# document

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created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:11
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"LPG stove substitution \u2013 The assumption is that in 2020 almost all urban households, representing 30 percent of the total population, use LPG as a cooking fuel. Overall country-wide penetration rate of LPG will increase by 10% every 5 years from 2020 to 50% in 2050. The emission reductions used for LPG are 30% , which is the average reduction when compared to charcoal and fuelwood stoves and therefore does not account for users of fuelwood in \u2018open\u2019 fires due to a lack of data."


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"LULUCF (%) Sum Sum Sum  Agriculture CH4 Emissions from Enteric Fermentation in Domestic Livestock Agriculture N2O (Direct and Indirect) Emissions from Agricultural Soils Energy CO2 Mobile Combustion: Road Vehicles Energy Other Sectors: Residential CH4 Industrial Processes CO2 Emissions from Cement Production Agriculture CH4 Emissions from Savannah Burning Energy CO2 Emissions from Manufacturing Industries and Construction Energy CO2 Emissions from Stationary Combustion (Liquid-A) Energy Other Sectors: Residential CO2 Waste CH4 Emissions from Wastewater Handling Waste N2O Emissions from Wastewater Handling Agriculture CH4 Emissions from Manure Management Energy Other Sectors: Commercial CO2 Energy CO2 Mobile Combustion: Aircraft Energy Other Sectors: Residential N2O  Including LULUCF emissions/removals, the most important emission source is from the LULUCF sector, CO2 emissions from Forest Land remaining Forest Land."


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created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:11
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"Lack of coordination also leads to duplication of efforts and limited synergy in research efforts. Though a number of institutions are engaged in CSA research, there is no framework that facilitates inter-institutional knowledge storage, integration, packaging and dissemination. Most of the CSA information generated is in formats that most end users are not able to isolate and apply in their specific regions for better production. In local communities, there exists innovative traditional and cultural practices that ensure adaptive and resilient farming systems."


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"Lafarge, Bamburi\u2019s parent company, states that scrap tires used for thermal energy in a cement kiln can reduce GHG emissions by roughly 30% for every tonne of coal replaced, along with an expected 10 to 15% reduction in nitrogen oxide, but work is needed to determine GHG emission reductions in the Kenyan context. anaerobic composting Anaerobic composting involves a two-stage process of anaerobic digestion and composting."


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"Lager and Nyburg placed the cost per hectare per year at USD 6.85, while Tennigkeit determined the cost per hectare per year at USD 19.60. An average was used, providing an abatement cost for plantations on farms of USD 13.25 per hectare per year."


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"Lakes Turkana, Naivasha, and Baringo) and the drying up of ponds.168 The receding water in the Lakes reduced the breeding grounds and also the fishing grounds, and some of the streams feeding the lakes dried altogether.169  In summary, these are the impacts of climate variability and climate change on Agriculture, Livestock and Fishing sector:  \ufffd Higher temperatures are likely to directly reduce yields of desirable crops in the long term."


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"Lamu and Garissa over the past half century 30 Figure 4 GHG emissions trend in Kenya 63 Figure 5 Proposed climate change governance structure .91 AAU Assigned Amount Units AF Adaptation Fund 4th Assessment Report ASAL Arid & Semi-Arid Lands BPO Business Process Outsourcing BRT Bus Rapid Transit CA Conservation Agriculture CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CBO Community Based Organizations CC Climate Change CCA Common Country Assessment CCBA Climate, Community and Biodiversity Alliance CCCU Climate Change Coordinating Unit CCK Communication Commission of Kenya CCK Communication Commission of Kenya CCO Climate Change Office CCTT Climate Change Technology Transfer CDF Constituency Development Fund CDM Clean Development Mechanism CEEC Centre for Energy Efficiency and Conservation CEPA Communication, Education, & Public Awareness CER Certified Emission Reductions CGIAR Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research COP Conference of the Parties (to the UNFCCC) CORDIO Coastal Oceans Research and Development in the Indian Ocean COTS Crown-of-Thorns Starfish CP Cleaner Production Programme DANIDA Danish International Development Agency DEC District Environment Committees DELC Division of Environment Law and Conventions DJF December-January-February DNA Designated National Authority EMCA Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act (of 1999) ENSO El Ni\u00f1o Southern Oscillation ERSWC Economic Recovery Strategy and Wealth Creation ERU Emission Reduction Units"


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"Lamu in the north coast shows a drop of 1\u00b0C from a mean of 24.5\u00b0C in the early 1960s to 23.5\u00b0C in the recent ten years, whereas Mombasa in the south coast indicates a drop of about 0.3\u00b0C from 23\u00b0C in the early 1960s to 22.7\u00b0C in the recent ten years. From the early 1960s, Kenya has experienced generally increasing temperature trends over vast areas."


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"Land Converted to Cropland Energy Other Sectors: Residential CH4 Industrial Processes CO2 Emissions from Cement Production Agriculture CH4 Emissions from Savannah Burning Energy CO2 Emissions from Manufacturing Industries and Construction Energy CO2 Emissions from Stationary Combustion (Liquid-A) Energy Other Sectors: Residential CO2 Waste CH4 Emissions from Wastewater Handling Waste N2O Emissions from Wastewater Handling LULUCF 1."


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"Land Reform Mainstream climate change adaptation Education & Training Enhance education, training, awareness, participation, access to information on climate change adaptation across public/private sectors. Health Strengthen integration of climate change adaptation into the health sector. Environment Enhance climate information services, and resilience of ecosystems to climate variability and change. mtp sector priority adaptation actions Water & Irrigation Mainstream climate change adaptation by implementing National Water Master Plan (2014). Population, Urbanisation & Housing Enhance the adaptive capacity of the population, urbanisation and housing sector."


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"Land Registration Act of 2012 This Act provides for revision, consolidation and rationalization of the registration of titles to land to give effect to the principles and objects of devolved government in land registration. The Act provides that no part of the land comprised in a land register shall be transferred unless the proprietor has first sub-divided the land and duly registered each sub-division. It sets provisions that protect selling of land."


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"Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) is a mitigation sector under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that is concerned with the exchange and balance of carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the terrestrial biosphere system (sink).10 Forests sequester a significant amount of carbon through growth of trees and accumulation in soil carbon."


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"Land should be set aside for research in agriculture, water towers and gazetted forests. 4.2.6 Ministry responsible for environment and natural resources This ministry will be responsible for policies and strategies for conservation of forests, water catchments, water towers, wetlands, riparian areas and rehabilitation of degraded areas.  These areas provide important habitats for fish and other biodiversity while maintaining ecosystem goods like water resource. The ministry also formulates programmes for promotion of dryland forestry to create resilience in the ASALs."


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"Land use and spatial planning \u2013 Improved planning processes can be an important part of transport demand management, particularly in rapidly developing cities. However, it is very difficult to quantify the mitigation and development impacts as well as costs and benefits of the implementation of land- use and spatial planning efforts. For this reason, land-use and spatial planning has been excluded as a mitigation option. However, the option could be valuable to pursue for the associated development benefits."


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"Landfill gas methane capture,85 with an abatement potential of 1.1 MtCO2e in 2030, is the main low carbon development opportunity (see Chapter 9 of the Mitigation report for the detailed analysis). Methane capture can go hand in hand with proper management of solid waste, thereby improving groundwater quality, local air quality and safety by avoiding dangerous methane gas build-ups, as well as  hygienic conditions."


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"Landfill gas \u2013 From a starting point of no installed capacity in 2015, conservative assumptions based on the work of Fischer et al. (2010) are used to define capacities in 2015, 2020 and 2025. Their study found that 11 to 64 MW (depending on costs) of MSW biogas electricity could be installed in Nairobi, based on 2012 waste levels."


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"Langat, Egerton University (Dept of Industrial & Energy Engineering Esther Wang\u2019ombe, Ministry of Energy Lucy Ng\u2019anga, Ministry of Agriculture Dorothy Amwata, University of Nairobi Nancy Omolo, KARI Climate Change Unit Amos Wekesa, ViAgroforestry & SCC Pius Kholiko, Ken Gen Simon Kimutai, Matatu Owners Association Suresh Patel, KEPSA Eris Kisiangani, Practical Action Frankline Omondi, KEPSA/ Kenya Airways Lucy Nyambura Njaramba, MPND & V2030 THEMATIC WORKING Dr. Anne Nyatichi Omambia, NEMA Dr. Lawrence Mose, KARI (M&E Division) Stella Aura, MEMR \u2013 IMTR/ KMD Daudi Sumba, AWF Vice President Operations Eston Njuki, Christian Aid, DRR and MRV Expert Juliet Makokha, YWCA Dr. Matheaus Kauti, SEUCO (Environment Department) Alloys Ratemo, MPND & V2030 (M&E Directorate) Esther Magambo, Ministry of Agriculture Geoffrey Onyango, CARE International - Kenya Hezbourne Mackobongo, Deputy Chief Economist M&E Directorate THEMATIC WORKING John Kioli, Kenya Climate Change Working Group Paul Kukubo, ICT Board Peter Odhengo, Office of the Prime Minister Dr Paul Omondi, ICPAC Dr. Samuel Machua, Kenya Meteorological Department Mr. Otula Owuor, CSO Cecelia Kibe, Rincod KCCWG Dr. Willaim Mnene, KARI Kiboko (Center Director) Kentice Tikolo, Private Sector Edra Mbatha,"


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"Large electricity generation projects such as the proposed 1000 MW Lamu Coal Power Project and the proposed nuclear power project should be climate-proofed for two main reasons. Their significant contribution to the total energy generation for the country implies that any damage to, or reduced generation capacity of, such projects \u2013 be it climate change-related or otherwise \u2013 can have significant economy-wide impacts."


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"Large- scale production of biofuels to replace fossil fuels is better suited to the transport sector where alternatives are scarce (see Chapter 7). Implications of the oil discovery \u2013 The implication of expected oil production was added to the baseline scenario. The assumption is that domestic oil production will rise to 6,000 barrels per day by 2020.  Mitigation measures to reduce fugitive emissions were not considered."


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"Large-scale bus transportation \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a Waste management \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a Kenya Climate Fund \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a Pan-Kenya \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a NCCAP \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a MRV+ system \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a Institutions (NCCS, KMD, NEMA, NEC, DoE, etc) \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a \u221a Kenya s Integrating climate change into Kenya\u2019s education system Primary schools already offer courses that introduce children to nature study and agriculture and some schools have agriculture clubs that include gardens and the rearing of livestock."


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"Launch a trial period (12 months)\fKenya s Action 4:   OPEN/ACCELERATE NEGOTIATIONS WITH VARIOUS COUNTRIES TO OVERCOME THE LACK OF CARBON MARKET ACCESS FOR KENYA. Action Reference Action summary Article 11 (a) (4) of Directive 2009/29/EC of the European Union, states that in the event that a project is registered by the CDM Executive Board after 2012, it will only be eligible for compliance purposes in the European Union Emissi0ns Trading Scheme (EU ETS) if it comes from a least developed country, which Kenya is not."


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"Lawrence Lenayapa Permanent Secretary Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources Acknowledgement\f\u2018together we can tackle climate change\u2019 It is universally accepted that climate change is one of the greatest challenges facing humanity this century. In Kenya, this phenomenon is already unmistakable and intensifying at an alarming rate as is evident from countrywide temperature increases and rainfall irregularity and intensification. These climate-driven changes affect resources critical for economic development of Kenya."


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"Lead Agency to take this Action forward Ministry of Energy Stakeholder support required to take the action forward Energy Regulatory Commission Indicative timeframe Launch timeframe: action can begin immediately and be completed within 12 months Duration of the Action: Permanent Quick win opportunity r The quick win box should be checked when the SC team recommends that this is an obvious \u2018quick win\u2019 action.  If the action is designated as \u2018quick win\u2019 it should have been agreed with the Lead Agency."


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"Lead Agency to take this Action forward Ministry of Energy Stakeholder support required to take the action forward Ministry of Finance, Office of the Prime Minister, Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources, Ministry of Industrialisation, Ministry of Energy (Feed-in Tariff Committee), Energy Regulatory Commission, Kenya Power, Kenya Revenue Authority, Kenya Bureau of Standards, Centre for Energy Efficiency and Conservation, Kenya Private Sector Alliance, Kenya Association of Manufacturers, Kenya Bankers Association, Development partners (e.g."


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"Lead Agency to take this Action forward Ministry of Energy Stakeholder support required to take the action forward Office of the Prime Minister Kenya Private Sector Alliance Indicative timeframe Launch timeframe: action can begin immediately and the first session held in 3 months Duration of the Action: Permanent Quick win opportunity  \u221a The quick win box should be checked when the SC team recommends that this is an obvious \u2018quick win\u2019 action."


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"Lead Agency to take this Action forward Ministry responsible for climate change  in conjunction with the Office of the Prime Minister, or Office of the President is action is implemented after the 2013 General Elections Stakeholder support required to take the action forward The support of all key political stakeholders engaged in climate change response \u2013 Office of the Prime Minister / President, major sectoral Ministries, Parliament, civil society \u2013 will be required to establish such a high-level, climate change coordination body."


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"Lead Agency to take this Action forward The MPND is requested to lead the mainstreaming of low-carbon development options in the planning process, with support from MEMR and other ministries as required. Stakeholder support required to take the action forward County and line ministry officials will be engaged in the county and sectoral plans, as will Ke- nyan experts from civil society and the private sector."


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"Lead Agency to take this Action forward The Ministry responsible for climate affairs is the lead agency to push forward an overarching, framework Climate Change Law. Stakeholder support required to take the action forward It will be necessary for MEMR to constitute a technical task force that will build on the institutional and legislative proposal, and the climate change policy, in order to draft a comprehensive standalone climate law for Kenya."


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"Lead Agency to take this Action forward The NCCS would be required to assist with coordination of inter-ministerial activities. However, it is important that all ministries involved in the capacity building process are actively engaged and can provide representation both centrally and across the counties.\fKenya s Stakeholder support required to take the action forward A wide range of stakeholders will be needed to implement the MRV+ system."


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"Lead Agency to take this Action forward The lead agency will be a county government, such as Isiolo or Garissa, to be determined in consultation with the counties. Stakeholder support required to take the action forward County level support from the MDAs will be essential, along with involvement of institutions responsible for coordinating upward reporting. These will include the relevant COMEC, MED and the MRV+ system.\fKenya s Indicative timeframe Launch timeframe: short term (in 2013)."


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"Lead Agency to take this Action forward The lead agency will be a county government, to be determined in consultation with counties. Stakeholder support required to take the action forward County level support from the MDAs will be essential, along with involvement of institutions responsible for coordinating upward reporting. These will include the relevant COMEC, MED and the MRV+ system."


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"Lead Agency to take this Action forward This action will be led by the Ministry responsible for Climate Change but will require coordination and buy-in from the National Climate Change Council and key sectoral Ministries to ensure the relevance and acceptance of the proposed sectoral legislative amendments."


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"Lead Government institutions for climate change  Table 7 shows the lead institutions and responsibilities with regard to climate change at the time of preparing the Second National Communication for Kenya Table 7: Lead institutions and responsibilities with regard to Climate Change Ministry/Agency Description Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources and Regional Development Authorities (MENDDRA)  The mandate of the Ministry is to monitor, protect, conserve and manage the environment and natural resources through sustainable exploitation for socio-economic development aimed at eradication of poverty, improving living standards and ensuring that a clean environment is sustained now and in the future."


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"Lead agency to take this Action forward: Ministry of Education, in collaboration with the ministry responsible for environmental management.\fKenya s Stakeholder support required to take the action forward: The relevant Government of Kenya ministries and agencies, civil society and the private sector. Indicative timeframe: The action to integrate climate change into Kenya\u2019s education will commence with the development of national policies and the enactment of relevant bills. The initial processes can be accomplished within 1 to 2 years."


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"Lead agency to take this Action forward: The Climate Change Secretariat  will lead the process of documenting lessons learned on capacity development to implement the NCCAP and a range of actors will take the lead with capacity development for climate change in their sector. Stakeholder support required to take the action forward: Inputs from relevant stakeholders, such as ministry focal points, research institutions, universities and colleges, the private sector, civil society organisations, individual climate change researchers, the ICT Board, among others."


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"Lead agency to take this Action forward: The ministry responsible for environmental management, through the Climate Change Secretariat, is proposed to lead in implementing this suggestion in close collaboration and partnership with the relevant sectors, government ministries and research institutions, universities and colleges, private sector and civil society organisations.\fKenya s Stakeholder support required to take the action forward: The full participation of stakeholders in the identification and prioritisation of climate change tools and techniques as well, as messages to communicate climate change information, is imperative."


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"Legislative and regulatory review will be an ongoing iterative process to ensure that barriers to action are removed and enabling frameworks for implementation are in place based on evolving circumstances. 9.1.5 Climate change is a complex policy issue that impacts national development. The responses and actions to address climate change require horizontal and vertical integration. The achievement of horizontal integration requires a legislative and institutional mechanism that provides high-level guidance."


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"Less than 10% of irrigator\u2019s abstract water from dams and 5% from ground water, domestic water supply systems and waste water. Water storage potential has been under-developed and there are major challenges in achieving equitable water allocation and deliveries. As much as 30 to 60% of abstracted irrigation water is lost to seepage, evaporation, tail water loss and weed transpiration due inefficient irrigation systems and application technologies."


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"Like all parties to the convention, Kenya is obligated to submit national communications as required by the UNFCCC. To fulfil this obligation, Kenya prepared its First National Communication (FNC) to the Conference of the Parties in 2002. This Second National Communication (SNC) is the second assessment of Kenya\u2019s situation with regard to national circumstances and responses to climate change. The SNC reflects relevant aspects of Kenya\u2019s Vision 2030 and a number of other national sector-specific policy documents."


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"Like most developing countries, Kenya faces several challenges in understanding, mitigating, and adapting to predicted climate change. These challenges arise from gaps in knowledge and understanding, and our ability to address them is constrained by a lack of capacity and research infrastructure, and an inability to communicate effectively and to facilitate the implementation of solutions and action."


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"Likewise, the Kenyan electricity producer KenGen also reported a downward trend in their revenue in late 2010, totalling KSh1.25 billion.68 Reduced hydropower production was accompanied by an increased share of thermal power generation at a higher cost of generation. The losses due to higher production costs are estimated to be about KSh 29.8 billion contributing to total cumulative losses of approximately KSh32.4 billion."


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"Likewise, the Kenyan electricity producer KenGen also reported a downward trend in their revenue in late 2010, totalling Ksh 1.25 billion.189 Reduced hydropower production was accompanied by an increased share of thermal power generation at a higher cost of generation. The losses due to higher production costs are estimated to be about Ksh 29.8 billion contributing to total cumulative losses of approximately Ksh 32.4 billion."


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"Lime (tonne quicklime) Soda Ash (tonne trona) Pulp and Paper (tonne production) HFC Consumption HFCs (tonnes) +5.3% per year declining to +4% per year Based on vehicle stock growth rate (representing refrigerant products), but considering that alternatives to HFCs will develop a market share of 40% by 2030).  Figure presents the baseline emission projections for two emission source categories in the Industrial Processes Sector."


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"Limited data was available on the amounts of waste in other cities, meaning that a higher mitigation potential could be expected."


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"Limited human skills Technology suppliers to provide training and technical manuals for construction, operations and maintenance of the systems; Customise training programmes in the existing training institutions  Lack of information and awareness on technologies Potential investors in collaboration with government to undertake public awareness campaigns on the use of the products via print and electronic media  Lack of policy and regulatory framework on Government to formulate waste management and recycling policy, legislation and regulations\f  waste management and recycling Drought resistant sorghum Lack of available capital, credit and loans and high prices of seeds Establishment of appropriate financial mechanisms and institutions to provide capital  Market failures in relation to seed production, distribution and delivery systems Establishment of functional markets: with adequate stockists; established certainty on the demand for seeds; simulation on seed demand; improved infrastructure."


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"Limited rainfall also contributes to the production pressures, which are compounded by high input costs especially fertilizers, poor marketing chains, low level of mechanisation and high transport costs Production of the main food crops \u2013 maize, wheat and rice \u2013 has generally been below the country\u2019s consumption requirements thus contributing to food  The key cash crops in Kenya are tea, coffee, sugar cane, pyrethrum, and tobacco. Tea is one of the leading foreign exchange earners in the country."


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"Limited technical standards and quality control has led to technology higher failure rates which damages the reputation of equipment  manufacturers and suppliers and their technology. Development of certification systems for the technology equipment will make end users more confident about a technology through guaranteed-result schemes. The norms, standards, and testing procedures will ensure that relevant technologies sold and installed in the country are built to meet the highest international standards. Knowledge transfer systems and knowledge transfer networks is also a necessity for diffusion and success."


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"Line-ministries concept papers: from En- ergy, Environment and Mineral Resources, Forestry, Transport, Water, Agriculture, Fisheries, Tourism, Cooperatives Bibliography\f\u2018together we can tackle climate change\u2019 Sector Sub-Sector Description of Specific Implementing Institutions Implementa- Resource  Activities  tion requirement  Timeframe per year  (Billion Ksh.) 10.1 Annex: Action Plan and Costs Annexes Health Public Health Construction of more health facilities in- cluding setting up 40 nomadic clinics Strengthening disease surveillance sup- port systems Establishing clear linkages and instrumen- tation required for  efficient dissemina- tion up to District level Strengthening Health Systems Governance through employing additional employment, implementation of policies and guidelines; and improving logistics and supply systems Strengthening Public Health Education and Health Promotion programmes (social access) to reduce vulnerability Improving access to water and Sanita- tion, e.g."


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"Linkages between priority mitigation actions in the Agriculture Sector and SDGs mitigation action sdg goal target indicator Agroforestry Conservation tillage Limiting use of fire in range and cropland management Livestock \u2013 reducing enteric methane Goal 2 \u2013 End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture 2.3 \u2013 by 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous people, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets, and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment."


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"Linkages between priority mitigation actions in the Energy Sector and SDGs mitigation action sdg goal target indicator \u2022 Expanding geothermal power \u2022 Expanding wind power \u2022 Expanding hydro power \u2022 Distributed solar PV \u2022 Landfill gas generation \u2022 Clean coal \u2022 Improved cook stoves \u2022 Solar lanterns \u2022 Energy efficient light bulbs and appliances \u2022 Solar water heaters Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all 7.1 By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services 7.2 By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix 7.3 By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency 7.4 By 2030, expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and sustainable energy services for all in developing countries, in accordance with their respective programmes of support \u2022 Proportion of population with access to electricity \u2022 Renewable energy share in the total final energy consumption \u2022 Energy intensity measured in terms of primary energy and GDP \u2022 Investments in energy efficiency as a proposition of GDP and the amount of"


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"Linkages between priority mitigation actions in the Forestry Sector and SDGs mitigation action sdg goal target indicator Restoration of Forests on Degraded Lands Rehabilitation of Degraded Forests Reducing Deforestation and Forest Degradation Goal 15 - Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss 7.1 - By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services, in particular forests, wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line with obligations under international agreements 7.2 - By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally 7.3 - By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral Forest area as a proportion of total land area Progress towards sustainable forest management Proportion of land that is degraded over total land area Goal 6 - Ensure availability and sustainable management of water"


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"Linkages between priority mitigation actions in the Industrial Sector and SDGs mitigation action sdg goal target indicator Industrial Energy Efficiency Improvement Cement Energy Efficiency Improvement Improved Charcoal Production Systems Goal 7 - Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all 7.3 - By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency Energy intensity measured in terms of primary energy and GDP Goal 9 - Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation 9.4 - By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable, with increased resource-use efficiency and greater adoption of clean and environmentally sound technologies and industrial processes, with all countries taking action in accordance with their respective capabilities CO2 emission per unit of value added Goal 12 - Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns 12.2 - By 2030, achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources 12.5 - By 2030, substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse Domestic material consumption, domestic material consumption per capita and domestic material consumption per GDP National recycling"


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"Linkages between priority mitigation actions in the Transport Sector and SDGs mitigation action sdg goal target indicator Improved passenger vehicle stock Improved HDV stock BRT system for Nairobi LRT system for Nairobi Shift of freight from road to rail Goal 3 - Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages 3.6 - By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents 3.9 - By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illness from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination Death rate due to road traffic injuries Mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution Goal 7 - Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all 7.3 - By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency Energy intensity measured in terms of primary energy and GDP Goal 11 - Sustainable cities and communities 11.2 - By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all, improving road safety, notably by expanding public transport, with special attention to"


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"Linkages between priority mitigation actions in the Waste Sector and SDGs mitigation action sdg goal target indicator Landfill methane capture Goal 7 - Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all 7.2 - By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix Renewable energy share in the total final energy consumption Goal 11 - Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable 11.6 - By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including by paying special attention to air quality and municipal and other waste management Proportion of urban solid waste regularly collected and with adequate final discharge out of total urban solid waste generated, by cities Goal 12- Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns 12.5 - By 2030, substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse National recycling rate, tons of material recycled Goal 3 - Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages 3.9 - By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air,"


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"Linking climate change adaptation and disaster risk management for sustainable poverty reduction: Kenya Case Study, EC. 67 GoK (2012). Kenya Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA); 2008-2011 Drought. Government of Kenya, with technical support from the European Union, United Nations and World Bank. 68 Business Daily Africa (2010). KenGen profits drop attributed to local drought. 14 October 2010.   69 Government of Kenya (2011) Ending Drought Emergencies in Kenya: A commitment to sustainable solutions. Country Programme Paper. Final. 7 September 2011. \u2013 70 FEWSNET (2012)."


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"Livestock Population (Cattle, Sheep, Goat, Camels, Donkeys) year Future growth rates of livestock between 2010 and 2030 are likely to be below average historic growth rates of livestock as there is mounting evidence that current populations of livestock on rangelands in Kenya may be near or above their carrying capacity.203 Rice Cultivation Production of Rice +3% per year Historical data for 2011 to 2013 also used.  3% growth rate based on Forecast growth rate of Agricultural GDP in Vision 2030."


