseases they might encounter and transmit as the climate changes."


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"Climate change is likely to worsen the situation as it comes with extreme weather events like prolonged drought, which will reduce water levels in dams. This will reduce the hydroelectric power (HEP) production potential. For instance, the 1999-2000 droughts caused extended power cuts across the country. The country\u2019s economy dropped by 0.6% (reduced industrial productivity) compared to the previous year, while the Kenya Power and Lighting Company (KPLC) lost Ksh. 4.1 billion in revenues."


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"Climate change is reversing progress on poverty alleviation, economic growth and stability, and putting at risk Kenya\u2019s sustainable development goals.  Accessing and mobilising climate finance will be important for national and county governments to achieve economic development goals while addressing the impacts of climate change. Developed countries have committed to mobilise USD 100 billion dollars a year by 2020 to address the needs of developing countries, as part of the\f  vii Paris Agreement."


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"Climate change is very likely to lead to more of such events and lower the recovery rate of pre-bleaching coral cover, following increasing sea surface temperatures. Furthermore, marine biological invasions are increasingly recognised as a threat to biodiversity. Invasive alien species and Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) are a current and significant threat to the health of coastal ecosystems that may be climate-change related."


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"Climate change legislation Another key finding from the analysis is the the need to enact a stand-alone framework climate change law to facilitate the necessary direction, coordination, policy setting and high-level political prioritisation in order to mainstream climate change across government functions.  The overarching legislative framework will need to take account of all necessary institutional and financial considerations for effective climate change response. Such a law should provide: i."


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"Climate change was considered one of the undesirable consequences of man\u2019s unsustainable development practices."


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"Climate change will affect the availability of key environmental and water resources, while exacerbating existing sanitation problems. Increases in sea surface temperature, sea level rise and coastal erosion, are likely to put additional pressure on coastal ecosystems, including islands, estuaries, beaches, coral reefs and marine biodiversity. Sea level rise in combination with extreme weather events is likely to intensify flooding as the majority of the coastland is low-lying and result in saline intrusion of aquifers."


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"Climate change will have substantial impacts on forests by altering the growth of trees, causing dieback in forests and species to migrate, which will in turn impact on forest products supply. The reduction in forest cover will have disastrous effects on downstream agriculture and hydropower generation, as mighty rivers like Ewaso Nyiro are reduced to small streams and hundreds of other small rivers completely dry up during Kenya\u2019s dry seasons."


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"Climate change, from a global perspective\f\u2018together we can tackle climate change\u2019 Assessing the Evidence and Impacts of Climate Change in Kenya Assessing the Evidence and Impacts of Climate Change in Kenya In this picture taken by the National Geographic News on August 16th 2009, a Samburu pastoralist digs deep to find water for his cattle. The Ewaso Nyiro riverbed where this well was dug had been dry for months, causing people to travel long distances with their families and livestock in search of water."


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"Climate finance can help advance the Kenya Vision 2030 agenda by increasing the country\u2019s adaptive capacity and resilience to climate change while promoting low carbon sustainable development. In addition, this Policy contributes to the implementation of the Constitution of Kenya, where a clean and healthy environment (Articles 42, 69 and 70) is a fundamental right under the Bill of Rights."


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"Climate finance can help advance the Kenya Vision 2030 agenda by increasing the country\u2019s adaptive capacity and resilience to climate change while promoting low carbon sustainable development. The policy sets out how the National Treasury, other government departments and agencies, and county governments will deliver on the climate finance aspects of the Climate Change Act, 2016, and Kenya\u2019s obligations under the Paris Agreement including its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)."


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"Climate finance can help to build resilience and promote low-carbon actions through: \u2022 Promotion of Kenya as a low-carbon footprint destination through a programme on greening the sector, for example energy efficiency in the sector through such actions as solar water heating and lighting and efficient passenger transport; and \u2022 Research to understand the vulnerabilities of wildlife populations and the potential impacts of tourism."


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"Climate finance can support actions to build climate resilience and reduce vulnerability to drought and flooding, such as: \u2022 Monitoring systems \u2013 Quality, credible early warning and food security monitoring systems that make effective use of advances in meteorological monitoring information technology; \u2022 Multi-year food and cash mechanisms \u2013 Based on early warning and food security data; \u2022 Water management \u2013 Effective and environmentally appropriate systems of water harvesting, management and irrigation, and emergency water supply; \u2022 Climate-proofing of infrastructure \u2013 Infrastructure development (water and sewerage, transport, electricity) with improved climate-resilient standards; and \u2022 Livelihoods diversification \u2013 Investment in community-based livestock systems, crop farming (both irrigated and rain fed), dryland forestry and forest products, fisheries and other alternative livelihoods."


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"Climate finance can support low carbon and climate resilient actions in the industrial sector, including: \u2022 Promotion of clean technologies, such as replacing clinker in the cement mix with alternative materials to reduce emissions; \u2022 Energy efficiency in industry; \u2022 Industrial-scale cogeneration using biogas produced from agricultural residues to generate electricity and heat; \u2022 Development of green industrial zones, such as a geothermal industrial zone; and \u2022 Climate-proofing of industrial facilities."


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"Climate finance can support such actions as: \u2022 Incentives for the private sector and institutions of higher learning to undertake research and innovation to develop affordable and locally appropriate adaptation and mitigation technologies; \u2022 Establishment of mechanisms to encourage and facilitate locally appropriate climate change technology development; and \u2022 Linking government, private sector, academic and civil society organisations with global climate change innovation institutions.  \f STRATEGIC INTERVENTIONS The strategic interventions set out priority action areas to deliver on the Policy\u2019s goal and objectives."


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"Climate finance can support: \u2022 Promotion of low-carbon and green commodities and goods that are produced in a environmentally friendly, socially responsible and equitable way; and \u2022 Climate proofing transport infrastructure, including storage facilities.  TOURISM The tourism sector, which accounts for about 10 per cent of GDP, is important for human development in Kenya because of its potential to reduce poverty and create employment. However, climate variability is causing negative impacts that could inhibit the positive contribution of tourism to Kenya."


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"Climate finance has the potential to support priority activities and investment strategies in key sectors as described below. These sectors make significant contributions to Kenya\u2019s broader development goals, and investments in these sectors can help Kenya transition toward a low carbon climate resilient development pathway. The Government of Kenya has demonstrated commitment to address climate change; with the NCCAP estimating that climate change expenditure in Kenya from 2005 to 2015 was approximately Ksh 37.23 billion."


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"Climate finance provides opportunities and incentives for the transport sector to considerably reduce GHG emissions and increase resilience."


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"Climate induced changes in productivity in the tea, coffee and vegetables subsectors have implications for exports and imports. For example, recent crop failure in maize resulted in the importation of 2.6 million bags between  Reduced output of hydropower that resulted from 2008-2011 drought reduced revenue for the electricity utility, Kenya Power Company by Ksh 2.6 billion."


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"Climate proofed sanitary landfills are designed to limit exposure to climate extremes, as well as address negative impacts improper waste management, such as impacts on health. 8 .4  A DA P TAT I ON  I N  T hE  WA S T E  S E C TOR Kenya\u2019s NDC places emphasis on adaptation and resilience because of the country\u2019s high vulnerability to climate change and climate variability."


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"Climate related issues are also raised in the MTP for the agricultural sector, recognising that climate-related destruction of the natural environment is causing concern, as increased flooding and occurrence of landslides have resulted in loss of agricultural land. In addition, human-wildlife conflict, which may or may not be attributed to climate change and drought in particular, is a major threat to agricultural productivity. It is recognised that temperature rises may also affect fish stocks, which means the fisheries sector needs to adapt."


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"Climate resilience actions include reinforcing technical equipment, diversifying energy supply sources, siting power equipment more appropriately, expanding linkages with other regions, disaster preparedness planning, managing demand, and investing in technological change \u2014renewables, efficiency, management \u2014 to further expand the portfolio of options. Various methodologies and guidelines have been developed to climate proof investment in the energy sector."


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"Climate risk assessments should be undertaken for essential public buildings and emergency services, and priority actions implemented in a timely manner. Research is needed to assess migration as an adjustment or coping mechanism for climate variability, and to identify alternatives to allow people to remain in their communities. This is closely linked to the drought and climate change actions discussed below."


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"Climate smart agriculture (CSA) is an approach that helps to guide actions needed to transform and reorient agricultural systems to effectively support development and ensure food security in a changing climate. CSA aims to achieve three main objectives: sustainably increasing agricultural productivity and incomes; adapting and building resilience to climate change; and reducing and/or removing greenhouse gas emissions, where possible. These objectives form part of Kenya\u2019s obligation as a signatory to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)."


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"Climate smart agriculture is the pathway that leads to attainment of the national interests of food security, productivity and incomes, while at the same time reducing or sequestering greenhouse gas emissions. CSA provides the means to help stakeholders at local, national and international levels to identify agricultural strategies suitable to their conditions. This Climate Smart Agriculture Strategy has been developed to guide investments and implementation of activities in the context of the current agriculture sector governance structure."


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"Climate variability is, therefore, indicative of the natural breathing rhythm of the climate and it is what we experience on an hour-to-hour, day-to-day, month-to- month, season-to-season, year-to-year basis, with one hour being more or less cloudy than the other, one day being either wetter or drier than the other, one season being either cooler or warmer than the other, and perhaps one year being either more or less rainy than the other."


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"Climate variability thus refers to fluctuations of the climate about the \u2018mean average conditions\u2019, with some periods experiencing \u2018normal\u2019 climatic conditions, others experiencing below \u2018normal\u2019 conditions and still others experiencing above \u2018normal\u2019 conditions."


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"Climate, Weather and Plant Production in Sub-Sahara Africa: Pro- duces and Contracts with Temperate Regions, World Conservation Society (2008): \u201cThe Dead- ly Dozen\u201d: Wildlife-Human Disease Threats in the Age of Climate Change World Health Organization (2009): Protecting health from climate change-Global research priorities World Initiative for Sustainable Pastoralism (2006 - 2008). Policy Briefs No\u2019s 1 \u2013 9. GEF, UNDP and IUCN World Watch Institute (2009). State of the World into a Warming World."


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"Climate-proofing: Ensuring that climate risks are reduced to acceptable levels through long-lasting and environmentally sound, economically viable and socially acceptable changes implemented at one or more of the stages in the project cycle. Climate smart agriculture: Agriculture that sustainably increases productivity, resilience (adaptation), reduces/removes greenhouse gases (mitigation), and enhances the achievement of national food security and development goals. Co-benefits: Multiple benefits in different fields resulting from one policy, strategy, or action plan."


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"Climate: Observations, projections and impacts. Kenya. Exeter, UK: Met Office.\f  126 Downing, C., Preston, F., Parusheva, D., Horrocks, L., Edberg, O., Samazzi, F., Washington, R.,Muteti, M., Watkiss, P. and Nyangena, W. (2008). Kenya: Climate Screening and Information Exchange. Final report. London: Department for International Development. 127 Schreck, C.J. and Semazzi, F.H.M. (2004). Variability of the recent climate of eastern Africa. International Journal of Climatology, 24(6), pp. 681-701. 128 McSweeney, C., New, M. and Lizcano, G. (2010). UNDP Climate Change Country Profile: Kenya."


id: c41be55ec4b322e2934fa38eabfba1f1
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"Climate: Observations, projections and impacts. Kenya. Exeter, UK: Met Office. 134 NCCAP (2013-2017); GoK and ATAR 135 McSweeney, C., New, M. and Lizcano, G. (2010). UNDP Climate Change Country Profile: Kenya. New York: UNDP-National Communications Support Programme. 136 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2007). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B."


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"Climatic catastrophes displace populations and cause sudden deaths, which in turn can lead to conflicts and civil unrest. Landslides and mudslides caused by heavy storms have in the past claimed many lives especially in the Kenya highlands. Maragua District in Central Province, for instance, is an area prone to landslides. Insurance agencies and government would be burdened with having to make reparations to individuals for property damage and loss, unemployment, clean-up, and reduced socioeconomic viability of the communities affected."


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"Co-ordination Act (of 1999) ENSO El Ni\u00f1o Southern Oscillation ERSWC Economic Recovery Strategy and Wealth Creation ERU Emission Reduction Units ESDA Energy for Sustainable Development Africa ETS Emissions Trading Scheme EU European Union FDI Foreign Direct Investment GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Grid Emission Factor GEF Global Environment Facility GHGs Greenhouse Gases GIS Geographic Information Systems GOK Government of Kenya Acronyms \u2018together we can tackle climate change\u2019 National Climate Change Response Strategy GSI Geotechnical Site Investigation GWh Gigawatt hours HEP Hydroelectric Power ICPAC IGAD Climate Prediction and Applications Centre ICRAF World Agroforestry Centre ICT Information and Communication Technology IEA International Energy Agency IGAD Intergovernmental Authority for Development (in East Africa) ILRI International Livestock Research Institute IMCE Inter-Ministerial Committee on Environment IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPP Independent Power Producers ITK Indigenous Traditional Knowledge IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature IVF In-Vitro Fertilization JI Joint Implementation KACCAL Kenya Adaptation to Climate Change in Arid and Semi-Arid Lands KAM Kenya Association of Manufacturers KARI Kenya Agricultural Research Institute KENGEN Kenya Electricity Generating Company KEPHIS Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Services KFS Kenya Forest Service KIE Kenya Institute of Education KIHBS Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey KIRDI Kenya Industrial Research and Development"


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"Coal mining, in particular open pit mining as planned for Mui basin, could have strong environmental and social impacts in future. Due to its production experience in many countries as well as relatively low costs, coal is also an important fuel option for electricity expansion planning for Kenya, but the negative environmental impacts must be factored in. There have been proposals to build two coal power plant in Kenya, one of which would be based on local coal while the other would use imported coal."


