# document

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created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:30
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"The spatial distribution of projected rainfall is shown in Figure 2. This highlights that the Southern and Eastern geographies of Zimbabwe are projected to experience the most significant decreases in rainfall between 2020 and 2080.\f Figure 2: Spatial distribution of Zimbabwe mean annual Climate Research Unit (CRU) rainfall for the  Adaptation measures Direct and indirect exposure to climate-related hazards, shocks and stressors are already causing adverse impacts on Zimbabwe\u2019s human, physical, natural, social and financial capital."


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"The target is expressed as a reduction in total national GHG emissions per capita from business-as-usual (BAU) projected levels, with a historical period of 2010-2017. b. Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year National total emissions in the base data period ranged between 25.24 MtCO2eq in 2011 and 41.66 MtCO2eq in 2015. Emissions in 2017 were 35.84 MtCO2eq."


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"The total investment cost of meeting the mitigation contribution is approximately US$4,834.47 million. However, it should be noted that not all of this will be new additional cost \u2013 some of the investments are already being made for non-climate reasons, for example investments into the energy sector."


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created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:30
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"The updated target is a 40% reduction in economy-wide GHG emissions per capita compared to BAU by 2030, conditional on international support. In the mitigation scenario, economy-wide emissions per capita are projected to be 2.3 tCO2eq in 2030.\f Climate policies and Strategies Key climate policies already in place when the INDC was submitted included the National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS)."


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created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:30
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"The various funding, technology and capacity mechanisms related to the Convention such as the Green Climate Fund (GCF), Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN), Adaptation Fund, Global Environmental Facility (GEF) and continued investment by developmental partners in the national climate change discourse will be critical. The enactment of a \u2018favourable\u2019 agreement in Paris, France in December 2015 will be an added advantage."


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created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:30
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"There is also a lack of awareness from consumers regarding the application and performance of lower clinker products. Other challenges include high investment costs for retrofits such as the installation of the nitrous oxide secondary catalyst, lack of technical expertise for operation and maintenance of imported technologies and lack of adequate technical skills and financial capacity to implement the HFC phasedown measures. Financial and technical support will therefore be required to support the implementation of all these measures."


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"These SLCPs and air pollutants were included in the GHG mitigation assessment using the same activity data as for the quantification of GHG emissions. Emission factors for Black Carbon and air pollutants were taken from the EMEP/EEA air pollution emission inventory guidelines, as recommended by IPCC (2006)."


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created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:30
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"These groups include women, youths and children, people who are physically handicapped, indigenous peoples, migrants and internally displaced and inhabitants of unfavourable agro-ecological regions. Impacts Climate impacts on human capital affect citizens\u2019 health, safety and sources of livelihood. Flooding and drought events increase the spread of water-borne diseases. A recent study (2018) identified that between 1990 and 2010, a cholera outbreak was registered in one of every three droughts and one of every 15 floods13."


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created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:30
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"These include the National Renewable Energy Policy (2019), Bio-fuels Policy (2019), Development Plan (2017), National Transport Master Plan (2018), draft National Energy Efficiency Policy, National Agriculture Policy Framework (2018-2030), draft National Forest Policy, Zimbabwe National Industrial Development Policy (2019-2023), and Environmental Management Regulations (2016). Collectively, this package of policies and strategies will guide the implementation of Zimbabwe\u2019s Revised NDC."


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"These policies have enabled to develop hydro power generation and through additional dams will further strengthen Zimbabwe\u2019s mitigation actions. Since Zimbabwe is still developing, strategic mitigation initiatives and international collaboration presents an opportunity for low carbon development pathways, at the same time strengthening the economy as outlined in the national economic blue-print, Zimbabwe Agenda for Sustainable Socio-Economic Transformation (ZimAsset) and the Constitution of Zimbabwe."