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"Livestock sub-sector Climate change is having substantial effects on ecosystems and the natural resources upon which the livestock sub-sector depends. Climate change has led to declining livestock production due to direct and indirect impacts to both livestock and their production systems. In grazing systems, the direct impacts include increased frequency of extreme weather events; increased frequency and magnitude of droughts and floods; productivity losses due to physiological stress occasioned by temperature increase; and change in water availability."


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"Livestock sub-sector The livestock sub-sector contributes about 90% of the emissions from the agriculture sector mainly from enteric fermentation. Livestock farming systems are largely extensive and clearing of forests and grassland to open up land for grazing thereby emit greenhouse gases. The quality of ruminant feeds available to farmers is of low quality and low digestibility. These, combined with poor animal health and husbandry, contribute largely to high emissions."


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"Local capacity knowledge: inadequate information and awareness Conduct adequate information and awareness campaigns through print and electronic media  Inadequate skilled personnel Establish critical mass of locally trained personnel  Inadequate policy, legal and regulatory framework Formulate enabling policy, legal and regulatory framework for technology Biogas High cost of capital Reduction of import duty; Provision of soft low interest loans; provision of loan guarantees."


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"London: Department for International Development. Mwango, F.K. (2000). Capacity Building in Integrated Water Resources project in IGAD Region. An IGAD publication. Schreck, C.J. and Semazzi, F.H.M. (2004). Variability of the recent climate of eastern Africa. International Journal of Climatology, 24(6), pp. 681-701. Anyah, R.O. and Semazzi, F.H.M. (2006). Climate variability over the Greater Horn of Africa based on NCAR AGCM ensemble. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 86, pp. 39-62. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2007). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis."


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"Long Term Sub- Actions \u2022\ufffd Provide guidance and improve access to climate resilient tree species and cultivars. \u2022\ufffd Integrate ecosystem and community based approaches in sector strategies in support of adaptation to reduce natural resource based con\ufb02icts. \u2022\ufffd Continue the rehabilitation of water catchment areas in order to provide sustainable ecosystem services. Budget Responsibility Ministry responsible for environment, MDAs, County Governments, research institutions and academia, civil society and private sector."


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"Long Term Sub-Actions \u2022\ufffd Implement long term private sector investment in adaptation and resilience building measures. Budget Responsibility Ministry(ies) responsible for private sector/ trade; manufacturing; business process outsourcing, \ufb01nancial services and MDAs, County Governments, research institutions and academia, civil society and private sector.\fEnhanced climate resilience towards the attainment of Vision 2030 and beyond | 41 OIL AND MINERAL RESOURCES Action Integrate climate change adaptation into the oil and mineral resources sector."


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"Long Term Sub-Actions \u2022\ufffd Strengthen monitoring capacity and capability to prevent over\ufb01shing and unauthorized exploitation in the inland waters and Exclusive Economic Zone. \u2022\ufffd Promote the up-scaling of climate resilient strategies/ technologies in \ufb01sheries and climate resilient \ufb01sh varieties. \u2022\ufffd Expand the \ufb01shing zones in both inland and coastal waters. Budget Responsibility Ministry responsible for \ufb01sheries and MDAs, County Governments, research institutions and academia, civil society and private sector."


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"Long Term Sub-Actions \u2022\ufffd Upscale results of pilot projects in climate change adaptation in the health sector. Budget Responsibility Ministry responsible for health, MDAs, County Governments, re- search institutions and academia, civil society and private sector.\fEnhanced climate resilience towards the attainment of Vision 2030 and beyond | 31 ENVIRONMENT Action Mainstream climate change adaptation in the environment sector. Summary Kenya\u2019s environment underpins livelihoods, health, ecosystem services, cultural heritage, tourism, wildlife habitats and more."


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"Low Carbon Climate Resilient Development 25 The Benefits of Low Carbon Climate Resilient Development in Kenya 25 The Need for Low Carbon Climate Resilient Development 28 Priority Actions for Transitioning to a Low Carbon Climate Resilient Development Pathway 30 Moving Forward .43 XIV Kenya s Vulnerability to Climate Change .46 Current Actions to Address Vulnerability -Examples from Drought Management and Agricultural Sectors .54 Options for Combined Adaptation Actions .57 Recommended Priority Adaptation Actions 59 Key Findings 64 Summary of Mitigation Actions 77 Summary of Actions .80 Financing Implementation of the Action Plan 83 Key Findings 84 Recommended Actions 90 Summary of Actions .93 8."


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"Low Carbon Development Pathway: A national development plan or strategy that encompasses low-emission economic growth. Transitioning to this pathway means taking actions, where possible, to encourage greenhouse gas emissions that are lower than business-as-usual practice; and reducing the human causes of emissions by moving toward a resource efficient economy that is as low-carbon as possible and enhancing carbon sinks."


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"Low Carbon Growth While Kenya currently makes little contribution to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, a significant number of priority development initiatives outlined in Vision 2030 and its Medium Term Plans will impact on Kenya\u2019s levels of GHG emissions. Actions that will positively impact GHG emissions include increased geothermal electricity generation in the energy sector, switching movement of freight from road to rail in the transport sector, reforestation in the forestry sector, and agroforestry in the agricultural sector."


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"Low carbon climate resilient development can bring benefits including: \u2022 Enhancing sustainable development \u2013 The best low carbon climate resilient opportunities deliver multiple benefits, helping to address pressures related to increasing population growth, economic growth, urbanisation and resource use. Low carbon resilient development enhances the integration of the social, economic and environmental pillars of sustainable development. Box 4.1 discusses green jobs, a potential benefit of transitioning to a low carbon climate resilient development pathway. Box4."


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"Low carbon development actions in the agricultural sector have important sustainable development benefits, including improved retention of water and nutrients in the soil, and reduced soil erosion. These actions increase soil fertility and crop yields, improving food security and the livelihoods of farmers. Such efforts are important in arid and semi-arid lands where climate conditions are expected to become more extreme."


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"Low carbon development actions in the forestry sector have the potential to abate an additional 40 MtCO2e per year in 2030 compared to the baseline (Figure 6.6).  The most significant abatement potential can be achieved through restoration of forests on degraded lands. Abatement potential of 32.6 MtCO2e per year by 2030 is likely  through conservation and sustainable forest management interventions."


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"Low carbon development actions in the forestry sector have the potential to abate an additional 40 MtCO2e per year in 2030 compared to the baseline (Figure 63).  The most significant abatement potential can be achieved through restoration of forests on degraded lands. Abatement potential of 32.6 MtCO2e per year by 2030 is likely through conservation and sustainable forest management interventions."


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"Low inflows into the lakes and reservoirs as a result of prolonged drought condition coupled with the high evaporative effects have contributed to receding water levels (e.g."


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"Lubricants before 2004 based on fraction in 2004 and changes in transportation fuel consumption.  Notes:    4 Bituminous Coal values are in 1000\u2019s Tonnes Oil Equivalent 5 Biomass fuels are reported in 1000\u2019s of tonnes of dry matter (dm).  In order to estimate consumption by sector an analysis was conducted to determine fuel consumption that relate to the defined IPCC source categories (energy industries, manufacturing industries and construction, transport, commercial/institutional, residential and agriculture, forestry and fishing)."


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"M&E of Vulnerability Indicators (demonstration): the aim of this action is to demonstrate the effective adaptation M&E within a suitable county, in order to facilitate roll-out across all counties. Effectiveness Assessment of Adaptation at the County Level (demonstration): the aim of this action is to show how adaptation M&E can be used to guide collective action for local climate adaptation, and to assess how well collective action on climate adaptation benefits the climate vulnerable poor."


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"M&E will provide reliable and timely data on progress, results and shortcomings of the Policy implementation to inform decision makers, stakeholders and the public. A highly consultative and participatory M&E system will be adopted to facilitate periodic reviews of this Policy and its contribution to the national economy."


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"M. N. Otieno NEMA mnyungel@gmail.com 33. Michael Kibebe Agri-Experience mike@agri-experience.com 34. Wesley Laprop Baringo County kiproploribo@yahoo.com 35. Lily N. Githinji AWAN Kenya lilyblessings@yahoo.co.uk\f NAME ORGANIZATION EMAIL ADDRESS 36. Caitlin Corner-Dolloff CIAT/CCAFS c.corner-dolloff@ccap.ope 37. Benard Nyahubega KFC kfc@kenyaflowerconsul.org 38. Hon. Halima Abdi Vihiga County halimasirongo@yahoo.com.uk 39. Stephen Otieno GIZ stephen.otieno@giz.de 40. Rebbie Harawa AGRA rhawa@gra.org 41. Torben Lundsgaard GIZ lundsgaaaaard@anbbro.de 42. Nadine Gbossa IFA n.obossa@ifad.org 43. Wanjiku Kimamo KMT wakimamo@kenyamarkets.org 44. Lawrence Kiguro World Vision lawrence.kiguro@wol.org 45. Julius Okara KEPSA okarajuli@ych 46."


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"MANUFACTURING / INDUSTRY Industry is a key pillar of wealth creation in Kenya, and expansion of this sector is a significant development strategy. The industrial sector comprises the manufacturing, construction, mining and quarrying sub-sectors. Manufacturing accounts for approximately two-thirds of the sector\u2019s activities, and Kenya has one of the largest manufacturing sectors in Sub-Saharan Africa."


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"MDAs are operating far\fKenya s below required capacity, both in terms of human resources and also in terms of awareness and knowledge of climate change measures and reporting requirements and frameworks. \u2022\ufffd Awareness of climate change indicators and reporting requirements is generally low. Therefore, efforts to increase this knowledge through awareness raising strategies and training are key to building capacities in this area. \u2022\ufffd The myriad of electronic reporting systems already in existence within government present a challenge for reporting on climate change outcomes."


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"MED will lead the Data and QA/QC Working Group, KNBS will lead the Indicators and Baselines Working Group and KNBS or NCCS will house the Climate Change relevant Data Repository (CCRDR).\fKenya s Stakeholder support required to take the action forward A wide range of stakeholders will be needed to implement the MRV+ system."


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"MEMR NCCS/HTSPE\fKenya s b) Environment, Water and Sanitation A low carbon climate resilient pathway in the environment, water and sanitation sector can have important sustainable development benefits and contribute to a clean and healthy environment, which is a fundamental right under Kenya\u2019s constitution. Increasing tree cover to 10 per cent of total land area is a goal stated in Kenya\u2019s constitution. Actions to increase forest cover have important climate resilience and low carbon benefits."


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"MEMR, NEMA, climate change depart- ments and Inter-Ministerial Committee on Climate Change to raise awareness, - building on existing forms and centres to bring together expertise (e.g."


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"MENR has engaged with development partners through an environment and climate change coordination group.\fN C C A P  S TAT U S  O F  I M P L E M E N TAT I O N  2 0 1 7 FINA 4: Accelerate negotiations with countries to overcome lack of carbon market access for Kenya Title Open/accelerate negotiations with various countries to overcome the lack of carbon market access for Kenya."


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"METHODOLOGY FOR THE MITIGATION ASSESSMENT  Within the framework of Kenya\u2019s national circumstances and the country\u2019s sustainable development objectives, Kenya has used available and appropriate methods in order to formulate and prioritise programmes containing measures to mitigate climate change. The measures applied include social, economic and environmental factors."


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"MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTRY OFFICE OF THE CABINET SECRETARY  Website : www.environment.go.ke RAGATI ROAD Email:cs@environment.go.ke P.O. BOX 30126-00100 When replying please quote: NAIROBI  Ms. Patricia Espinosa  Executive Secretary  United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Secretariat  BONN GERMANY  RE: SUBMISSION OF KENYA\u2019S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION  1. Kenya submitted her Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) on 28th December 2016. The NDC sets out both adaptation and mitigation contribution based on conditional support."


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"MITI 5: Agroforestry\f4 :  M I t I G At I o n  A c t I o n S MITI 5: Agroforestry Title Agroforestry Action Type Mitigation, Development Timeframe Short term/Quick Win Sector Agriculture, Forestry Action Summary Long term: Convert 281,000 hectares of existing arable cropland and grazing land that have medium or high agricultural potential to agroforestry by 2030 to abate 4.16 MtCO2e."


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"MITIGATION OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS Strategic Issue 4: Emissions from key sources in agricultural production systems Strategic Goal: Minimize emissions from key sources in agricultural production system Strategic Objective: Develop mechanisms that minimize greenhouse gas emissions from key sources in agricultural production systems Strategies (i) Reduce the rate of emissions from livestock (manure and enteric fermentation). This will involve formulation and support of programs that promote development and use of low emissions technologies to manage livestock feed and manure."


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"MOBILISATION POLICY STATEMENTS COLLABORATION AND STAKEHOLDERS PARTICIPATION POLICY STATEMENTS ANNEX I \u2013 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ANNEX II \u2013 TERMINOLOGY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Preamble Kenya\u2019s economy is highly dependent on the natural resource base, and thus is highly vulnerable to climate variability and change."


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"MOEP has implemented improved cookstoves programmes, and developed regulations that influence the update of climate- related technologies, such as for solar water heating, solar PV systems and cookstoves. 4 .2  C L I M AT E  C hA N gE  I N  T hE  E N E RgY  S E C TOR Globally, energy contributes the most to climate change due to fossil fuel-related emissions."


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"MPND and MEMR to develop proposal and seek funding for mainstreaming low-carbon de- velopment in the planning process: by September 2012 2.  Funding approved and project start-up: December 2012 3. Capacity building and tool development: January 2013 to December 2013\fKenya s 16."


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"MRV for climate finance is also necessary to track allocations, and their results and benefits in regard to enhancing climate resilience, building adaptive capacity and reducing emissions. 9.4.4 This integrated approach where MRV is applied to mitigation and adaptation actions and climate finance will help to determine the impact of actions and implementation challenges, as well as facilitate evidence-based decision-making. It further provides a vital governance tool to assess performance against set targets and to update action plans accordingly."


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"MSW biogas generation has finite limits on the amount of electricity that can be generated, which is directly proportional to the amount of methane that is captured, which in turn depends on the volume of waste in suitable landfills."


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"Main lessons are described below: Focus on mitigation and adaptation actions The NCCAP should focus on mitigation and adaptation actions, with other actions included as enabling to achieve these goals. Focus on domestic priorities Mechanisms and programmes change under the UNFCCC. Examples are the shift from a focus on NAMAs in 2013 to NDCs in 2017; and the expected shift from the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) to a sustainable development mechanism under the Paris Agreement."


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"Mainstream climate change into national and county planning processes, including national development policies and plans, County Integrated Development Plans, Performance\f Contracts, and the short to medium term budget making process. 2. Develop a framework and tools for mainstreaming climate change responses into national and county government planning and budget procedures. 3. Ensure that national and county planning processes and documents account for climate risk analyses and vulnerability assessments, and identify opportunities to build climate resilience and achieve low carbon development. 4."


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"Mainstream low carbon growth options into the planning processes and functions of the national and county governments. 3. Put in place mechanisms to establish a GHG emissions inventory to achieve efficient and effective collection, recording, sharing and utilisation of GHG emissions data. 4. In view of strategic national interests, consider participating in voluntary emission reduction programmes when they support the country\u2019s sustainable development goals and achieve co-benefits. 5. Put in place mechanisms to develop and promote clean technologies in all sectors of economic development. 6."


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"Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change in Agriculture and Natural Resources Management Projects.  change/content/mainstreaming- adaptationclimatechangeagriculture-and- natural-resources management- project. Guidance Note 4: Developing Readiness for Institutional Capacity Development and an Enabling Policy Framework. Business Daily Africa (2010). KenGen profits drop attributed to local drought. 14 October 2010.  LTS, AEA and Baastel. 2012. National Performance and Benefits Framework Systems Review Report."


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"Mainstreaming in this sense requires cross-sectoral policy integration that operates both horizontally, by providing an overarching guide for all sectors; and vertically, by requiring all sectors and levels of government to implement climate change responses in their core functions. 5.1.4 The Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) for budget making is a critical process for translating policies and plans into expenditure and action. It encourages cooperation across government departments in long-term planning, rather than fragmented, short-term and reactive budgeting."


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"Major bilateral financial partners supporting climate change activities in Kenya include the United Kingdom\u2019s Department for International Development (DFID), French Development Agency (AFD), Danish International Development Agency (Danida), German international development agency (GIZ), Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA), and the German government-owned development bank (KfW).  Kenya is also a UN-REDD Programme partner country and a participant of the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility. Bilateral development partners also support REDD+ initiatives."


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"Major technologies which could be applied or scaled-up to enhance water security through the NCCAP proposed actions include: Surface Run-off Water Harvesting Technology: Surface runoff water harvesting is the collection, accumulation, treatment or purification and storing of storm-water for its eventual reuse. It can also include other catchment areas from man-made surfaces, such as roads, park gardens and playing fields. The technology involves harnessing surface run-off from ground surfaces and directing the water into a retention earth dam for storage."


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"Major transport infrastructure development projects were implemented during the first and second MTPs, including construction of 2,200 km of new roads and rehabilitation/ reconstruction of 1,860 km of roads. Among these are the Nairobi-Thika super-highway and the Northern Corridor Transport Improvement Project that stretches from Mombasa to Western Kenya."


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"Mangroves can protect coastal areas against storms and waves, which are projected to become even more intense with climate change and climate- induced sea-level rise. Forest products can provide safety nets to local communities when climate variability causes crop failures. Forests also provide hydrological ecosystem services such as regulation of storm waters. In addition, upper watersheds can increase infiltration of rainwater, reduce surface run-off and control soil loss, thus decreasing the destructive impacts of floodwaters."


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"Manufacturing \u2013 Build the capacity of the private sector (formal and informal) to enhance the resilience of their investments, through identification of new products and services that are more resilient to climate change impacts, for example. Manufacturing \u2013 Demonstrate an operational business case for private sector investment in adaptation. Water \u2013 Promote awareness on climate change impacts and the water sector including promoting public awareness on water conservation (recycling, waste water management) and efficient water use. medium term sub-actions Energy \u2013 Promote energy efficiency programmes."


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"Manufacturing, Transport and Trade  Climate change has the potential to impact manufacturing, retail and trade sectors across a range of economic scales, from individual businesses operating in manufacturing, wholesale and retail through to the national economy and international trade. Impacts to critical supporting infrastructure, such as energy, water, communications and transport, have the potential to reverberate into the private sector, with consequences for business continuity, revenue, workforce and associated supply chains."


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"Many climate-smart agricultural\fKenya s practices that reduce climate vulnerability also reduce emissions and improve agricultural production potential. Agroforestry, for example, has the potential to abate 4.2 MtCO2e by 2030, while offering climate resilience benefits of improved soil quality, improved water retention in the soil, reduced erosion, and perennials that are better able to withstand climatic changes. Agroforestry also contributes to the government\u2019s goal of 10 per cent tree cover on farms in addition to benefits of enhanced food security and improved livelihoods of farmers."


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"Many of the short-term actions were the development of funding proposals for funding through UNFCCC mechanisms, such as Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) or REDD+ (Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation plus the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks). Progress on short-term actions is summarized in Table 2 and detailed in Chapter 4."


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"Many of these extreme climate events have led to displacement of communities and migration of pastoralists into and out of the country resulting in conflicts over natural resources. Slow-onset events associated with climate change have also led to competition over scarce resources resulting in human-wildlife conflicts. Other climate change impacts include widespread disease epidemics, sea-level rise, and depletion of glaciers on Mount Kenya. There is scientific evidence that the frequency of droughts, floods, and other extreme climate events has increased in recent years."


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"Many of these indicators are drawn from existing indicators proposed in sector strategies and action plans. 11.2.4 Capacity development for the MRV+ system The new arrangements required by the MRV+ system and the additional functions of the various participants in the NPBMF require a significant capacity building effort. A set of activities that expand the scale, reach, efficiency and effectiveness of programmes and institutions will be required."


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"Mapping hotspots of climate change and food insecurity in the global tropics. CCAFS Report no. 5. CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). Copenhagen, Denmark. Available online at: www. ccafs.cgiar.org 54 GoK (2012). Kenya Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA); 2008-2011 Drought. Government of Kenya, with technical support from the European Union, United Nations and World Bank. 55 World Bank 2010. Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change in Agriculture and Natural Resources Management Projects.   adaptation-climatechange-agriculture-and-natural-resourcesmanagement- project."


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"Mapping hotspots of climate change and food insecurity in the global tropics. CCAFS Report no. 5. CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). Copenhagen, Denmark. Available online at: www.ccafs.cgiar.org GoK (2012). Kenya Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA); 2008-2011 Drought. Government of Kenya, with technical support from the European Union, United Nations and World Bank. Osbahr, H. and Viner, D. (2006). Linking climate change adaptation and disaster risk management for sustainable poverty reduction: Kenya Case Study, EC. GoK (2012)."


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"March, 2010 53 For more information on other plausible options, refer to the institutional paper developed as part of this Strategy Climate Change Governance\f\u2018together we can tackle climate change\u2019 National Climate Change Response Strategy Figure 4: The Proposed Climate Change Governance Structure  MEMR Secretariat at MEMR  NEMA  Policy, Law & Strategy  Programmes Office  Emissions Trading, CDM and Technology Transfer Division: the DNA  REDD, Land- Use and Land- Use Change Division  Adaptation  Programmes Division  Communications, Education and Awareness Division  Research, Early Warning and Disaster Management Division  Monitoring & Evaluation Division  Key Players: Government, Local Authorities, Universities, Private Sector, Civil Society/ NGOs Key Players: Government, Universities, NEMA, Media  Training Institutions, Civil Society/ NGOs, Local & Development Partners  Key Players: KMD, National Lands Information Management Systems, CC Expert Group, KSFS, KWS, KASALs, FAO & other local & int\u2019l orgs."


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"Market Based Mechanism Reference Point BAU emissions in the target year Business-as-usual (BAU) emissions are estimated to be 143 MtCO2eq) by 2030. This excludes future exploitation in the extractive sector. BAU projection methodology The BAU projection methodology is detailed within the NCCAP and the Second National Communication (SNC), including key assumptions, drivers and methodologies for each sector. The base year is 2010."


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"Mary Githinji Kenya Meteorological Service 21. Dr. Samwuel Guto Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, State Department of Agriculture snyachio@gmail.com 22. Mary Mwanzau Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, State Department of Agriculture mmwanzau@yahoo.com 23. Dr. Beatrice Akunga Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, State Department of Fisheries bghettuba@yahoo.com\f61 List of participants of the National Consultative Workshop held at the Laico Regency Hotel, Nairobi on 28th May 2015 NAME ORGANIZATION EMAIL ADDRESS 1. Prof. Micheni S. Ntiba MOALF-SDF PS Fisheries 2."


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"Mary Njoroge World Bank mnjoroge@worldbank.org 47. Edward K. Mudibo Agricultural Industry Network eumudibo@yahoo.com 48. E. Wambu Miano Kirinyaga County wambumiano@gmail.com 49. Nancy Chege UNDP-GEF/SGP Nancy.chege@undp.org 50. Hon. E. Layad Bomet County layateci@yahoo.com 51. John Njenga Kiambu County 52. Enock Kanyanya USAID/Kenya ekanyanya@usaid.org 53. Anastasia Mbatia Bomet County Anastasia@agriexperince.com 54. Richard Koech Bomet County 55. Hellen Buthendu KENAFF hguhendu@gmail.com, nduati@nelleon.co.ke 56. Christine Otieno KENOG otienochristine@yahoo.com 57. Charles Mwai Capacity Africa Charles-mwai@yahoo.com 58. Ouma Maurice MOALF onyiouma@gmail.com 59. Rose Manyu CCAFS r.manyu@cgiar.org 60."


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"Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV): A term used to describe all measures which countries take to collect data on greenhouse gas emissions, mitigation actions and support, to compile this information in reports and inventories, and to subject these to some form of international review or analysis. The NCCAP proposed an integrated MRV+ framework for Kenya to measure, report on and verify the results and impacts of mitigation, adaptation and climate finance actions, and the synergies between them."


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"Measures to Mitigate Climate Change\f  \f  TABLE OF CONTENTS  INTRODUCTION EMISSION BASELINE PROJECTION Energy Demand  138 Electricity Generation  143 Transportation . 150 Industrial Processes . 163 Agriculture . 165 LULUCF . 167 Waste . 169 MITIGATION SCENARIO Kenya\u2019s low-carbon development opportunities  172 Energy Demand  173 Electricity Generation  175 Transportation . 176 Industrial Processes . 178 Agriculture . 179 LULUCF . 181 Waste . 182 Projected investment costs for mitigation actions  184 SUMMARY OF MITIGATION ACTIONS REFERENCES  \f  INTRODUCTION  Articles 4.1 and 12.1, of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change commits Parties to develop national and, where appropriate, regional programmes and measures that will result in the mitigation of human-induced climate change."


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"Measuring the emissions from a particular crop is not easy \u2013 all leaves, stems and branches need to be measured, and carbon needs to be followed into the soils, deadwood and the atmosphere. This work requires the scientists involved in SLEEK to set-up a range of experimental sites, where they can track the growth of Kenya\u2019s most important plants in fine, scientific detail.  The team is also responsible for identifying the management practices that are used in Kenya."


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"Measuring, reporting on and monitoring forestry emissions and sinks - Develop a national forest inventory, forest reference scenario, and a monitoring and reporting system that allows for transparent accounting of emissions and removals in the forestry and land-use sectors.  Mainstreaming of low-carbon development options into planning processes- Undertake low-carbon assessments of current and new flagship projects; mainstream low-carbon screening and planning in the county planning process and sectoral development plans. Build capacity on the use of the tools to update the low-carbon scenario assessment."


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"Measuring, reporting on and monitoring forestry emissions and sinks - Develop a national forest inventory, forest reference scenario, and a monitoring and reporting system that allows for transparent accounting of emissions and removals in the forestry and land-use sectors. Mainstreaming of low-carbon development options into planning processes- Undertake low-carbon assessments of current and new flagship projects; mainstream low-carbon screening and planning in the county plan- ning process and sectoral development plans. Build capacity on the use of the tools to update the low-carbon scenario assessment."