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"Coastal areas with coral reefs are particularly vulnerable to changes in temperature and acidity, with serious food security concerns for countries that rely on these resources for food and coastal protection. This is because coral reefs provide both shelter and feeding grounds for the juveniles of many fish species."


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"Coastal areas with coral reefs are particularly vulnerable to changes in temperature and acidity, with serious food security concerns for countries that rely on these resources for food and coastal protection. This is because coral reefs provide both shelter and feeding grounds for the juveniles of many fish species. On the other hand, the flooding and sea-level rise may create new opportunities and environments as polar ice melts (Easterling et al., 2007), resulting in new areas for mangroves and aquaculture opportunities."


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"Coastal regions also have been affected. For example, coral reefs have faced signi\ufb01cant climate-induced coral bleaching and mortality events which threaten \ufb01sheries resources. While research has been limited on climate change impacts on \ufb01shing in Kenya, particularly on freshwater \ufb01shing, initial \ufb01ndings indicate that the projected changes will be detrimental to many \ufb01sh stocks. The \ufb01shing sector remains at risk from climate impacts and thus further activity is required. Ongoing projects/initiatives Livelihood diversi\ufb01cation, (Economic Stimulus Programme), Cage \ufb01shing projects. Gaps Awareness, capacity building, \ufb01nancing, technology."


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"Cognisant that different gender groups have different vulnerabilities in regards to climate change and contribute differently to the same due to their respective gender roles, Kenya will implement the outlined adaptation and mitigation priorities in a gender responsive manner.  ay \fREPUBLIC OF KENYA  MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTRY  Kenya aims to achieve her Vision 2030 through a MITIGATION GOAL: Kenya seeks to undertake an  ambitious mitigation contribution towards the Paris Agreement."


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"Collaborating very closely with KMD are two other institutions: \ufffd Africa\u2019s IGAD Climate Prediction and Applications Centre (ICPAC), which was formerly known as the Drought Monitoring Centre, Nairobi (DMCN), and a specialised institution of IGAD with its headquarters in Nairobi. It undertakes climate monitoring and seasonal predictions of climate stress and serves eleven member countries245 in the Greater Horn of Africa region."


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"Combating climate change as depicted by the indicative costs in the Action Plan mentioned above is a high-investment undertaking, hence the need to include these two sources \u2013 LATF and CDF \u2013 in order to have great impact at local level especially in dealing with climate- related emergencies. 9.2.2 National Adaptation Facility (NAF) National planning on climate change adaptation has been located in two exercises under the UNFCCC in developing countries \u2013 National Communications (NCs) and National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs) for Least Developed Countries."


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"Combined effects of these factors have a negative impact on the socio-economic status and livelihoods of the fisher folk. (iii) Trade A robust, diversified and climate resilient trade sector is imperative for Kenya to attain low carbon climate resilient development. The trade sector depends on products and services developed by other sectors of the economy, and therefore any adverse climate change impacts of such sectors, will likely impact trade."


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"Commercial harvest Tonnes of wood (dm) per year Projections of commercial harvest (Poles and posts, paper and paper board and industrial wood) are based on an Analysis of Demand and Supply of Wood Products in Kenya. (Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, 2013) and Kenya Forestry Assessment Report (Mbugua, D., 2006) Forest Fire Area of Forest Land burned (ha) unchanged Historical forest fire activity is highly variable, but the average was 9,000 ha per year between 1980 and 2011."


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"Communicate and consult nation-wide about the body, its mandate, and target date for operational start (Task Force; 6-12 months)\fKenya s Action 7:   SUPPORT A SERIES OF ONGOING ACTIONS TO IMPROVE THE POLICY AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR LOW-CARBON INVESTMENT Action Reference Action summary This action comprises support for and promotion of ongoing efforts by government institutions to improve the policy and regulatory environment for low-carbon investment."


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"Communication, Education and Awareness Programmes\f\u2018together we can tackle climate change\u2019 Vulnerability Assessment, Impact Monitoring and Capacity Building Vulnerability Assessment, Impact Monitoring and Capacity Building\f6.1 Vulnerability assessment The IPCC defines vulnerability as \u2018the extent to which climate change may damage or harm a system\u2019 and adds that \u2018vulnerability depends not only on a system\u2019s sensitivity, but also on its ability to adapt to new climatic conditions.\u201945 Although chapter 2 of this Strategy has attempted to discuss Kenya\u2019s vulnerability to climate change impacts, the level of knowledge about Kenya\u2019s current vulnerability is still more or less general."


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"Communities must be at the forefront of technology development, not least because responses to climate change must be people-centred, but also because it is the people that will be required to adopt and utilise the technologies essential for reducing vulnerability and building capacity to respond to climate change. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and community-based organisations (CBOs) need to provide the strong links between the development of climate change technologies and their diffusion and the up- scaling of technologies to users at the community level."


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"Communities with access to energy (electricity, in particular, through connection to the grid or through mini-grids) can tap it for income generating activities to boost their income and livelihoods."


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"Comparative Evaluation of Rail and Truck Fuel Efficiency on Competitive Corridors. Final Report. November 19, 2009. Federal Railroad Administration. 200 Kenya Revenue Authority. 2009. Registrar of Motor Vehicles. Kenya Revenue Authority. 201 UNEP. 2006. 202 UNEP. 2011. 203 International Livestock Research Institute. 2008. Livestock market access and opportunities in Turkana, Kenya. Research Report 3. 204 In this calculation, only the GHG mitigation impact of methane emission prevention was taken into account."


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"Compared to our first NDC target of 30 % emission reduction, our updated NDC commits to Abate GHG emissions by 32% by 2030 relative to the BAU scenario of 143 MtCO2eq; and in line with our sustainable development agenda and national circumstances. The timeframe for implementation of the NDC is up to 2030, with milestone targets at 2025.  4. The total cost of implementing mitigation and adaptation actions in the Updated NDC is estimated at USD 62 Billion.  nA cated\f5."


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"Compared to our first NDC which was fully conditional to support, Kenya commits to mobilize resources to meet 13% of this budget, and will require international support for 87% of the budget.  6. Kenya\u2019s Updated NDC is hereby attached, and formally submitted.  Keriako Tobiko, CBS, SC  Cabinet Secretary/National Focal Point Ministry of Environment and Forestry NAIROBI  Amb. Raychelle Omamo, SC, EGH Cabinet Secretary  Ministry of Foreign Affairs NAIROBI  Hon."


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"Comparison of 2030 Baseline Emissions and NDC Target Emission Reductions (MtCO2e)\f7 :  T R A N S P O R TAT I O N  S E C T O R and ports are vulnerable to sea level rise. These changes could increase the risk of delays, disruptions, damage and failure across land-based, air and marine transportation systems. Studies demonstrate that climate proofing, or proactive adaptation, can be cost-effective for transport infrastructure with a long life span."


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"Comparison of 2030 baseline emissions and NDC target emission reductions (MtCO2e)\f6 :  I N D U S T R Y 6.3 M ITIgATI O N I N Th E I ND U STR I A L SEC TO R Greenhouse gas emissions from the industrial sector accounted for approximately 7% of total national emissions in 2015 and their contribution in 2030 is expected to be similar.7 GHG emissions are projected to rise from 5.4 MtCO2e in 2015 to 9.9 MtCO2e in 2030, an increase of 83%."


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"Competition for the resource is expected to increase, resulting in water resource conflicts between upstream and downstream users and between agriculturalists and pastoralists.  The governance framework in the water sector is based on the National Water Policy Sessional Paper No. 1 of 1999, which was operationalised by the enactment of the Water Act in 2002. The reforms have aimed at improving service delivery, increasing community participation, increasing investments and implementing Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM)."


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"Complete EPRF 3: Miscellaneous amendments bill In Progress EPRF 4: Climate change council In Progress EPRF 5: Climate change secretariat Complete knowledge management & capacity development KMCD 1: Climate change knowledge management system In Progress KMCD 2: Physical climate change resource centre Complete KMCD 3: Analysis of capacity gaps and capacity building plan No Action KMCD 4: Capacity building support In Progress KMCD 5: Social mobilization framework In Progress KMCD 6: Integration of climate change in education system In Progress national performance & benefit measurement NPBM 1: Establish Monitoring, reporting and verification plus (MRV+) governance structure No Action NPBM 2: Climate change data tracking and mapping In Progress NPBM 3: Indicators and baselines No Action NPBM 4: Capacity building for national and county governments In Progress NPBM 5: GHG inventory, Biennial Update Report and National Communication In Progress NPBM 6: Monitoring and Evaluation of adaptive capacity indicators No Action NPBM 7: Monitoring and Evaluation of vulnerability indicators at county level No Action NPBM 8: Effectiveness assessment of adaptation at county level No Action NPBM 9: Climate change data repository No Action 3 : L E A r n I n G F o r u P dAt I n G"


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"Component 2: Agricultural Productivity and Integration of Value Chain Approach: CSA mainstreamed to increase productivity, competitiveness and commercialization of agriculture C2 (a): Outputs: production, products, yields, and value C2 (b): Quantity and value of produce and products marketed C2 (c): Value chain actors in the agricultural sector adhering to market standards C2 (d):Value chains with comparative advantage along agro-ecological zones \u2022 CSA baseline survey \u2022 M&E reports \u2022 Appropriate CSA technologies will be developed and introduced."


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"Comprehensive information and awareness campaigns will be necessary to raise awareness of the benefits of these technologies and even through successful demonstration projects.  This must be coupled with training of skilled manpower (technicians, engineers and installers) for comprehensive support of the prioritised technologies to market deployment. The training will require not only the technical aspects, but also involve sales and marketing expertise."


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"Concerned with this, two UN bodies \u2013 the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) \u2013 jointly established the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 1989 to provide broad and balanced information about climate change.3 The IPCC does this by reviewing and assessing the most recent scientific, technical and socioeconomic information produced worldwide relevant to the understanding of climate change and translating this information into IPCC Assessment Reports."


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"Conditions are projected to worsen in some areas over time (for exam- ple, rural livelihoods will be threatened by the increased magnitude and frequency of drought and \ufb02ooding), and improve in others. Examples of ongoing proj- ects/initiatives UNDP, Sustainable Land Management - Agro-Pastoral Kenya; Risk Insurance, Index Based Livestock and Crop Insurance, Complementary livestock redistribution, production, and animal health interventions sup- port to improve pastoralists livelihood project, Dairy NAMA, Regional Pastoral Resilience Project. Gaps Financing, awareness, capacity building, technology."


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"Conducive environment for climate investment; energy sector example There are six priority actions for improving the policy and regulatory framework for low carbon investment in Kenya: \u00a7\ufffd To establish a regular platform for continued engagement and dialogue between the Government of Kenya and both domestic and international representatives of the private sector on matters relating to Kenya\u2019s low carbon growth strategy; \u00a7\ufffd To accelerate and promote improvements to the structure of the renewable energy feed-in tariff as envisaged under the draft Energy Bill 2012; \u00a7\ufffd To accelerate and promote the establishment of a standardised Power Purchase Agreement template for renewable energy as envisaged under the draft Energy Bill \u00a7\ufffd To implement the national energy efficiency policy, strategy and regulations as laid out in Sessional Paper No.4 of 2004, the Energy Act 2006 and the draft Energy Bill \u00a7\ufffd To support existing efforts by the Ministry of Energy to enhance awareness of energy efficiency technologies through labelling of end-user consumer technologies and an awareness campaign among large-scale energy users; \u00a7\ufffd To support existing efforts to establish a \u2018one-stop shop\u2019 under the"


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"Conference of the Parties (COP): The supreme governing body of the UNFCCC, which meets once a year to review the Convention s progress. The word \"conference\" is not used here in the sense of \"meeting\", but rather of \"association\u201d.  Cooperative Mechanisms: The Paris Agreement avoids direct reference to market- based approaches, but establishes cooperative approaches that will allow for the transfer of emission reductions and removals."


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"Conference of the Parties The supreme governing body of the UNFCCC, which meets once a year to review the Convention s progress. The word \"conference\" is not used here in the sense of \"meeting\", but rather of \"association\u201d.  Deforestation The long-term or permanent loss of forest cover. The term implies transformation of forest into another land use, which is caused and maintained by a continued human-induced or natural perturbation.  Greenhouse gases The atmospheric gases responsible for causing global warming and climate change."


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"Confounding the situation further is the need for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to infuse international environment diplomacy on climate change and other similar Multilateral Environment Agreements. The inter-weaving of diplomacy, policy, politics and practice is particularly challenging in the case of a cross \u2013cutting issue like climate change. This confounding situation is not peculiar to Kenya."


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"Consequently new and additional resources are needed to support Kenya\u2019s research, development as well as strengthen academic institutions Recommendations and Conclusions Recommendations and Conclusions\f\f\u2018together we can tackle climate change\u2019 AdapCC (2007). Synthesis Report AdapCC, IPCC, AdapCC base line survey ASB News and Events (2009).   mate.org/kyoto-protocol/un-redd/ Avish et al (2005): Economic Potential of Forests in Kenya. Forest Action Network. Cited in Kenya Forestry Service and Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (Winston Mathu) report, \u201cForest Law Enforcement and Governance in Kenya\u201d (2003) Awuor, C.B."


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"Consequently, Region Trend Magnitude (oC) Western Increase Northern & North-eastern Increase Central Increase South Eastern districts Increase Coastal strip Decrease Region Trend Magnitude (oC) Western Increase Northern & North-eastern Increase Central Increase South Eastern districts Increase Coastal strip Increase Table 1: Minimum temperature trend from (Data courtesy of the KMD) Table 2: Maximum temperature trend from (Data courtesy of the KMD) 2.0 Evidence and Impacts of Climate  Change in Kenya 2.1 Evidence of Climate Change in Kenya over the last 50 years Temperature and precipitation changes are the two climatic elements that have been widely studied globally to provide evidence of climate change."