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"These projections are based on population and GDP growth assumptions taken from the NDS1, which takes into account the impact of COVID-19 on Zimbabwe\u2019s economy and its expected recovery and are presented in Figure 7. This higher per- capita reduction in GHG emissions and expansion of sectoral scope, including the economy wide coverage of adaptation beyond the original agricultural sector, all combine to demonstrate increased ambition for the Revised NDC."


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"These services include food supply, water purification, soil stabilisation and health, timber and fibre supply, touristic attraction, genetic diversity, nutrient recycling, flood control, and runoff modulation. Impacts The 1991/1992 rain season experienced the most extreme drought event in the past 3 decades. This episode reduced water discharge over Victoria Falls, plant biodiversity in the rainforest, and resulted in the death of about 148 elephants in the Hwange National park and about 1,500 in Gonarezhou National Park."


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created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:30
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"This Revised NDC represents a fair enhancement of ambition and expands sectoral scope relative to the INDC in light of Zimbabwe\u2019s national circumstances and respective capabilities. Headline messages of Zimbabwe\u2019s Revised NDC \u2022\ufffd A list of economy-wide adaptation measures is included based on a national climate vulnerability and risk assessment. \u2022\ufffd Zimbabwe\u2019s revised NDC target is a 40% per capita emissions reduction across all sectors of the economy below the projected business as usual scenario by 2030 (relative to the 2017 emission baseline)."


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"This is likely due to the lower estimates of economic growth caused the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as smaller increases in GHG emissions in recent years compared to the INDC projections for those years."


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"This means ensuring that the benefits of delivering such an economy are widely shared, and that support is provided to those that may be at risk from the move to a green economy, for example those that currently work in polluting industries. The just transition concept links to 14 of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals, explicitly drawing together SDGs 13 \u2013 climate action, 10 \u2013 reduced inequalities, 8 \u2013 decent work and economic growth, and 7 - affordable and clean energy."


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"This measure applies to infrastructure such as buildings, roads, bridges, telecommunications infrastructure, water infrastructures like dams, sewages, drains, water supply pipes, pumps. It also includes actions that use energy generating technologies (wind, photovoltaic solar) that are not reliant on climate-sensitive hydrological resources. 21    UNDP (2021). Assessment of Zimbabwe\u2019s Climate Policies\u2019 Impact on Employment, Economy and Emissions.\f Adaptation benefits Actions under this measure would reduce the climate sensitivities of all sectors that are reliant on infrastructure. Urban areas would benefit most."


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"This mitigation goal is set to be achieved by implementation of the following actions as well as related enablers amongst others:  Project Indicative cost (US$ mil) Ethanol blending Solar water heaters Energy efficiency improvement Increasing hydro in our energy mix Refurbishment and Electrification of the rail system  Sub Total 1  Other key mitigation actions include the following with the estimated costs: Coal-bed methane (CBM) power."


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"This represents a fair and bold contribution from a country such as Zimbabwe which only accounts for 0.07% of global emissions (in 2017) and for whom adaptation is the key priority. b. Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; Zimbabwe is a lower middle-income country with a steadily growing population. As a lower-middle income country, Zimbabwe bears little historical responsibility for the climate crisis, representing just 0.07% of global total emissions in 2017. Emissions per capita were around 2.5 tonnes CO2e in 2017."


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"This will ensure that gender-biases are prevented when planning for their implementation, and that the measures can also directly target gender inequality as an important factor of vulnerability to climate change. Similarly, the measures will also consider the role of the youth as a way to provide opportunities for employment and skills development, and to ensure that youth perspectives are represented when planning for implementation."


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"Though its net migration rate is negative (there is more emigration than immigration), the number of refugees has doubled since 2010 which may be a consequence of slow onset migration due to ecosystem degradation or major environmental events.12  Climate impacts in other countries may lead to an increase in push-factors to emigrate to Zimbabwe. \u2022\ufffd Dependency\ufffdon\ufffdimported\ufffdcereals. Zimbabwe has a negative trade balance for food products."