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"Mechanisms to identify the sources and track how the finance has been utilised are needed to optimise the application of climate finance. These mechanisms will assess the disbursement, absorption and management of funds in a transparent and accountable manner. A framework for tracking climate finance should incorporate finance sources derived from the broad spectrum of actors, including international and domestic, public, private and civil society. Policy Statements  The Government will: 1."


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"Medium Term Sub- actions \u2022\ufffd Enhance collaboration of trans boundary water resource management. \u2022\ufffd Strengthen water resource monitoring and assessment for early warning and planning. \u2022\ufffd Promote technologies that enhance water resource ef\ufb01ciency. Long Term Sub- Actions \u2022\ufffd Implement the National Water Master Plan. Budget Responsibility Ministry responsible for water and sanitation, MDAs,  County Governments, research Institutions and Academia, Civil Society and Private Sector."


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"Medium Term Sub-actions \u2022\ufffd Enhance the diversi\ufb01cation of climate resilient tourism products. \u2022\ufffd Design a pilot project that enhances resilience in the tourism sector. Long Term Sub-Actions \u2022\ufffd Upscale successful pilot projects. Budget Responsibility Ministry responsible for tourism, MDAs, County Governments, re- search institutions and academia, civil society and private sector.\fEnhanced climate resilience towards the attainment of Vision 2030 and beyond | 37 AGRICULTURE Action Enhance the resilience of the agricultural value chain."


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"Medium Term Sub-actions \u2022\ufffd Promote livelihood diversi\ufb01cation for vulnerable groups in order to reduce rural-urban migration Long Term Sub-Actions \u2022\ufffd Promote and support climate resilient sustainable livelihoods Budget Responsibility Ministry(ies) responsible for gender, vulnerable groups and youth, MDAs, County Governments, research institutions and academia, civil society and private sector.\f| Kenya National Adaptation Plan 2015-2030 TOURISM Action Enhance the resilience of the tourism value chain."


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"Methane capture can go hand in hand with proper management of solid waste, thereby\f  improving groundwater quality, local air quality, and safety by avoiding dangerous methane gas build-ups, as well as hygienic conditions. Improved management will result in small increases in employment and the methane capture can be combined with baseload electricity production, improving energy security."


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"Methane emissions from wastewater treatment plants are generally considered to be the second largest source of GHG emissions in the waste sector.14 Globally the waste sector contributes less than 5% of GHG emissions.15 In Kenya, the waste sector was estimated account for about 3% of total national GHG emissions in 2015, an insignificant contribution in comparison to other sectors such as agriculture, land-use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) and energy."


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"Methane is produced in termites as part of their normal digestive process and repeated tilling only enhances emissions37 from these creatures, which are the second largest natural source of methane emissions globally, \u2022\ufffd promotion of intercropping in plantations38 especially tree-based intercropping (TBI) as an agro-forestry system where a crop is established between planted tree rows."


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"Methodology  A global land-use data approach is the basis for consistent representation of land areas.  The dataset that is employed is from the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations Global Forest Resource Assessment 2010 for Kenya. This method is described as Approach 1 in the 2003 IPCC Good Practice Guidance for LULUCF. The general method for calculating fluxes of CO2 to or from the atmosphere and biomass carbon pools is the same as outlined in the 1996 Revised IPCC Guidelines."


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"Michael Okumu Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, State Department of Agriculture ochiengokumu@gmail.com 15. Lucy Kamande Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources lkmumbi@ymail.com 16. Joab Osumba DAI/MATRIX/IISD Consortium of the United Kingdom Department for International Development jl.osumba@ficcf.com 17. Maurice Otieno National Environment Management Authority mnyunja@gmail.com 18. Joseph Muhwanga Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, State Department of Livestock muhwanga@yahoo.com 19. Janet Oyuke Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, State Department of Agriculture achiengoyuke@yahoo.com 20."


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"Migration of  rural communities from the congested high-potential areas and the dry arid areas to cities has contributed to over-populated slums and settlements that lack basic services. The dwellers of the slums in turn continue to migrate to the semi-arid areas and pursue non-pastoral activities such as cropping in grazing lands not well suited for agriculture. \u00a7\ufffd Energy: Reduced output of hydropower that resulted in reduced revenue for KPLC, estimated to be about KSh2.6 billion."


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"Mineral production data that were used to estimate emissions are presented in Table 18. \f  Table 9: Domestic Industrial Production for Select Minerals (tonnes of product) (1995-2010) Mineral Production Cement Soda Ash Bitumen Mineral Production Cement Lime Soda Ash Bitumen Asphalt Sources: 1 Kenya National Bureau of Statistics.  Economic Reviews 2000 to 2014. 2 Lime data was gathered from US Geological Survey Minerals Yearbook 2002 and from Kenya Country profile accessed on August 12, 2014 at   2009-ke.pdf."


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"Mining and mineral resources hold promise for significant growth in Kenya, which has implications for a low carbon climate resilient pathway. Mining and minerals currently contribute less than one per cent to GDP, but this is expected to increase with the exploitation of newly found reserves of oil, coal, natural gas and other minerals."


id: a1da2fe67393fe0378234d3c5b9c39c7
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"Ministry of Agriculture The Ministry of Agriculture is mandated to promote and facilitate production of food and agricultural raw materials for food security and incomes; advance agro-based industries, and agricultural exports; and enhance sustainable use of land resources as the basis for agricultural enterprises. Due to the sensitivity of agriculture to climate change, the Ministry has established a climate change unit that coordinates climate related issues across the agriculture sector. The Ministry is also implementing various climate change programmes and projects."


id: 788f05dcf361e0ef51f140c034984095
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"Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development. Government Printers, Nairobi, Kenya Rowlinson, P. (2008). Adapting Livestock Pro- duction Systems to Climate Change Temperate Zones. Livestock and Global Change conference proceeding. May 2008, Tunisia Schepp, K. (2009). Strategy to Adapt to Cli- mate Change for Michimikuru Tea Farmers in Kenya. January 2009, Caf\u00e9 Direct and GTZ. www.adapcc.org Stockholm Environment Institute (in Press). Economic Impacts of Climate Change in Kenya The Energy Act 2006 (Part V). Nairobi, Govern- ment Printers UNEP (2002)."


id: 57c179374032800e3f822ce105b93bd5
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:11
updated_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:11
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content:
"Ministry of Agriculture, Kenya and GTZ, Germany. KFS. (2013). Report on National Forest Resource Mapping and Capacity Development for the Republic of Kenya, Volume 1. Submitted by PASCO Corporation. Kenya Forest Service. Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Livestock sector. Report (2016) NEMA. (2015). Kenya National Second Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. National Environment Management Authority. SEI. (2009). The Economics of Climate Change in Kenya: Final report submitted in advance of COP15. Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. pp 65."


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created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:11
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"Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock & Fisheries  The Ministry of Agriculture is mandated to promote and facilitate production of food, livestock and fisheries and agricultural raw materials for food security and incomes; advance agro-based industries, and agricultural exports; and enhance sustainable use of land resources as the basis for agricultural enterprises. Due to the sensitivity of agriculture to climate change, the Ministry has established a climate change unit that coordinates climate related issues across the agriculture sector."


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"Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries Strategic Plan 2013-17 (Revised 2015), Nairobi: Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries 11  Government of Kenya (2017). 12 Government of Kenya (2017). 13 Lobell, D. M. and Gourdji, S. M. (2012). The influence of climate change on global crop productivity. Plant Physiology 160(4): pages 1686-1697. 14 FAO (2013). Climate Smart Agriculture Sourcebook. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations. 15  Government of Kenya (2017). 16 National Environmental Management Authority and Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (2005)."


id: 91b8bd2676561648c6dc24b124cc9704
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:11
updated_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:11
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content:
"Ministry of Devolution and Planning (2014), Handbook of National Reporting Indicators for the Second Medium-Term Plan of Kenya Vision 2030. MENR (2016), County Integrated Development Plans: Review of Climate Change Mainstreaming."


id: a05ce16f7a90a5672ef40708a8ca99ea
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:11
updated_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:11
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index: document
vector_id: 5081
content:
"Ministry of Energy, Nairobi, Kenya Muok B. and K\u00e4llb\u00e4ck L. Feasibility study of Jatropha curcas as a biofuel feedstock in Kenya. Policy Innovations Systems for Clean Energy Security (PISCES) (2008) NEMA (2008). Effects of climate change and coping mechanisms. State of the Environment report Kenya 2006/7 Ngaira, J. K. W. (2009). Challenges of water resource management and food production in a changing climate in Kenya. Journal of Ge- ography and Regional Planning Vol. 2 (4), pp. Ngecu W.M. and Mathu E.M."


id: 2c3130c876107a5661b36f7d97d625f3
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content:
"Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (MEMR). (2012). Kenya Climate Change Action Plan  - Mitigation Analysis \u2013 Forestry chapter 51 Parry, J E et al, Climate Risks, Vulnerability and Governance in Kenya: A review (2012), UNDP 53 Government of Kenya (GoK). Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (MEMR). (2012). Kenya Climate Change Action Plan  - Mitigation Analysis \u2013 Forestry chapter 55 Government of Kenya (GoK). Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (MEMR). (2012)."


id: c71114984c1d80c515fca36120ed978a
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:11
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index: document
vector_id: 6473
content:
"Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (MEMR). (2013): National Water Master Plan 2030, Kenya, Government Printers 109 Government of Kenya (GoK). (2008). Second Medium-Term Plan (MTP) 2013-2017. Nairobi: Government Printers. [Accessed 22 111 Wandiga et al., 2010; Yanda et al., 2006 cited in Parry J 112 Government of Kenya (GoK). Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (MEMR). (2012)."


id: 221bc43f453d113b78bb3acf8817a5c3
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"Ministry of Planning and National Devel- opment and the National Economic and Social Council (NESC), Office of the President, Nairobi Government of Kenya Sessional Paper No. 4 of 2004. Nairobi, Government Printers Herman van Keulen (undated). Sustainable Pastoralism. Group Plant Production Systems WU, Plant Research International PSG-WUR IBRD /World Bank (2007). Strategic Environ- mental Assessment of the Kenya Forest Act IGAD (2007)."


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"Mitigation  Energy The TNA process revealed that decentralised renewable energy systems have an important role to play in the country\u2019s 80 per cent population with limited electric energy access. The Solar Home Systems (SHS) and Solar Dryers technologies were prioritised to meet most of this need."


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"Mitigation Scenarios Figure 4, indicates the composite mitigation abatement potential of the low-carbon development opportunities in six sectors. The biggest mitigation potential by 2030 is in the forestry sector followed by electricity generation."


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"Mitigation actions in the energy sector can have adaptation benefits as well as positive development impacts that are linked to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In 2015, the UN General Assembly session adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (the 2030 Agenda) that included 17 SDGs that meet urgent environmental, social and economic challenges."


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"Mitigation measures to adopt in the agricultural sector include but are not limited to the following: \u2022\ufffd applying agricultural technologies to increase food production while simultane- ously limiting or reducing GHG emissions, e.g. through the appropriate use of biotechnologies,36 as subscribed in the National Biotechnology Development Policy \u2022\ufffd proper management of agricultural waste that includes using waste to produce biogas, which consequently also reduces the direct release of methane emissions into the atmosphere."


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"Mitigation of GHG Emissions Although developing countries are not required to take on emission reduction commitments, Kenya views climate change mitigation as a means to sustainable development. Low-carbon analysis facilitates the implementation of mitigation projects, strengthening of institutional and human capacity-building and the prioritisation and evaluation of social, economic and environmental programmes.  The chapter on mitigation of GHG emissions describes the low-carbon assessment undertaken in the six mitigation sectors: energy, transport, industry, agriculture, forestry and waste management."


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"Mitigation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Strategic  Issue 4: Emissions from key sources in agricultural production systems Strategic Goal 4: Minimize emissions from key sources in agricultural production systems Strategic Objective 4:  Develop mechanisms that minimize greenhouse gas emissions from key sources in agricultural production systems (i) Reduce the rate of emissions from livestock (enteric fermentation and manure) (a) Formulate and support programs that promote development and use of low emissions technologies to manage livestock feed from farm residues and manure \u2022\ufffd No of technologies developed and adopted \u2022\ufffd No of programs formulated and supported \u2022\ufffd Formulate programs \u2022\ufffd build capacity \u2022\ufffd Research in technologies to manage livestock feed from farm residues and manure \u2022\ufffd Develop guidelines for feed formulation from farm residues and manure management."


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"Mitigation: In the context of climate change,  human intervention to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases e.g. using fossil fuels more efficiently or electricity generation, switching to solar energy or wind power from fossil fuels for industrial processes and expanding forests and other \u201csinks\u201d to remove greater amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions: A set of government prioritized actions aimed at reducing or limiting greenhouse gas emissions."


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"Mitigation: In the context of climate change, a human intervention to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases. Examples include using fossil fuels more efficiently for industrial processes or electricity generation, switching to solar energy or wind power, improving building insulation, and expanding forests and other \"sinks\" to remove greater amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere."


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"Mobilisation of climate finance can help the government provide incentives to attract and catalyse investments in the following areas: \u2022 Expansion of renewable energy such as geothermal, solar, wind and biomass electricity generation; \u2022 Energy efficiency in public buildings; \u2022 Energy efficient household products, including solar lighting and improved charcoal and gas cookstoves; \u2022 Climate-proofing energy infrastructure, which refers to the integration of climate change risks and opportunities in the design, operation and management of infrastructure; and \u2022 Exploration of the allocation of royalties from the extractives sector to a fund to support climate resilient and low carbon actions."


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"Mobilise substantial levels of climate finance to fund implementation of this Policy and the associated Climate Change Action Plans from internal and external sources. 4. Put in place mechanisms to attract and leverage PPPs as a vehicle to mobilise resources and enhance private sector participation in low carbon climate resilient development activities."


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"Mobilization of Volunteers to Support Forestry and Environmental Conserva- tion Programmes \u2022\ufffd To\ufffd plant\ufffd and\ufffd raise\ufffd seedlings\u2014which\ufffd KFS can purchase Pursuit of Innovative Funding Mecha- nisms for Forestry Development \u2022\ufffd Payment\ufffdfor\ufffdenvironmental\ufffdservices \u2022\ufffd Preparation\ufffd of\ufffd tree\ufffd planting\ufffd proposals\ufffd for funding through the Constituency Development Fund (CDF) and Local Au- thority Transfer Fund (LATF) \u2022\ufffd Setting\ufffd up\ufffd a\ufffd Forest\ufffd Management\ufffd and\ufffd Conservation Fund (FMCF) \u2022\ufffd Revenues\ufffdfrom\ufffdsale\ufffdof\ufffdplantation\ufffdtimber \u2022\ufffd And\ufffdother\ufffdmeasures Operationalization of the Forests Act (2005) and Environment Management and Coordination Act 1999 \u2022\ufffd Full\ufffdstaffing\ufffdof\ufffdfield\ufffdstations \u2022\ufffd Setting\ufffdup\ufffdinstitutional\ufffdlinkages\ufffdto\ufffdsup- port wider stakeholder participation \u2022\ufffd Establishment\ufffd of\ufffd guidelines\ufffd to\ufffd enable\ufffd KFS, communities and the private sector \u2022\ufffd Other\ufffdinterventions Research targeting current climate change threats and risks to wildlife and rangeland resources; and wildlife\u2019s vulnerability to current climate variability, e.g \u2022\ufffd analyse\ufffdthe\ufffdcurrent\ufffdclimate\ufffdvariability\ufffdin\ufffd marginal rainfall areas \u2022\ufffd assess\ufffdthe\ufffdsocioeconomic\ufffddynamics\ufffdand\ufffd activities of the communities living in and around wildlife protected areas Research to project future climate change scenarios and likely impacts on wildlife and rangelands Developing the National Wildlife Adapta- tion Strategy Min."


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"Monitoring, Reporting and Verification of Adaptation and Mitigation Actions and Support  Kenya has developed an Integrated MRV system, including an Integrated MRV tool, for monitoring and reporting of both mitigation and adaptation actions, together with their results. To facilitate the tracking of climate change actions and reporting, the system includes appropriate indicators, including those on baselines that will be continuously improved over time through an evaluation mechanism."


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"More than 14,000 Kenyans die every year from health conditions that can be traced back to indoor air pollution.22 Renewable lanterns can also raise general standards of living as their light is usually much brighter and better suited for productive uses or for children\u2019s homework (and contribute positively to SDG 4 on Quality Education) than the light given by kerosene lamps."


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"Moreover, ICT enables information and knowledge sharing, playing an important role in building adaptive capacity of the population and economy. Examples of ongoing projects/initiatives Improvement of shipping and maritime facilities programme, Roads 2000 programme, standard gauge railway, improvement of living and working conditions in government buildings, development and maintenance of coastline infrastructure, Research in Appropriate Building Technology Capacity Building Programme. Gaps Financing, technology, capacity building. Short Term Sub-actions \u2022\ufffd Conduct risk and vulnerability assessments of existing infrastructure."


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"Moreover, potential areas for wind energy generation are far away from the grid and load-centres, requiring high capital investment for the transmission lines.  Currently (2012), wind provides about 7.1 MW of electricity. 221 Different initiatives are planned to achieve this, such as substituting thermal generation of energy with wind power plants and combining wind with thermal plants (wind- diesel hybrid). These are seen as routes to cut down on the large amounts of foreign exchange required for the diesel thermal power plants."


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"Moreover, these techniques can improve land productivity and decrease yield variance between years.28 They can also decrease labour requirements, raising labour productivity in the sector.29 Harnessing farm waste as source of organic fertilizer and the use of and the use of bio of bio-fertilizer that does not contribute to harmful emissions,\fN D C  S E C T O R  A N A LY S I S  R E P O R T  2 0 1 7 Table 3.4."


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"Most African countries are yet to streamline climate change governance,52 a factor that has contributed to weak engagements in international negotiations on climate change and country-level effectiveness of climate change programmes and projects. Because of its diffuse nature, the existing institutional arrangement has not supported a coordinated approach to combating climate change."


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"Most cereal crops recorded significant decline in production in the recent past. In the same period, performance of the crops sub- sector was boosted by a higher output of paddy rice and wheat. Over the same period, production of beans decreased while production of Irish potatoes improved significantly. Horticulture is a critical sector in the country that has recorded a remarkable export-driven growth in the past decade. It is now the largest sub-sector contributing about 33% of the AgGDP and 38% of export earnings."


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"Most of the food and cash crops as well as livestock products are produced in these zones under semi-intensive and intensive systems. The medium rainfall zones receive between 750 and 1000 mm of rainfall annually and occupy between 30 and 35% of the 20% of the productive agricultural land area and carry approximately 30% of the population. Farmers in these zones keep cattle and small stock, and grow a wide range of crops."


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"Most of these are not accessible to public as they are set-up for institution internal use. Moreover, the availability of these libraries is not widely known. Lead agency to take this Action forward: The Climate Change Resource Centre when established will lead the development of establishing a national climate change resource centre."


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"Most of these kilns are prototypes that are yet to be widely diffused. The KEFRI portable kiln has potential for wide diffusion in that it can be easily transported to various sites depending on availability of raw material. Among the enabling actions for diffusion of improved charcoal kilns include: the provision of subsidies for efficiently produced charcoal as an incentive to producers to invest in efficient charcoal kilns; and the formulation of regulations to control illegally produced charcoal."


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"Most petroleum products are transported from Mombasa to the hinterland via a pipeline.  International and domestic air transport has been growing and plays a key role in supporting some of Kenya\u2019s leading foreign exchange earners, namely tourism and horticulture. The transport sector is a significant and growing contributor of greenhouse gas emissions. The NCCAP reported that emissions from the sector are expected to triple between 2010 and 2030, from a baseline of six million tonnes of CO2- equivalent in 2010."


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"Moving forward on the low carbon climate resilient development pathway set out in this Action Plan will require overcoming regulatory, institutional and market barriers that currently prevent large-scale implementation. A large challenge is financing the higher upfront costs of low carbon climate resilient investments. The investment costs to 2030 for implementation of the six priority low carbon options identified in Chapter 6 are estimated to be KSh1,371 to 1,773 billion (USD16.2 to 20.84 billion) to 2030."


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"Much of the highlands lie 1,500 to 3,000 m above sea level and are dotted by extinct volcanoes. The Great Rift Valley bisects the highlands into east and west forming a steep sided trench of 30 to 40 miles (48 to 64 km) wide and 600 to 900 m deep.8 Mount Kenya the highest mountain in the country is found on the eastern side while Mount Elgon is to the western side on the border of Kenya and Uganda."


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"Much of this increase is attributed to new coal and natural gas coming online to meet increasing energy demand.  \f  \ufffd Forestry sector emissions are likely to decline after 2020 due to the reduced clearing of forests and increases in the number and size of trees, a result of tree planting programmes and a reduced projection in wood harvesting."


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"Multiple laws further govern property in land. The Land Act (2012) regulates processes for allocation of public land for various uses, including investment activities, and requires consideration of local community benefit when such investment activities are approved. The same law also regulates transactions involving private property, including mortgages (charges) and leases. The Land Registration Act (2012) is responsible for ensuring integrity in the registration system of land and aspects important to land reforms in Kenya."


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"Mwai Kibaki, C.G.H, MP, President and Commander-in Chief of the Defence Forces of the Republic of Kenya I n recognition of the serious threats posed by climate change my Government has taken and continues to take bold measures to secure the country\u2019s development against the risks and impacts of climate change. The Constitution of Kenya provides for maintenance of at least ten per cent tree cover of the land area."


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"Mwangi Kiunjuri, EGH, MGH Cabinet Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation\f iii PREFACE The agriculture sector is a major contributor to Kenya\u2019s economy in terms of food and nutrition security, employment creation, supply of agro-based industry raw materials and foreign exchange earnings. About 98% of Kenya\u2019s agricultural activities are rain-fed and highly susceptible to climate change and climate variability."


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"N AT I O N A L LY D E T E R M I N E D C O N T R I B U T I O N S E C T O R A N A LY S I S R E P O R T 2 0 1 7 evidence base for updating the kenya national climate change action plan republic of kenya Ministry of Environment andv Natural Resources N D C S E C T O R A N A LY S I S R E P O R T 2 0 1 7 ii N AT I O N A L LY D E T E R M I N E D C O N T R I B U T I O N S E C T O R A N A LY S I S R E P O R T 2 0 1 7 evidence base for updating the kenya national climate change action plan republic of kenya Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Developed with the support of the StARCK+"


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"N C C A P  S TAT U S  O F  I M P L E M E N TAT I O N  2 0 1 7 FINA 8: Establish a regular platform for engagement and dialogue between the Government of Kenya and investors Title Establish a regular platform for engagement and dialogue between the Government of Kenya and investors. Action Type Enabling Timeframe Short term / Quick Win Sector Public administration, finance Action Summary This action involves the establishment of a regular (i.e."


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"N C C A P  S TAT U S  O F  I M P L E M E N TAT I O N  2 0 1 7 R E V I E W O F  T H E  IM P L E M ENTATION OF T H E  K E NYA  NAT IO NA L C LIMATE CHANGE Developed with the support of the StARCK+ Climate Change Technical Assistance to the Government of Kenya programme\fN C C A P  S TAT U S  O F  I M P L E M E N TAT I O N  2 0 1 7\fR EV I EW O F THE IMPLEMENTATION OF T H E K E NYA  NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE A C T ION PLAN 2013-2017 Developed with the support of the StARCK+ Climate Change Technical Assistance to the Government of Kenya programme\fCorrect Citation: Murphy, D. and Chirchir, D. (2017), Review of the Implementation of the Kenya National Climate Change Action Plan 2013- 2017."


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"N D C  S E C T O R  A N A LY S I S  R E P O R T  2 0 1 7 Figure 3.3. Technical Potential Emission Reductions in 2030 of Agriculture Mitigation Options Box 3.1. Assumptions Underlying the Mitigation Options in the Agricultural Sector agroforestry The cost data for plantations on farms was derived from two studies."


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"N D C  S E C T O R  A N A LY S I S  R E P O R T  2 0 1 7 references 1 Government of Kenya (2007). Kenya Vision 2030. Nairobi: Government of the Republic of Kenya. 2 World Bank (2016). World Development: Indicators. Accessed at:   worldbank.org/country/kenya#cp_wdi 3 Government of Kenya (2015). Draft National Energy and Petroleum Policy. Nairobi: Ministry of Energy and Petroleum, page 11. Accessed at:   4 Parliament of Kenya (2017). Bill Tracker 2 February 2017."


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"N D C  S E C T O R  A N A LY S I S  R E P O R T  2 0 1 7 references 1 Government of Kenya (2008). Kenya Vision 2030. Nairobi: Government of Kenya. 2 Ministry of Industrialisation and Enterprise Development (2015). Investment Opportunities in the Manufacturing Sector in Kenya. Nairobi: Ministry of Industrialisation and Enterprise Development. 3 Ministry of Industrialisation and Enterprise Development (2015). Kenya\u2019s Industrial Transformation Programme. Nairobi: Ministry of Industrialisation and Enterprise Development."


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"N D C  S E C T O R  A N A LY S I S  R E P O R T  2 0 1 7 references 1 Government of Kenya (2009). Integrated National Transport Policy - Moving a Working Nation. Nairobi: Ministry of Transport. 2 Nairobi City County Government (2015). Non-Motorized Transport Policy. Accessed at:   3 National Transport and Safety Authority (2016). New Motor Vehicles Statistics for the Last 10 Years. Nairobi: National Transport and Safety Authority."


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"N D C  S E C T O R  A N A LY S I S  R E P O R T  2 0 1 7 references 1 Government of Kenya 2010. The Constitution of Kenya. Nairobi: National Council for Law Reporting with the Authority of the Attorney General. 2 Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (2014). Forest Policy, 2014. Nairobi: Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. page 1. 3 Government of Kenya (2016). The Forest Conservation and Management Act, 2016."