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"Consequently, climate impacts on these sectors directly affect the industrial sector, including through higher electricity prices and power outages because of reduced electricity generation from hydropower, reduced agricultural production and supply chain disruptions.\fN D C  S E C T O R  A N A LY S I S  R E P O R T  2 0 1 7 Figure 6.1. Baseline industrial sector GHG emissions projections (MtCO2e) Figure 6.2."


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"Consequently, fish feeding, migration and breeding behavior will be directly affected while indirectly the changes will affect growth, mortality and reproduction (Brander, 2010). The distribution patterns of many fish species will probably change as warm-water species and cold-water species are both expected to move pole wards (Beare et al., 2004)."


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"Consequently, including this potential investment in the baseline would mean that billions of dollars in investment opportunity through the development of NAMAs and other mitigation projects could not be considered in the mitigation scenario."


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"Consequently, the Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Implementation Framework, 2018-2027 (KCSAIF) has been developed to provide guidance in mainstreaming Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA). The Framework envisions a climate resilient and low carbon growth sustainable agriculture that ensures food security and contributes to national development goals in line with Kenya Vision 2030. Further,\ufffdthe\ufffdFramework\ufffdexplores\ufffdclimate\ufffdsmart\ufffdpractices\ufffdrelating\ufffdto\ufffdsustainable\ufffdintensifi\ufffdcation\ufffdof\ufffdcrop,\ufffdagro- forestry,\ufffdlivestock\ufffdand\ufffdfi\ufffdsheries\ufffdproduction;\ufffdadaptation\ufffdand\ufffdmitigation\ufffdpractices\ufffdin\ufffdlivestock\ufffdproduction\ufffd systems;\ufffdeffi\ufffdcient\ufffdmanagement\ufffdof\ufffdagricultural\ufffdcommodity\ufffdvalue\ufffdchains;\ufffdopportunities\ufffdto\ufffdleverage\ufffdclimate\ufffd fi\ufffdnance\ufffdfor\ufffdCSA;\ufffdknowledge\ufffdsharing\ufffdand\ufffdeffective\ufffdlearning;\ufffdstrengthening\ufffdkey\ufffdinstitutions\ufffdand\ufffdsystems\ufffd for\ufffdCSA\ufffdinitiatives;\ufffdand\ufffdmainstreaming\ufffdCSA\ufffdelements\ufffdinto\ufffdnational\ufffdpolicies\ufffdand\ufffddevelopment\ufffdplanning\ufffd process."


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"Consequently, the growth of grass is inhibited even during good rainfalls. Loss of wildlife habitats emerge as a secondary impact of these factors, \u2022\ufffd Carbon dioxide fertilization, which leads to higher plant productivity, particularly the proliferation of invasive species, \u2022\ufffd Disruption of natural ecosystems and subsequent change in species\u2019 ecological range, altering predator-prey interactions, decoupling animals from food sources and/or reducing habitat span, and \u2022\ufffd Droughts that affect grasslands causing massive livestock and wildlife deaths and an increase in human-human and wildlife-human conflicts."


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"Consequently, the proposed entry point for CSA will be through the establishment of a SWAG whose composition will be determined by the sector demands and needs."


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"Consequently, this Strategy is now the key Government climate change agenda guide in the country and will inform nationwide climate change programmes and development activities including the formulation of documents such as the National Climate Change Policy and efforts towards the attainment of Vision 2030. For this reason, the Strategy shall be circulated widely to as many stakeholders as possible to enable extensive reading. Foreword\fClimate change is considered one of the most serious threats to sustainable development globally."


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"Conservation Agriculture: An approach to managing agro-ecosystems for improved and sustained productivity, increased profits and food security while preserving and enhancing the resource base and the environment. It is characterized by three linked principles namely, continuous minimum mechanical soil disturbance; permanent organic soil cover; and diversification of crop species grown in sequences and/or associations. Crop diversification: Species diversification through varied crop associations and/or rotations (involving annual and/or perennial crops including trees)."


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"Conservation tillage has been adopted in some parts of Kenya but is yet to be widely diffused due to barriers, including lack of information and awareness of environmental and economic benefits of the technology as well as resistance to change among the farmers. To promote conservation tillage it is necessary to undertake extensive agricultural extension services to popularize the technology. Drip irrigation technology: This addresses a single plant\u2019s need for water through conveyance of water through pipes and releasing it around the plant\u2019s roots."


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"Considering assumptions that baseline efficiency will not improve over time until 2030 and that existing penetration rates of improved cookstoves remain stable, the overall result of the mitigation scenario is that emissions from the use of biomass for cooking would be 30% lower in 2030. Baseline emissions are estimated at 17.5 MtCO2e in 2030. There are different pathways to achieving this mitigation outcome."


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"Consistent with the next steps set in the NCCAP, the proposal examined barriers and gaps and proposed actions to promote private sector investment. The proposal was submitted to the International NAMA Facility in 2014 but was not approved for funding. The National Treasury worked with the MENR to revise the information into a project prospectus. The information will inform the development of geothermal proposal to the Green Climate Fund (GCF), developed in cooperation with the Geothermal Development Corporation (GDC) and MOEP."


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"Construction of a mass transit system can also be a starting point for non-motorised MEMR NCCS/HTSPE\fKenya s transport infrastructure, such as bicycle lanes and sidewalks, which can be developed in parallel with the transit system. Other low carbon transport options include a shift of freight from road to rail, improved passenger and freight vehicle efficiency, and bioethanol blending and biodiesel use \u2013 with a combined mitigation potential of 4.1 MtCO2e a year in 2030."


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"Consultancyservices for feasibility study and technical assistance for mass rapid transit system for the Nairobimetropolitan region, Consulting Engineering Services Pvt. Ltd. and APEC Ltd. Consulting Engineers, Government of Kenya, Ministry of Transport.\fKenya s\fKenya s www.environment.go.ke"


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"Contact: Principal Secretary, psoffice@environment.go.ke  The development of this document was funded by UK Aid from the Government of the United Kingdom through the Technical Assistance to the Government of Kenya Component of the Strengthening Adaptation and Resilience to Climate Change in Kenya Plus (StARCK+) Programme; however, the views expressed do not necessarily reflect the views of the UK Government. For further information contact the consulting consortium of Development Alternatives Incorporated (DAI), Matrix Development Consultants and the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) at info@ficcf.com."


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"Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Solomon et al. (Eds) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. KNBS.  (2014). Economic Survey report of Kenya. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. Government of Kenya. Lobell, D. M. and Gourdji, S. M. (2012). The influence of climate change on global crop productivity. Plant Physiology. Luedeling E.  (2011). Adapt now to climate change. Food Technology 65(9), 120."


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"Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B., Tignor, M. & Miller, H.L. (eds.). Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press. Kenyan Meteorological Department. (2012). Climatological Data [Online]. Available at:  Zwaagstra, L., Sharif, Z., Wambile, A., de Leeuw, J., Johnson, N., Njuki, J., Said, M. Ericksen, P., Herrero, M. (2010)."


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"Cooking Watts -0.75% per year Hot Water Heating Watts -0.75% per year Plugload Watts -1% per year Lighting Watts -2% per year Refrigeration Watts -0.82% per year Industrial Process Watts -1% per year \f  Figure 50: Electricity consumption projections by major consumer  Electricity Consumption TWh Street Lighting Industry Commercial Urban Households Rural Households  Transportation  The future growth in petroleum product consumption for road transportation (gasoline, light diesel oil and additives) was determined based on estimates of the growth rate in the overall vehicle stock, the growth rate in the use of vehicles (demand for service) and the change in average fuel efficiency over time."


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"Copenhagen: UNEP DTU. 23 Government of Kenya (2013). National Climate Change Action Plan. p. 37. 24 United Nations Development Programme (no date), Kenya Natural Disaster Profile. Nairobi: UNDP Enhanced Security Unit. 25 Bakkegard, et al. (2016), page 23. 26 Bakkegard, et al. (2016), page 20. 27 Government of Kenya (2016). National Forest Programme: 2016-2030. Nairobi: Kenya Forest Service. page 119."


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"Coral reef ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts, with associated consequences for the livelihoods of millions of people depending on those ecosystems for food, income and shoreline protection. In the Western Indian Ocean region, corals are already experiencing substantial stress from increasing water temperatures and ocean acidity, with several significant coral bleaching and mortality events in recent decades (e.g. 1998)."


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"Core functions of this division shall be to: \u2022\ufffd develop a practical CDM implementation strategy including human and technical requirements, \u2022\ufffd establish national infrastructure to enable investments in CDM and other emissions reduction projects in the country including voluntary carbon markets, Climate Change Governance\f\u2018together we can tackle climate change\u2019 National Climate Change Response Strategy \u2022\ufffd undertake technology needs assessment in the country and develop mechanisms for the transfer of environmentally-friendly technologies in strategic areas, \u2022\ufffd facilitate the creation of enabling environ- ments for CDM and technology transfer by e.g."


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"Core issues in the sectoral laws that need to be addressed include how the impacts of climate change affect sectoral planning, how positive mitigation can be scaled-up, or how sectoral laws affect the capacity of human and ecological systems to adapt to climate change. Regarding the institutional arrangements, key aspects that need to be addressed include the need for clarity in roles and functions, the overlapping mandates, as well as institutional capacity and related enforcement capability of many institutions that perform climate change related functions."


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"Cost associated with the Action in Kenya Shillings: Estimated cost of system development without hardware costs: approximately Ksh 400 million. Immediate next steps Scaling of the prototype or calling for consultants to develop a complete technology- based climate change knowledge management system using a phased approach where each phase is used as a building block for the next phase.\fKenya s Action 3: ADDRESS THE CAPACITY GAPS REqUIRED TO IMPLEMENT THE NCCAP  IN THE AGENCIES COORDINATING AND LEADING CLIMATE CHANGE EFFORTS."


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"Cost associated with the Action in Kenya Shillings: Ksh 450 million. Immediate next steps: Policy formulation, addressing the need to infuse climate change into education, will precede curriculum development."


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"Cost associated with the Action in Kenyan Shillings Running the one-stop shop could cost Ksh 5 million per year Immediate next steps  1. Convene all relevant stakeholders  on a regular basis that may be concerned with the establishment of the one-stop shop (2 months)  2. Establish plans for what practical, procedural and regulatory reforms may be require to establish the one-stop shop (4 months)  3."


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"Cost associated with the Action in Kenyan Shillings Sustained efforts of the Ministry of Energy, the Ministry of Finance and other Government of Kenya bodies, the possible establishment of new units and some technical assistance will require up to $500,000 or Ksh 40 million. Immediate next steps  1. Ensure that the proposed reforms in the draft Energy Policy and Bill 2012 go through the legislative process (4 months)  2."


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"Cost associated with the Action in Kenyan Shillings The cost associated with developing a 2010 inventory is Ksh 21 million (to build on the SC4 development of the 2010 inventory), plus Ksh 21 million for a two-year capacity building process to fill data gaps, build capacity for future inventory development and undertake longer- term research to develop processes and fill data gaps. Immediate next steps 1.  MEMR to identify approach for development of 2010 inventory: August 2012 2."


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"Costs are not the only factor affecting prospects for implementation; barriers to implementation and potential policy measures are discussed for each low-carbon development opportunity in Chapters 3 to 9 of the detailed low-carbon development analysis.\fKenya s Source: GoK CCAP Mitigation Analysis 2012 Figure 6.8: Economy-wide abatement potential for all sectors (US$/tonne) Figure 6.9 provides an overview of the emissions reduction potentials by sector at two carbon offset prices: US$15 and US$40."


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"Costs were generated for these actions and totalled KSh5.3billion or USD62 million. The detailed actions and associated costs are captured in each of the chapters and the summary actions and costs are captured in Table 12.4. Table 12.4 Administration and operational costs to implement NCCAP Action No."


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"Council of Churches of Kenya NCCRS National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS and \u2018Strategy\u2019 are used interchangeably in the document) NCCSC National Climate Change Steering Committee NCPB National Cereal Produce Board NCPC National Cleaner Production Center NDOC National Disaster Operation Centre NEMA National Environment Management Authority NEP National Environment Policy (draft) NEP North Eastern Province NGOs Nongovernmental Organizations NIB National Irrigation Board OECD Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development OP Office of the President PEV Post Election Violence PIN Project Idea Note PDD Project Design Documents PPPs Public Private Partnerships PV Photovoltaic REDD Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation RVF Rift Valley Fever SBSTA Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice SCCF Special Climate Change Fund SEI Stockholm Environment Institute SIDA Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency SIDS Small Island Developing States SON September-October-November SST Sea Surface Temperatures TWH Terawatt Hours UK United Kingdom UN United Nations UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development UNDAF United Nations Development Assistance Framework UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization UNISDR United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction UNWTO"


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"Counties and various sectors can use the overall theory of change or develop their own theories of change and adaptation indicators, whose data should be aggregated at the national level. The adaptation indicators will need to be reviewed and revised accordingly with each MTP revision."


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"Counties can also include adaptation actions not listed in the national priority list as long as they are in line with their CIDP priorities and do not lead to maladaptation. The actions proposed are meant to complement or upscale adaptation actions that are ongoing through various projects and programmes being implemented by the national and county governments, civil society, private sector and academia; and not duplicate ongoing efforts. DEVOLUTION Action Mainstream climate change adaptation into County Integrated Development Plans and other county plans."