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"Throughout the base year period, emissions fluctuated over time (Figure 3) This mainly stems from the AFOLU sector, where there is substantial variability in the magnitude of emissions across the time series. Other sectors show less variability."


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"Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the CMA; 1 January 2021 to 31 December 2030. b. Whether it is a single-year or multi- year target, as applicable. Single-year target for 2030.\f ICTU category Response 3. Scope and coverage a. General description of the target; A 2030 target for reducing total national GHG emissions per capita below BAU. b."


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"To achieve the temperature goal, the Paris Agreement requires Parties to communicate their own greenhouse gas emissions reduction commitments through the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) every five years with each submission reflecting increased ambition from the previous one. Zimbabwe submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) in 2015 which became the country\u2019s first NDC in 2017 when the country ratified the Paris Agreement."


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"To inform the NDC, the ILO and UNDP conducted an Assessment of Zimbabwe\u2019s Climate Policies\u2019 Impact on Employment, Economy and Emissions, which found that Zimbabwe\u2019s climate policies have the potential to contribute significant job creation if accompanied by appropriate social, labour market and skills enhancement policies. During the development of the NDC, literature was reviewed to assess the potential co-benefits of adaptation measures as well as the co-benefits and risks of mitigation measures. ii."


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"Tracking climate finance in Zimbabwe At present, Zimbabwe does not have permanent institutional structures that track all development finance including aid assistance and climate finance. There is a need for an efficient system to assess financial support needs and for tracking financial support received. The Government of Zimbabwe, with the assistance of partners, is investing in a Development Projects Management Information System (DEVPROMIS) to improve transparency and accountability through data capturing and information sharing between the State, Development Partners and Civil Society Organizations."


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"Urban populations would also benefit from a reduction in potential damage to infrastructure and related risks to people. Reducing the climate sensitivity of the energy sector would indirectly reduce the climate sensitivity of the many sectors that are reliant on energy supply. Co-benefits 11, 13. Enhancing the use of renewable energy sources would deliver mitigation benefits."


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"Validation workshops drawing on the participation of a wide range of stakeholders were held for the endorsement of all technical work products used to inform the NDC update. As Zimbabwe looks ahead to the continuation of implementation of the NDC, further stakeholder engagement is envisaged, ensuring that vulnerable groups, including those representing women and youth, as well as sub-national entities are accorded the opportunity to feed into the process. Structure of the Revised NDC Report This Revised NDC Report is structured as follows."


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"Water shortages, lack of grazing and heat stress threaten the survival of wildlife species, especially those sensitive to heat, such as elephants. Droughts have continued to have similar impacts on ecological systems and biodiversity in recent years, most notably in 2018. A recent study in Hwange National park projected a reduction of 40% of elephant habitat by 2050 and a change in elephant population distribution because of climate change16."


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"While the country has integrated most of the actions identified in this revised NDC in its development policies and strategies, the Government of Zimbabwe calls upon potential partners and stakeholders to come on board to support the implementation of this revised NDC for the country to meet its developmental aspirations and climate change mitigation obligations. \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.\u2026\u2026\u2026 Hon. N.M Ndhlovu (M.P) Minister of Environment, Climate, Tourism and Hospitality Industry\f iii Acknowledgments Zimbabwe\u2019s Revised NDC Report was developed under the auspices of the NDC Partnership\u2019s Climate Action Enhancement Package (CAEP) with technical  and financial support from the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), ICLEI Africa Local Governments  for  Sustainability), International Labour Organization (ILO), International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and World Bank."


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"Widespread adoption of climate-smart agriculture, including conservation tillage, would contribute to mitigation efforts by increasing resource-use efficiency and increasing capacity of healthier soils to capture and sequester carbon. Incorporation of legumes in crop rotations has the potential to significantly reduce nitrogen fertilizer demand and ammonium nitrate fertilizer production thus driving a corresponding reduction in nitrous oxide emissions."