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"N D C  S E C T O R  A N A LY S I S  R E P O R T  2 0 1 7 references 1 The World Bank (undated). Waste Generation. Urban Development Series-Knowledge Papers. Washington DC: The World Bank. Accessed at:   2 Soezer, A. and Owino, T. (2015). A Circular Economy Solid Waste Management Approach for Urban Areas in Kenya. Nairobi: UNDP 3 National Environment Management Authority (2015). National Solid Waste Management Strategy. Nairobi: NEMA. 4 Government of Kenya (2016)."


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"NAMA partner ministries are MOTIHUD and MENR. Partner Agency NAMA implementing partners are: NaMATA, responsible for development of the overall MRT plan; KURA, responsible for bus corridors; and Kenya Rail, responsible for commuter rail services along existing rail lines. The work is undertaken in cooperation with the County Governments of Nairobi, Kajiado, Kiambu, Machakos, and Murang\u2019a. Stakeholders Public transport operators, Matatu Owners Association, matatu drivers association, cyclists\u2019 associations."


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"NAMA proposal and submission to UNFCCC In progress Funding proposal for Green Schools Programme (emphasizes tree planting) MITI 4: Improved cookstoves Development of NAMA proposal and submission to UNFCCC In progress Clean energy NAMA developed MITI 5: Agroforestry Development and submission of funding proposal In progress Agricultural NAMA under development that will include agroforestry MITI 6: Mass Rapid Transit Development of NAMA proposal and submission to UNFCCC Complete NAMA approved by International NAMA Facility for EUR 20 million in 2015 MITI 7: GHG Inventory \u2013 Complete Second National Communication with updated GHG inventory submitted to UNFCCC in December 2015 MITI 8: Measurement of forestry emissions and sinks \u2013 In progress Support received to develop forestry inventory, forest reference level, etc."


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"NAMAs can be formal submissions to the UNFCCC by developing countries seeking support.  Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC): Upon ratification of the Paris Agreement, countries will submit their NDCs, or their national contribution to achieve the global goal of the Paris Agreement. Most NDCs include a GHG emission reduction target and an adaptation goal. Kenya\u2019s NDC is based on its NCCAP and\f  National Adaptation Plan, and thus consistent with Vision 2030 and sustainable development goals."


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"NARRATIVE SUMMARY INDICATORS MEANS OF VERIFICATION RISKS AND ASSUMPTIONS Outcome 1.8: Capacities of institutions relevant to CSA at all levels strengthened 1.8.1:Sector institutions at national and county levels delivering on CSA 1.8.2: Sector institutions at national and county levels with capacities to deliver CSA."


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"NDC priority adaptation actions mtp sector priority adaptation actions Energy Increase resilience of current/future energy systems Science, Technology & Innovation Support innovation and development of appropriate technologies that promote climate resilient development. Public Sector Integrate climate change adaptation into reforms. Human Resource Development, Labour & Employment Enhance adaptive capacity and resilience of the informal private sector. Infrastructure Climate proofing of infrastructure (energy, transport, buildings, ICT)."


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"NDMA, NDOC) \u2022\ufffd Support communities to develop contingency plans \u2022\ufffd Dissemination of downscaled weather information \u2022\ufffd County data aggregation \u2022\ufffd Support development and implementation of community contingency plans (NGOs, CBOs, FBOs, Development partners, Private sector) ST/LT (ii) Develop and use index-based agricultural insurance (a) Identification and development of suitable agricultural insurance products \u2022\ufffd Number and type of insurance products developed \u2022\ufffd Identify, coordinate and support insurance actors to develop products (MALF, IRA) \u2022\ufffd Identify county agricultural insurance needs \u2022\ufffd Development of agricultural insurance products (Insurance Companies, Reinsurance Companies) MT (b) Build capacity of extension, stockists and other stakeholders on agricultural insurance."


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"NEC sets national goals and objectives and determines policies and priorities for the protection of the environment, which ostensibly include climate change responses. Despite its strategic position to offer leadership on adaptation in particular, NEC has so far played a minimal role.\fKenya s Ministry/ agency Description National Council for Science & Technology (NCST) The NCST is an advisory institution on matters of Science, Technology, Innovation and Research in Kenya for national social economic development."


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"NEMA could undertake a review of existing data on industrial wastewater treatment sites to generate more reliable estimates of the total degradable organic content of industrial wastewater produced and the associated type of treatment.  Capacity Building  Capacity building is required at both the institutional and personnel level and multi- sectoral representation (i.e., Energy, Industrial Processes, Solvent and Product Use, Agriculture, LULUCF and Waste) is critical."


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"NEMA is approved as an NIE for Kenya, accredited to have direct access for GCF funding of up to USD 10 million.  Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA): An action that reduces emissions in developing countries and is prepared under the umbrella of a national governmental initiative. They can be policies directed at transformational change within an economic sector, or actions across sectors. NAMAs emphasise support from developed countries to developing countries in the form of technology, financing and capacity building."


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"NEXT STEPS  First Medium Term Plan Second Medium Term Plan Third Medium Term Plan Fourth Medium Term Plan  Second National Communication  Rcccese ae Giceene.  IDC y ; abate\u2019 \u2018 NDC ay r (NDC NDC NOC  Figure 1: Document Review for NDC Update  The data and information collected from the document reviews and various consultations were then used for the simultaneous determination and design of the updated NDC, including mitigation and adaptation enhancements."


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"NPBM 6: Monitoring and evaluation of adaptive capacity indicators Title M&E of institutional adaptive capacity indicators in a selected state department (demonstration) Action Type Enabling Timeframe Short term/Quick Win Sector All sectors Action Summary The aim of the action is to create an operational adaptation M&E framework for adaptation in the target state department, which will demonstrate the effective application of adaptation M&E and facilitate roll-out across all relevant state departments Status No action Lead Agency To be identified Partner Agency MENR, MODP Stakeholders Lead agency to identify stakeholders status No action has been taken."


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"NPBM 8: Effectiveness assessment of adaptation at county level Title Effectiveness assessment of adaptation at county level (demonstration) Action Type Enabling Timeframe Short term/Quick Win Sector All sectors Action Summary This action will identify suitable county cases that demonstrate climate risk management by local authorities and customary groups."


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"Nachtergaele F, Petri M, Biancalani R, Van Lynden G, and Van Velthuizen H. (2010). Global Land Degradation Information System (GLADIS). Beta Version. An Information Database for Land Degradation Assessment at Global Level. Land Degradation Assessment in Drylands Technical Report, no. 17. FAO, Rome, Italy. OECD. (2001). Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Productivity Manual. Parry, M., Rosenzweig, C., Iglesias, A., Fischer, G. and Livermore, M. (1999). Climate change and world food security: A new assessment. Glob. Environ. Change, 9, S51-S67."


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"Nairobi County Government entered a partnership with United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to develop a non- motorized transport policy, which will complement the MRT. The work is still at the planning stages and GHG emissions have not been reduced. MOTIHUD is receiving technical assistance to measure and monitor GHG emissions in the transport sector."


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"Nairobi River Basin Biogas Project  \ufffd There is an indication that: The technology is \u201cDeenbandhu model 2000\u201d, a model developed by the Indian NGO, Action for Food Production (AFPRO)  there is a lack of skilled and/or properly trained labour to construct the specific Deenbandhu technology. The design combines durable quality with a lifetime of over fifteen years and cheap construction costs by using locally procured materials."


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"Nairobi sits in the central highlands at an elevation of 1,800m and has a mean annual temperature of 18\u00b0C, whereas Mombasa, in the coastal lowlands, experiences mean annual temperatures of 26\u00b0C.119 Kenya\u2019s equatorial location means that there is little temporal variation in temperature, with the coolest months (June to August) typically being 2\u00b0C cooler than the warmest.  Observed climate data for Kenya shows a distinct warming trend since the 1960s.120 From the early 1960s, Kenya has experienced generally increasing temperature trends over vast areas."


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content:
"Nairobi: Government Printers Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis (KIPPRA). (2013). Economic Survey 2013 Highlights. Nairobi: KIPPRA. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS). (2013). Kenya Facts and Figures 2004 - 2012. Nairobi: Government Printers. Kenya Power (2012) \u2018Kenya Power Annual Report and Financial Accounts 2012 Kenya: A Natural Outlook: Geo-Environmental Resources and Hazards (Developments in Earth Surface Processes) by Paolo Paron, Daniel Ochieng Olago and Christian Thine Omuto (22 Oct McSweeney, C., New, M. & Lizcano, G. 2010."


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"Nairobi: Heinrich B\u00f6ll Stiftung. Available from  175 Obera, D. (2002). Status of Coral Reefs in East Africa. CORDIO Status Report 2002. CORDIO. East Africa. 176 Patz, J.A., Campbell-Lendrum, D., Holloway, T. and Foley, J.A. (2005). Impact of regional climate change on 177 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2001). Climate Change 2001. Synthesis report. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. 178 Patz, J.A., Campbell-Lendrum, D., Holloway, T. and Foley, J.A. (2005). Impact of regional climate change on human health. Nature, 438, 310-317. doi:10.1038/nature04188."


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"Nairobi: KIPPRA 68 Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis (KIPPRA),Kenya, Economic Report 2013 69 Kenya vision 2030: A globally competitive and prosperous Kenya as cited in Parry, J E et al, (2012), Climate Risks, Vulnerability and Governance in Kenya: A review, UNDP 70 Kenya vision 2030: A globally competitive and prosperous Kenya as cited in Parry, J E et al, (2012), Climate Risks, Vulnerability and Governance in Kenya: A review, UNDP 71 Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis (KIPPRA). (2014)."


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"Nairobi: KIPPRA 78 Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis (KIPPRA),Kenya, Economic Report 2013 [Accessed 22 April 2014] 79 NCCAP Mitigation Trade sector 80 Kenya Human Development Report (2013) Climate Change and Human Development: Harnessing Emerging Opportunities, UNDP 81 Conservation Development Centre, International Institute for Sustainable Development and Safe World, 2009 cited in KENYA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT (2013) Climate Change and Human Development: Harnessing Emerging Opportunities, UNDP 82 Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are defined as infections that have recently appeared in a population or have existed previously but are rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range (Morens et al."


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"Nairobi: Ministry of Energy and Petroleum. 5 Government of Kenya (2011). Updated Least Cost Power Development Plan \u2013 Study Period: 2011- 2031. Nairobi:  Energy Regulatory Commission. 6 Government of Kenya (2015). Kenya Green Economy Strategy and Implementation Plan (GEISP). Nairobi: Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. 7 Ministry of Transport and Industrialization, and Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (2016). Kenya\u2019s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) - Transport Sector Analysis: Meeting of Transport Sector Expert Group (19th October).!"


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"Nairobi: Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources.\f\f3 :  A g R I C U LT U R E 3 :  A g R I C U LT U R E 3.1 AgRICULTU R E SEC TO R  I N K ENYA Agriculture is a priority of the Government and people of Kenya because of the sector\u2019s importance to food security, rural livelihoods and poverty alleviation."


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"Nairobi: Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. 8 The NDC sector meeting reports are available online at:   starckplus.com/index.php/starck-components/technical-assistance 9 Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (2017). Update of Kenya\u2019s Emission Baseline Projections and Impact on NDC Target. Developed with the support of the Climate Change Technical Assistance to the Government of Kenya component of the StARCK+ programme. Nairobi: MENR."


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"Name Mobile No/Email Address Institution 1. Uzel Mzera Uzelmzera@yahoo.com MoALF 2. David Wajala cdakwale@gmail.com County 3. Nyaga C.Nkurui nyagachristopher@yahoo.com County 4. Gor Kenneth cdlmachakos@yahoo.com County 5. Wanderi livingstone wanderiw@gmail.com Livestock 6. Juma Rissas sclpoluugaluga@yahoo.com Livestock 7. Japheth Musila musilajapheth@gmail.com Fisheries 8. Francis N.Kitoo franckitoo@yahoo.com Agriculture 9. Chege Kanyuamiti dvokilungu@yahoo.com Livestock 10. Paul Munyau Kaleve mukalove@yahoo.com Irrigation Jonathan Mwanya mingla@yahoo.com MoA 12. Aggrey Ogolla ogallo@yahoo.com Fisheries 13. Omondi A. Okiri cakorio@gmail.com Fisheries 14. Benjamin J. Kibor bkibor@yahoo.com MoALF/SDL 15. Robin Mbae robinmbae@yahoo.com MoALF/SDL 16."


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"Nation/Billy Mutai\fKenya s Table 4.1:  Enabling actions to support the transition to a low carbon climate resilient development pathway  Action plan chapter Recommended enabling actions Importance in the transition to a low carbon climate resilient future Financing Implementation of the Action Plan - Undertake targeted interventions to help overcome weakness in the investment climate: one-stop shop for permits and licenses; standardised Power Purchase Agreements for renewable energy; improvements to the Feed- in Tariff regime; the development of a national energy efficiency policy and greater co- ordination of technical assistance programmes - Establish the Kenya National Climate Fund as the primary vehicle for receiving and disbursing international climate finance - Establish a carbon trading platform to market Kenya\u2019s carbon market activity - Finance is essential, requiring a mix of international and domestic climate finance that leverages public and private sources."


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"National Adaptation Plan A document prepared by developing countries that identifies urgent and immediate needs for adapting to climate change.  National Climate Change Action Plans National plans of action, prepared at five-year intervals, that set out in detail the requirements and costs for the design and implementation of the various climate change interventions required for Kenya to attain low carbon climate resilient development."


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"National Circumstances  The Republic of Kenya is a unitary state with a multi-party-political system, located in the Greater Horn of Africa. The Constitution of Kenya creates two levels of Government, namely: the National Government and 47 County Governments that have defined mandates and functions."


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"National Climate Change Action Plan\f\fKenya s III National Climate Change Action Plan\fIV Kenya s Copyright \u00a9 2013 Government of Kenya, Photos Background photo: Tom Otieno, Nation Media Group Inset photos: MEMR NCCS/HTSPE; Dieter Telemans/Panos; MEMR NCCS/HTSPE Back cover Frederic Courbet/Panos Reproduction of this publication for educational or non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged."


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"National Climate Change Coordination Strategy Workshop, 5-7 December 2016: Meeting Report - Draft. 18 Garcia-Landare Puertas, D., Woldearegay, K., Mehta, L., Van Beusekom, M., Agujetas Perez, M., and Van Steenbergen, F. (2014). Roads for water: the unused potential. Waterlines (volume 33, number 2), pp. 120-137. See also:"


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"National Climate Change Response Strategy NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NEMA National Environment Management Authority NMT Non-motorized transport NRT Northern Rangelands Trust PHPDT Peak Hour Peak Direction Traffic PV Photovoltaic REDD+ Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation plus the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks SDG Sustainable Development Goal SLEEK System for Land-Based Emissions Estimation in Kenya SLM Sustainable Land Management SNA System of National Accounts SNC Second National Communication StARCK+ Strengthening Adaptation & Resilience to Climate Change in Kenya Plus programme (funded by DFID) TOE Tonnes of oil equivalent TroFCCA Tropical Forests and Climate Change Adaptation ULCPDP Updated Least Cost Power Development Plan UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific & Cultural Organization UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization USC Ultra-super critical N D C S E C T O R A N A LY S I S R E P O R T 2 0 1 7 v i i i 1 : I N T R O D U C T I O N & M E T h O D"


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"National Communication Process Constraints and Needs  The National Environment Management Authority (NEMA), a directorate under the MEWNR has had the mandate for the preparation of the country\u2019s First National Communication (FNC) and the Second National Communication (SNC).  The process of preparing SNC commenced in January 2014. The SNC process development has taken about 15 months. The SNC process has been led by external consultants contracted by NEMA for its preparation."


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"National Designated Authority (NDA): An authority designated by a national government for the Green Climate Fund, to recommend to the Board funding proposals in the context of national climate strategies and plans. The National Treasury is Kenya\u2019s NDA to the Green Climate Fund.  National Implementing Entity (NIE): A national legal entity that has been accredited by the GCF Board as meeting its criteria to access funding for the implementation of eligible activities approved by the GCF."


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"National Disaster Management Policy, 2012 Aims to increase and sustain resilience of vulnerable communities to hazards. Environmental Management and Coordination Act (1999) Provides the framework for the management of the environment. Kenya Forestry Master Plan  Recognises the environmental role of forests including water values, biodiversity values, climate change values through carbon sequestration and other environmental services. Water Act (2002) Provides the overall governance of the sector, and recognises the climate change implications on health, sanitation and water."


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"National Drought Management Authority (NDMA) Established by Legal Notice in late 2011, the core mandate of the NMDA  is to exercise general supervision and coordination over all matters relating to drought management in Kenya, and to be the principal instrument of Government in ensuring the delivery of all the policies and strategies that relate to drought management and climate change adaptation."


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"National Drought Management Authority (NDMA) Established by Legal Notice in late 2011, the core mandate of the NMDA is to exercise general supervision and coordination over all matters relating to drought management in Kenya, and to be the principal instrument of Government in ensuring the delivery of all the policies and strategies that relate to drought management and climate change adaptation."


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"National Energy Policy Final Draft, 2014 218 Wind Sector Prospectus-Kenya; 219 Ministry of Energy and Petroleum;   224 SHELL, 2010 mentioned in the TNA process 2013 mitigation report 225 TNA process 2013 mitigation report 226 Elliot et al 2011 noted in the TNA TAP adaptation report."


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"National Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Inventory Kenya\u2019s GHG emissions and removals by sinks for the year 2000, as well as additional years between 1995 and 2010 have been reported in accordance with the recommendations of the IPCC. In October 2002, Kenya submitted its first inventory with Kenya\u2019s FNC. The FNC inventory was prepared for the reference year 1994 in compliance with Articles 4 and 12 of the UNFCCC and in accordance with the IPCC Guidelines of 1996."


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"National Joint Geophysical Imaging (JGI) Methodology for Geothermal Reservoir Assessment Climate Change MSP Project Completion National Expedited Financing of Climate Change Enabling Activities Part II: Expedited Financing for (interim) Measures for Capacity Building in Priority Areas Climate Change EA Project Closure National Market Transformation for Efficient Biomass Stoves for Institutions and Small and Medium-Scale Enterprises Climate Change MSP Project Completion Regional Cogen for Africa Climate Change FP Implementation Regional Greening the Tea Industry in East Africa FP Completion Regional Lighting the \"Bottom of the Pyramid\" FP Project Completion National Development and Implementation of a Standards and Labelling Programme in Kenya with Replication in East Africa Climate Change FP Under Implementation National Adaptation to Climate Change in Arid Lands (KACCAL) Climate Change FP Implementation Global Piloting Climate Change Adaptation to Protect Human Health FP Implementation Regional Promoting Sustainable Transport Solutions for East Africa FP Under Implementation Regional LGGE Promoting Energy FP Under Efficiency in Buildings in Eastern Africa Implementation Global SolarChill Development, Testing and Technology Transfer Outreach FP CEO Endorsed Regional RLACC - Rural Livelihoods\u2019 Adaptation to Climate Change in the Horn of Africa (PROGRAM) FP Approved National Sustainable Conversion of Waste into Clean Energy for GHG Emission Reduction Climate Change"


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"National Performance and Benefit Measurement Framework The National Performance and Benefit Measurement Framework (NPBMF) is an integrated framework for measuring, monitoring, evaluating, verifying and reporting results of mitigation actions, adaptation actions and the synergies between them. The work to develop the NPBMF took place in two stages: Stage 1 identified the building blocks for the framework and Stage 2 designed the framework."


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"National REDD Readiness activities include studies and analyses: \u2022 Forest Governance, REDD+ and Sustainable Development \u2022 Draft Strategic Environmental & Social Assessment Roadmap for REDD+ \u2022 Charcoal Value Chain Analysis \u2022 Analytical Study on Corruption Risk Assessment for REDD+ \u2022 Analytical Study on Carbon Rights and Benefit Sharing for REDD+ \u2022 Analysis of Demand and Supply of Wood Products \u2022 Analysis of Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation \u2022 Analytical studies underway on REDD+ governance and institutional framework, illegal timber trade Funding has supported readiness activities; implementation of actions leading to results-based payments has not begun."


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"National Solid Waste Management Strategy. Page 42-43.\f8 :  W A S T E\fA C K N OW L E D g E M E N T S The Principal Secretary, State Department of Environment and officials from the National Climate Change Directorate, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (MENR), provided guidance and leadership for the preparation of this document. The NDC sector expert groups provided technical and substantive inputs to the development of this document."


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"National System Templates. Developing a National Greenhouse Gas Inventory System.  Template Workbook."


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"National and subnational Development projects analysis (MRV, M&E) Mitigation, NAMA analysis MRV Reporting System (MRV+ system Steering Committee) Climate Change Relevant Data Repository (CCRDR) \u201cRaw/simple data\u201d \u2022 Basic QA/QC, completeness, timeliness Indicator and baseline WG DSROAs to ensure reporting Processed and checked data TAGM Processed and checked data CCRDR \u201cProcessed data\u201d CCRDR Reports TAGD GHG Inventory Analysis MRV Synergies and Project Interface (SPI) To coordinate  and harmonise the information requested by TAGs via the DSROs for mitigation, adaption and development projects."


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"National plans should be developed continuously, progressively and iteratively, and implementation should be based on \u201cnationally identified priorities\u201d (see UNFCCC Decision 5 CP 17). A comprehensive NAP for Kenya to accompany this NCCAP will be finalized during 2013. Evidence and recommendations of the ATAR are being drawn on to set adaptation priorities and to frame an adaptation strategy that responds to Kenya\u2019s development needs and climate vulnerability by proposing initiatives to build adaptive capacity and resilience through social sectors."


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"Nationally designed and implemented civic education programs and conventional public awareness mechanisms, such as extension services that are prevalent in natural resource management sectors, play an instrumental role in public awareness, albeit on a limited sectoral scale. The media, including local-area radio stations, is an important avenue to provide meteorological and other climate change information. 7.1.3 Public awareness on climate change should integrate knowledge on critical and crosscutting policy issues such as mainstreaming of gender, youth and special needs."


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"Natural gas & coal As of early 2015, all coal and gas utilised in the country was imported. However, there have been new discoveries of oil and coal. These include the already identified commercially viable coal reserves in Mui Basin Kitui County \u2013 with further exploration work ongoing in other parts of the country. With the discovery, the Government has plans to build a coal fired power plant in its coastal region which may expose it to sea level rise."


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"Nature, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2001). Climate Change 2001. Synthesis report. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. Patz, J.A., Campbell-Lendrum, D., Holloway, T. and Foley, J.A. (2005). Impact of regional climate change on human health. Nature, 438, 310-317. doi:10.1038/nature04188. Lindsay, S.W. and Martens, W.J., (1998).\f  Malaria in the African highlands: past, present and future. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 76, 33. Githekoa, A.K., Ototoa, E.N. and Guiyun, Y. (2012)."


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"Nearly half of all livestock in Kenya is found in fragile ecosystems (i.e. ASALs) that are most vulnerable to climate change. Livestock production is therefore not exempt from the vagaries of climate change. It is likely to experience pressure from increased livestock pests and diseases as well as loss of pastures. These impacts will potentially result inter alia in community conflicts, loss of lives and livelihoods as well as migration."


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"Negative economic growth indices have been associated with extreme weather events and unless climate change is not addressed, the economic costs of its impacts are estimated to be 3% of GDP per annum by 2030 and 5% by 2050. Further, climate change impacts are likely to increase the vulnerability of farming systems, thus weakening their coping strategies and resilience. Innovative measures are therefore needed to help farmers and consumers cope with the changes in emerging and projected climatic patterns."


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"Negative impacts are also projected under future climate scenarios for many parts of the county, while some agricultural areas and products are projected to improve. Promotion of sustainable climate smart agriculture methods is key to making the sector more resilient to the impacts of climate change."


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"New York: UNDP-National Communications Support Programme. 129 The RCMs have a spatial resolution of as little as 20km\u00b2 providing greater detail at the country level. When compared to the GCM projections (typically 200km resolution) for rainfall, the RCM models scaled to 40km resolution give more detail about the possible nature of the changes to rainfall in the country. 130 Downing, C., Preston, F., Parusheva, D., Horrocks, L., Edberg, O., Samazzi, F., Washington, R., Muteti, M., Watkiss, P. and Nyangena, W. (2008)."


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"New York: UNDP-National Communications Support Programme. 140 Zwaagstra, L., Sharif, Z., Wambile, A., de Leeuw, J., Johnson, N., Njuki, J., Said, M. Ericksen, P.,Herrero, M. (2010). An assessment of the response to the 2008-2009 drought in Kenya. A report to the European Union Delegation to the Republic of Kenya. ILRI. 141 Lobell, D. B., Burke, M. B., Tebaldi, C., Mastrandrea, M. D., Falcon, W. P. & Naylor, R. L. (2008) Prioritizing Climate Change Adaptation Needs for Food Security in 2030. Science. Vol 319 (1): 607-610."


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"New data from on-going initiatives, such as the System for Land-based Emissions Estimation in Kenya (SLEEK) modeling, could potentially significantly reduce these uncertainties. 5. Livestock population estimates are primarily from the last Agricultural Census 2009. 6. The projection adopts the BAU GDP growth projection in the Green Economy Strategy and Implementation Plan (GESIP) as reasonable growth projections for making long-term baseline GDP estimates.6 Significant variations in actual GDP growth or in expectations will lead to significant differences in emissions. 7."


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"New fuel efficiency is based on a fleet turnover rate of 4% (average lifetime of vehicle 25 years) and an average improvement in fuel economy of new vehicles compared to on-road vehicles determined from fuel economy data for Japanese vehicles. The average improvements in fuel economy for new vehicles is 33% for passenger vehicles,\f  Change in fuel efficiency of freight vehicles +1.2% per year Historic improvements between 2000 and 2010 in average fleet wide fuel efficiency are low."


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"Nine low carbon development options were analysed in the energy demand sector (Figure 6.5; Chapter 6 of the Mitigation report includes the detailed analysis). Improved cookstoves that reduce the volume of biomass required for cooking have the largest potential for GHG emission reductions, 5.6 Mt CO2e a year in 2030."


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"Ninety-eight percent of crop production is rain-fed, while livestock feed on grass and other forage whose availability depend on prevailing atmospheric conditions.12 The high variability of floods and droughts experienced in Kenya in recent decades (including the 2016-2017 drought) is likely to increase with climate change."