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"Countries are expected to determine at the national level what actions they are willing and able to take to achieve this goal, and communicate this through their NDCs. Essentially, NDCs are national climate change action plans that detail plans to achieve GHG emission reduction targets and adaptation goals."


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"Countries are expected to submit a new NDC every five years, and each NDC will represent an increase in ambition. 2 .2  KE N YA\u2019S  M I T I gAT I ON  N DC Kenya\u2019s mitigation NDC is based on its 2013-2017 NCCAP, which sets out a low carbon development pathway that supports efforts towards the attainment of Vision 2030."


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"Countries, including Kenya, will submit NDCs representing the mitigation actions they will take to contribute to the achievement of the global greenhouse gas emission reduction goal. The provision of support to developing countries is a focal point of the agreement reflecting that both developed and developing countries are expected to make mitigation contributions. The Paris Agreement includes a renewed recognition of the need of developing countries to adapt to climate change."


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"Country and context specific: This considers the socio-economic, political, cultural and environmental circumstances; the institutional and technological context; political will, resource availability and mobility; social and political awareness, and overall capacity. The strategy appreciates that there is not a single \u201cperfect\u201d approach, and the approach taken is informed by principles of good practice and adapted based on specific circumstances and context. iii."


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"County Integrated Development Plans (CIDPs) \u2013 present an opportunity to identify climate change priorities and actions at the county level, and to integrate these actions in programmes and initiatives. Under the County Governments Act (2012), CIDPs must have clear outcomes, monitoring and evaluation, and reporting mechanisms. In addition, CIDPs must set out a resource mobilisation and management structure."


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"County Integrated Development Plans, required by law as primary planning tools, are the mechanism for mainstreaming climate change actions and interventions at the County government level. The Act sets out provisions for public consultation, and may impose climate change obligations on private entities and civil society organizations. The Act provides for setting GHG emission reduction targets and sets out obligations for measuring, reporting and verification of emissions. The Act establishes the Climate Change Fund as a financing mechanism for priority climate change actions and interventions."


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"Coupled with improper practices such as over- fishing, these reductions in water levels will lead to tremendous reductions in fish stocks18. 2.2.3 Impacts on Physical and Social Infrastructure 2.2.3.1  Transport Sector In the 20th century, sea levels rose by an estimated 17 cm; the global mean projections for sea level rise by the turn of the century range from 17 cm to 59 cm. This will lead to the inundation and erosion of low-lying, coastal zones including coastal cities and infrastructure."


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"Courtesy of work under the auspices of the UNFCCC and its subsidiary bodies, scientists can now state unequivocally that the earth is warming. Climate change is happening, largely spurred by human activities, and it will have many serious and potentially damaging effects in the coming decades. The IPCC, which is the scientific advisory arm of the UNFCCC release the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) in November 2007."


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"Create and fill at least one public awareness and communication position at the Climate Change Secretariat to coordinate the function; 3. Develop and implement a collaboration framework with the Kenya Meteorological Department (RANET project) and district information offices; and 4. Establish climate change information desks at the Kenya National Library Service and all community libraries countrywide."


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"Cropland Remaining Cropland Agriculture CH4 Emissions from Manure Management Energy Other Sectors: Commercial CO2  Based on the key category analysis as well as the uncertainty analysis it is possible to prioritize efforts to improve the inventory and identify recommendations. These recommendations are provided in the following Uncertainty Analysis Chapter that follows.  UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS  Estimates of emissions and removals of greenhouse gases presented in this inventory have uncertainty due to several causes."


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"Crops sub-sector The major climate change-related challenges in the crops sub-sector include changes in enterprise suitability for specific areas, leading to decrease in profitability; unpredictable timing of farming operations due to seasonal weather variability and reliability, leading to lower production efficiency; losses due to yield reductions, total crop failures, enhanced postharvest losses and increased production costs arising from extreme weather events or reduced land productivity."


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"Cross breeding: Cross breeding refers to the process of breeding an animal or plant with purebred parents of two different breeds, often with the intention to create offspring or seedlings that share the traits of both parent lineages, or producing an animal or plant with hybrid vigor. Deforestation: The conversion of forest to another land use or the long-term reduction of tree canopy cover below the 10% threshold."


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"Cross-cutting Issues 1.14 Operational treaties, conventions and protocols that are nationally binding on climate smart financing 1.15 Bureaucratic procedures in accessing international climate financing 1.16 Ratification and accessions of international laws depends on the political leadership. 1.17 Political goodwill that addresses issues of  Women, Youth and Vulnerable Groups  WEAKNESS ISSUE TO ADDRESS WHAT TO DO WITH WEAKNESS THREATS Limited capacity of WY&VG to adapt to climate change impacts in agriculture \u2022\ufffd Build capacity to promote equity and inclusivity of WY&VG Reduce  vulnerability of WYVG due to insecure livelihoods, decline in nutrition and health status \u2022\ufffd Limited training facilities and both financial and human resources OPPORTUNITY ISSUE TO ADDRESS WHAT TO DO WITH OPPORTUNITY THREATS Advocacy by the civil society and international organizations on WY&VG equity and inclusivity The participation of WY&VG in CSA activities Create awareness to mainstream CSA issues among the WY&VG."


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"Crucial to the implementation of climate change responses at the national level is identification and assessment of institutional arrangements, programmes, policies and capacities for overall coordination and leadership leading to strengthening as required. Implementation of the NCCAP as part of the national development policy system requires internalising low carbon and resilience pathways \u2013 including the institutions, systems, tools and instruments that form the foundations of a low carbon climate resilient system/society."


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"Current Mechanisms for Technology Transfer in Kenya  The principal mechanisms of technology transfer in Kenya, have mainly been administered by the GEF and the CDM. Others such as Japan sectoral crediting mechanism and NAMAs are starting to take centre stage.  One NAMA for accelerated geothermal electricity development submitted to the UNFCCC registry is seeking financial and capacity development  Technology Transfer Associated with CDM Projects  Under the Kyoto protocol, the CDM projects is perceived to have made some limited contributions to technology transfer."


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"Current data demonstrates that the climate is changing globally at an unprecedented rate and that unparalleled levels of human induced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, especially carbon dioxide, are causing an increase in global temperatures that creates changes in the earth\u2019s weather. Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide have increased from a pre-industrial value of 278 parts per million (ppm) to 379 ppm in 2005."


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"Current energy sources include hydroelectric, geothermal and wind power; petroleum products; solar; wood fuel and biogas. They are used in land preparation, processing and transportation of crops; livestock; fisheries; and forestry commodities. Some of these energy sources particularly wood fuel and petroleum products contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. 4.2.3 Ministry responsible for transport and infrastructure The national and county governments need to prioritize rehabilitation and maintenance of trunk and rural access roads, respectively. Product marketing and trade require developed and well maintained infrastructure networks."


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"Current predictions of climate change rely on a number of models that simulate possible future changes in the real world. However, global models focus on broad-scale changes to the Earth\u2019s climate, and their predictions are often too coarse to be useful at a regional or local level. It is also true that, by adding understanding generated at a local level, it is possible to improve global models, their predictions, and therefore their usefulness."


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"Current status The Government of Kenya has not submitted REDD+ proposals to potential funders or to the UNFCCC.\fKenya s Lead Agency to take this Action forward The KFS is requested to lead the work to restore forests on degraded lands. The MEMR could provide assistance to present funding proposals to the UNFCCC. Stakeholder support required to take the action forward The KFS could engage the National REDD+ Steering Committee to provide oversight and advice on the development of the project."


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"Current status The current extent of tree cover on agricultural land is not known, and the extent to which agroforestry practices are employed overall on Kenyan farms is uncertain, since evidence of its deployment is anecdotal. Project work to promote and spread agroforestry practices is underway in Kenya. The SCC-Vi Agroforestry project in Kisumu promotes agroforestry practices in the target region by providing outreach services to farmer groups through trained community facilitators94."


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"Currently 27 EU Member States and three non-EU Member States (Iceland, Norway and Liechtenstein) engage in the trading scheme. In 2002, the UK started the world\u2019s first national GHG emissions trading scheme, while New South Wales in Australia commenced one of the most ambitious and far-reaching climate change programmes in 2003 \u2013 the New South Wales Greenhouse Gas Reduction Scheme."


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"Currently different development partners require compliance with different practices, procedures and calendars when disbursing funds to the Treasury, raising transaction costs and reducing absorptive capacity. In developing the modalities for providing resources to the National Climate Fund it will be necessary to establish the processes by which development agency and government resources (as appropriate) are provided to the Fund through a joint financing agreement."


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"Currently the total installed capacity for ethanol production is 22 million litres per year which can be blended with petroleum. The blending technology already exists but for most of the sugar plants, the existing co-generations technologies require upgrading.  Waste  Methane capture from biogas digesters in rural households is the technology prioritised for the waste sector. It is the most preferred because it has many benefits. It provides clean energy for rural household for cooking and lighting."


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"Currently, managing farmers\u2019 high expectations from carbon market is critical as emphasis should be on benefits that come from the farm in terms of increased productivity and incomes rather than the carbon trade. 2.1.3 Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework There are various institutions and stakeholders that are core in climate change and climate smart agriculture issues."


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"Currently, the main bottlenecks to geothermal expansion are capital limitations of the two main (government-owned) geothermal developers, KenGen and GDC, and a long lead- time for bringing capacity on-line. Only by making it attractive for private investors to co- invest in earlier development stages will the sector expand fast enough to meet its ambitions.  To this end, Kenya has developed a NAMA with an overarching goal of accelerating geothermal resource development in Kenya by catalysing private sector investments."


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"Currently, there are a number of sectoral laws \u2013 including the new Forests Act (2005), Agriculture Act (Cap 318 of Kenyan Laws) \u2013 which address various aspects of climate change, even though climate change is not the focus of the laws."


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"Currently, there are constraints in energy supply, which include low access to modern energy services, high cost of energy, irregular supply and high cost of energy investments. Biomass (including wood fuel, charcoal, and agricultural waste), petroleum and electricity are the three main sources of energy in the country. About 87 per cent of the country\u2019s domestic energy demand is met by biomass particularly wood fuel, which provides 90 per cent and 85 per cent of rural and urban households\u2019 energy requirement, respectively."


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"Currently, there is no comprehensive climate smart agriculture data and information management system. Creating an inventory for data is important as main ingredient in provision and development of national communications. In addition, data system and management is a tool for feeding to domestic frameworks for measurement, reporting and verification (MRV), for the agricultural sector. land and private land as defined in the Constitution of Kenya 2010."


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"Currently, two funds have been created under the UNFCCC to tackle adaptation to climate change. The Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF) created under Article 4.9 of the UNFCCC supports the preparation of National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs) in countries classified as LDCs by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)."


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"DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT AND ENDING DROUGHT EMERGENCIES Drought is a natural hazard in Kenya, and climate change is expected to increase the magnitude, severity and frequency of drought episodes. The government\u2019s intention to end drought emergencies by 2022 could be jeopardised by climate change. Drought has destroyed livelihoods and caused hunger, disease and even death; particularly so in the arid and semi-arid lands that are most vulnerable to the impact of droughts."


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"Data    collection , reporting and verification \u2022\ufffd Number of stakeholders conversant with MRV system management \u2022\ufffd Identify and source technical assistance for capacity building on MRVs \u2022\ufffd Conduct training of trainers for stakeholders \u2022\ufffd Participate in the trainings \u2022\ufffd Application of skills and knowledge acquired from the trainings \u2022\ufffd Provide technical assistance (Development partners, ILRI, ICRAF, CFOR, CCAFS, CIAT, NGOs) LT Sub-total for mitigation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions\f |Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Strategy| Strategies Activities Measure of achievement Responsibilities and Institutions Priority Timeline (ST <3 yrs; MT 3-6 yrs Budget (Billions in  KSh) National Government Other Stakeholders Thematic Area 3."


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"Data QA/QC WG DSROAs to ensure data supply Adaptation, NAP analysis M&E TAGA TAGGHGI GHG Technical Team (FUs & TWGs) Emissions estimates Deliverables Data processing, quality control Data provision National / subnational planning and monitoring \u2022 \u2022 MTP \u2022 NIMES \u2022 KNBS \u2022 Climate Change obligations \u2022 UNFCCC \u2022 Nat Comms \u2022 BURs Climate finance readiness \u2022 National registry A&M \u2022 Carbon market Figure 11.1: The proposed MRV+ system for Kenya The common core components of the system are as follows: \u2022\ufffd Data Supply and Reporting Obligation Agreements (DSROAs): these ensure that all relevant parties to the system provide the data required."


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"Data collection is not yet at a point that enables calculation of the emission reductions through the six priority mitigation actions. Progress toward the long-term mitigation goals is described in Section 4.0 of this report. All short-term/quick win actions in the mitigation sector are in progress or complete. These actions were to take place in the five-year period from 2013 to 2017, and were designed as critical initial steps to kick-start the process of emission reductions."


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"Data for Kenya 262 Technical Report 8: Availability and Accessibility to Climate Data for Kenya 265 Kenya draft National Adaptation Plan 269 Knowledge Management and Capacity Development: Chapter 5.0: Integrating Climate Change in Education System 270 Knowledge Management and Capacity Development: Chapter 5.0: Integrating Climate Change in Education System 271 National Climate Change RS, National Climate Change Action Plan 272 BBC, 2009 noted in the Knowledge Management and Capacity Development: Chapter 4.0: Public Awareness and Communication Strategy 273 Knowledge Management and Capacity Development: Chapter 3.0: Climate Knowledge Management and Capacity Development 274 Mukabana n.d.p 277 1st SNC workshop attendees"


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"Data should be made available in electronic format and summarize annual quantities in consistent units of different solvents and paints associated with specific HS Codes.  Information on bulk imports of nitrous oxide were not available for the inventory Bulk imports of nitrous oxide gas should be tracked by customs and provided in electronic format indicating annual quantities imported."