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"With these changes Zimbabwe is showing strong climate leadership and encouraging other countries to make similarly bold pledges for action. d. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; This updated NDC expands the mitigation contribution to cover all emissions sectors in Zimbabwe. e. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. Not applicable. 7. How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objectives of the Convention as set out in its a."


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"Without ambitious mitigation action (BAU), Zimbabwe\u2019s per capita emissions are projected to grow to 3.9 tonnes CO2e in 2030. Under the 2030 mitigation contribution, the per capita emissions are expected to remain around 2.3 tonnes CO2e, in line with global targets.\f ICTU category Response c. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; Zimbabwe strongly supports the temperature goals of the Paris Agreement."


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"Women and children also more pronouncedly suffer the social consequences of a crisis situation, in which protection mechanisms are minimal. Other impacts on natural assets include loss of biodiversity; forest and fauna species\u2019 migration; alteration in migration patterns and biodiversity corridors; and increases in pests and invasive species. Pests, such as the fall armyworm, tomato leaf miner, cotton mealybug, larger grain borer and other newcomer pests, are adapted to shifting weather patterns and are already adversely affecting farmers in Zimbabwe."


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"Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution ZIMBABWE GOVERNMENT OF ZIMBABWE\f\f i ZIMBABWE Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution GOVERNMENT OF ZIMBABWE\f ii Foreword Climate change has been widely recognized as a major global issue that threatens to alter the natural environment, disrupt the well-being of society, and deter socio-economic development, making climate change mitigation and adaptation interventions imperative to reduce any further deterioration in the climate system."


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"Zimbabwe also intends to leverage on its resources including carbon credits or sell of emission reductions units through international and regional carbon markets and/or carbon pricing mechanisms to mobilise more resources for managing climate change."


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"Zimbabwe is not party to an agreement to act jointly under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement. c. How the Party\u2019s preparation of its NDC has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; Not applicable \u2013 a first global stocktake will take place in 2023. d. Each Party with an NDC under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on:\f ICTU category Response i."


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"Zimbabwe is updating its Public Investment Management (PIM) Guidelines and Sector Manuals (energy, transport, water and irrigation) to incorporate climate resilience and adaptation in the development of project proposals. The climate informed PIM Guidelines and Sector Manuals will ensure that climate risk, adaptation, mitigation, and management are incorporated throughout the life cycle of Public Investment Projects (PIPs) in project preparation, appraisal, and prioritization stages, so as to maximize the effectiveness and efficiency of the country\u2019s PIM function in the face of climate change and variability."


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"Zimbabwe s Contribution  Zimbabwe\u2019s contribution towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in Article 2.  2.1. Adaptation Contribution  \f  1. Rationale and process of developing the adaptation component  Zimbabwe\u2019s vulnerability of the agricultural sector to climate change effects especially water stress, flooding and other extremes such as frost and hail necessitates a focus on adaptation in order to climate proof and improve livelihoods, which will consequently eradicate poverty."


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"Zimbabwe submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to the UNFCCC in September 2015. In 2017, the INDC became Zimbabwe\u2019s first-generation Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), after the country ratified the Paris Agreement. The INDC was focused on specific sectors. It defined priority actions to build resilience to climate change in agriculture and mitigate energy- related GHG emissions, as well as finance and investment requirements for both climate pillars."


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"Zimbabwe will also implement actions that focus on: (i) increasing resource-use efficiency along the agricultural value chain (ii) supporting value addition to agricultural products (iii) improving market access for women and youth farmers in remote areas, (iv) minimizing waste, and (v) reducing inequalities along agricultural value chains. Agricultural value-chains largely employ women. Implementing this measure thus requires actions that consider gender barriers to accessing information and resources (such as lack of collateral, illiteracy, etc), as well as actions that directly address gender inequalities (i.e."