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"Non-Governmental Organisations have also supported the establishment of new institutions, with some proposing a mechanism dealing specifically with technology and others proposing a general mechanism for mitigation, adaptation, technology related measures and funding.51 The recent creation of a \u2018Technology Mechanism\u2019 within the Copenhagen Accord, which is yet to be adopted, gives the strongest indication ever that such a mechanism will one day exist."


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"Non-Governmental Organizations NIB National Irrigation Board NIMES National Integrated Monitoring and Evaluation Systems NRM Natural Resources Management PFCs\ufffd\ufffd Perfluorocarbons\ufffd PPP Public Private Partnership SAPs Structural Adjustment Programs SDA State Department for Agriculture SDF State Department for Fisheries SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SDL State Department for Livestock SEI Stockholm Environment Institute SMS Short Messaging Service SPS Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary Standards SRA Strategy for Revitalizing Agriculture UK United Kingdom UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change WB World Bank WMO World Meteorological Organization WY&VG Women, Youth and Venerable Groups xii GLOSSARY/DEFINITION OF TERMS Adaptation: Adjustment in agro-ecosystems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects,\ufffdwhich\ufffdmoderates\ufffdharm\ufffdor\ufffdexploits\ufffdbeneficial\ufffdopportunities."


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"Not Considered in the Analysis 40 5: Forestry Sector . 45 5.1 The Forestry Sector in Kenya 45 5.2 Climate Change and the Forestry Sector 45 5.3 Mitigation in the Forestry Sector 47 5.4 Adaptation in the Forestry Sector 54 6.1 The Industrial Sector in Kenya 59 6.2 Climate Change and the Industrial Sector . 59 6.3 Mitigation in the Industrial Sector 61 6.4 Adaptation in the Industrial Sector 65 7: Transportation Sector . 71 7.1 The Transport Sector in Kenya 71 7.2 Climate Change in the Transport Sector . 71 7.3 Mitigation in the Transport Sector . 73 7.4 Adaptation in the Transport Sector . 79 Annex 7.1 Mitigation Options in the Transport Sector Not Considered in the Analysis 81 8.1 The Waste Sector in Kenya 83 8.2 Climate Change and the Waste Sector 85 8.3 Mitigation in the Waste Sector 85 8.4 Adaptation in the Waste Sector 89 Acknowledgements 94 A B B R E V I AT I O N S AgGDP Agricultural gross domestic product ASAL Arid and Semi-Arid Land AWF African Wildlife Foundation ASDSP Agricultural Sector Development Support Programme 10 percent of biodiesel BAU Business as usual BRT Bus rapid transit CAADP Comprehensive Africa Agriculture"


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"Notably, Parties to the UNFCCC seem likely to agree on the establishment of a technology body in the future climate change agreement, although the structure, mandate, name and funding of the proposed mechanism remain unclear. The creation of a technology body has been supported in particular by developing countries, specifically the G77 and China group, which proposed the establishment of a technology mechanism, comprising an Executive Body and a Multilateral Climate Technology Fund (MCTF), both subsidiary to the COP."


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"Note:   Per capita estimates for years between 2000 and 2009 are based on the average import per capita between 2009 and 2011.  Per capita estimates are used for 2010 estimates and then extrapolated to 1995 assuming that imports per capita are 90% lower in 1995.  This declining factor is used because before 1995 there was limited use of HFCs in air conditioning and refrigeration products. \f  Table 11 and Table 12 present industrial process emissions for CO2 and HFC."


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"Noted observed impacts include a reduction in the volume of the Mara River (due to climatic variations and the destruction of the Mau catchment) which has taken a toll on migration of wildebeests between the Serengeti National Park (Tanzania) and the Maasai Mara Reserve (Kenya). In addition, flash floods have at times rendered some tourist destinations (e.g. Maasai Mara in 2011) inaccessible due to the destruction of the road infrastructure."


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"Nuclear power \u2013 Nuclear power was not considered to meet the criteria of eligibility for climate finance that underpins the analysis. Nuclear power has low life-cycle GHG emissions, but it has not featured in any prominent way in international discussions on support for mitigation actions. While nuclear\f4 :  E N E R g Y energy would certainly be a low-carbon development option for electricity generation, significant barriers to developing nuclear power would have to be overcome, making its development less certain."


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"Number of people reached through climate change adaptation public awareness campaigns \u2022\ufffd Number of public servants trained on climate change adaptation \u2022\ufffd Number of functional climate change coordination structures \u2022\ufffd Percentage of population requiring humanitarian assistance | Kenya National Adaptation Plan 2015-2030 5.4 Adaptation Reporting and Learning Key ministries mentioned under each sector are expected to integrate the proposed adaptation actions into their sectoral and MDA plans."


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"Numerous studies have demonstrated mitigation actions in the transport sector, and the road transport sub-sector in particular, offer opportunities for savings on imported fuels through improved efficiency, alternate modes of transport and fuel substitution.11 Many transport projects in Kenya that address Vision 2030 and national development priorities also address climate change."


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"OBJECTIVES AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES  The goal of this framework Policy is to enhance adaptive capacity and resilience to climate change, and promote low carbon development for the sustainable development of Kenya.  The objectives of this Policy are to: (i) Establish and maintain an effective and efficient institutional framework to mainstream climate change responses across relevant sectors and into integrated planning, budgeting, decision-making and implementation, at both the national and county levels."


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"OPPORTUNITY ISSUE TO ADDRESS WHAT TO DO WITH OPPORTUNITY THREATS Existence of diverse Agro Ecological Zones and Species diversity Base for diversified agricultural production and agro-ecological zone specific enterprises \u2022\ufffd Promote Land use zoning \u2022\ufffd Enterprise diversification \u2022\ufffd Politics \u2022\ufffd Cultural mindset \u2022\ufffd Shift in crop/livestock/ fishery suitability zones due to changing temperature and precipitation patterns Bimodal rainfall pattern Optimize utilization of multiple cropping Rainfall forecasting/ prediction \u2022\ufffd Dynamic climate which is beyond our control \u2022\ufffd Inadequate Infrastructure Existence of Stakeholders\u2019 platforms and institutions relevant to CSA Low adoption of resilience building Support the platforms for CSA  stakeholders to collaborate  and participate in developing and implementing policies and strategies that promote CSA \u2022\ufffd Resources \u2022\ufffd Cultural mindset Devolved system of governance Management of natural resources Involve stakeholders in management of natural resources \u2022\ufffd Conflicts on natural resource use e.g."


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"OUTCOMES: Outcome 1: An inclusive institutional framework for improved CSA coordination and harmonization established Outcome 1.1: Inter- Ministerial and County Government Coordination improved 1.1.1.  Functional Inter-Ministerial coordination mechanism for CSA 1.1.2.  Functional sector Intergovernmental Coordination mechanism that integrates  CSA 1.1.3  Budget allocation for CSA coordination mechanism \u2022 Sector CSA  reports \u2022 Departments in the agricultural sector at both levels cooperate \u2022 Adequate funding for the coordination mechanism."


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"Observed changes in Kenya include the drying up of rivers and migration of species to new Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) researchers confirmed that climate change and ecological disturbances caused an observed increase of infectious diseases leading to deaths in wildlife populations. Birds and mammals have been the worst affected, with climate change blamed for the sudden mass death of flamingos around Lake Nakuru in the Rift Valley in 2006. Hence climate change poses serious threats to biodiversity in Kenya both in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems."


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"Observed climate trends show mixed trends with some areas having increasing and others decreasing rainfall all over the country on an annual basis. Whilst considerable uncertainty remains over the statistical significance of rainfall trends in Kenya, some studies have suggested that the rainfall during the \u2018short rains\u2019 can be isolated from the total rainfall.127 This would explain the trend for northern wetting and southern drying.  Even though some studies suggest a generally mixed rainfall trends in the country, rainfall patterns are highly localised."


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"Oceanic Ni\u00f1o Index (ONI)  \ufffd Source:\ufffd\ufffd  \ufffd \ufffd \ufffd Figure 1:  El Ni\u00f1o and La Ni\u00f1a events 1950-2015 Source:    The El Ni\u00f1o and La Ni\u00f1a episodes have had disastrous effects on the country\u2019s economy and infrastructure and caused loss of lives. The El Ni\u00f1o Southern Oscillation periods have caused economic losses and slowed down agriculture value-added growth (see Figure 2) hence the need for adaptation across various sectors. \ufffd Source:\ufffd\ufffden\ufffda\ufffd\ufffdlimate\ufffdSmart\ufffd\ufffdrogramme\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdpage\ufffd\ufffd. \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd Figure 2: Agriculture growth index and major extreme events in Kenya 1980-2012."


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"Of course I can\u2019t forget the support provided by other development partners in particular the UNDP, UNEP, International Development Research Centre (IDRC), IGAD Climate Prediction and Applications Centre (ICPAC) and members of parliament particularly the Departmental Committee on Land and Natural Resources as well as the Departmental Committee on Agriculture, Livestock and Cooperatives during the awareness campaign workshops."


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"Of importance, and identified in the REDD+ Readiness Preparation Proposal, are: i) an updated national forest inventory: ii) the development of a reference scenario that projects emissions and removals of CO2 into the future in the absence of REDD+ incentives, and iii) a monitoring and reporting system that allows for transparent accounting of emissions and removals. Estimates of Kenya\u2019s current forest cover and associated GHG emissions from the sector are uncertain, incomplete and out of date."


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"Of the USD 12.1 billion of drought-related damages and losses recorded in 2008-2011, USD 11.3 billion was attributed to lost income flows across all sectors of the economy. Drought incidences cannot be avoided, but drought need not become a disaster if adequate and appropriate resilience measures are put in place."


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"Of the total per cent) is classified as arid and semi-arid land  Figure 5: Map of Kenya  Source: Commission on Revenue Allocation (CRA) - 2013; Government of Kenya\f  Topography  Kenya\u2019s landscape relief stretches from sea level to about 5,200m above sea level at the peak of Mount Kenya.6 Its topography is described as simple and diverse."


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"Offset: Carbon offsets are credits issued in return for a reduction of atmospheric carbon emissions through projects. By paying for such emission reducing activities, individuals and organisations can use the resulting credits to offset their own emissions, either voluntarily or under the rules of most emissions trading schemes. Once offset, their credit equates to an emissions reduction of one tonne of carbon dioxide."


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"Oliver Agado Irrigation- Nyamira Irrigation Engineer List of Participants at Embu Venue \u2013 20th to 23rd March 2017 (Nairobi, Marsabit, Kirinyaga, Meru, Isiolo, Samburu, Tharaka Nithi, Muranga, Nyeri, Samburu Counties) No. Name Institution/County Job Title 1. Walter Mugambi Agriculture-Tharaka Nithi County Chief Officer 2. Robin Mbae MALF-CCU Deputy Director 3. Veronica Ndetu MALF-CCU Principal Agricultural Officer 4. Davies Mukwabi MALF-CCU Senior Fisheries Officer 5. Lucy Ng\u2019ang\u2019a MALF-CCU Chief Agricultural Officer 6. Rose Akombo MENR-KFS Assistant Director 7. Benjamin Kibor MALF-CCU Principal Livestock Production 8."


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"Olkaria II Geothermal Expansion Project  \ufffd  \f  Lake Turkana 310 MW Wind Power Project  \ufffd There is a specific mention of TT that: - TT will take place in part through the training of more than 50 local engineers by Vestas to provide support to the operations and maintenance of the project over its lifetime. Vestas will be responsible for maintenance efforts over an initial 10-year period, including monitoring and reporting of system performance Aberdare Range/ Mt."


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"Olkaria IV Geothermal Project  \ufffd There is a specific mention of TT that: - Technology transfer - will enhance the transfer of geothermal technology to the country and the neighbouring countries through the application and promotion of geothermal, accelerating the accumulation of experiences and absorption of this kind of technology Olkaria I Units Geothermal Project  \ufffd There is a specific mention of TT that: - Technology transfer - will enhance the transfer of geothermal technology to the country and the neighbouring countries through the\f  application and promotion of geothermal, accelerating the accumulation of experiences and absorption of this kind of technology."


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"Omedi Moses Jura NCCS/ Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources Dr. Charles Mutai, NCCS Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources David Adegu NCCS/ Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources Lucy Kamande NCCS/ Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources Task Force XII Kenya s Nation Media Group /Tom Otieno Kenya s XIII Contents Preface .V Foreword .VII Acknowledgements .IX Task Force .XI Abbreviations . XVI Definition of Terms . XX Setting the Scene for Climate Change in Kenya 1 Climate Change and Socio-Economic Development 3 The Way Forward on Climate Change in Kenya 7 Climate Change Action Planning in Kenya 9 Global and Regional Context .9 Relevant National Policies and Legislation . 10 Key Institutions in Climate Change Planning and Actions . 12 On-going Responses to Climate Change 16 Preparation of Kenya\u2019s Climate Change Action Plan . 19 Planning Climate Change Responses in the Kenya Context . 19 National Coordination of Climate Change Action Planning 21 The Action Plan Sub-components .21 Low Carbon Climate Resilient Development 25 The Benefits of Low Carbon Climate Resilient Development in Kenya 25 The Need for"


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"On average, 150,000 million tonnes of fish valued at approximately KES 10 billion is landed in the country each year. Exports of fish and fish products earn the country approximately KES 5 billion in foreign exchange annually.10 At least 300,000 people are directly employed as fishers and fish farmers. The fisheries usb-sector also provides livelihoods for over 4 million Kenyans involved mainly in fish processing, fish trade and input support. Kenya\u2019s fishing communities rely on fish as a rich source of protein."


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"On the other hand, the agriculture sector contributes to the climate change problem through emissions arising from inefficiencies in crop, livestock, fisheries and forestry production systems. These inefficiencies lead to greater levels of enteric fermentation in livestock, poor manure and agro-based waste management systems, improper land preparation systems, inefficient input and resource use in crop management systems as well as inefficiencies that raise emissions from agro-based machinery."


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"On the other hand, the small hydropower, which is disbursed over a larger geographical area, reduce the susceptibility of the country to major fluctuations in power supply in the event of depressed rain in specific regions of the country. Its environmental impacts are minimal through the use of run-of-the-river schemes in which no dam or reservoir storage is involved hence minimal interference with natural habitats and farmlands, and no relocation of people."


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"On the policy front there is no evidence to show that CDM has been capable of encouraging policy changes to foster technology innovation in the country. Project level CDM being an instrument that concentrate on single projects, it can be said it has been useful for Kenya in the very early stage of demonstration of the technology, but the real technology transfer processes requires much more effort."


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"Once funding is in place, the following actions are recommended to \u201ckick start\u201d the process: \u2022\ufffd The GHG inventory team needs to be expanded and strengthened, building on current arrangements. It should be structured in such a way that it can endure reorganisations, government structures and movement of staff.  The system will need to access a wide range of climate change relevant data and information to operate effectively, so provision of data must be obligatory in an appropriate way for Kenya."


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"Once the institutional aspect is agreed to, there is a need for Kenya to immediately commence the Third National Communication process.  For successful implementation, access to funding remains a key need. Given the magnitude of the tasks, complexities of technological solutions, and diversity of adaptation and mitigation studies and assessments, prompt identification and release of funds, will undoubtedly contribute to an enhanced and sustained capacity.  Capacity building is required at both the institutional and personnel level and multi- sectoral representation (i.e."


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"Once the specific NAMA actions have been agreed, targets for the performance indicators can be set by the relevant MDAs. Although mitigation activities will affect a wide range of sectors, the ability to measure mitigation performance in a common unit, tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent, greatly simplifies monitoring and evaluation processes. In contrast, measurement of adaptation performance is less straightforward. Adaptation actions also span multiple sectors, but there is no common unit of measurement."


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"Once the team has developed a robust understanding of different soil types and how they change over time, the team will need to develop maps that show the distribution of different soil types across Kenya  \ufffd Forest Biomass and Growth: This team is developing models to track how carbon is stored and released by trees as they grow.  Forests are one of the most important carbon sinks in Kenya."


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"Once these records are digitised, Kenya\u2019s scientists will have access to a far more complete climate record that will allow them to run more accurate analysis and models. This will help Kenya\u2019s farmers, communities and land managers by providing them with more accurate weather data to help them make essential decisions  \ufffd Crop Growth & Plant Parameters: This team is building models that will track carbon as crops and plants grow."


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"One Acre is supported by various funders.  MITI 6: Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) with Light Rail Transit (LRT) corridors Title Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) with Light Rail Transit (LRT) corridors Action Type Mitigation, Development Sector Physical Infrastructure, Transportation Timeframe Long term; Short term/Quick Win Action Summary Long term:  Implement an extensive mass transit system for greater Nairobi, based predominantly on Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) complemented by few Light Rail Transit (LRT) Short term: Development and submission of NAMA proposal for public transit system in Nairobi Status Long term: In progress; Short term: Completed Lead Agency MOTIHUD leads the development of Nairobi\u2019s MRT system."


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"One of the key inputs into the inventory improvement process should be feedback obtained through reviews of previous GHG Inventory reports.  OTHER PLANS AND INTERVENTIONS Partnership of the GoK with Australia Aid and Clinton Climate Initiative.  The System for Land-based Emissions\f  Estimation in Kenya (SLEEK) is a Government of Kenya program to develop a robust Measurement, Reporting and Verification  system to estimate land-based emissions in Kenya and provide this data to drive development in the country."


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"One of the specific aims stated under environmental management is the goal to attract \u2018at least five Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM) projects per year in the next five years.\u2019 The environment section of the Ninth National Development Plan (NDP) 2008-2012 states the Government and its agencies will \u2018formulate policies that minimise transport related environmental pollution from the different modes of transport.\u2019 Yet these sentiments are not echoed within the transport section of Vision 2030."


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"One of the underlying principles here is to build on and take into account the country\u2019s planned climate change governance structures wherever possible. The continuous institutionalisation will ensure the whole process of preparing NCs is maintained and sustained. The current reactive nature of re- establishing the NC process is not sustainable and costly. Alternatively the team can consider design of governance structure to dovetail the interests, responsibilities and capacities of planned climate change governance structures."


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"One possible methodology could be that the floor should be aligned with the proportional contribution target \u2013 so that Kenya can be reasonably assured that it will achieve the NDC target, even if all sectors only achieve their minimum targets. The ceiling or high range of the target could correspond to the emission reductions that were required under the original BAU scenario to achieve the 30% target, so for example the high target would be 3.46 MtCO2e for the transport sector (8.0% of 42.9 MtCO2e)."


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"One study has, for instance, documented higher than recommended levels of lead, mercury and cadmium from the Dandora dumpsite\u2019s leachate."


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"One such opportunity is the promotion of agroforestry, which increases the carbon stock on farmland, improves food security and climate resilience, and helps meet the government\u2019s goal of 10 per cent tree cover on farms. \u2022\ufffd International climate finance \u2013 Nesting low carbon development within Vision 2030 and Kenya\u2019s development planning process means that development partners can ensure their climate-related investments align with Government of Kenya priorities."


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"Ongoing projects/ initiatives Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Programme; Mitigation of Climate Change in Agriculture Programme; Climate Smart Agriculture, STARCK+; Building climate change resilience and food security programme;  Economic Stimulus Programme: Agriculture, Kenya Agricultural Productivity and Agribusiness Project Kenya: Adaptation to Climate Change in Arid Lands. Gaps Awareness, \ufb01nancing, capacity building, technology. Short Term Sub-actions \u2022\ufffd Promote indigenous knowledge on crops. \u2022\ufffd Increase awareness on climate change impacts on the agriculture value chain. \u2022\ufffd Conduct climate risk and vulnerability assessments of the agriculture value chain."


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"Ongoing projects/initiatives - Gaps Awareness, \ufb01nancing, enabling policy. Short Term Sub-actions \u2022\ufffd Build the capacity build of the private sector (formal and informal) so as to enhance the resilience of their investments e.g. through identi\ufb01cation of new products and services that are more resilient to climate change impacts. \u2022\ufffd Demonstrate an operational business case for private sector investment in adaptation. Medium Term Sub-actions \u2022\ufffd Develop \ufb01scal incentive measures to encourage businesses to undertake investment in adaptation and resilience building measures."


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"Online resources accessed IPCC: www.ipcc.ch KARI: www.kari.org KEFRI: www.kefri.org KIRDI: www.kirdi.go.ke KMFRI: www.kmfri.co.ke Pew Centre: www.pewclimate.org  World Bank Population Data:   google.com/publicdata?ds=wb-wdi&met=sp_ pop_totl&idim=country:KEN&dl=en&hl=en&q=k enya\u2019s+population+graph Reports linked to the NCCRS formulation process: 1. NCCRS Inception Report (June 2009) 2. NCCRS Stakeholders\u2019 Workshop Reports (9 of them; written between June and November 3. NCCRS Institutional Paper  4. NCCRS Consultation Report (January 2010) 5. NCCRS Final Consultancy Report  6. The Consultative Process to Arriving at a Participatory Report (November 2009) 7. Thematic Papers on a."


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"Only 10% of Kenya\u2019s fresh agricultural produce\ufffdfinds\ufffdits\ufffdway\ufffdinto\ufffdregional\ufffdand\ufffdother\ufffdglobal\ufffdmarkets\ufffdwith\ufffdmost\ufffdof\ufffdit\ufffdbeing\ufffdconsumed\ufffdlocally.\ufffd However due to the perishable nature of these products, producers and marketers incur post-harvest losses storage and preservation facilities among other factors. 2.2.2 Livestock production The livestock sub-sector employs about 50% of the agricultural labour force and is the main agricultural enterprise for over 10 million Kenyans living in the arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs). The ASALs which are dominantly inhabited by pastoralists, hosts about 70% of the national livestock herd with an estimated value of KSh."


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"Only a few institutions, notably the International Energy Agency (IEA), periodically monitor and report on Kenya\u2019s GHG emissions. The IEA\u2019s data shows that 6.0 Vulnerability Assessment, Impact Monitoring  and Capacity Building 45 IPCC Third Assessment Report: Climate Change 2001 How vulnerability varies across Kenya is something that is yet to be determined. An appropriate approach to coping with climate change impacts requires proper knowledge of the vulnerable nature of communities, groups and sectors."


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"Only about 25 per cent of the total population in Kenya are connected to the grid.102 About 60 per cent of all the generated electricity is consumed by the commercial and industrial sectors and only about 25 per cent is used by  Figure 24: Electricity generation sources for the period 2004 -2013  Source: Authors derivations of data from the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics The key challenges in the electricity sub-sector in the country include: \ufffd Inadequate power generation capacity \ufffd Major power outages that cost the country up to two per cent of GDP and that have led to about 70 per cent of the country\u2019s firms investing in their own generation compared to only 10 per cent of firms in South Africa104 \ufffd High electricity costs  Climate change will exacerbate the situation, as prolonged drought leads to a reduction of water levels in dams."


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"Open and transparent dialogue between national and county governments, business, long-term investors, and microfinance, banking and development institutions will be important to address\f financing challenges and position Kenya to attract funding. Efforts to coordinate climate financing can build on the Joint Sector Working Group and discussions with development partners.  Access to private capital flows, which account for a significant proportion of international climate finance flows, is crucial for Kenya."


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"Open discussions with the African Development Bank on African Carbon Support Programme of the African Development Bank (Government of Kenya; 6 months)\fKenya s Action 6:   DETERMINE THE APPROPRIATE HOME FOR, AND THEN ESTABLISH A UNIT THAT DEVELOPS AND PROMOTES PROJECTS RESPONSIBLE FOR GENERATING CARBON CREDITS Action Reference Action summary The intention is to create an agency explicitly tasked with developing and marketing Kenyan carbon market projects and their associated credits."


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"Open/continue with engagement with Japan  on its BOCS (1 to 6 months)\fKenya s Action 5:  ENHANCE THE CAPACITY OF THE DESIGNATED NATIONAL AUTHORITY Action Reference Action summary The Designated National Authority under the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) is the regulatory body governing CDM activity in Kenya. Although stakeholders perceive that it is performing well, there are a number of steps it might take to improve its performance and increase the efficiency with which it discharges its regulatory duties."


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"Options for low emission development in the Kenya dairy sector - reducing enteric methane for food security and livelihoods. Rome: FAO. Page VIII. 24 United Nations (2017). Revised list of global Sustainable Development Goal indicators. Accessed at:   25 Neufeldt, H., Wilkes, A., Zomer, R., Xu, J., Nang\u2019ole, E., Munster, C. and Place, F. (2009). Trees on farms: Tackling the triple challenge of mitigation, adaptation and food security. Nairobi: World Agroforestry Centre. 26 Place, F., Njuki, J., Murithi, F., and Mugo, F. (2006)."


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"Options related to older vehicle retirement would have positive safety and air quality impacts and contribute to SDG 3. Old vehicles are inefficient in their consumption of fuel and management of exhaust gases, and emit more airborne pollutants per litre of fuel than newer models."


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"Organic farming is not a priority for Kenya and is not promoted by the government. Increased fertilizer application to reduce land clearing because of increased productivityThe Government of Kenya has programs to increase fertilizer usage, recognizing that low rates of fertilizer application because of access, affordability or lack of information contribute to low yields for many farmers. Increasing and optimizing fertilizer application would increase cropland productivity, but there is no available data to determine if this would result in a reduction of land clearing (i.e."


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"Orindi V.A., Adwera A.O. Climate change and coastal cities: the case of Mom- basa, Kenya. Environment and Urbanization, a publication International Institute for En- vironment & Development (IIED) (2008) 20: Awuor, V.O. and J.S. Ogola (1997). Effects of Climate Change on Agriculture. In: Potential Impacts of Climate Change in Kenya. J.S. Ogola, M.A. Abira and V.O. Awuor (eds.). Cli- mate Network Africa. Nairobi, Kenya Battles, J.J., Robards T., Das A., Waring K., Gilless K.J., Biging G. and Schurr F. (2006)."