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"Davies Mukwabi MALF-CCU Senior Fisheries Officer 4. Vincent Ogwang MALF-CCU Principal Fisheries Officer 5. Fredrick Aloo MALF-SDL Assistant Director 6. Rose Akombo MENR-KFS Assistant Director 7. Michael Okumu MENR-CCD Senior Assistant Director 8. Daniel Rono MALF-SDA Driver 9. Joab Osumba FICCP(DFiD) Consultant 10. Simon Mutai Agriculture- Nandi Deputy Director David Kemboi Fisheries-Nandi Director 12. Lord Mise Livestock- Nandi Director 13. Odoyo Bittar Agriculture- Kericho Agricultural Engineer 14. Daudi Kitur Environment- Kericho Director 15. Johnstone K. Rono Agriculture-Kericho Director 16."


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"Deborah Murphy StARCK Deborah.murphy@ficcf.com 61. Joab Osumba FICCF jl.osumba@ficcf.com\f63 List of participants of the National Validation Workshop held at Silver Springs Hotel, Nairobi on 30th June, 2015 NAME ORGANIZATION EMAIL ADDRESS 1. Prof. Micheni Ntiba MOALF-SDF PS Fisheries 2. Prof. Fred Segor MOALF-SDL PS Livestock 3. Dr. Richard Lesiyampe MEW&NR PS Environment 4. Prof. S.O. Wandiga ICCA-UoN wandigas@uonbi.ac.ke 5. Dr. Michael Obora MOALF-SDA michaelobora@yahoo.com 6. Robin Mbae MOALF-SDL robinmbae@yahoo.com 7. Dr. George Wamukoya COMESA GWamukoya@comesa.int 8. Dr. James Kinyangi CCAFS J.Kinyangi@cgiar.org 9."


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"Decision 1/CP.16 The Cancun Agreements: Outcome of the work of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention\fKenya s In 2011, the African Union adopted an African Climate Change Strategy and at the regional level the East Africa Community developed and adopted a Climate Change Policy, Strategy and Master Plan. These policy documents provide priority actions in the region, which shape national climate change policies and strategies in member countries."


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"Decisions adopted at the sixteenth Conference of Parties (COP16); Cancun Agreements, recognise that \u201caddressing climate change by all countries, requires a paradigm shift towards building a low-carbon society that offers substantial opportunities and ensures continued high growth and sustainable development, based on innovative technologies and more sustainable production and consumption and lifestyles, while ensuring a just transition of the workforce that creates decent work and quality jobs\u201d*."


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"Deforestation and forest degradation have caused significant reduction in forest cover, destruction of habitat, loss of biodiversity, and increasing GHG emissions. This is already evident in many places including upper parts of lower eastern conservancy such as Machakos and Kitui, and Taita Taveta in coast conservancy as well as all ASALs of Kenya. Changing climatic conditions have also affected the regeneration rate, and biodiversity composition, especially of natural forests."


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"Deforestation: The conversion of forest to another land use or the long-term reduction of tree canopy cover below the 10% threshold. Drought:\ufffdThe\ufffdphenomenon\ufffdthat\ufffdexists\ufffdwhen\ufffdprecipitation\ufffdis\ufffdsignificantly\ufffdbelow\ufffdnormal\ufffdrecorded\ufffdlevels,\ufffd causing serious hydrological imbalances that often adversely affect land resources and production systems. Ecosystem services: Ecological processes or functions that have monetary or non-monetary value to individuals\ufffdor\ufffdsociety\ufffdat\ufffdlarge\ufffde.g.\ufffdProductivity\ufffdor\ufffdbiodiversity\ufffdmaintenance;\ufffdprovisioning\ufffdservices\ufffdsuch\ufffd as\ufffdfood,\ufffdfibre,\ufffdor\ufffdfish;\ufffdregulating\ufffdservices\ufffdsuch\ufffdas\ufffdclimate\ufffdregulation\ufffdor\ufffdcarbon\ufffdsequestration;\ufffdand\ufffdcultural\ufffd services such as tourism or spiritual and aesthetic values. Ecosystem: The interactive system formed from all living organisms and their abiotic (physical and chemical) environment within a given area."


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"Demand for petroleum fuels has steadily increased since 2000 at an average annual rate of 3.4%. The highest growth in demand was related to the transportation sector.  Electricity generation has also grown at a similar pace over the same timeframe and renewable resources such as hydro and geothermal that are not estimated to generate significant greenhouse gas emissions represent an average of about 70% of total generation between 2000 and 2010."


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"Described in Chapter 2, the mitigation analysis detailed the expected\fN D C  S E C T O R  A N A LY S I S  R E P O R T  2 0 1 7 emission reductions required in each sector to achieve the NDC targets."


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"Design of the model may develop over time as such Project participants decided to second trainers from AFPRO to Kenya to train masons in construction of biogas units. Kinangop Wind Park Project  \ufffd There is a specific mention of TT that: The project will enhance the TT to the country and the neighbouring countries through the application and promotion of wind turbines, accelerating the accumulation of experiences and absorption of this kind of technology and advancement of domestic wind power technology."


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"Despite Kenya\u2019s observational network installed at strategic areas so that the observations represent the general climate of a large area,262 the quantity and quality are considered not enough to cover the whole country and the larger region effectively.263 Kenya, like many other developing countries, operates on a lean budget to meet its meteorological needs.264 This has led to the inadequate observation and monitoring sites, with sub-optimal size of sites that are used."


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"Despite The CDM or its future successor presents great opportunities for developing countries like Kenya to access advanced climate- friendly technology that has so far only been developed and used in developed countries like the USA, France, Germany, Japan, and the UK."


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"Despite a strong initial promise to generate financing for emission reduction projects, the CDM has a limited role since 2013. An oversupply of credits combined with a lack of demand for such credits in developed countries has significantly reduced the scale of financing for developing countries through the CDM.  \f  Climate Change: Changes in global or regional climate patterns, including changes in temperature, wind patterns and rainfall."


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"Despite any explicit technology transfer mandate, several CDM projects have been found to contribute to technology transfer by financing emission reduction projects using technologies not available in Kenya. There is wide disparity across various project types and the analysis revealed that only in the renewable energy (geothermal, cogeneration, wind, hydro, solar and biogas), water purification and energy efficiency (efficient transformers, lighting and cookstoves) sectors there was some degree of technology transfer."


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"Despite its important contribution to overall emissions, data required to calculate GHG emissions is lacking and there is significant uncertainty associated with the emission estimates when compared to energy demand, electricity generation and transportation sectors.  The management of soils on agricultural lands, such as cultivation and tillage, are assessed in the agricultural sector as long as they do not involve conversion to a land use other than agriculture."


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"Despite the government efforts to reverse the poverty situation, in 2012, 49.8 per cent of the total population was living below the poverty line (below 1 USD a day), with the level being higher in rural areas at 55.0 per cent than in urban areas estimated at 35.5 per cent. The poor continue to lack critical services such as access to quality healthcare, water supply and education."


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"Detailed analysis of the development scenarios were carried out during the NCCAP process in 2012. Therefore, this report does not attempt to conduct assessment of the country\u2019s low carbon development pathway with new development scenarios. It however updates the detailed assessment carried out during the NCCAP  process by applying the latest available data and information, some of which were not available at the time of developing the NCCAP."


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"Detailed results by sector and source categories for each of the 1995, in the standard reporting tables in Annex A."


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"Detailed scenario analysis of the sectors was carried out during the NCCAP process in 2012. Therefore, this report does not undertake new low-carbon development scenarios, but improves the NCCAP analysis by applying updated data.  Methodology for Mitigation Assessment The last official GHG emissions inventory for Kenya was completed for the year 1994 and used in the FNC in 2002. The mitigation analysis for the SNC therefore started with the development of an inventory of historical greenhouse gas emissions for 2000 to 2010."


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"Details about these have been provided in Chapter 1. Measures that Kenya can implement in order to effectively participate in and benefit 41  GTZ (2008): There is no clear definition of what constitutes a BRT."


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"Details of this structure can be found in the Enabling Legislative and Institutional Framework Report.13 Among the report\u2019s key recommendations were comprehensive institutional reforms, including the establishment of a National Climate Change Council domiciled in the Of\ufb01ce of the President, a Climate Change Directorate under the ministry responsible for climate affairs, and a Technical Advisory Committee within the proposed Directorate."


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"Determine the dynamics and implications of a climate change code for the IFMIS and the whole Government of Kenya\u2019s public financial framework (1 month)  3. Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Planning institute the change (1 month)\fKenya s Action 3:   HARMONISE GOVERNMENT OF KENYA AND DEVELOPMENT PARTNER FUNDING REqUIREMENTS Action Reference Action summary This will include standardising the financial requirements and fiscal calendars of the government and development partners according to the principles of Kenya\u2019s Joint Assistance Strategy."


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"Develop a capacity analysis tool to enable actors to assess existing and required capacities and use a wide range of service providers to address the capacity gaps within the national and county governments."


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"Develop and adopt a comprehensive Climate Change Policy to enable the country achieve the adaptation and mitigation goals. 2. Establish the enabling legislative framework to implement NCCAP actions by enacting a stand-alone, overarching, framework Climate Change Law. Amendment of key sectoral laws will be required to make them consistent with the framework climate change law and to ensure that all actions under the NCCAP have the legislative basis to be implemented and translated from concept to practice."


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"Develop health programmes, protocols and guidance_to manage new climate change related REPUBLIC OF KENYA diseases and risks P31:Reduce the incidence of malaria, other vector borne disease and other health conditions Population, P32; Introduce nature based solutions in flood control especially around informal settlements and selected urban areas P33: Strengthen the enforcement of green building codes by national and county governments P34:Conduct climate risk and vulnerability assessment of building/housing infrastructure especially to flooding, and sea level rise urbanisation and housing Tourism P35: Develop and adopt guidelines of how to integrate adaptation across the tourism sector P36: Conduct a climate risk and vulnerability assessment of the tourism sector P37: Develop climate resilient action plans for the sector Gender, youth and P38: Develop social safety net structures for women, youth and other vulnerable groups within the other vulnerable COCKS Ponies P39: Strengthen access of women, youth, other vulnerable groups to enterprise funds, climate finance group!"


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"Develop mechanisms to build capacity to mainstream climate change into disaster risk reduction and management programmes. Low Carbon Growth  4.2.1 Kenya currently contributes very little to global GHG emissions. However, a significant number of priority development initiatives outlined in Vision 2030 and regular Medium Term Plans (MTPs) will impact on Kenya\u2019s levels of GHG emissions. 4.2.2  The energy sector is a crucial driver of economic growth."


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"Develop policies and strategies to enhance Kenyan capacity to engage in carbon asset activities, strengthen the viability of domestic carbon asset production and increase access to international carbon markets. 5. Promote private sector involvement in climate finance opportunities through the introduction of incentives, removal of investment barriers, creation of a conducive investment climate and facilitation of access to finance. 6. Adopt and implement sector specific anti-corruption, transparency, accountability and integrity mechanisms to safeguard prudent management of climate finance. 7."


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"Developed by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) and the Energy research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN) as background reports for Kenya\u2019s National Climate Change Action Plan, 2013-2017.  Accessed at:   35 Fischer, E., Schmidt, T., Hora, S., Geirsdorf, J., Stinner, W., and Scholwin, F. (2010). Agro-Industrial Biogas in Kenya: Potentials, Estimates for Tariffs, Policy and Business Recommendations. Berlin: German International Cooperation (GIZ). 36 Fischer, E., et al. (2010)."


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"Developed countries can support NAMAs through technology, financing and capacity building under the post-Kyoto regime. Such programmes can help attract some of the funding required to implement large-scale solar (e.g. concentrated solar power plant) and wind energy projects."


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"Developing a National Vehicle Fuel Economy Database & Baseline: Kenya Case Study. United Nations Environmental Programme. 192 Ministry of Energy. 2011. Updated Least Cost Power Development Plan. Nairobi: Ministry of Energy.\f  193 Ministry of Energy. 2011. 194 Ministry of Energy. 2011. 195 Ministry of Energy. 2011. 196 Government of Kenya. 2012. 197 Ministry of Energy. 2011. 198 UNEP. 2006. Kenya: Integrated assessment of the Energy Policy with focus on the transport and household energy sectors. 199 ICF (2009)."


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"Developing countries will do the same through Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs). For this reason, the Accord has totally omitted the clause relating to \u2018historical responsibility\u2019 contained in the UNFCCC. Although this may be considered by some as a great violation of one of the key principles of the UNFCCC, the principle of common but differentiated responsibility based on respective capability, it is perhaps a good move forward in trying to find a solution to the climate crisis."


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"Developing these measurement and monitoring tools requires increased capacity for carbon stock assessment, remote imagery interpretation, community monitoring, applying IPCC methodologies, economic analysis and information management systems. Rationale: The development and implementation of an effective REDD+ strategy requires accurate and rigorous information."


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"Development Goal SLEEK System for Land-Based Emissions Estimation in Kenya SNC Second National Communication StARCK+ Strengthening Adaptation and Resilience to Climate Change in Kenya Plus TAMD Tracking Adaptation and Measuring Development UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USAID United States Agency for International Development VAT Value added tax WRMA Water Resource Management Authority N C C A P S TAT U S O F I M P L E M E N TAT I O N 2 0 1 7 viii A C K N OW L E D G E M E N T S The Principal Secretary, State Department of Environment, and officials from the National Climate Change Directorate, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources provided guidance and leadership that enabled the development of this report."