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"Zimbabwe\u2019s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)  1.0. National Development  Goals and Priorities in the Climate Change Context  In response to the Warsaw decision and the Lima call for action, the Government of Zimbabwe presents its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)."


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"Zimbabwe\u2019s Second National Communication to the UNFCCC identified the energy sector as the major greenhouse gas (GHG) contributor.  The country currently generates about 1200MW of electricity, of which approximately 40% is from thermal sources while about 60% is from hydro power plants particularly for industrial and domestic supply. National total GHG emissions in the year 2000 were 26,996Gg CO2.eq (recalculated in 2015) which translates to 0.002Gg CO2.eq per capita.  The distribution of emissions is shown in Figure 1."


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"Zimbabwe\u2019s Vision 2030 seeks to transform Zimbabwe to an upper middle-income economy by 2030, with a per capita Gross National Income of over US$5 000 in real terms. The National Development Strategy (NDS1), 2021-2025, supports Vision 2030, targeting an annual GDP growth rate of above 5% and the creation of at least 760,000 formal jobs over the five-year period. NDS1 aims to increase agriculture production, especially by smallholder farmers, which will increase Zimbabwe\u2019s prosperity, food security and resilience against climate change."


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"Zimbabwe\u2019s sustainable development is constrained by climate sensitivities and associated lack of adaptive capacities of its human, physical, natural, social and financial capital in relation to the direct and indirect impacts of \u201cslow-onset\u201d climate changes and extreme weather events. Zimbabwe\u2019s landlocked position at the heart of Southern Africa means that it is not only highly vulnerable to climate impacts within its borders but also to spill-over effects from the impacts of climate change on neighbouring countries and internationally."


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"and reporting progress on adaptation Monitoring tools - With the Assistance of the UNFCCC Focal Point in Zimbabwe (Ministry of Environment, Water and Climate), The Government\u2019s Results Based Management system, which is coordinated by the Office of the President and Cabinet, will be used as the principal monitoring and execution framework for the adaptation component of Zimbabwe s INDC together with other internationally agreed and relevant guidelines."


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"emissions removals were greater than emissions to the atmosphere). This change is due to the fact that the previous data only focused on removals of GHGs from forestry and land-use. Zimbabwe is now using updated data on emissions from deforestation and fires in grasslands and forests that are more accurate than the previous data and indicate that Zimbabwe is a net source of emissions."


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"gaps and barriers Action Gaps and Barriers Encouraging adapted crop and livestock development and farming practices \uf0b7 Inadequate institutional and technological capacity to maximize germ-plasm of adapted crops and livestock \uf0b7 Lack of knowledge and skills for intensive production practices \uf0b7 Lack of mechanization technologies for climate smart production systems \uf0b7 Inadequate research and extension \uf0b7 Lack of financial resources \uf0b7 Inadequate training of farmers \uf0b7 Fragmented implementation of climate smart strategies Building resilience in managing climate related disaster (drought, hail, violent storms/wings, frost heat waves, erratic rainfall and floods) risks \uf0b7 Inadequate institutional capacity for providing timely early warning systems \uf0b7 Insufficient capacity for grain storage facilities \uf0b7 Insufficient support services for index insurance \uf0b7 Incoherent institutional frameworks (policies) to coordinate disaster risk reduction \uf0b7 Lack of financial resources Strengthening management of water resources and irrigation in the face of climate change \uf0b7 Inadequate infrastructure and technology for irrigation as well as institutional capacity for managing water resources \uf0b7 Lack of knowledge, skills and technologies for improving water use efficiency in agriculture \uf0b7 Lack of financial resources of needs"