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"Other Information  This chapter of the SNC provides other information considered relevant for the implementation of the UNFCCC in Kenya.  The following are discussed in the chapter: \ufffd Steps taken to integrate climate change into the relevant social, economic and environmental policies \ufffd Key policies containing measures to mainstream climate change \ufffd Technology Transfer \ufffd Research and Systematic Observation \ufffd Education Training and Awareness \ufffd Capacity Building \ufffd Constraints, Gaps and Related Financial, Technical and Capacity Needs in Implementation of the Convention."


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"Other N2O emission sources include rice cultivation and prescribed burning of savannah and crop residues and are based on land areas or production quantities combined with default IPCC emission factors. Populations of livestock were provided by the State Department of Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries and are presented in Table 16. Crop production data is presented in Table 17 below. The amount of synthetic fertilizers applied to agricultural soils is presented in Table 18."


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"Other REDD+ projects are under development, including the Mikoko Pamoja mangrove restoration project in Kwale and a second phase of the Kasigau Corridor project. The National Forest Policy 2014 and the Forests Act 2005 are the main policy and legislative instruments in this sector, and encourage progress toward the 10 per cent forest cover through industrial plantations, agroforestry, urban forestry and activities implemented by local forest authorities."


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"Other SDGs linked to mitigation actions in the industrial sector are described in Table 6.2 below. Table 6.3 provides an overview of development impacts of the mitigation options in the industrial sector based on analysis for the NCCAP 2013-17 and updated to include the SDGs. development impacts Actions to improve charcoal production processes could have a significant positive impact on rates of deforestation, and help to achieve SDG 15 because less wood is required to produce the same amount of charcoal."


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"Other causes include poor farming methods especially upstream and deforestation. Further, scientists postulate an increase in land surface temperatures as a result of global warming will drive up demand for electricity for services like refrigeration and air-conditioning, while expanding agriculture to feed the growing population will require more energy for irrigation. Other impacts of climate change on energy include the gradual drying up and decline in the productivity of biomass, thereby affecting fuelwood supply. See the section on Forest Products (page 36) for further details."


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"Other challenges emanate from colonization of grazing systems by invasive species such as Prosopis juliflora (Mathenge). According to NEMA\u2019s State of Environment Report of 2006/07, major floods periodically afflict the Lake Victoria basin, Lower Tana basin and the Coastal region, occurring at least six times in the past 50 years. In these areas, higher turbidity, siltation, and sedimentation occur. Floods carry fertilizer and pesticide residues into water bodies resulting in eutrophication, which has detrimental impacts on water quality and livestock production."


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"Other data, especially for biomass consumption, was often found to be contradictory and therefore not reliable.  End-use allocation is based on estimates from experts and from the literature. There is no comprehensive source of information in Kenya on the historical end-use consumption patterns of different consumers of biomass and fossil fuels."


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"Other documented impacts and potential impacts include rising temperatures and long periods of drought leading to more frequent and intense forest fires; rising temperatures extending the ecosystem range of pests and pathogens with consequences on tree growth, survival, yield and quality of wood and non- wood products; a shift of vegetation to higher elevations and extinction of some species as a consequence of increasing\f5 :  F O R E S T R Y  S E C T O R temperatures; and submergence of mangrove forests in low- lying coastal areas as a result of climate-induced sea level rise."


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"Other exercises to build capacity, such as through assessments have produced a wealth of information to support adaptation planning. Prior to establishing a significant funding source for climate change adaptation and mitigation (e.g. from the recently created \u2018Finance Mechanism\u2019 under the Copenhagen Accord) there is a need for national governments to establish a coordinated strategy and operational capacity for accessing this Fund. For mitigation (specifically CDM), a Designated National Agency is required, and guidelines are available on what is expected."


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"Other experts from the sector are proposed to be part of the SWAGs depending on the subject matter under consideration. The SWAGs will be expected to meet at least once quarterly or according to need and will be co-chaired by the two levels of government. The Steering Committee will be authorized to disband existing or establish more Sectoral Working Groups according to identified needs."


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"Other factors that contribute to the high vulnerability are frequent incidences of pest infestation, relatively high levels of postharvest losses and the general poverty of many smallholder producers.32 Several specific climate impacts and risks were identified in the NCCRS, NCCAP 2013-17 and Climate Smart Agriculture Strategy 2017-26."


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"Other financial support was received from the Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA), the Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and the Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN).  Finally, the consortia of national and international experts who provided management support and technical input are acknowledged. The Government is committed to the implementation of the Action Plan and invites all partners and stakeholders to join in delivering the prioritised actions for the benefit of our country."


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"Other functions could include maintaining a greenhouse gas\fKenya s inventory system; coordinating UNFCCC related activities, acting as a clearing house for climate change information; preparation and monitoring the mainstreaming and implementation of the national adaptation plan as well as nationally appropriate mitigation actions. The Secretariat may also have a decentralised structure that through county level offices could collect and collate climate change data."


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"Other impacts include wildlife human conflicts especially in Northern Kenya where longer and more frequent droughts have ravaged pastoralist populations in recent decades, increasing the pressure on the limited resources available, which have to be shared with wildlife.81 Increases in deaths in wildlife populations from infectious diseases. Are impacted by climate change Birds and mammals have been the worst affected, with climate change blamed for the sudden mass death of flamingos around Lake Nakuru in the Rift Valley in 2006."


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"Other impacts may include reduced capacity to cope with large volumes of waste generated by flood events; possible increase in waste dispersed by high and strong winds; and increased rates of decay of putrescent waste potentially necessitating in some areas more frequent collections of food waste to avoid negative impacts such as odour. \u2022 Water stress, which may be caused by drought or reduced rainfall, is linked to higher incidences of cholera and other diarrheal diseases in areas with substandard sanitation facilities."


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"Other important low carbon priorities that have significant adaptation benefits are conservation tillage and limiting the use of fire in cropland and rangeland management, which have the potential to abate 1.1 and 1.2 MtCO2e by 2030, respectively. Priority adaptation actions to increase climate resilience include the promotion of drought tolerant crops, water harvesting, integrated soil fertility management, insurance schemes, price stabilization schemes for livestock, strategic food reserves, providing farmers and pastoralists with climate change-related information, and mainstreaming climate change into agricultural extension services."


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"Other important mitigation options have also been identified by the ergy Sector Expert Group for Kenya\u2019s NDC. These include electricity generation from the country\u2019s natural gas resources and replacement of standalone generation sets. Estimates of emission reductions from these options have not been made due primarily to lack of data. Two other options that the group identified \u2013 waste to energy and pipeline transportation of oil \u2013 are considered under the NDC assessment in the waste (chapter 8) and transportation (chapter 7) sectors."


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"Other important mitigation options were identified by the Transport Sector Expert Group for Kenya\u2019s NDC. While detailed estimates of emission reductions have not been made, some preliminary work was completed to determine their potential as indicated in Table 7.1. Several other mitigation options can reduce emissions, but are not included in the list of priority mitigation options because the reductions are not significant at a national scale."


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"Other key highlights over the past 12 years since the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol The six principal greenhouse gases covered under the Kyoto Protocol are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and two groups of gases: hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs e.g. HFC-23) and perfluorocarbons (e.g. CF4) Kenya acceded to the Kyoto Protocol on 25 February 2005 Courtesy of work under the auspices of the UNFCCC and its subsidiary bodies, scientists can now state unequivocally that the earth is warming."


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"Other legislations Other legislations that have bearing on climate change and climate smart agriculture include the Acts establishing Regional Development Authorities which provide for resource mobilization for investment in multipurpose water storage facilities; the Standards Act for regulating quality standards; the Biosafety Act which establishes the National Biosafety Authority and  provides for the regulation of genetically modified organisms; and the Energy Act which provides for the development and use of renewable energy."


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"Other losses amounting to US$9 million arose from flooding, property destruction, soil erosion, mudslides and landslides, surface and groundwater pollution and sedimentation of dams and water reservoirs.11 Therefore, to address the impacts of climate change on the country\u2019s socio-economic growth, proper planning and implementation of actions are necessary."


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"Other low carbon development options include conservation tillage and limiting the use of fire in range and cropland management, with abatement potentials of over 1.1 and 1.2 MtCO2e per year in 2030, respectively. These three options are elements of a climate- smart agriculture approach, and a framework to encourage investment in climate-smart agriculture will be an important action."


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"Other low carbon options include the expansion of wind and hydropower-based electricity generation with an abatement potential of 2.5 MtCO2e by 2030. Off-grid electricity generation systems are important for communities where it is not economically viable or physically feasible to connect them to the national grid."


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"Other macro- economic trends which have been evident during droughts and which appear to be exacerbated by climate related effects include:  \ufffd Reduced foreign exchange earnings (Kenyan business and international competitiveness) \ufffd Altered balance of payments (e.g. reduced exports, increased imports) \ufffd Current account deficit (e.g. reduced government revenues or increased expenses) \ufffd Price inflation (e.g. increased food or energy prices)."


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"Other macro-economic trends which have been evident during droughts and which appear to be exacerbated by climate related effects include: \u2022\ufffd Reduced foreign exchange earnings (Kenyan business and international competitiveness);\fKenya s \u2022\ufffd Altered balance of payments (e.g. reduced exports, increased imports); \u2022\ufffd Current account deficit (e.g. reduced government revenues or increased expenses);and \u2022\ufffd Price inflation (e.g. increased food or energy prices). (See sectoral risk analysis in Technical Report 1 for more details."


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"Other planned initiatives include building clusters for meat and leather products; a stronger dairy sector; and the development of industrial and SME parks in the 47 counties that will provide linkages to other sectors like agricultural and services. Climate change may affect the sub-sector in a number of ways. First, climate change affects primary sectors such as Agriculture and in turn prices and quality and quantity of manufacturing inputs."


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"Other potential interventions examined in the NCCAP (landfill gas flaring, wastewater treatment, waste-to-energy generation, and anaerobic composting) and described in Box 8.1, were not considered for the following reasons: The use of human waste for methane generation: This faces social acceptability challenges, despite its large potential. Such projects have for instance, been successfully implemented in prisons. Waste incineration: Current incineration technologies in Kenya do not meet the minimum threshold incineration temperatures, and end up generating toxins and creating unintended health concerns."


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"Other renewable energy sources such as wind, solar and biomass (cogeneration) are also becoming important alternative sources of electricity although these remain insignificant in the country\u2019s overall energy mix. Programmes for their increased development and use have been formulated such as the revised Feed-in- Tariff (FiT) policy in 2010.  The electricity mix is projected to change in order to drive the achievement of Vision 2030 and in light of recent resource discoveries and long-term plans."


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"Others include inadequate incentives to comply with national, regional and global standards and inadequate mechanisms to cushion small scale producers, prohibitive regulatory and marketing barriers to regional trade and inadequate markets and marketing infrastructure.\f Summary of Actions: \u2022 Establish the existing storage capacity of agricultural commodities in public and private sector levels with a view to identify gaps and areas that need strengthening. \u2022 Create agricultural commodity hubs through participation of private sector and other stakeholders."


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"Others such as cement manufacturers are exploring coal as an alternative electricity supply source, which could lead to a rise in GHG emissions.  The First and Second MTPs both give attention to growth and diversification in the manufacturing sub-sectors with the aim of increasing the sector\u2019s contribution to GDP and foreign exchange earnings. To achieve this, three special economic zones targeting manufacturing were established in Mombasa, Kisumu and Lamu."


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"Otula Owuor, CSO Cecelia Kibe, Rincod KCCWG Dr. Willaim Mnene, KARI Kiboko (Center Director) Kentice Tikolo, Private Sector Edra Mbatha, Educational Specialist Alloys Ratemo, MPND & C.D."


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"Our INDC reiterates that adaptation is Kenya\u2019s priority response to climate change, and this NAP is the foundation of Kenya\u2019s contribution on adaptation.\f| Kenya National Adaptation Plan 2015-2030 IV This NAP demonstrates Kenya\u2019s commitment to the Paris Agreement, and will help bring to life our critical responses to the impacts of climate change. Building climate resilience in as low carbon a manner as possible will ensure that Kenya contributes to the goals of the Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals."


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"Our mainstreaming approach recognizes that climate change is a cross-cutting sustainable development issue with economic, social and environmental impacts. The NAP was validated at a national workshop held in Nairobi on 18 November 2015. The NAP sets out Kenya\u2019s national circumstances, focusing on current and future climate trends, and describes the country\u2019s vulnerability to climate change. The NAP also elaborates institutional arrangements, including monitoring and evaluation processes. Priority actions are identi\ufb01ed in 20 planning sectors for the short, medium and long term."


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"Our over-stretched public health system for example, would be eroded further if resources are diverted from its maintenance to disaster recovery. Last but not least, malnutrition as a result of droughts can have a tremendous impact on those dependent on subsistence agriculture for their livelihoods."


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"Our recommendation is to establish one national climate change resource centre and use existing infrastructure to devolve to the counties. We recommend partnership with Kenya National Library Services (KNLS) to house climate change information and knowledge products at the county levels. These materials will be acquired by the ministry responsible from commercial establishments or other agencies involved in climate change-related activities."


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"Out of the 31 mitigation actions considered under the NCCAP approximately 11 mitigation actions in the electricity generation and energy demand sectors required significant updates due to baseline changes.  The NCCAP provides full details of a range of adaptation and mitigation actions in the context of a low carbon climate resilient development pathway. The actions have not been affected by the updated data and the potentials are exactly as specified in the NCCAP."


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"Out of these investment costs, it is estimated that KSh839 \u2013 1,110 billion would have to be borne by the public sector, with the remaining costs covered by private sector and household investments. A large challenge is financing the higher upfront costs of low carbon investments."


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"Out of this, only 16% of the land falls within medium to high rainfall areas where 75% of the population live and the rest is arid or semi-arid characterized by water deficit for sustainable agricultural production. The high rainfall zones receive more than 1,000 mm per annum, occupy less than 20% of the productive agricultural land and carry approximately 50% of the country\u2019s population."


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"Outcome 1.7: CSA data collection, information management and dissemination systems strengthened Output 1.7.1: CSA M&E system established 1.7.1.1: No of CSA M&E systems established 1.7.1.2: Functional CSA M&E systems \u2022 M&E reports \u2022 Harmonizing CSA M&E systems CSA information management systems strengthened 1.7.2.1: Number of CSA information and communication systems 1.7.2.2: Type of CSA information and communication systems in use \u2022 Communication strategy documents \u2022 Baseline surveys \u2022 M&E reports \u2022 Service providers and partners avail and package climate smart information \u2022 Mechanism for Information security in place Outcome 1.8: Capacities of institutions relevant to CSA at all levels strengthened Output 1.8.1: Capacity of institutions relevant to CSA strengthened 1.8.1.1: No."


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"Outcome 2.2: Area under efficient irrigation increased 2.2.1: Proportion of acreage under efficient and renewable energy powered irrigation systems increased 2.2.2: Proportion of producers undertaking efficient irrigated agriculture \u2022 Baseline survey \u2022 M&E reports \u2022 NIB Reports \u2022 Farmers and sector stakeholders are willing to invest in efficient irrigation infrastructure Outcome 2.3: New products developed and value addition of commodities enhanced 2.3.1: Types of green agricultural produce/products 2.3.2: Green agri-businesses \u2022 Baseline surveys \u2022 M&E reports \u2022 Private sector and other stakeholders invest in green growth \u2022 Greening agri-businesses will be cost effective Competitiveness and markets access for climate smart produce/ products enhanced 2.4.1: Marketed climate smart commodities 2.4.2: Climate smart agri-businesses 2.4.3: Actors in climate smart agri- business \u2022 Market surveys reports \u2022 M&E reports \u2022 Investors responds to opportunities and incentives provided for green growth \u2022 Adequate supporting legislation for green growth \u2022 Adequate capacity for green growth development will be available 43 NARRATIVE SUMMARY INDICATORS MEANS OF VERIFICATION RISKS AND ASSUMPTIONS Outcome 2.5: Food and feed storage and distribution improved 2.5.1: Climate smart food/ feed storage and"


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"Output-oriented actions Priority actions should be output oriented, and process indicators should be included for the priority actions. For example, the mitigation action of a shift of freight from road to rail assumes that 30 per cent of freight will be moved by rail and emission reductions are based on this shift. Analysis could be undertaken to track the amount of freight shifted from road to rail, and emissions reductions associated with that shift."


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"Over 100 Heads of States and Governments attended the UNCED conference. It was a momentous gathering and from it emerged the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) along with the Conventions on Biodiversity, on Desertification, Agenda 21 and other major international environmental governance instruments and initiatives. The UNCED represents the first time all nations of the world have assembled without the aftermath or threat of war or without a major economic crisis."


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"Over 80 per cent of Kenyans rely on wood biomass for their energy requirements and forests also provide other goods to support their livelihoods. Forest therefore serves as a safety net, particularly for poor households. A 2013 study for the Ministry of Environment Water and Natural Resources determined that Kenya has a wood supply potential of 31.4 million m3 against a national demand of 41.7 million m3 with a current deficit of 10.3 million m3."


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"Over inland areas, the trends in both minimum (night-time/early morning) and maximum (daytime) temperatures depict a general warming through time. However, the increase in the minimum temperatures is steeper than in maximum temperatures. The combined effect of a steeper increase in minimum temperatures and a less steep increase in maximum temperatures is a lower daily (diurnal) temperature range."


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"Over inland areas, the trends in both minimum (night-time/early morning) and maximum (daytime) temperatures depicts a general warming through time that has had negative impacts on the scenic snow-cap of Mt Kenya that rises above the surrounding savanna and can be seen from hundreds of kilometers away. Only 11 of the 18 glaciers that covered Mt Kenya\u2019s summit a century ago remain, leaving less than one third of the previous ice cover. The ice on Mt Kenya has also become thinner."


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"Over the inland areas, the trends in both minimum (night/early morning) and\f  maximum (daytime) temperatures depict a general warming (increasing) trend with time. However, the increase in the minimum temperatures is steeper than in maximum temperatures. The result of the steeper increase in Tmin and a less steep increase Tmax is a reduction in the diurnal temperature range (difference between the maximum and minimum temperatures) \u2013 Figures 33-38 depict these trends for some selected representative locations in the country."


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"Over the inland areas, the trends in both minimum (night/early morning) and maximum (daytime) temperatures depict a general warming (increasing) trend with time. However, the increase in the minimum temperatures is steeper than in maximum temperatures. The result of the steeper increase in Tmin and a less steep increase Tmax is a reduction in the diurnal temperature range (difference between the maximum and minimum temperatures) \u2013 Figure 1 on the next page depicts these trends."


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"Over the inland areas, the trends in both minimum (night/early morning) and maximum (daytime) temperatures depict a general warming (increasing) trend with time. However, the increase in the minimum temperatures is steeper than in maximum temperatures. The result of the steeper increase in Tmin and a less steep increase Tmax is a reduction in the diurnal temperature range (difference between the maximum and minimum temperatures) \u2013 Figures 34-39 depict these trends for some selected representative locations in the country."


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"Over the past 3 weeks, the team has been carrying out data preparation and testing of various land cover mapping methods to identify the most suitable method that is applicable for Kenya. This will set a benchmark of standards for sustainability.  Program Structure\f  Source: MoEWNR;    The Program Steering Committee develops policy, coordinates inter-ministerial support, and approves all workplans and budgets. It has representatives from the heads of all the institutions delivering SLEEK."


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"Overall objective The overall objective of this strategy is to build resilience and minimize emissions from agricultural farming systems for enhanced food and nutritional security and improved livelihoods. Specific Objectives i. To enhance adaptive capacity and resilience of farmers, pastoralists and fisher-folk to the adverse impacts of climate change. ii. To develop mechanisms that minimize greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural production systems. iii. To improve coordination and collaboration among institutions and stakeholders in climate smart agriculture. iv."


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"Overall, the sector directly contributes about 25% of Kenya\u2019s GDP and about 27% indirectly through linkages to agro-based industries and the service sector. The sector accounts for over 65% of exports, provides about 75% of total employment and supports over 80% of the rural population. The agricultural sector has four major sub-sectors, namely, crops, livestock, fisheries and forestry. The crops sub-sector is key to agricultural development and industrialization for the nation. Overall, the crops sub-sector contributes 77.6% to the Agricultural Gross Domestic Product (AgGDP)."


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"Overall, the sub-sector contributes about 2% of AgGDP and 0.5% of national GDP. Kenya\u2019s fisheries sub-sector is mainly composed of freshwater (lakes, rivers and dams) and marine (Indian Ocean) sources with the rest coming from aquaculture. Lake Victoria is the most important source of fish in Kenya and the biggest source of freshwater fish in the country. The lake is also important in conservation terms because of its great biodiversity of endemic fish species."


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"Overview of Development Benefits of Mitigation Options climate development Abatement Potential Adaptation Impact Food Security GDP Growth Rural Livelihoods Improved Land Management Environmental Benefits Agroforestry \u25cf \u25d7 \u25d7 \u25d7 \u25cf \u25cf Conservation tillage \u25cf \u25d7 \u25d7 \u25d7 \u25cf \u25cf Limiting use of fire in range/ cropland management \u25d7 \u2500 \u2500 \u2500 \u25cf \u25d7 Livestock: reducing enteric methane n/a \u2500 \u25cf \u25d7 \u25d7 \u2500 \u2500 Adapted from the Development Impact Tables developed for the NCCAP mitigation analysis, and updated to include the SDGs. Figure 3.4."


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"Overview of Development Benefits of Mitigation Options climate links to sdg Abatement Potential Adaptation Impact Congestion & Road Quality Road Safety Air Quality Energy security Improved passenger vehicle stock \u2500 \u2500 \u25d7 \u25d7 \u25d7 Improved HDV stock \u2500 \u2500 \u25d7 \u25d7 \u25d7 Bioethanol \u2313 \u2500 \u2500 \u25d7 \u25d7 BRT system for Nairobi \u2500 \u25cf \u25cf \u25cf \u25cf LRT system for Nairobi \u2500 \u25d7 \u25d7 \u25d7 \u25d7 Shift of freight from road to rail \u2500 \u25cf \u25d7 \u25d7 \u25d7 Adapted from the Development Impact Tables developed for the NCCAP mitigation analysis."


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"Overview of Development Benefits of Mitigation Options in Electricity Generation Sub-Sector climate development Abatement Potential Adaptation Impact Energy Security GDP Growth Employment Improved Waste Management Environmental Impact Expanding geothermal power \u25cf \u25cf \u25cf \u2500 \u2500 \u2500 Expanding wind power \u25d7 \u25d7 \u25d7 \u2500 \u2500 \u2500 Expanding hydro power \u2313 \u25d7 \u25d7 \u2500 \u2500 \u25d3 Distributed solar PV \u25d7 \u25d7 \u25d7 \u25d7 \u2500 \u2500 Landfill gas generation \u25d7 \u25d7 \u25d7 \u2500 \u25cf \u25d7 Clean coal (USC) \u25d7 \u2500 \u25d7 \u2500 \u2500 \u2313 Adapted from the Development Impact Tables developed for the NCCAP mitigation analysis, and updated to include the SDGs."


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"Overview of Development Benefits of Mitigation Options in Residential & Commercial Energy Demand Sub-Sector climate development Abatement Potential Adaptation Impact Cost Savings Effect on Standard of Living Health Energy Security Lower Deforestation Improved cookstoves \u25cf \u25d3 \u25cf \u25cf \u25cf \u25cf Use of LPG for cooking \u25cf \u25d3 \u25cf \u25cf \u2313 \u25cf Distributed solar lanterns \u2500 \u25cf \u25cf \u25cf \u25d7 \u2500 Solar thermal water heating \u2500 \u25d7 \u2500 \u2500 \u25cf \u2500 Energy efficient lightbulbs \u2500 \u25cf \u2500 \u2500 \u25cf \u2500 Energy efficient appliances \u2500 \u25d3 \u2500 \u2500 \u25d7 \u2500 Co-generation in agriculture \u2500 \u25cf \u2500 \u2500 \u25d7 \u2500 Adapted from the Development Impact Tables developed for the NCCAP mitigation analysis, and updated to include the SDGs."


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"Overview of Development Benefits of Mitigation Options in the Forestry Sector climate development Abatement Potential Adaptation Impact GDP Growth Energy Security Rural Livelihoods Environmental Impacts Improved Land Management Reducing Deforestation & Forest Degradation \u25cf \u2500 \u25d7 \u25d7 \u25cf \u25cf Restoration of Degraded Forests \u25cf \u2500 \u25d7 \u25d7 \u25cf \u25cf Restoration of Forests on Degraded Lands \u25cf \u2500 \u25d7 \u25d7 \u25cf \u25cf Adapted from the Development Impact Tables developed for the NCCAP mitigation analysis. Table 5.4."


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"Overview of SDG and adaptation benefits of mitigation options in the industrial sector climate sdg benefits Abatement Potential Adaptation Impact Energy Efficiency Resilient Infrastructure & Sustainable Industrialization Sustainable Production & Consumption SDG 15: Reduce Deforestation Industrial Energy Efficiency Improvement \u2500 \u25cf \u25cf \u25cf \u25d3 Cement Energy Efficiency Improvement \u2500 \u25cf \u25cf \u25cf \u2500 Improved Charcoal Production Systems \u25cf \u2500 \u25cf \u25cf \u25cf Adapted from the Development Impact Tables developed for the NCCAP mitigation analysis, and updated to include the SDGs."


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"Ownership is often unclear and level of usage limited. \u2022\ufffd Duplication of M&E efforts between MDAs and by state and NSAs poses a special challenge. This problem will be addressed if the MRV+ system proposed above is properly developed and widely adopted. \u2022\ufffd The formal arrangements amongst key institutions such as MEMR, KMD, MED and NEMA as well as NSAs for data sharing need to be expanded and strengthened in order to avoid potential risks for non-compliant climate change reporting."


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"P 29. Easterling, W., P. Aggarwal, P. Batima, K. Brander, L. Erda, M. Howden, A. Kirilenko, J. Morton, J.-F. Soussana, S. Schmidhuber, and F. Tubiello. (2007). Food, fibre and forest products. In Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden, and C.E. Hanson, (Eds.). Cambridge University Press, pp 273-313."