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"Development STRENGTH ISSUE TO ADDRESS WHAT TO DO WITH STRENGTH THREATS Existing research institutions to undertake CSA research CSA research for technology development and innovations Promote participatory CSA research, technology development and innovations \u2022\ufffd High cost of research \u2022\ufffd Changing donor priorities WEAKNESS ISSUE TO ADDRESS WHAT TO DO WITH WEAKNESS THREATS Limited research on CSA CSA research technology development and innovations \u2022\ufffd Enhance CSA research agenda \u2022\ufffd Coordinate inter- institutional CSA research development and dissemination \u2022\ufffd Different statutes governing mandates and operations of the research institutions \u2022\ufffd Limited funding for research OPPORTUNITY ISSUE TO ADDRESS WHAT TO DO WITH OPPORTUNITY THREATS The existing indigenous CSA knowledge Innovative traditional and cultural knowledge on CSA Integrate indigenous knowledge with scientific knowledge \u2022\ufffd Limited inventory of indigenous knowledge \u2022\ufffd Attitude of researchers \u2022\ufffd Dynamics of technology \u2022\ufffd Lack of legal framework for Indigenous knowledge GHG Emissions 3.7 Lack of safeguard and incentive mechanisms in promoting reduction of emissions from agriculture sector. 3.8 Cultural mind-sets limit mitigation options. 3.9 Slow adoption of agricultural practices that minimize emission of GHGs."


id: 20ed972b8d517fbe21b6bc251c99ba13
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"Development of a coherent strategy for peace and conflict transformation and prevention to be integrated across all major sectors and to include all actors in order to strengthen and institutionalise the peace infrastructure at all levels. 2."


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"Development of a document of this kind would be impossible without financial resources. In this regard, my gratitude goes to the Governments of Denmark and Sweden through the Danida/Sida supported Environmental Programme Support (EPS) for providing both technical and financial support for the process."


id: 742ad79d6afc806aab6f9f5f98ec7c03
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"Development of structures on data collection and recording including an inventory will be necessary for continuous reporting on GHG emissions status for the country, particularly on the interventions carried out on mitigation."


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"Different GHGs \u2013 perfluorocarbons\u2013 can be produced during these processes.  Table 62 identifies projection assumptions used to develop baseline emission projections in the Industrial Processes Sector. \f  Table 53: Baseline projection assumptions for emission sources in industrial processes sector Sector Product Future Growth Rate Notes Mineral Products Cement (tonne clinker) +4.75% per year Historical data for 2011 to 2013 also used.  4.8% growth rate based on Forecast growth rate of Manufacturing GDP in Vision 2030."


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"Direct Access: A funding stream where the recipient country can access finance directly from a fund without going through a third-party intermediary. \f  Designated National Authority (DNA): An authority designated by a national government for the Clean Development Mechanism to review and approve CDM activities. The National Environment Management Authority is Kenya\u2019s DNA to the Clean Development Mechanism.  Emissions Trading: One form of carbon pricing creating a market-based system for regulating the emissions of greenhouse gases."


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"Direct fuel combustion of biomass from wood sources, such as fuelwood and charcoal, is the dominant fuel source in Kenya, accounting for almost 70 per cent of primary, non-electricity, non-transport energy demand. This has placed the forests under pressure and has led to widespread scarcity of biomass. Direct fuel use in the industrial and commercial sectors is relatively low. Moreover, the energy sector may be an important transition point."


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"Director, NCCS), NCCS/ Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources Stephen M. King\u2019uyu (NCCAP Coordinator), NCCS/ Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources Patrick Chabeda Office of the Prime Minister Erastus Wahome Office of the DPM and Ministry of Finance Joshua Opiyo MPND & Vision 2030 Dr Gituro Wainaina MPND & Vision 2030 Esther Magambo (Ms) Climate Change Unit, Ministry of Agriculture Hewson Kabugi Ministry of Forestry & Wildlife Victor Orindi Ministry of Development for Northern Kenya and Other Arid Lands Bernard Karicho Ministry of Water & Irrigation Esther Wangombe (Ms) Ministry of Energy Eunice Lumallas (Ms) Parliament Carole Kariuki (Ms) KEPSA John Kioli KCCWG Mohamed Awer World Wildlife Fund \u2013 Kenya Jackson Kiplagat World Wildlife Fund \u2013 Kenya Eng."


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"Disaster risk management: The systematic process of using administrative directives, organizations, and operational skills and capacities to implement strategies, policies and improved coping capacities in order to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and the possibility of disaster."


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"Disaster risk reduction: The concept and practice of reducing disaster risks through systematic MRV Measurement, Reporting and Verification MTI MTP Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure Medium Term Plan MWI Ministry of Water and Irrigation NACOSTI NAMA National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions NAP National Adaptation Plan NBA NCCAP National Biosafety Authority National Climate Change Action Plan 2013 \u2013 2017 NCCC National Climatic Change Council NCCRC NCCRS National Climate Change Resource Center National Climate Change Response Strategy NCIC National Cohesion and Integration Commission NDC NDMA NDOC Nationally Determined Contributions National Drought Management Authority National Disaster Operation Center NEMA National Environment Management Authority NGO Non-Governmental Organization NIB NIMES NLC National Irrigation Board National Integrated Monitoring and Evaluation System National Land Commission NRM OECD Natural Resource Management Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development PESTLE PPP Political, Economic, Social, Technology, Legal and Environmental Analysis Public Private Partnership R&D Research and Development RCMRD Regional Centre for Mapping Resource for Development RDAs REDD+ Regional Development Authorities Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation plus the efforts in conservation, sustainable management of"


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"Disaster: A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources. Drought: The phenomenon that exists when precipitation is significantly below normal recorded levels, causing serious hydrological imbalances that often adversely affect land resources and production systems."


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"Discussion in this chapter focuses on the climate change negotiation process and outcomes, international agreements and policies, and most importantly the positions Kenya needs to adopt in order to maximise benefits. To achieve this, the Strategy has provided a synopsis of climate change as an international environmental and developmental challenge."


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"Discussions might be held through a number of channels including direct discussions, through identifying potentially sympathetic European development partners and in conjunction with other affected African countries (possibly through the African Union). In addition, Japan is in the process of finalising a carbon offset credit mechanism \u2013 the Bilateral Offset Credit Scheme \u2013 that would purchase credits other than CERs, and for which certification from the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Executive Board would not be required."


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"Doctors need to be aware of the effects of climate change on human health, while architects should have the skills and training to design houses that are climate-proofed and energy efficient. Teachers ought to be equipped with knowledge about climate change in order for them to be suited to teach a curriculum that integrates climate change across all subjects taught at schools in Kenya."


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"Donor support in terms of funding to implement the centre. Indicative timeframe: Three years. Cost associated with the Action in Kenya Shillings: Estimated cost of system development without hardware costs: approximately Ksh200 million. Immediate next steps 1. Prioritise the capacity development needs for 2013\fKenya s Action 5: ESTABLISHMENT OF AN EFFECTIVE SOCIAL MOBILISATION FRAMEWORK AND FUNCTIONAL COMMUNICATION STRUCTURE Action Reference Action summary: Social mobilisation is a broad-scale movement to enlist people\u2019s participation in achieving a specific development goal through self-reliant efforts."


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"Doris N. Kiia taitatavetacda@yahoo.com Agriculture 33. Stanly K. Nuguti smnuguti@gmail.com MoALF 34. Daniel Imunya danielimunya@gmail.com MoALF 35. Davies Makilla dmkwabi@gmail.com MoALF\f67 List of Participants in County Consultations: Venue Kitale 23rd \u2013 27th January, 2017 (Turukana, Bungoma, West Pokot, Trans Nzoia, Uasin Gishu, Kakamega, Busia, Elgeyo Marakwet Counties) No. Name Institution/County Job Title 1. Robin Mbae MOALF-CCU Deputy Director 2. Joab Osumba FICCP(DFID) Consultant 3. Rose Akombo MENR-KFS Assistant Director 4. Michael Okumu MENR-CCD SAD-CCNF 5. Veronica Ndetu MOALF-CCU Principal Agricultural Officer 6."


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"Downing, C., Preston, F., Parusheva, D., Horrocks, L., Edberg, O., Samazzi, F., Washington, R., Muteti, M., Watkiss, P. and Nyangena, W. (2008). Kenya: Climate Screening and Information Exchange. Final report. London: Department for International Development. McSweeney, C., New, M. and Lizcano, G. (2010). UNDP Climate Change Country Profile: Kenya. New York: UNDP-National Communications Support Programme. Met Office. (2011). Climate: Observations, projections and impacts. Kenya. Exeter, UK: Met Office. Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) (2009). The Economics of Climate Change in Kenya. DFID, DANIDA."


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"Dr. G. Njoroge KCA gnjoroge@yahoo.com 39. D. L. Maingi Agricultural Association of Kenya dlmaingi@yahoo.com 40. Emma Bowa CARE Kenya emmabowa@care.or.ke 41. Japheth Kanda Kenya Airports Authority jeffkkanda@yahoo.com 42. Elizabeth Mwangi County Government of Laikipia elizabethmwangi@gmail.com 43. Kim Mhando East African Grain Council kmhando@eaagc.org 44. Lawrence Kiguro World Vision lawrence_kiguro@wvi.org 45. Janet Oyuke MOALF-SDA achiengoyuke@yahoo.com 46. Joseph Muhwanga MOALF-SDL muhwanga@yahoo.com 47. Catherine Mungai CCAFS C.Mungai@cgiar.org 48. Stephen Otieno GIZ stephen.otieno@giz.de 49. Apollo Kiarii KTGA apollo.kiarii@ktga.or.ke 50. Mariana Rufino CIFOR M.Rufino@cgiar.org 51. Ceciwa Banda COMESA csifima@comesa.int 52."


id: a21199e88cbf0812e2bd9a042b1c0b78
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"Drought and floods lead to decline in crop production, total crop failure, degradation of the environment and an increase in destitution. For instance, due to droughts, the country\u2019s famine cycles have reduced from 20 years (1964-1984), to 12 years (1984-1996), to two years (2004-2006) and to yearly (2007/2008/2009). This necessitated distribution of approximately 530,000 metric tons (MT) of assorted foodstuffs worth Ksh. 20 billion between 2004 and 2009 to feed a population of between 3.5 and 4.5 million people annually."


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"Drought, in particular, already threatens Kenya\u2019s rich biodiversity and species loss has been observed, while in other places, the number of indigenous and important species has dwindled significantly.185 Drought also causes poorer habitat suitability in terms of food, water, cover and useable space, leading to wildlife migration, mortality through starvation, predation, reduced production and recruitment (survival of young ones) and broader environmental degradation."


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"Droughts and floods in particular are having devastating consequences on the environment, society and the wider economy.49 The associated spill-over to the macro-economy has been significant. The overall impact of the 2008-2011 drought in Kenya is estimated at KSh968.6 billion (USD 12.1 billion), and was predicted to have caused a slowing down in the growth of the country\u2019s economy by an average of 2.8 per cent per year during that period."


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"Droughts and floods in particular have devastating consequences on the environment, society and the wider economy.  According to the science of climate change, these impacts are likely to continue to affect the country in the future. Since Kenya\u2019s contribution to global emissions of greenhouse gases is negligible, it is not responsible for causing this problem. However, Kenya\u2019s growing population and economy coupled with urbanization have the potential to increase future GHG emissions."


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"Droughts and floods, often regionally concentrated, occur relatively frequently (on average every three to four years), and are linked to El Ni\u00f1o or La Ni\u00f1a episodes.117 An important pattern of ocean-influenced climate variability comes from the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), which can accentuate the effects of El Ni\u00f1o episodes and lead to extreme weather in the region. More generally, climate variability of both rainfall and temperature significantly impacts Kenya\u2019s economy."


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"Droughts are considered likely to occur with similar frequency to the present but with increased severity. This is linked to increases in temperature affecting evaporation rates rather than reduced precipitation. GCM projections indicate that hot days could occur on 19-45% of days by the 2060s. Under emissions scenarios A2 and A1B, GCM projections suggest that there will be no cold days or nights by the 2090s.  Precipitation  Rainfall seasonality is projected to remain the same."


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"Droughts cause large-scale disasters destroying livelihoods, triggering local conflicts over scarce resources, and eroding the ability of communities to cope. The 2011 drought caused over $11 billion damage, with hundreds of thousands of refugees streaming in from affected neighbouring countries. The 2014-18 drought affected 23 counties, 3.4 million Kenyans were severely food insecure and 500,000 people did not  have access to water."


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"Droughts cause underperformance of hydroelectric power infrastructure, with power generation in periods of drought reduced by almost 40 per cent of normal  PRIORITY ADAPTATION OPTIONS  The development of the draft National Adaptation Plan (NAP) included the identification of criteria, which were used to select priority actions under each Medium Term Plan theme. The criteria were weighted to ensure actions addressing existing vulnerabilities scored highly."


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"Droughts cause underperformance of hydroelectric power infrastructure, with power generation in periods of drought reduced by almost 40 per cent of normal years.61\fKenya s \u2022 Political and social arena: Both sudden and slow onset effects of climate change have the potential to affect geo-political and social landscapes for the worse. A changing climate that is poorly adapted to, can compound the causal factors of environmental degradation, natural resource scarcity, human health and social conflict."


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"Dry spell: Short period of water stress during critical crop growth stages and which can occur with high frequency but with minor impacts compared with droughts. Ecosystem resilience: The capacity of an ecosystem to absorb external pressure or perturbations through change and re-organization, but still retain the same basic structure and ways of functioning. Ecosystem services: Ecological processes or functions that have monetary or non-monetary value to individuals or society at large e.g."