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"iv Table of contents Table of Contents . iv List of Figures v List of Tables vi Glossary . vii Table Summarising Changes from the INDC 1 National Context & Vision .4 Structure of the Revised NDC Report .5 Vulnerability to climate change and adaptation .6 Vulnerability to climate change and adaptation 6 Climate impacts .7 Projected Climate Change in Zimbabwe 12 Adaptation measures 14 Mitigation priorities and actions 18 The current status in terms of total GHG emissions .19 The updated GHG mitigation contribution 20 Fairness and ambition 22 Co-benefits of identified mitigation measures .22 Sector level mitigation actions .23 Energy sector 23 4.6.2 Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) 25 4.6.3 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) 26 Package of policies and strategies 28 Institutional and Financial Framework .30 Institutional Framework 30 Financing Framework .32 Information for Clarity, Transparency & Understanding (ICTU) 35 v List of Figures Spatial distribution of Zimbabwe average temperature increase for the periods of 2020-2040 (panel 1), 2041-2060 (panel 2) Spatial distribution of Zimbabwe mean annual Climate Research Unit (CRU) rainfall for the"


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"mitigation / adaptation Department of Research and Specialist Services (DR&SS) Data provider and implementing agency Forestry Commission FOLU Mitigation actions implementation Waste Ministry responsible for climate change management and environmental affairs Mitigation actions and GHG activity data providers GHG activity and mitigation actions data providers Ministry responsible for Local Governance Environment Management Agency Local Authorities Private Company - Zimbabwe Sunshine Group Financing Framework Zimbabwe requires both domestic and international financial support to implement the mitigation and adaptation measures identified in this Revised NDC."


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"of 2020-2040 (panel 1), 2041-2060 (panel 2) Spatial distribution of Zimbabwe mean annual Climate Research Unit (CRU) rainfall for the periods of 2020-2040 (panel 1), 2041-2060 Total GHG emissions in Zimbabwe between 2010 and 2017 (MtCO2e) 19 Total GHG emission projections from 2010 to 2030 for the baseline scenario .20 Total GHG emission projections from 2010 to 2030 in the updated mitigation scenario .20 Estimated reduction in per capita emissions 21 Population and GDP projections 21 Public and private sources of finance for implementation of the NDC 32 vi List of Tables Existing and potential climate impacts in Zimbabwe summarised by type of capital 8 Priority adaptation measures 15 Coverage of sectors and GHGs in the Revised NDC .19 Sectoral reductions in GHGs in 2030 compared to a baseline scenario 21 Summary of mitigation measures from the energy sector 24 Summary of mitigation measures from the IPPU sector 25 Summary of mitigation measures in the AFOLU sector 26 Summary of mitigation measures from the waste sector27 Key institutes for NDC implementation .31 vii Glossary Abbreviation Definition AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land-Use Fifth Assessment Report of the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change BAU Business As Usual BUR Biennial Update Report"


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"of vulnerabilities  Total mean annual rainfall ranges from around 300 mm in the south western to over 1000 mm in the north eastern regions of the country. Modest downward trends in total and mean summer rainfall have been observed in Zimbabwe. Intra- seasonal rainfall characteristics such as onset, duration, dry spell frequencies, and rainfall intensity have worsened.  The country has experienced an increase in hot days, hot nights, and hottest days and a decrease in extreme cold days and cold nights in recent decades."


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"responsibilities for adaptation The previous five years have seen several adaptation programmes and projects implemented and several plans already exist aiming to achieve the above- mentioned goals. The majority of the activities in the past were aimed at encouraging adapted crop and livestock development and farming practices such as breeding drought tolerant crop and livestock breeds, mainstreaming climate change, awareness raising, research and development and capacity building."


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"supporting women in accessing collateral and finance, reducing the burden of work, etc). Adaptation benefits Actions under this measure are expected to increase adaptive capacity by providing the technology and tools necessary to increase efficiency of agricultural production. This would allow sustainable use of resources, such as water and soil in the long-term, thereby reducing sensitivity of water and ecosystems. Adaptive capacity would also be improved by providing the tools to anticipate future changes in climate and adjust production accordingly."