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"P2: Flood risk management incorporating nature based solutions Agriculture (crops, P3: Mainstream CSA towards increased productivity through value chain approach to support the  livestock and fisheries) transformation of agriculture (crops, livestock and fisheries) into an innovative, commercially oriented, competitive and modern sector.  P4: Build resilience of the agriculture (crops, livestock and fisheries) systems through sustainable  management of land, soil, water and other natural resources as well as insurance and other safety nets."


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"PART VII-DELEGATED LEGISLATION  36\u2014Regulations.  SCHEDULE \u2014PROVISIONS ON PUBLIC CONSULTATION\f2016 Climate Change THE CLIMATE CHANGE ACT, 2016  AN ACT of Parliament to provide for a regulatory framework for enhanced response to climate change; to provide for mechanism and measures to achieve low carbon climate development, and for connected purposes  ENACTED by the Parliament of Kenya, as follows \u2014 PART I\u2014PRELIMINARY  1. This Act may be cited as the Climate Change Act, 2016.  2."


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"PART VIII\u2014 DELEGATED LEGISLATION  36. (1) The Cabinet Secretary shall, in consultation with the Council, make Regulations for the better carrying into effect of the provisions of this Act."


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"POLICY CONTEXT This Policy is an important part of accelerating Kenya\u2019s development aspirations. Kenya Vision 2030, the country\u2019s long-term plan for social and economic development, aims to transform Kenya into a globally competitive, middle-income country through substantially higher growth rates and more balanced development. However, climate change if left unattended to will impede this vision.  Globally, climate change is expected to have severe consequences over the short to medium term across such sectors as Agriculture, Industry, Energy, Water, Trade and Tourism."


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"POLITICAL FACTORS Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture 1.1 Increased awareness and support to address climate change in general 1.2 Inadequate appreciation by the political leaders of the linkages between climate change and development 1.3 Low interest by political leaders on long term investments and delayed returns/benefits from CSA 1.4 Increased political role in the counties in implementation of policies, strategies and programmes e.g. distribution of resources for CSA related projects."


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"PS: Strengthen communication systems on CSA extension and agro-weather issues Environment P6: Rehabilitation and conservation of degraded forests P7: Establish at least 2,000 hectares to promote nature based (non-wood forest products) enterprises across the country P8: Establish 150,000 ha commercial private forests plantations P9: Plant 350,000 agro-forestry trees in farmlands established P10: Greening of 14,000 ha of infrastructure (roads, railway lines, dams) P11: Enhance/strengthen governance of community structures in participatory resource management in coastal ecosystems P12:Conduct blue carbon readiness assessment for full integration of blue carbon/ocean climate actions into NDCs P13: Develop marine spatial planning and outline sustainable management approaches P14: Promote and expand opportunities for nature based enterprises including seaweed farming, and mangrove ecotourism P15: Integrate the use of nature based solutions, including the implementation of national mangrove management plan, into national and county development plans P16: Strengthen early-warning and tailor made climate information services through institutional strengthening of KMD and other information _user institutions P17: Roll-out Early Action Protocols for forecast based financing Infrastructure P18:Develop and adopt guidelines on how to climate proof energy infrastructure using vulnerability risk"


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"Page 3 of 19 cu\fREPUBLIC OF KENYA  MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTRY  While Kenya has abundant renewable energy resources such as geothermal, solar, wind and hydro for electricity generation, more than one half of Kenya\u2019s households use wood fuel for cooking. Hydro power, which has been a major source of electricity for a long time is increasingly impacted by variable and unpredictable rainfall. The country also has significant oil reserves and about 400 million tons of coal reserves which are yet to be exploited."


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"Panos/Sven Torfinn\fKenya s The vision and objectives for each MTP theme provide the starting point for each of the adaptation actions. A desired \u2018adaptation outcome\u2019 has been proposed for each MTP theme which sets out the desired position that the adaptation actions should contribute to deliver at the end of the MTP period. The adaptation actions were developed by consultative prioritisation from long lists of potential actions recommended for each theme over the next 5 years."


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"Paris Agreement, if applicable, with the guidance adopted by CMA. Kenya will develop domestic legislation and _ institutional frameworks to govern her engagement in market and non-market mechanism.  How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances:  (a)  How the Party considers that its nationally determined |e Kenya is a developing country, with diverse economic contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its development challenges compounded by climate change impacts. national."


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"Paris Agreement: An agreement within the framework of the UNFCCC adopted by 195 counties in December 2015 to deal with mitigation, adaptation and climate finance. The agreement aims to reach global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible; to increase ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change and foster climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions development; and to make finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions."


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"Paris: Helio International. Page 6. Table 4.6. Priority Adaptation Actions in the Energy Sector action \u2022 Enhance the implementation of an energy generation mix plan that increases the resilience of the current and future energy systems to the impacts of future climate variability and change (NAP). short term sub-actions \u2022 Conduct risk and vulnerability assessments of major energy infrastructure (NAP). \u2022 Increase the solar, wind and other renewable energy systems network to provide power to off-grid areas (NAP). \u2022 Promote modern cooking fuels and technologies."


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"Part of this exercise was to update the existing baseline greenhouse gas projection to determine the situation in 2016 and whether there are significant changes in the drivers of emissions (such as: fuel consumption patterns, economic growth, energy efficiency, regulatory policies), that have changed Kenya\u2019s outlook on future emissions. This new data includes several years of activity data (2013-2015) and new economic forecasts that impact the emissions projections of all sectors."


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"Part- ners, NGOs, CBOs, Private Sector, Multilateral Organizations Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports, MEMR, NEMA, Devt. Part- ners, NGOs, CBOs, Private Sector, Multilateral Organizations Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports, MEMR, NEMA, Devt. Part- ners, NGOs, CBOs, Private Sector, Multilateral Organizations Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports, MEMR, NEMA, Forest- ry, KFS, Devt. Partners, NGOs, CBOs, Private Sector, Multi- lateral Organizations Ministry of Special Pro- grammes, NDOC, KMD, ICPAC, Devt."


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"Participants at stakeholder forums held during the development of the NCCAP identified the following climate change information needs: \u00a7\ufffd Extreme weather events, such as floods and droughts \u00a7\ufffd Food security \u2013 agriculture and livestock \u00a7\ufffd Climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies \u00a7\ufffd Change in rainfall patterns and rising temperatures \u00a7\ufffd Effects of climate change on the economy and health \u00a7\ufffd Early warning natural disasters, particularly droughts and floods\fKenya s Stakeholders emphasised that they would benefit most from timely, accessible, dependable, usable, credible, authoritative, responsive and sustainable climate change information."


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"Particular focus was placed on analysing the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats regarding overarching climate change legislation and reforming the institutional framework. In this context, the study analysed the current climate change institutional structure, and based on these findings, proposed a comprehensive institutional and mainstreaming framework, with defined roles and responsibilities which would allow for the mainstreaming of climate change in Kenya."


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"Parties to the Paris Agreement shall participate in a facilitative, multilateral process to consider progress on efforts to finance mitigation and adaptation. Developed countries are also expected to communicate biennially on their efforts to mobilise these funds, including their provision of public funds for climate action.  2.1.3 Market-based Approaches Market-based approaches represent another source of finance for developing countries."


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"Partly due to El Ni\u00f1o and La Ni\u00f1a episodes, Kenya is prone to cyclical prolonged droughts and serious floods, with climate change increasing the intensity and frequency of these events. These repeated patterns of droughts and floods have large negative impacts and high economic costs. The potential impacts of such events have been exacerbated by socio- economic trends as much as climate. A significant part of the damage from floods is attributed to the increase in population, urbanization, and value assets in flood-prone areas."


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"Partner Agency The MENR provides assistance to present funding proposals to the UNFCCC; and National Treasury provides assistance to present funding proposals to the GCF. Stakeholders GACC, EnDev, KCIC, Burn Manufacturing, EcoZoom, ClimateCare, GVEP, KIRDI, Practical Action and others long term: in progress It is not possible to determine progress toward the emissions reduction target because of need to collect and aggregate data on various programmes."


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"Partners MOW, Disciplined Forces, Local Authority, Regional Devt., and Private Sector MOW, Local Authority and pri- vate sector MOW, Local Authority, MOH and Sanitation MOW, Local Authority, Private Sector MOW, Local Authority, MOH and Sanitation, MEMR, Private Sector MOW, Min. of Public Works, Disciplined Forces Min. of Forestry, MOW, Pri- vate Sector, Min."


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"Partners Sub-total Forestry and Wild- life\fSector Sub-Sector Description of Specific Implementing Institutions Implementa- Resource  Activities  tion requirement  Timeframe per year  (Billion Ksh.)"


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"Partners Subtotal Coopera- tives Develop- ment Annex: Action Plan and Costs\f\u2018together we can tackle climate change\u2019 National Climate Change Response Strategy Sector Sub-Sector Description of Specific Implementing Institutions Implementa- Resource  Activities  tion requirement  Timeframe per year  (Billion Ksh.)"


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"Partners, Local Authorities, Private Sector Annex: Action Plan and Costs\f\u2018together we can tackle climate change\u2019 National Climate Change Response Strategy Sector Sub-Sector Description of Specific Implementing Institutions Implementa- Resource  Activities  tion requirement  Timeframe per year  (Billion Ksh.)"


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"Partners, MoT KWS, KEFRI, Academic and re- search institutions, Multilateral Organizations such as the UNEP, NGOs, Wildlife Conservation So- cieties, Devt. Partners, MoT KWS, UNEP, MoT, Forestry, MEMR, Devt. Partners, Private Sector, NGOs, Wildlife Conser- vation Societies\fSector Sub-Sector Description of Specific Implementing Institutions Implementa- Resource  Activities  tion requirement  Timeframe per year  (Billion Ksh.)"


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"Partners, Private Sector MEMR, Min. of Forestry, KFS, KEFRI, CBOs, KARI, NGOs and Private Sector MEMR, Min. of Forestry, KFS, KEFRI, CBOs, KARI, NGOs and Private Sector MEMR, NEMA and lead agen- cies MEMR, NEMA, Private Sector, Institutions MEMR, Forestry, KFS, NEMA and other relevant govern- ment agencies MEMR, Forestry, Agriculture, Water and Irrigation, Devt. Partners, MEMR MEMR, Min."


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"Partners, Private Sector MoT, MEMR KATO, KATA, Eco- tourism Kenya, KWS and Re- gional tourism associations, Development partners MoT, KTF, MEMR, Development partners, State Law Office MoT, KTF, Regional Organisa- tions, MEMR, Development partners MoT, KTF, Local Community organisations, Development partners, investors MoT, MEMR, KTF, Development partners, State Law Office MoT, Brand Kenya Board, MDRs, KTF, Development partners Min. of Regional Develop- ment, MOA, MOW, MEMR, Min."


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"Partners, and other or- ganizations involved in DRR including NGOs Ministry of Special Pro- grammes, NDOC, KMD, ICPAC, Devt. Partners, and other or- ganizations involved in DRR including NGOs Ministry of Special Pro- grammes, NDOC, KMD, ICPAC, Devt. Partners, and other or- ganizations involved in DRR including NGOs Ministry of Special Pro- grammes, NDOC, KMD, ICPAC, Devt. Partners, and other or- ganizations involved in DRR including NGOs, multilateral organizations Spread across all ministries and departments, but the lead agencies include Min."


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"Partners, and other or- ganizations involved in DRR including NGOs Ministry of Special Pro- grammes, NDOC, KMD, ICPAC, Devt. Partners, and other or- ganizations involved in DRR including NGOs, private sector Ministry of Special Pro- grammes, NDOC, KMD, ICPAC, Devt. Partners, and other or- ganizations involved in DRR including NGOs Annex: Action Plan and Costs\f\u2018together we can tackle climate change\u2019 National Climate Change Response Strategy Sector Sub-Sector Description of Specific Implementing Institutions Implementa- Resource  Activities  tion requirement  Timeframe per year  (Billion Ksh.)"


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"Pastoral and marginal agricultural areas are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Extended periods of drought erode livelihood opportunities and community resilience in these areas; leading to undesirable coping strategies that damage the environment and impair household nutritional status, further undermining long-term food security.\fKenya s Similarly, the tourism sector plays an important role in the national economy contributing about 27 per cent of the foreign exchange earnings and 12 per cent to the GDP."


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"Path or roadside refuse Precipitation Increase or decrease Damage to waste releases contaminants to waterways, pathways, and low-lying areas. Potential for pools of standing contaminated water that promote waters and vector-borne diseases. Storm surges Increase Source: Zimmerman and Faris (2010), in World Bank, 2017, Guide to Climate Change Adaptation in Cities \u2013 Web Toolkit. Table 8.6."


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"Patrick Koyi Bungoma County partrick.nabiswa@yahoo.com 19. Hon. Luka Rotich Baringo County cecagriculturebaringo@gmail.com 20. Benjamin Mutua Consumer action nziokibm@hotmail.com, benjamin.mutue@consumeraction.co.ke 21. Richard Mwendandu MEWNR ri_mwendadu@yahoo.com 22. Brian Harding SNV bha-ding@snvworld.org 23. Dr. James Kinyangi CCAFS HRI J.kinyangi@cgiar.org 24. Emma Bowa CARE Kenya emmabowa@vare.or.ke 25. Richard B. Bwogo Narok County rbwogo@gmail.com 26. Dr. Beatrice Akunga MOALF bgwehuba@yahoo.com 27. Eng. Jasper Nkanya MOALF 28. Nina Lande FAO nina.lande@fao.org 29. Barrack Okoba FAO barrack.oluba@fao.org 30. H.M. Macharia Twiga Chemicals macharia@twigachemicals.com 31. Apollo Kiarii KTGA apollo.kiarii@ktga.or.ke 32."


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"Payment for Ecosystem Services: An economic instrument designed to provide positive incentives to users of agricultural land and those involved in coastal or marine management. These incentives are expected to result in continued or improved provision of ecosystem services, which in turn, will benefit society as a whole. Public-Private Partnerships: Public-Private Partnerships are an association between government and private sector through which private financing is utilized to perform a public function, at a profit to the private sector."


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"Payment for Ecosystem Services: An economic instrument designed to provide positive incentives to users of agricultural land and those involved in coastal or marine management. These incentives are expected\ufffdto\ufffdresult\ufffdin\ufffdcontinued\ufffdor\ufffdimproved\ufffdprovision\ufffdof\ufffdecosystem\ufffdservices,\ufffdwhich\ufffdin\ufffdturn,\ufffdwill\ufffdbenefit\ufffd society as a whole. Public Private Partnerships: Public Private Partnerships (PPP) are associations between government and\ufffdthe\ufffdprivate\ufffdsector\ufffdthrough\ufffdwhich\ufffdprivate\ufffdfinancing\ufffdis\ufffdutilized\ufffdto\ufffdperform\ufffda\ufffdpublic\ufffdfunction,\ufffdat\ufffda\ufffdprofit\ufffd to the private sector. Resilience: The ability of a system and its component parts to anticipate, absorb, accommodate, or recover from\ufffdthe\ufffdeffects\ufffdof\ufffda\ufffdhazardous\ufffdevent\ufffdin\ufffda\ufffdtimely\ufffdand\ufffdefficient\ufffdmanner."


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"Payments to farmers are made through a mobile enabled platform (known as MPesa). ICTs could play an important mitigation role through \u201csmart\u201d applications such as smart metering to promote energy efficiency. Additionally ICT growth is expected to lead to increased electricity demand and disposal challenges will result from a high rate\f  of obsolete ICT equipment due to technological change.  Transport Kenya\u2019s rapidly growing transport sector accounts for about 10 per cent of GDP.85 Vision 2030 identifies transport is a key enabler of sustainable growth."


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"People living in a specific area usually consist of different groups with divergent interests and therefore compete for various natural resources leading to resource conflicts. Increased biodiversity loss due to climate change disrupts ecosystem structure and functionality. Reduced biodiversity interferes with provision of ecosystem services such as medicinal plants, aesthetics, food, and forest products which eventually escalates conflicts. These conflicts may result in loss of human life, livestock and crops hence disrupting agriculture, livestock and fisheries activities and affecting livelihoods and economic development."


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"People-centred development is a priority and underlies Vision 2030, and low carbon climate resilient actions will need to support the government\u2019s development priorities, including those related to economic growth, food security, forest cover, ending drought, water management and improved energy access, including in the Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASALs)."


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"Percentage change in average annual temperature by 2100 from 1960-1990 baseline climate, averaged over 21 CMIP3 models. Source: Met Of\ufb01ce. (2011). Climate: Observations, projections and impacts. Kenya. Exeter, UK: Met Of\ufb01ce. Page 48.\f| Kenya National Adaptation Plan 2015-2030 For precipitation, GCM data indicates that there will be a possible increase in average rainfall by the 2060s especially from October to December.8 In addition the GCMs suggest with greater con\ufb01dence that the proportion of annual rainfall that occurs in heavy events will increase."


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"Performance contracts provide a useful tool through which targets, inputs and the resultant outputs can be determined and evaluated. 10.2.4 An appropriate climate change M&E system will coordinate inputs from different sources, including various stakeholders, to provide reliable and timely information and data for planning purposes, and as inputs to national and county level reports. 10.2.5 M&E of this Policy will be synchronized to the five year MTPs of Vision 2030, and will adopting a participatory approach that facilitates active engagement of stakeholders,\f Policy Statements  The Government will: 1."


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"Peter Karani MALF-SDA Driver 9. Joab Osumba FICCP(DFiD) Consultant 10. Zipora Otieno FAO-KE Technical Coordinator Phylis Obayo FAO-KE Operations Assistant 12. James Gakuo Fisheries-Nyeri Principal Fisheries Officer 13. Eric Wetende Livestock-Nairobi City Assistant Director 14. Jared Bogita Fisheries-Marsabit Assistant Director 15. Julius Gitu Agriculture-Marsabit Director 16. Moses Lengarite Livestock-Marsabit Director 17. Ephraim Nderu Livestock-Kirinyaga Senior Assistant Director 18. Ann Kimotho Fisheries-Kirinyaga Assistant Director 19. Raymond Ng\u2019etich Fisheries-Meru Senior Fisheries Officer 20. Felix Muthomi Fisheries-Isiolo Assistant Director 21. Njeru Ndwiga Agriculture-Samburu Principal Agricultural Officer 22."


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"Petroleum products account for 22%, the bulk of which is used in the transport, manufacturing and commercial sectors, while 9% is consumed in the electricity sector (Energy Policy, 2004). Electricity, by virtue of its versatility in 19  Reports of various media sources A lorry is submerged due to river flooding in northern Kenya. Climate change will continue to pose challenges to Kenya\u2019s dilapidated road infrastructure."


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"Photo by Camco Kenya\f- proper site-species matching, \u2022\ufffd developing technologies to rehabilitate naturally degraded areas or those cleared for charcoal burning, \u2022\ufffd developing technologies for domestication of indigenous species, \u2022\ufffd developing research on management of in- vasive species such as Prosopis julliflora, \u2022\ufffd validation and integration of indigenous knowledge and technologies in woodlands management, \u2022\ufffd market research on wood species of high market demand, \u2022\ufffd developing on-farm efficient wood conver- sion technologies, \u2022\ufffd demonstrating alternative plantation species including indigenous species, \u2022\ufffd developing integrated strategies for the management of new insect pests, \u2022\ufffd promoting research programmes on indig- enous tree germination, growth rates and flexible forest management regimes, \u2022\ufffd evaluating the potential for remunerating natural resource users for natural forests conservation and restoration with funds from carbon markets (e.g."


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"Photo by Camco Kenya Assessing the Evidence and Impacts of Climate Change in Kenya\f\u2018together we can tackle climate change\u2019 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2.2.3.4  Human Settlements and Land Use There are many ways that climate change could affect human settlements directly or indirectly. Extreme climate conditions such as high wind, heavy rainfall, heat and cold can result in a wide range of scenarios such as tropical storms, floods, landslides, droughts and sea-level rise."


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"Photo by Camco Kenya Sectoral Adaptation and Mitigation Interventions\f\u2018together we can tackle climate change\u2019 National Climate Change Response Strategy \u2022\ufffd heightened awareness campaigns to underscore the importance of sustainable use of water resources, e.g."


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"Photo by Camco Kenya.\f4.1.7 Rangelands, Wildlife and Tourism Tourism, which is Kenya\u2019s largest source of foreign exchange, largely depends on wildlife, which in turn depends for its survival on rangelands. However, due to desertification and the frequent and severe droughts that have hit the country especially since the 1990s, rangelands have been receding at an alarming rate."


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"Photo by ESDA, now Camco Kenya\fapplication, is crucial for economic growth and access to electricity is associated with high quality of life. Climate change affects all areas of the electricity sector, from generation through to distribution and consumption. Kenya\u2019s electricity supply largely depends on hydro sources, which account for over half of the total effective capacity (1332.2 MW). Geothermal sources of electricity account for 12.2% and the remaining 29.7% is predominantly petroleum based thermal generation."


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"Photo courtesy of the Noomayianat CBO, 2009 The strong winds and dust storms prevailing in most parts of Northern Kenya have contributed to the reduction of forage availability as they sweep away top soil together with grass seeds, thus making grass regeneration impossible even when it rains. Outbreaks of diseases like the Rift Valley Fever (RVF) have been linked to climate change."


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"Photo source:   bus-lanes-worsen-congestion/ Sectoral Adaptation and Mitigation Interventions\f\u2018together we can tackle climate change\u2019 National Climate Change Response Strategy from the carbon markets are highlighted below. 4.2.5.1 The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) In order for Kenya to participate effectively in the carbon markets including the CDM, the following measures will need to be undertaken: \u2022\ufffd calculation of the baseline GHG Grid Emission Factor (GEF) for the electricity grid of Kenya to facilitate CDM projects in the power sector and assist carbon project developers and consultants, \u2022\ufffd target capacity building for the private sector and investors to increase the knowledge of GHG reduction project development and markets, e.g."


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"Physical Infrastructure Sector Adaptation r  Mitigation \u221a  Development \u221a Current status A number of activities have been started to support geothermal development including the formation of the Geothermal Development Corporation (GDC) by GoK, the formulation of the Scaling up Renewable Energy Programme (SREP) and a number of bilateral initiatives supporting different stages of the geothermal development chain.\fKenya s Lead Agency to take this Action forward The Ministry of Energy is requested to lead the work on geothermal."


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"Physical Infrastructure and Service Industry Sub-total Water & Irrigation Sub-total \u2022\ufffd Sustainable\ufffdforestry\ufffdto\ufffdsupport\ufffdtea\ufffdfac- tory tea drying \u2022\ufffd Mini\ufffdor\ufffdMicro\ufffdhydro\ufffdfor\ufffdpower\ufffdgeneration\ufffd for all factory processing units \u2022\ufffd Biogas\ufffddigesters\ufffdfor\ufffdcattle\ufffddung\ufffdand\ufffdalso\ufffd organic fertiliser production \u2022\ufffd Methane\ufffdreduction\ufffdin\ufffdprocessing\ufffdactivi- ties of rice and coffee pulp processing \u2022\ufffd Promoting\ufffd sustainable\ufffd use\ufffd of\ufffd agricul- tural waste Lifestyle and livelihoods interventions \u2022\ufffd Promotion\ufffdof\ufffdenergy\ufffdefficient\ufffdcookstoves \u2022\ufffd Development\ufffdof\ufffdrural\ufffdsewage\ufffdtreatment\ufffd plants Construction of inter basin and intra-ba- sin water transfers Installation of hydrometric stations (hy- drological monitoring) Procurement of additional water treat- ment chemicals and technologies In conjunction with the Ministry of Ag- riculture, undertaking irrigation projects Construction and maintenance   waterpans Construction and maintenance of large 24 dams Construction and maintenance of 1000 boreholes Exploitation of deep aquifers Artificial recharging of aquifers Cooperatives, MOE, Private Sector, MEMR, Devt."


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"Plan (2014)* Population, urbanisation and housing Enhance the adaptive capacity of the population, urbanisation and housing sector* Gender, Vulnerable Groups and Youth Strengthen the adaptive capacity of vulnerable groups (lactating women, children under 5, elderly, sick, physically challenged) through social safety nets and insurance schemes Tourism Enhance the resilience of the tourism value chain Agriculture, livestock development and fisheries Enhance the resilience of the agriculture, livestock and fisheries value chains by promoting climate smart agriculture and livestock development* Private Sector/ Trade; Manufacturing; Business Process Outsourcing, Financial services Create enabling environment for the resilience of private sector investment, demonstrate an operational business case* Oil and mineral resources Integrate climate change adaptation into the extractive sector, including climate proofing of infrastructure* Devolution Mainstream climate change adaptation into county integrated development plans * Denotes adaptation actions that have mitigation co-benefits."


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"Planning and implementing climate change responses \u2013 a climate change effects on development driven process National development objectives (medium term) Assess climate resilience of development objectives Evaluative framework to assess developmental effectiveness of climate change responses Prioritise and then design climate change responses Implement climate change responses within programmatic development inestments Track climate change effects on development and vice versa Figure 3.1 Planning and implementing climate change responses\fKenya s 3.2  National Coordination of Climate Change Action Planning The preparation of Kenya\u2019s NCCAP was an elaborate consultative process that involved representatives from across the Government, civil society and the private sector."


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"Planning process  Kenya\u2019s planning process on mitigation and adaptation hinges on the Vision 2030, the MTPs, NCCAP I and II and the NAP. The NCCAPs are reviewed every five years to inform the MTP. The adaptation actions are proposed in the NAP 2015-2030 and further detailed in in the ATARs in each NCCAP.  Mitigation and adaptation actions are implemented across the various sectors and at national and county government levels."


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"Planning processes:  Information on the planning processes that the Party | Covered in section 2 undertook to prepare its nationally determined  contribution and, if available, on the Party s  implementation plans, including, as appropriate:  (i) Domestic institutional \u2014_ arrangements, public | Covered in section 2 participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner  (ii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate:  a. National circumstances, such as geography, climate, Covered in section 1.2 economy, sustainable development and __ poverty eradication  b."