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"Due to pressure from agriculture, both soil and water resources are being degraded through erosion, salinization, seawater intrusion; and groundwater depletion. In addition, the current model of intensive agriculture is associated with a high carbon and greenhouse gas footprint, while at the same time many agricultural systems are highly vulnerable to the predicted impacts of climate change. Nachtergaele et al."


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"Due to the importance of transport in the development of Kenya and the region, and as recommended in the NCCAP, Kenya will aim to mainstream climate change into the development of port facilities, roads, railways\f  and bridges to account for rising sea levels, flooding and the increased occurrence of extreme weather events."


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"Due to these vulnerabilities, the country will likely be required to spend more on the health sector. One of the potential impacts of climate change will be an increase in the incidence and geographical spread of such diseases as malaria, yellow fever and encephalitis. Currently malaria accounts for 50% of household expenditure on health, which is likely to increase as the disease spreads to highland areas where the cost of managing it will be disproportionately higher."


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"Duration of the Action: Permanent Quick win opportunity r The quick win box should be checked when the SC team recommends that this is an obvious \u2018quick win\u2019 action.  If the action is designated as \u2018quick win\u2019 it should have been agreed with the Lead Agency.\fKenya s Cost associated with the Action in Kenyan Shillings This initiative would require significant government engagement with development partners, studies into the necessary steps for harmonisation and possibly further public financial management reform efforts."


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"During floods especially those related to El-Ni\u00f1o events, environmental diseases such as typhoid, amoeba, cholera and bilharzia normally associated with contaminated water and poor sanitation reach epidemic levels in such places. Photo by Camco Kenya."


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"During the 2008-2011 drought, drought and indirect impacts from wildfires included environmental losses as a result of damages to plant and animal species, habitats, reduced forest productivity, lower water levels, increased livestock and wildlife mortality rates.  Kenya\u2019s natural resources, in particular its rich flora and fauna, are among the country\u2019s most valuable natural assets. The natural environment is exceptionally diverse and as a consequence climate-related risks will vary depending on the setting."


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"During the NCCAP development in 2012, the country undertook a content analysis and interviews to establish the extent to which climate change had been integrated into Kenya\u2019s education system. Content analysis involved examination of the relevant education policy documents since independence. Also analysed were the curricular of primary, secondary and tertiary levels of education at the time. In the case of universities in-depth interviews were held with heads of departments of relevant sections where climate change courses were taught."


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"During the development of the climate change knowledge management system prototype, an exercise to scope existing institutions involved in climate change work revealed the need for a standardised method of organising knowledge and the Dublin Core Metadata standard has been presented as an example. Various institutions have developed basic data bases, libraries and websites where they store the climate change knowledge. There is limited sharing of climate change information and knowledge\fKenya s across government, private sector, CSOs, academic and research institutions and individual researchers."


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"During the dry season June\u2014September (JJAS), the rains are projected to decrease for RCP 2.6 and 8.5, whilst increase for RCP 4.5. Studies forecast that by 2015, precipitation levels in the long rains season will decline by more than 100 mm in large parts of the interior of Kenya."


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"During the implementation of the ERS, the overall economy recovered from a low growth of 0.5 % in 2002 to 7 % in 2007. Over the same period, the agriculture sector grew at an average rate of 3.9 % with a high growth rate of 7 % in 2005. growth rate of 4.3 % against a target of 7 %. This was mainly due to adverse weather conditions in some years and increased costs of major inputs such as seeds, fertilizer and fuel."


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"ECONOMIC FACTORS Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture 2.1 More funds for development in the county under devolved system of governance. 2.2 More funds assigned to developing countries under the Paris Agreement. 2.3 Growing private sector interest in investing in CSA technologies e.g."


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"EMISSION BASELINE PROJECTION  An assessment of mitigation options to be undertaken as Nationally Appropriate Mitigation  Actions (NAMAs) or other appropriate mitigation programmes requires that there is a projection of expected baseline or business as usual emissions into the future that accounts for existing government policies from which to consider the impact of individual NAMAs.  It is important that this projection reflects only existing policies, regulations and financial commitments and does not account for potential new policies or account for financing that is speculative in nature."


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"ENABLING POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Strategic issue 7: Inadequate policy, weak regulatory frameworks and overlap of mandates among institutions involved in CSA Strategic Goal: An enabling policy, regulatory and institutional frameworks Strategic Objective: To improve policy, regulations and harmonize institutional mandates for climate smart agriculture Strategies (i) Develop and review CSA policies and  regulatory frameworks This will involve formulation and review of policies and regulations for CSA activities (including county specific policies and legislations), establishing oversight and accountability systems."


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"END NOTES  2 A system with two houses; national assembly and senate. In this form before a bill is passed to become a law, it has to be approved by the members of the two houses. 3 Government of Kenya (GoK). (2008). Second Medium-Term Plan (MTP) 2013-2017. Nairobi: Government Printers. [Accessed 22 4 Government of Kenya (GoK). Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (MEMR)."


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"ENERGY The energy sector is an enabler of economic growth and development. Improved, expanded, effective and reliable national energy infrastructure can lower the cost of doing business and increase Kenya\u2019s competitiveness. Climate change threatens energy infrastructure, and lower annual rainfall has reduced the electricity generating capacity of hydroelectric dams, which provided over 50 per cent of Kenya\u2019s electricity in 2013. The energy sector is a large and growing emitter of GHG emissions, accounting for an estimated 16 per cent of GHG emissions in 2010."


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"ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture 6.1 There is a shift in the seasonal rainfall patterns, distribution and reliability. 6.2 There is a general rise in the average temperatures and changes in temperature ranges leading to loss of agricultural land due to the rise of sea level. 6.3 Shift in agro-ecological zones for agriculture production due to changes in temperature and rainfall regimes. 6.4 There is abundant and unexploited solar and wind energy. 6.5 There is increased encroachment of water catchments leading to land degradation. 6.6 Un-sustainable use of natural resources."


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"EWS infrastructure: (WMO, Development Partners, International Research Institutions, Private Sector) (c) Integration of scientific and indigenous technical knowledge in weather forecasting \u2022\ufffd Number and type of advisories generated from integrated forecasts \u2022\ufffd Provision of downscaled scientific forecast \u2022\ufffd Guidelines and standards on ITK based forecasts \u2022\ufffd Capacity building KMD \u2022\ufffd Mobilization of ITK practitioners \u2022\ufffd Facilitating fora for integrated forecasts -\ufffd Capacity building (Departments responsible for: Environment and Natural Resources, Agriculture, Livestock, Irrigation, Fisheries) \u2022\ufffd Capacity building \u2022\ufffd Collaborate with weather-related agencies (ITK practitioners, Development Partners, NGOs, CBOs, Private Sector) ST/LT (d) Enhance human capacity in weather data collection, analysis and packaging \u2022\ufffd Number of stakeholders capacity built (Staff, traditional weather forecasters, communities) \u2022\ufffd Policy guidance \u2022\ufffd Capacity building (KMD, MALF, WRA and RDAs) \u2022\ufffd Capacity building \u2022\ufffd Collaborate with weather related agencies Collect weather data (Departments responsible for Environment and Natural Resources, Agriculture, Livestock, Irrigation, Fisheries) \u2022\ufffd Capacity building \u2022\ufffd Collaborate with weather-related agencies (Development Partners, NGOs, CBOs, Private Sector) ST/LT (e) Provide early warning information on seasonal weather patterns \u2022\ufffd No."


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"Each SWAG will be made up of Seven Executives comprising of three persons from each arm of government and appointed by the Cabinet Secretary, MALF and Chair of Council of Governors (COG), respectively. Subject matter IGR TECHNICAL COMMITTEE (IGTSC) JOINT AGRICULTURE TECHNICAL STEERING COMMITTEE (JATESC) INTERGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS (IGR) SUMMIT INTERGOVERNMENTAL FORUM ON AGRICULTURE (IGF) SECTORAL WORKING (AGRICULTURE) GROUP SWAGs JOINT AGRICULTURE SECRETARIAT (JAS)\f Summary of the financial requirements for implementation of KCSAS Thematic area Financial Years Total (KSh. in Billions) 1."


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"Each box represents a section of the main report on climate finance and an associated set of recommendations with the chart showing the extent to which they relate to public or private, domestic or international resources. For example, the absorptive capacity section relates to domestic and international public resources, and the investment climate paper relates to domestic and international private finance. As such, the recommendations form a coherent package of actions intended to maximise the flows of climate finance into and within Kenya."


id: 4d0ff26b41fb9e5f347b03e1732ff089
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"Each county will thus develop CSA policies, strategies and plans to guide implementation or integrate County specific strategies into their County Integrated Development Plans (CIDPs)  and other plans. 4.2.2 Ministry responsible for energy The ministry responsible for energy at the two levels of government should explore and promote affordable and reliable clean energy for use in agriculture during energy generation. This is because the production, storage and value addition of crops; livestock; fisheries; and forestry require energy supply."


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"Each of the TWGs worked on one of the sub-components of the Action Plan. 3.3  The Action Plan Subcomponents The Action Plan was prepared through work on eight distinct but integrated subcomponents. A ninth subcomponent provided overall coordination to the process. These subcomponents and the relationships between them are illustrated in Figure 3.2."


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"Each of these bilateral, multilateral and private sources offers opportunities for developing countries such as Kenya to address their climate and development needs concurrently.  Multilateral funds include the Climate Investment Funds under the World Bank, which include the Clean Technology Fund and the Scaling-Up Renewable Energy Program. The Nordic Development Fund, the joint development finance institution of the five Nordic counties, facilitates climate change investment."


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"Each school is to be supplied with a 10,000 litre water tank to support water harvesting for the establishment and management of both tree nurseries and plantations, and \u2022\ufffd large-scale landowners with at least 50 acres of land will be encouraged to construct dams for water harvesting and storage in order to support the establishment of irrigated private forests. A detailed coverage of the Forest Restoration & Conservation Programme and Projects is provided in the Action Plan, which is annexed to this Strategy."


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"Ecologic Institute, Washington D.C., November 2009 Research, Technology Development, Absorption and Diffusion\f\u2018together we can tackle climate change\u2019 Climate Change Governance Climate Change Governance\fClimate change governance in this context is interpreted to refer to climate change policy, legal framework and institutional/ organisational framework. 8.1 Climate Change Policy Kenya\u2019s need to develop a suitable climate change response strategy including a suitable climate change governance framework should stem from both the realities of the negative impacts of climate change and from obligations placed upon it by the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol."


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content:
"Economic Recovery Strategy for Wealth and Employment Creation.  Ministry of Planning and National Development, Government of Kenya. GoK. (2004). Strategy for Revitalizing Agriculture 2004-2014. Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, Government of Kenya. GoK. (2007). Kenya Vision 2030. Government of Kenya. GoK. (2008). First Medium Term Plan, 2008 \u2013 2012. Ministry of State for Planning, National Development and Vision 2030, Government of Kenya. GoK. (2009). Agricultural Farm Forestry Rules 2009. Government of Kenya. GoK. (2010a). Constitution of Kenya 2010."


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"Economic Survey 2000 to 2011.  Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. 2 Biomass estimates derived from Ministry of Energy (2002). Study on Kenya\u2019s Energy Demand, Supply and Policy Strategy for Households, Small scale Industries and Service Establishments. Kamfor Consultants, Nairobi, Kenya and UNEP (2006). Kenya: Integrated assessment of the Energy Policy With focus on the transport and household\f  energy sectors 1 Lubricants from 2004 to 2010 from Petroleum Institute of East Africa (PIEA) website. Kenya Petroleum Sales Data. Accessed January 14, 2015 at"


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"Economic Survey 2014 Highlights. Nairobi: KIPPRA 72 Government of Kenya (GoK). (2008). Second Medium-Term Plan (MTP) 2013-2017. Nairobi: Government Printers. [Accessed 22 75 Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis (KIPPRA),Kenya, Economic Report 2013 [Accessed 22 April 2014] 77 Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis (KIPPRA). (2014). Economic Survey 2014 Highlights."


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"Economic gains have largely benefited the wealthiest quantile contributing to the country\u2019s social and economic gap (inequality) with great disparities between the rural and urban. The bulk of those living below poverty line are more vulnerable to climate change. Kenya\u2019s climate varies considerably across the country. It is hot and humid at the coast, temperate inland, and very dry (of arid nature) in the north and northeast parts of the country."


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"Economic gains have largely benefited the wealthiest quintile contributing to the country\u2019s social and economic gap (inequality) with great disparities between the rural and urban areas.  The poverty and inequality situation expose Kenyans to climate risk hazards rendering them vulnerable to climate change. According to the IPCC Working Group II (WGII) 5th Assessment Report (AR5) poverty and inequality are the most salient conditions that shape climate- related vulnerability. Poverty affects livelihood options and creates conditions where people have few assets to buffer extreme events."


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"Education ICT Grand Total Sub-total Climate Change Education & Aware- ness Sub-total ICT and climate change pro- grammes Sub-total Disaster Risk Reduction developing structures that facilitate conti- nuity of the National Disaster Management Policy Disaster Risk Reduction mainstreaming DRR and adaptation e.g."


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"Education: Education in the country has had a remarkable increase in access and participation rates. Primary education recorded the highest progress, while access rates at pre-primary, secondary and tertiary education remain low relative to sub-Saharan average of 7%."


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"Effective implementation of the NAP will be supported through the establishment of enabling governance structures, including those set out in the Climate Change Act, that was enacted into law by His Excellency, the President in May 2016. Additional support and increased partnerships will be required for Kenya to achieve its adaptation goals. The Government of Kenya is fully committed to addressing climate change domestically, as well as demonstrating leadership in the global \ufb01ght against climate change."