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"\u201cfull implementation by developed countries of their commitments relating to finance, technology and capacity pursuant to Article 4 of the Convention\u201d;\f  2. full, effective and sustained implementation of the Convention; 3. a post-2020 agreement addressing all elements set out in paragraph 5 of decision 1/CP.17 in a balanced and comprehensive manner; 4. receiving contributions by developed countries on \u201call elements set out in paragraph 5 of decision 1/CP.17\u201d relating to mitigation, adaptation, finance, technology development and transfer, and capacity-building in the context of a global and comprehensive agreement for the period beyond 2020\u201c."


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"\u2022\ufffd Gender\ufffd issues\ufffd and\ufffd intersectionality.\ufffd Women represent most of the agricultural workforce and are particularly vulnerable, as they have limited access to markets and to education, which restricts their ability to diversify their income in the event that their primary source of income is affected."


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"\u2022\ufffd Heavy\ufffd reliance\ufffd on\ufffd rainfed\ufffd agriculture\ufffd and\ufffd natural\ufffd resources. Approximately 70% of the population is reliant on agriculture with the majority dependant on rainfed activities, which are particularly sensitive to climate variability. \u2022\ufffd High\ufffd population\ufffd growth, which places pressures on public services (health, infrastructure, transport) and on natural resources, subsequently affecting all sectors that rely on them (energy, agriculture, tourism, water, etc)."


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"\u2022\ufffd Increased\ufffdcomposting\ufffdand\ufffdwaste-to-energy\ufffdprocessing\ufffdwill\ufffdresult\ufffdin\ufffdemployment\ufffdcreation\ufffdand\ufffd reduced pollution to soil and water bodies. 25  Global GHG emissions including land-use change in 2017 were 53.5 GtCO2eq (UN Environment Emissions Gap Report 2018), Zimbabwe total GHG emissions of 37.98 MtCO2eq taken from LEAP modelling.\f \u2022\ufffd Increased\ufffdenergy\ufffdefficiency,\ufffdreduced\ufffdtransmission\ufffdand\ufffddistribution\ufffdlosses\ufffdand\ufffdincreased\ufffdelectricity\ufffd supply from solar and waste-to-energy projects will reduce supply constraints and reliance on climate-sensitive hydropower. \u2022\ufffd Improved\ufffdfuel\ufffdefficiency\ufffdwill\ufffdlead\ufffdto\ufffdreduced\ufffdfuel\ufffdimports,\ufffdimproving\ufffdZimbabwe\u2019s\ufffdbalance\ufffdof\ufffdtrade\ufffd and macroeconomic stability. \u2022\ufffd Increased\ufffdpublic\ufffdtransport\ufffdwill\ufffdlead\ufffdto\ufffdincreased\ufffdmobility\ufffdfor\ufffdlow-income\ufffdpopulations. Zimbabwe is determined to ensure a just transition to a climate resilient, low carbon economy."


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"\u2022\ufffd Preserving ecosystems and forests, and sustainable land use will lead to mitigation benefits through improved carbon-storage capacity. \u2022\ufffd Retrofitting and building resilient infrastructure may increase energy efficiency (i.e., through better insulation) Where these measures were included in the NDC mitigation analysis, they were explicitly included as a mitigation measure as well as an adaptation measure (e.g., preserving forests was included as a mitigation measure titled increased area of forested land)."


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"\u2022\ufffd The emissions baseline and expanded list of mitigation measures now cover all Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) sectors namely Energy; Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU); Waste; and Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU). \u2022\ufffd The NDC revision process incorporated impacts of COVID-19 on emissions trends and macroeconomic parameters, including Gross Domestic Product (GDP). \u2022\ufffd Compliance with the Revised NDC remains fully conditional on affordable international financial support, investment, technology development and transfer and capacity development."


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"\u2022\ufffd\ufffd Low\ufffdEmissions\ufffdDevelopment\ufffdStrategy\ufffd(LEDS),\ufffd2020-2050,\ufffdprovides a clear, economy-wide low emission development pathway for the country. It also lays the foundations for a functional, effective and sustainable domestic monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) system for tracking low emission development and a low emission financing strategy. The LEDS is based on an assessment of 38 costed sectoral mitigation measures. \u2022\ufffd\ufffd Revised\ufffdNational\ufffdGender\ufffdPolicy\ufffd(2017) includes a specific thematic area on gender and climate change and promotes the mainstreaming of gender in environmental and climate change policies and strategies."


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"\u2022\ufffd\ufffd National\ufffdClimate\ufffdChange\ufffdResponse\ufffdStrategy\ufffd(NCCRS,\ufffd2015)\ufffdoutlines Zimbabwe\u2019s approach to ensuring sustainable development and a climate-proofed economy, recognizing the vulnerable nature of Zimbabwe\u2019s natural resources and society. NCCRS is anchored on seven pillars, namely, (i) adaptation and risk management; (ii) mitigation and low carbon strategies; (iii) capacity to effect; (iv) governance framework; (v) finance and investment; (vi) technology development and transfer, including infrastructure and (vii) communication and advocacy; information management and dissemination. The NCCRS includes sector specific actions to make the nation climate resilient with a low carbon economy."


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"\uf0b7 Developing frameworks for sustainable intensification and commercialization of agriculture at different scales across agro ecologies.  B. Building resilience in managing climate related disaster risks such as  droughts by: \uf0b7 Strengthening early warning systems on climate related agricultural risks. \uf0b7 Developing and sustaining an integrated approach in all sectors of the economy to reduce impacts of climate extreme events."


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"\uf0b7 Implementing management practices that enhance capacity of power generation of hydropower stations in situations of limited water availability due to reduced rainfall. \uf0b7 Increasing the water-holding capacity of reservoirs in anticipation of increased abstraction and increased evaporation. \uf0b7 Building the capacities and support communities toward a diversification of livelihoods and shifts from agriculture into other sectors, where needed."


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"\uf0b7 Promoting climate indexed insurance solutions and enabling market frameworks. \f  C. Strengthening management of water resources and irrigation in the face of climate change by: \uf0b7 Promoting and supporting water harvesting as a climate change adaptation strategy. \uf0b7 Developing, rehabilitate and maintain surface and groundwater resources. \uf0b7 Strengthening and intensify monitoring systems for hydro-meteorological parameters. \uf0b7 Promoting efficient water use practices in the economy \uf0b7 Strengthening institutional capacity, research and extension for integrated water resources management."


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"\uf0b7 Promoting the use of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as the substitute for or alternative to grid electricity. This has several economic, social and economic benefits to people of Zimbabwe especially in rural areas where population is spaced, Figure 3b. \uf0b7 Constructing institutional biogas digesters (50 to 80m3 in size) in all provinces with a target of at least 1,250 digesters by 2030.  Figure 3a)."


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"\uf0b7 Strengthening biodiversity conservation management and integrity of natural ecosystems to adapt to climate change. \uf0b7 Strengthening water and moisture conservation initiatives.  D. Promoting practices that reduce risk of losses in crops, livestock and agricultural incomes by: \uf0b7 Building capacity to conduct comprehensive vulnerability assessments and develop appropriate response models."


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"\uf0b7 Strengthening the capacity of the national meteorological and hydrological services to provide climate data timely.  E.  Cross sectoral adaptation efforts such as: \uf0b7 Promoting capacity building through research and development, education and awareness, and training in climate change related issues. \uf0b7 Mainstreaming gender responsive climate policies and emphasise special efforts to support vulnerable groups (women, youth and children) in climate change adaptation efforts within all sectors of the economy. \uf0b7 Promoting non-timber forest products and sustainable agro-forestry practices to enhance forest-based adaptation."