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"Effective implementation of the NCCAP is highly dependent on the internal \u201cfeedback\u201d generated through monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) processes. Without the NPBMF, it will be impossible for the Government of Kenya (GoK) to assess the effectiveness of investment in mitigation and adaptation, or to determine whether the money is being spent wisely. The continuance of international funding for climate change activities depends on effective MRV."


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"Effective implementation will be supported through the establishment of an enabling governance structure including a climate change policy and law, a funding mechanism and investment framework, a capacity development and management framework, and a national a national performance and benefit measurement system.  The Ministry of Planning and Devolution (MOPD) has included indicators to track progress in mainstreaming climate change in its Second Handbook of National Reporting, which helps the government monitor progress toward the goals of the Second Medium Term Plan of Vision 2030."


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"Effective monitoring and evaluation will test the achievements of interventions undertaken to reduce future climate impacts, and public accountability will be essential. A multi-stakeholder financial facility for mobilising early actions on adaptation and learning may be a desirable feature of the National Adaptation Facility. Such a pilot fund would not supplant the larger stream of funding from national budgets or international projects."


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"Effective response to climate change requires an institutional framework that involves the senior members of the executive and provides high-level convening power across the many sectoral Ministries and County level authorities relevant to climate change, and oversees clear, coherent policy direction across all levels of Government. This will add the necessary political impetus to the technical tasks to be performed by the Climate Change Secretariat. Such a Council may be chaired by the Secretary to the Cabinet."


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"Effectiveness Assessment of Adaptation at the County Level (demonstration) Climate Change Relevant Data Repository (CCRDR) Part of Action 1 Total for 5 years Total for process & administration USD Equivalent\fKenya s 12.4 Concluding Remarks Climate change is a cross-cutting development issue that requires high level political goodwill and support to effectively address the risks and maximise the opportunities it presents."


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"Effectiveness: To mobilise the appropriate national and international resources to eliminate or significantly reduce financial barriers associated with implementation of low carbon climate resilient development plans. A key element is ensuring that climate finance addresses the most pressing and urgent needs, thus enabling transformational change by supporting a sustainable transition to a green and inclusive economy.  Predictability: To secure resources from different sources to support long-term implementation and a transition to a low carbon climate resilient economy."


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"Efforts to incentivise voluntary market projects could be considered, as these projects can serve as a source of experimentation and innovation to prepare for future carbon market mechanisms. The viability of compliance and voluntary carbon market activities will depend on the security of property rights surrounding the assets, the taxation regime and financial services arrangement of the transactions, and the costs involved in complying with additional regulation, such as environmental approvals and project approval processes."


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"Efforts to increase agroforestry will help meet Kenya\u2019s goal of increasing tree cover on farmland to 10 per cent as a means to preserving and maintaining the environment and combating climate change.  Important actions related to the livestock sector include manure management through biogas promotion, and rangeland pasture rehabilitation, management and conservation."


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"Efforts will be made to link this system to the National Integrated Monitoring and Evaluation System. 10.2.3 The M&E system will monitor implementation by tracking inputs and actions to mainstream climate change by national and county government entities."


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"Eight subcomponents form the core of the NCCAP and represent long-term and integrated strategies for achieving key climate change goals. The eight subcomponents are;  Subcomponent 1: Long-term National Low Carbon Climate Resilient Development Pathway facilitates mainstreaming of climate change aspects in the country\u2019s long term development planning and budgeting. The Ministry responsible for planning has used this as a platform to integrate climate change into the Vision 2030 Medium Term Plan (2013- 2017)."


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"Electricity consumption projections are presented in Figure 50 by the major consumers (households, commercial, industry and street lighting).  Table 49: Projection assumptions for electricity end-uses (Stock, Demand and Efficiency) Stock Metric Assumption Notes Rural  Units +15.7% per year Based on customer growth of 12.3% and urban stock growth of 3% annually."


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"Elgon Region of the Lake Victoria Basin Project; Lake Victoria Environment Management Programme (LVEMP); Planning for Resilience in East Africa through policy, adaptation, research and economic development programme (PREPARED); Climate for Development in Africa Programme; Catalysing Forest and Landscape; rehabilitation for climate resilience and biodiversity conservation in East Africa; Global Early Warning System for Climate Change project. Gaps Capacity building, \ufb01nancing, technology. Short Term Sub- actions \u2022\ufffd Improve public outreach on environmental issues."


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"Emission Baseline Projection Projections of the baseline emissions to 2030 for each sector, illustrated in Figure 3 above, are used as the baseline case against which it is possible to demonstrate the expected abatement potential in each of the six major mitigation sectors (with energy examined from two perspectives: electricity supply and energy demand). In the reference case, emissions increase up until 2030 in all sectors except LULUCF."


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"Emission Reductions (MtCO2e) Improved Passenger Vehicle Stock Efficiency Improved Heavy-Duty Vehicle Stock Efficiency Biodiesel Bioethanol BRT Nairobi LRT Nairobi Freight from Road to Rail\f  Figure 61: Low carbon development wedge for industrial processes GHG Emissions MTCO2e Improved Charcoal Production System Low Carbon Pathway  Emission Reductions (MtCO2e) Improved Charcoal Production System  Agriculture  Agriculture is the largest source of GHG emissions; it was responsible for more than one-third of Kenya\u2019s total emissions in 2010."


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"Emission reduction potential by sector: Technical potential and NDC 30% GHG emission reduction targets sector  ghg emission reduction potential (MtCO2e) ndc target (MtCO2e) Forestry Electricity Generation Energy Demand Transportation Agriculture Industrial Processes Waste Total Emission Reduction Potential \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 Total Emissions in 2030 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 % of Total Emissions in 2030 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 Source: Derived from Government of Kenya (2015), Second National Communication, page 172\fN D C  S E C T O R  A N A LY S I S  R E P O R T  2 0 1 7 The 30% emissions reduction target means that Kenya\u2019s GHG emissions in 2030 are expected to be 30% lower than the projected emissions or business as usual (BAU) scenario (depicted in Figure 2.1 as the \u201cEmissions Baseline\u201d)."


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"Emission reductions in the LULUCF sector are attractive because of the relatively low cost to create these carbon sinks compared to actions in other sectors.15 mitigation options identified in kenya\u2019s nccap and second national communication Three mitigation options were developed and presented for the LULUCF sector in Kenya\u2019s NCCAP, and re-examined in the SNC. The descriptions of the three options below are taken from the Forestry chapter of the NCCAP mitigation analysis."


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"Emissions Mton CO2e Reduction below reference case: Reduction below reference case: Low-carbon pathway Reference case projection Forstry Electricity Transportation Energy Demand Agriculture Industrial Process Waste Source: GoK NCCAP Mitigation Analysis 2012 Figure 6.7: Composite abatement potential for all sectors (technical potential) Economy-wide top-down assessment of low-carbon opportunities The low carbon analysis also included economy-wide economic, energy and emission modelling. A computable general equilibrium (CGE) modelling approach was used to inform climate investment choices and long-term development impacts in Kenya."


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"Emissions and removals in the LULUCF Sector were estimated using a State and Transition Simulation model called ST-Sim. The model is a stochastic, empirical simulation model that can be used to estimate how carbon flows between various carbon pools over time.  The carbon pools represented in the model are consistent with IPCC Guidelines and include above-ground biomass, below-ground biomass, soil organic matter and the atmosphere.  Carbon flows are triggered either by transitions between land-uses, or by disturbances and changes in management."


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"Emissions are estimated assuming that they are equal to the amount of HFCs that are imported in the country.  An assumption is made that there is no destruction of HFCs. Total HFC bulk imports between and are summarized in Table 10.  Table 10: HFC Imports in kg (2009 - 2012) HFC Type Average per capita (g / capita) - Source: NEMA. Spreadsheets of Import and export ODS Data provided by NEMA Jan 13, 2015."


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"Emissions from paddy rice depend on rice varieties, water management, soil organic matter management, temperature, soil properties, as well as rice straw management. The poor management of rice straw in flooded paddy rice production systems contribute to methane emissions. Application of rice straw to paddy fields significantly increases the methane emission rate compared to application of the rice straw compost or chemical fertilizer. The burning of rice residues such as straw and husks also contributes to greenhouse gas emission."


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"Emissions in other sectors\f will grow significantly up to 2030, with transport emissions increasing by a factor of three, and those from the waste sector doubling. of Climate Change Governance  2.4.1 Climate change is a sustainable national development issue in Kenya. A coherent and coordinated regulatory framework must therefore guide the national, county and local level responses to the impacts of climate change."


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"Emissions mitigation through the use of methane gas for electricity production was taken into account in the calculations for the electricity sector. 205 TNA process 2013 mitigation report 207 TNA process 2013 mitigation report 208 According to the country\u2019s Energy Regulation Authority website 209 TNA process 2013 mitigation report 215 Ministry of Energy and Petroleum, Kenya found at 216 PoA DD Kenya Tea Development Authority (KTDA) 217."


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"Emissions primarily originate from deforestation, where forests are cleared for fuelwood and charcoal production or to create agricultural land. Emissions are expected to increase to 26 MtCO2e in 2015 and then decline to 22 MtCO2e by 2030.  The most significant abatement potential can be achieved through restoration of forests on degraded lands. Abatement potential of 32.56 MtCO2e per year by 2030 is likely through conservation and sustainable forest management interventions."


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"Emissions reductions are considered for installed capacity additional to the NCCAP baseline; as such geothermal development did not contribute to emission reductions in 2016. The NCCAP assumed that emission reductions in the sector would occur after 2015. KenGen\u2019s installed geothermal capacity increased from 152.5 MW prior to 2013 to 497.8 MW at the end of 2015."


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"Emissions were then projected out to 2030 to form the reference case. Illustrated in Figure 3 below, emissions to increase from 52 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO2e) reference case forms the baseline against which abatement potential is estimated for the six mitigation sectors. \f  Figure 3: Emission Baseline Projection for Kenya (MtCO2e) GHG Emissions MtCO2e Industrial Processes Energy Demand Transportation LULUCF Electricity Generation Agriculture  The analysis of low-carbon development opportunities looked at mitigation potential, costs and sustainable development benefits."


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"Empirical evidence is required to support policy, legislative, technological and other interventions. The development and diffusion of local technologies requires an enabling investment environment."


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"Enabling Policy Legal and Institutional Framework Strategic issue 7: Inadequate policy, weak regulatory framework and overlap of mandates among institutions involved in CSA Strategic Goal: An enabling policy, regulatory and institutional framework Strategic Objective: To improve policy, regulations and harmonize institutional mandates for climate smart agriculture (i) Develop and review CSA policies and regulatory frameworks (a) Formulate and review policies and regulations for CSA activities \u2022\ufffd Number of policies and regulations formulated and reviewed \u2022\ufffd Formulate and review policies and regulations \u2022\ufffd Build capacity and support formulation and review of county specific regulations (MALF, MENR, MWI and Attorney General\u2019s Office) \u2022\ufffd Formulate and review county- specific policies and regulations \u2022\ufffd Participate in the formulation and review of national regulations (County Assembly, Departments responsible for Agriculture, Livestock, Irrigation, Fisheries, and Environment) \u2022\ufffd Participation \u2022\ufffd Technical assistance \u2022\ufffd Funding (NGOs, CBOs, FBOs, Development Partners, private sector) ST/LT (b) Establish oversight and accountability systems for enforcement \u2022\ufffd Number of systems for oversight and accountability \u2022\ufffd Establishment and operationalize oversight and accountability guidelines \u2022\ufffd Roll out guideline for use by the counties \u2022\ufffd Support"


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"Enabling Policy, Legislative and Institutional Framework .95 Key Findings 95 Recommended Actions 102 Summary of Actions 103 Knowledge Management and Capacity Development . 105 Introduction 105 Findings of the Analysis . 105 Recommended Actions 108 Summary of Actions 113 Technology 115 Kenya s XV Overview of the Technology Needs Assessment (TNA) Process 116 Technologies within the Actions for Mitigation and Adaptation 117 Institutions for the Development of Required Technology 124 Existing Initiatives Related to Technology Transfer and Research & Development 126 National Performance and Benefit Measurement Framework . 129 Introduction 129 Key Findings 130 Recommended Actions 141 Summary of Actions . 143 Implementation and Conclusions 145 12.1 Implementing and Mainstreaming of the Action Plan . 145 12.2 The Opportunities or \u2018Big Wins\u2019 147 Costs Associated with the 150 Concluding Remarks . 154 Annex 1a: NCCAP Thematic Working Group Members 157 Annex 1b: NCCAP Sub-Components and Respective Consulting Agencies 159 Annex 2 Action Sheets for Chapter 6 \u2013 Low Carbon Option . 160 Annex 3 Action Sheets for Chapter 7 \u2013 Climate Finance . 178 Annex 4 Action Sheets for Chapter"


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"Enabling Policy, Legislative and Institutional Framework Policy, legislative and regulatory frameworks for climate change response provide legitimacy, set goals, regulate conduct, provide incentives for action, promote investment and establish sanctions that can ensure compliance. For Kenya\u2019s National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) to be fully and effectively implemented, a sound and enabling policy, legislative, and institutional framework must be in place."


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"Enabling actions to provide development of geothermal power development include scaling up of resource mapping and data availability of the resource in order to assist potential developers with information to support power production planning and assessment. The Ministry of Energy has produced a map of Geothermal Energy Resources in the country. The government and IPPs are actively engaged in geothermal development in the Rift Valley. According to ULCPDP reference scenario, Kenya will have about 5000 MW of installed capacity in 2030 from geothermal energy."


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"Enabling environment for Green Economy transition \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd 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