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"Plans are there to increase geothermal production capacity by another megawatts by 2017 and 5,000 megawatts by  Geothermal has numerous advantages over other sources of electricity that make it suitable as a source for base load electricity generation for the country: \ufffd It is not affected by drought and climatic variability \ufffd It has the highest availability (capacity factor) at over 95% \ufffd It is green energy with no adverse effects on the environment \ufffd It is indigenous and readily available in Kenya, unlike most thermal energy that relies on imported fuel."


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"Plans are underway to collect excess gas from farmers for purification, packaging and sale within the region. Replacing cement consumption with alternative building materials \u2013 Replacing cement consumption with alternative building materials could be a viable alternative in some situations, such as buildings where the construction requirements allow for replacement of cement with brick. No public data was available on the potential for cement replacements, and the option could not be analysed further."


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"Planting trees and protecting forest ecosystems are important elements of Kenya\u2019s climate change response by building resilience and increasing carbon sinks. In addition, the government is developing a national REDD+ strategy and implementation framework that emphasises conservation and sustainable management of forests."


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"Players in the aviation industry, particularly international aviation, must anticipate potential business risks because of mitigation obligations on the industry. The recent agreement on a global market-based measure to control CO2 emissions from international aviation serves as an example."


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"Policies, programs and technologies are expected to be introduced to encourage lower emissions and move Kenya on to a low carbon development pathway. Priority actions to reduce GHG emissions were identified in the NCCAP, and further elaborated in the Second National Communication (SNC) that was submitted to the UNFCCC in December 2015.4 The mitigation analysis of the SNC determined that Kenya has the potential to reduce projected emissions by 85.79 MtCO2eq, or 60% lower than the projected BAU scenario (detailed in Table 2.1)."


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"Policy Legal and Regulatory 3.10 Existence of conflict resolution structures and emphasis on alternative dispute adjudication mechanisms in the country which can be used for CSA related issues.  Cross-cutting Issues 3.11 Conflicts in natural resource use due to competition for declining resources. 3.12 Demographic challenges e.g. high population growth puts pressure on existing natural resources. 3.13 Unresolved historical issues on natural resources e.g. land and water 3.14 Cultural norms and beliefs towards resource ownership and access. 3.15 Limited special skills on CSA.  4."


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"Policy Legal and Regulatory 4.10 Inadequate integration of CSA related issues in technology development and dissemination. 4.11 Lack of legal framework for indigenous knowledge. Cross-cutting Issues 4.12 High rate of technological changes in CSA. 4.13 Inadequate research-extension-farmer linkage. 4.14 Inadequate CSA knowledge management system to collect, store, process and disseminate developed knowledge. 4.15 Fragmented research.  2."


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"Policy Legal and Regulatory 5.8 There is no legislation on age limit of imported farm machinery. 5.9 Lack of legislation to regulate pollution from machinery and motor vehicles working in the sector. 5.10 Lack of legislations on land use/enterprise zoning. Cross-cutting Issues 5.11 Bill of Rights in the Kenya Constitution 2010 which supports inclusivity and equity and Chapter 5 of the constitution that supports sustainable natural resource management.  6."


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"Policy Statements  The Government will: 1. Prepare and implement comprehensive, fully costed and periodically reviewed Climate Change Action Plans under the framework of this Policy. 2. Ensure that Climate Change Action Plans for implementation of this Policy are aligned with the regular MTPs of Vision 2030. 3. Facilitate continuous consultations and public awareness across all sectors, interest groups and the public. and Evaluation of Policy Implementation  10.2.1 The Government recognizes the importance of tracking implementation of this climate change Policy and evaluating related outcomes."


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"Policy Statements  The Government will: 1. Put in place a strategy for identifying, refining and disseminating climate change knowledge to the public and other stakeholders in user-friendly formats. 2. Mainstream climate change in basic, secondary and tertiary level education curricula.\f 3. Incorporate climate change knowledge into government implemented public awareness initiatives including civic education and extension programmes. 4. Collaborate with, and support, private sector and civil society in incorporating climate change knowledge into advocacy and public awareness raising programmes. 5."


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"Policy tools can create the enabling environment for technology development and uptake, as demonstrated in 2001 when Kenya developed National Guidelines for the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) under the Kyoto Protocol. The subsequent support provided to project developers in accessing technology and information means there are now ten registered CDM projects and twenty eight others in the pipeline in Kenya (NEMA, 2012)."


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"Poor policy guidance Operationalised policy guidance to provide certainty and awareness to stimulate adoption  Lack of knowledge by potential users of technology and its benefits. Related institutions to create awareness on variability of weather and diffusion of roof rainwater harvesting should be created  Lack of Government incentives/subsides Government introducing of tax rebate and waivers.  Inadequate and unsuitable roofs for rainwater harvesting Promote appropriate housing design; Quality control of roofing materials."


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"Population Health Metrics. 8 NEMA (2006). Waste Management Regulations, 2006. Accessed at:   9 NEMA (2015). 10 KEPSA (2016). Launch of Rapid Result Initiative (RRI) on Solid Waste Management. Accessed at:   result-initiative-rri-on-solid-waste-management/ 11 Government of Kenya (2016). Kenya Environmental Sanitation and Hygiene Policy, 2016-2030. Nairobi: Ministry of Health. 12 Nairobi City County Government (2015). The Nairobi City County Solid Waste Management Act 2015. Nairobi: Nairobi City County Government. 13 Government of Kenya (2015). Second National Communication to the UNFCCC. Nairobi: NEMA."


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"Population displacement and migration from climate disaster-prone areas (e.g. drought prone northern Kenya and sea-level rise in the coastal region) are expected to increase. It is expected that most of those on the move from rural areas will head towards urban agglomerations where assistance, income opportunities and infrastructure may be perceived to be more accessible and readily available. This will create an enormous social, health, infrastructure and management challenge for cities, subjecting them to unplanned population growth."


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"Population increase and scarcity of land in the high to medium production areas has led to subdivision of land resulting in small uneconomic farms that cannot be run sustainably. Farming in the country is largely small-scale, with 75 to 80 per cent of total agricultural production from rain- fed farms that average 0.2 to 3 hectares in size.91 The problem is expected to increase with population growth.  The crops subsector includes maize, rice, wheat, sorghum, potatoes, cassava, vegetables and beans."


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"Post-election violence in early 2008 compounded with drought, high global energy and food prices together with the effects of the global financial crisis on remittance and exports, reduced GDP growth to 1.5 per cent in 2008.62 The economy rebounded in 2010 with GDP growth rates at about six per cent, with a slight decline in 2011 and 2012."


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"Potential Climate Change Impacts Across the Solid Waste Sector climate variable potential change potential impacts on solid waste management Temperature Annual warming Increased risk of combustion at open sites and composting Increase in sea level Flooding of facilities and basement/underground equipment Floating waste may wash up with high rainfall or storm surges Precipitation Increased rainfall More intense rainfall events Saturated soil and decreased stability of slopes and landfill linings at waste management sites Flooding in areas with untreated, dumped waste carries risk of groundwater contamination Disruptions in the removal and transport of solid waste Table 8.5."


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"Potential Climate Change Impacts on Specific Solid Waste Components infrastructure/ component climate variable potential change potential impacts on waste management Closed and open disposal sites Temperature Increase or decrease Altered chemical composition of contaminants below the surface, changes in evaporation rates Precipitation Increase Unexpected leaching of contaminants in surface areas of closed landfills Marine transfer stations Sea level rise Increase Impacts on coastal docking and transfer facilities."


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"Potential actions under each EDE pillar can be found at   drought-emergencies These actions will be delivered and reported upon by the respective MDAs. Budget Responsibility Ministry responsible for devolution, NDMA, MDAs, county governments, civil society, private sector.\fEnhanced climate resilience towards the attainment of Vision 2030 and beyond | 43 4.3 Resource Mobilisation Adaptation has been \ufb01nanced through various mechanisms in the country. Often the actions have not been termed adaptation, their actions have enhanced resilience to climate impacts."


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"Potential elements of a such programme could include the provision of: additional grants for the early phases of geothermal development, access to loans for lat- ter stage development, risk mitigation instruments, capacity building programmes to ensure adequate technical capacity to undertake planned expansion of the sector, and harmonization and improvement of the regulatory framework.  Support programmes will have to be adjusted regularly given that geothermal development has long lead-times and the energy sector in Kenya is expected to stay dynamic in the coming years."


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"Potential impacts include declining forest coverage, reduced water quality and quantity for domestic and industrial use, high water pricing and increases in water borne diseases. Forests are highly sensitive to climate change. The Kenya Forest Service estimates a six per cent forest cover that include indigenous, open woodland and plantation forests. The five major water towers, Mt. Kenya, Mau Forests Complex, Cherangany Hills, Mt. Elgon and the Aberdare Ranges, act as the main water catchment areas."


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"Potential implementing and executing institutions have delivered some climate- related programmes that have leveraged private finance, but capacity to deliver more complex projects involving multiple financing instruments and institutions is limited. Kenya has limited experience in delivering \u2018direct access\u2019 type functions. NIE accreditation such as that required by the GCF requires adherence to strict fiduciary standards and environmental safeguards, including greater transparency of financial management systems, more robust risk management systems, and more regular reporting requirements."


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"Potential mitigation options in the agricultural sector not included as priority actions The following mitigation options were not identified as priority actions in the agriculture sector because: i) emission reductions would not be significant at a national scale, ii) the likelihood of successful implementation is extremely low, or iii) there is a lack of data to assess the mitigation potential. livestock substitution Agricultural experts suggested that some livestock substitution is taking place in Kenya and could be a mitigation option."


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"Potential sources of international support include bilateral and multilateral funders, the Green Climate Fund, the Adaptation Fund, carbon markets, and the emerging Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) and REDD+ mechanisms. \u2022\ufffd Leveraging investment \u2013 A coherent action plan can encourage investment in low carbon climate resilient technologies and industries, such as water resource management, renewable energy, and agroforestry. Policy and institutional reforms supported through climate finance can stimulate investment in targeted actions that support a low carbon climate resilient pathway."


id: eb8fb62fec7f577afc070f95f2afa2bf
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"Power bills forex levy hits 15-month high. Daily Nation (9th February), page 34. 18 StARCK+ Technical Assistance to the Government of Kenya component (2017).  Update of Emission Baseline Projections and Impact on Kenya\u2019s NDC Target.  Developed for the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources NDC analysis. 19 Government of Kenya (2016). Electricity Generation and Transmission Master Plan 2015-2035. Nairobi: Ministry of Energy and Petroleum. Government of Kenya (2011). Updated Least Cost Power Development Plan Study Period: 2011-2031. Nairobi: Energy Regulatory Commission."


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"Precipitation is expected to increase in many areas, with the largest growth in rainfall occurring in the highland districts and the coastal region. The Northeast is expected to become significantly drier. Our population is vulnerable to climate risks due to the high dependency on natural resources for food, fuel and shelter."


id: b345b6b2d1e0bd7089347ddbc25378b6
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"Prescribed burning of Savannah was estimated from IPCC defaults, but it is suspected that burning practices have significantly changed over the years which may have reduced burning from historic levels. The Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries should undertake an assessment of the burning of savannah to determine if the estimated areas burned represent existing management conditions in Kenya. Prescribed burning of crop residues was estimated for four major crops (maize, rice, corn and sugarcane)."


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"Primary platforms facilitate the origination of carbon credits from individual projects, and their initial purchase from project developers; secondary platforms allow trading on a larger scale, treating carbon credits as a uniform commodity (like wheat or oil) and allowing ultimate compliance purchasers and market intermediaries to purchase credits and manage their carbon price exposure. A primary trading platform would be more appropriate for Kenya\u2019s needs in the current market environment."


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"Principal Secretary - State Department of Environment, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Enhanced climate resilience towards the attainment of Vision 2030 and beyond | VII National Adaptation Plan Thematic Working Group Victor Orindi (Chair) National Drought Management Authority Dorothy Amwata South Eastern Kenya University Emma Bowa CARE International Reuben Chepkonga Norwegian Church Aid Bernard Karicho Ministry of Water and Irrigation Samuel Kiptorus Ministry of Devolution and Planning Wangari Kirumba National Environmental Management Authority Lolem Lokolile Ministry of Health Robin Mbae Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries Sara Nderitu Kenya Climate Innovation Centre Michael Okoti Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organisation Suresh Patel Kenya Association of Manufacturers Jane Wamboi Kenya Wildlife Service Stephen King\u2019uyu National Climate Change Secretariat Charles Mutai National Climate Change Secretariat | Kenya National Adaptation Plan 2015-2030 VIII Abbreviations AMCEN African Ministerial Conference on the Environment ASAL Arid and semi-arid lands ATAR Adaptation Technical Analysis Report CIDP County Integrated Development Plan DFID Department for International Development (United Kingdom) EDE Ending Drought Emergencies GCF Green Climate Fund GCM Global Climate Model GDP Gross domestic product ICT Information and"


id: d5dfeefdca736d8ceca4ac450ce77f04
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"Principal Secretary, State Department for Fisheries and the Blue Economy, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries Prof. Micheni Japhet Ntiba, CBS Principal Secretary, State Department for Fisheries and the Blue Economy, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries Dr. Andrew Tuimur, CBS Principal Secretary, State Department for Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries. Dr. Richard R. Lesyampe, PhD, CBS Principal Secretary, State Department for Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries Mr. Charles Sunkuli, CBS Principal Secretary, State Department for Environment Ministry of Environment, and Natural Resources Zeinab A. Hussein (Mrs), CBS Principal Secretary, State Department for Irrigation Ministry of Water and Irrigation CHAPTER THREE: GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES 57 3.1 ADAPTATION AND BUILDING RESILIENCE .57 3.2 MITIGATION OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS .59 3.3 ENABLING POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 60 3.4 ADDRESSING CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES THAT ADVERSELY IMPACT CSA .61 CHAPTER FOUR: STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION, MONITORING AND EVALUATION 64 COORDINATION OF THE STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION 64 The County Governments 65 Ministry responsible for energy65 Ministry responsible for transport and infrastructure .65 Ministry responsible for industrialization and enterprise development .65 Ministry responsible for"


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"Principles  The implementation of this Policy will be guided by the following principles: (i) Common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities: under the\f UNFCCC Kenya has common but differentiated obligations in the global effort to address climate change because of its negligible historical responsibility for causing global climate change, and its limited capability to mitigate climate change and adapt to its impacts in light of its stage of development,."


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"Prior to signing, the Government adopted a Green Economy Strategy and Implementation Plan as a guideline for its environmental sustainable efforts \u2026 In addition, the Government will continue to mainstream climate change measures into all its projects and programmes.\u201d Actions to mainstream climate change were evident in the budget policy statement: \u2022 Page 10 \u2013 mainstream 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and respective 169 targets and 230 indicators into the MTP III and CIDPs. (SDG 13 deals with climate change)."


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"Prioritize reform and capacity building initiatives with stakeholders (Government of Kenya; 6 months)  2. Open discussions with the World Bank on their Climate Initiative for Development and Partnership for Market Readiness programmes. The former has informally indicated interest in supporting Kenya (Government of Kenya; 6 to 12 months)  3."


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"Prioritize the integration of climate change parameters, data and information required for MRV into the national statistical management system. 4. Ensure that the national MRV system is transparently linked with national sustainable development planning, budgeting and monitoring systems. 5. Enhance awareness and build capacities of both national and county entities to participate in the MRV process and systems."


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"Priority Adaptation Actions in the Agriculture Sector strategic issue adaptation actions Strategic Issue 1: Vulnerabilities due to changes in temperature regimes and precipitation patterns \u2022 Provision of accurate, timely and reliable climate and weather information to inform decisions of actors on crops, livestock and fisheries value chains \u2022 Promote crop varieties, livestock and fish breeds and tree species that are adapted to varied weather conditions and tolerant to associated emerging pests and diseases \u2022 Technology development, dissemination and adoption along crops, livestock, fisheries, forestry value chains \u2022 Diversification of enterprises and alternative livelihoods \u2022 Enhance productivity and profitability of agricultural enterprises Strategic Issue 2: Vulnerabilities due to extreme weather events \u2022 Develop and implement strategies for early warning and response, and ensure preparedness for extreme weather event \u2022 Develop and use index-based agricultural insurance Strategic Issue 3: Vulnerabilities due to unsustainable natural resource management \u2022 Establish baselines and undertake inventory of the existing natural resources \u2022 Promote sustainable management and utilization of natural resources \u2022 Promote water harvesting and storage, irrigation infrastructure development and efficient water use \u2022 Promote and"


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"Priority Adaptation Actions in the Forestry Sector action \u2022 Mainstream climate change adaptation in the environment sector short term sub-actions \u2022 Develop a forestry adaptation strategy that builds on existing initiatives (considered a priority action that would inform projects and projects that are specific to different regions/locations for implementation) \u2022 Enhance community forestry programmes \u2022 Strengthen tree-planting and conservation initiatives \u2022 Development of a business case to achieve the 10% tree cover \u2022 Application of the information the Kenya Tree-based Landscape Restoration document to identify priority areas for action long term sub-actions \u2022 Provide guidance and improve access to climate resilient tree species and cultivars \u2022 Integrate ecosystem and community based approaches in sector strategies in support of adaptation to reduce natural resource based conflicts Adapted from: Government of Kenya (2016), National Adaptation Plan 2015-2030 and updated with input from the Forestry Expert Group."


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"Priority Adaptation Actions in the Transport Sector action \u2022 Enhance climate proofing of infrastructure short term sub-actions \u2022 Conduct risk and vulnerability assessments of major infrastructure and design intervention measures. \u2022 Conduct risk and vulnerability assessments of upcoming infrastructure (roads, railways, marine, aviation, buildings, ICT). \u2022 Conduct an assessment of whether existing and planned transport infrastructural assets are compatible with a low carbon climate resilient economy. \u2022 Build capacity of and train  transport sector stakeholders on infrastructure climate proofing."


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"Priority Adaptation Actions in the Waste Sector action Enhance climate proofing of infrastructure short term sub-actions Enhance capacity of institutions and bodies responsible to water and sanitation, and waste management, on climate impacts. Conduct risk and vulnerability assessments of existing and upcoming infrastructure. Conduct capacity building on infrastructure climate proofing. medium term sub-actions Strengthen the capacity of national and county institutions responsible for coordinating climate change adaptation. Climate proof infrastructure though use of appropriate design and construction materials."


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"Priority Sectors and Technology Options  As already reported above, the TNA process was participatory and involved a number of stakeholders including civil societies, international organisations and private sector. Energy (including Transport-subsector) and Waste Management were the prioritised sectors for mitigation and Agriculture and Water for adaptation.  Why the Priority Technologies  The portfolio of technologies chosen were those with better socio-economic and/or sustainable development benefits for the country. The technology prioritisation process generated an initial list of specific technologies."


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"Priority actions are closely linked to other sectors, such as agriculture and forestry, and include: \u2022 Integration of climate change information in water modelling and forecasting; \u2022 Enhanced water storage capacity to facilitate an increase in irrigated land; \u2022 Promotion of energy efficient technologies in water supply projects; \u2022 Conservation of water towers; and \u2022 Improved water management and water conservation, including rainwater harvesting, recycling and reuse of water, water conservation awareness campaigns, technology for water conservation in water services and supply, and improved watershed management."


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"Priority actions include: \u2022 Low-emitting clean energy sources such as bio-fuels, Liquefied Petroleum Gas or Liquefied Natural Gas; \u2022 Fuel switching, for example switching from a fossil fuel-driven railway to clean electricity; \u2022 Mass rapid transit system for Nairobi such as bus rapid transit with light rail transit corridors; \u2022 Improvements in heavy duty and passenger vehicle efficiency through improved fuel economy, motor vehicle labelling and feebate systems; and \u2022 Climate-proofing transport infrastructure."


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"Priority adaptation actions include completion of the National Wildlife Adaptation Strategy, and undertaking research to determine the vulnerabilities of wildlife populations and habitats. GHG emissions in the tourism sector are low relative to Kenya\u2019s overall national emissions, but many low carbon actions can be applied \u2013 such as solar water heating, the use of energy efficient lighting and appliances, and more efficient passenger vehicles. A concerted programme could help to create a niche market by branding Kenya as a low carbon footprint destination."


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"Priority low carbon climate resilient actions, discussed below by select Government of Kenya planning sectors and elaborated in the Adaptation and Mitigation chapters (Chapters 5 and 6), have considerable sustainable development benefits both at the household level such as improved livelihoods and increased food production and at the national level including improved energy security and economic growth."


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"Priority macro-level actions and sub-actions are identified in 20 Medium Term Plan planning sectors for the short, medium and long term. For each sector, the NAP identifies gaps, estimates costs of the macro-level actions projected to 2030, and identifies key institutions required for their implementation. These actions form the basis of Kenya\u2019s international contribution on adaptation, and implementing these actions will enable enhanced resilience to climate change, which will assist the country in attaining Vision 2030 goals."


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"Private Sector (and Trade; Manufacturing; Business Process Outsourcing; Financial Services) Create an enabling environment for resilience of private sector investment; demonstrate operational business case. Devolution Mainstream climate change adaptation into CIDPs, implement Ending Drought Emergencies Strategy. Source: Government of Kenya (2015), Kenya\u2019s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution, pages 4-5. references 1 Government of Kenya (2015). Kenya\u2019s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution, 23 July 2015. Nairobi: Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. Accessed at:   2 Government of Kenya (2010). Constitution of Kenya. Accessed at:   kenyalaw.org/lex/actview.xql?actid=Const2010."


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"Private finance includes funding provided by for-profit and non- governmental organisations; philanthropic foundations; and public and individual charities.  Climate Proofing: Assessing current and future climate risks and impacts, and adjusting investment and business decisions to account for anticipated harm and losses as well as opportunities.  Climate Resilience: Closely linked to adaptation, building climate resilience includes reducing vulnerability to climate change, making sure that the impacts of climate change are avoided or cushioned, and enabling people to respond to climate risks."


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"Private sector actors are increasingly involved in low carbon and climate resilient investments, with private climate finance flows comprising a large proportion of global climate finance, particularly in the clean energy sector. The International Energy Agency has estimated that about 80 per cent of global climate investment will come from private actors by 2020. Additionally, the insurance sector is scaling up its efforts to respond to climate impacts."


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"Procedural mechanisms on access to information require that an interested party should make a formal request, and likely make a reasonable payment to cover modest administrative costs. Minimisation of these procedures or their elimination with regard to climate change information would expand the scope of accessible knowledge and information."


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"Process emissions from cement manufacturing can be reduced by replacing clinker in the cement mix with alternative materials. Although some Kenyan cement companies are already implementing this approach to varying degrees, this was not considered in this low carbon analysis. The most significant low carbon development opportunity is the introduction of more efficient kilns for charcoal production, with an abatement potential of 1.6 MtCO2e per year in 2030 (see Figure 61). Sustainable development benefits include reduced fuelwood demand leading to lower levels of deforestation."


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"Process emissions from the cement sector are due to calcination, whereby limestone releases CO2 as it is heated in the kiln and transformed into clinker. Charcoal production results in CO2 and methane emissions from incomplete combustion of biomass.\fN D C  S E C T O R  A N A LY S I S  R E P O R T  2 0 1 7 Figure 6.3. Technical potential emission reductions in 2030 of mitigation options Table 6.1."


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"Productive Prevention of immunizable diseases through enhanced awareness campaigns focusing on households, mothers and chil- dren; procuring vaccines and procurement of additional cold-chain storage facilities Capacity building of Public Health person- nel through training technical staff Strengthening Research and other medical Laboratory Capacity through investing in level 2 and 3 facilities, training in instru- mentation, and construction of additional laboratories Increasing the acreage under irrigated agriculture Investing in water harvesting programme, e.g."


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"Productivity or biodiversity maintenance; provisioning services such as food, fibre, or fish; regulating services such as climate regulation or carbon sequestration; and cultural services such as tourism or spiritual and aesthetic appreciation. Ecosystem: The interactive system formed from all living organisms and their abiotic (physical and chemical) environment within a given area."


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"Progress is also being made to implement many of the other 24 mitigation actions with emissions reduction potential identified in the NCCAP (see p.18 of this report for a review of progress on these other mitigation actions)."


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"Progress towards understanding the ecology and epidemiology of malaria in the western Kenya highlands: Opportunities and challenges for control under climate change risk. Acta Tropica 121, 19\u2013 25. Emert et al. (2012). The Impact of Regional Climate Change on Malaria Risk due to Greenhouse Forcing and Land-Use Changes in Tropical Africa. Environmental Health Perspectives. Vol 120. N1. January 2012. Hay, S.I., Cox, J., Rogers, D.J., Randolph, S.E., Stern, D.I., Shanks, G.D., Myers, M.F. and Snow, R.W. (2002)."


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"Project Information: Photovoltaic Market Transformation Initiative Global Environmental Facility. (2012). Transfer of Environmentally sound technologies: Case Studies from the GEF Climate Change portfolio Government of Kenya (GoK). (2007). Kenya Vision 2030. Nairobi. Nairobi: Government Printers. Available at:   Government of Kenya (GoK). (2010). National Climate Change Strategy. Nairobi: Government Printers. Government of Kenya (GoK). (2011). Scaling-up renewable energy program (SREP) investment plan for Kenya: Government Printers. Available at:  Government of Kenya (GoK). (2011). Updated Least Cost Development Plan: Government Printers."


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"Projected changes were addressed through the selection of no and low regrets measures, incorporation of knowledge of future climate change into decisions on long-lived fixed assets and policies, and identifying where a long lead-in decision timeline is required before an action can take effect.  Adaptation priorities identified and elaborated in the NAP are listed below in Table  48. These priorities are based on risk and vulnerability assessments across the MTP II sectors, and build on NCCAP priority actions in a\f  wide range of sectors."


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"Projected increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations may raise the carbon to nitrogen ratio of forage for herbivores, thus reducing its food value and the carrying capacities of landscapes. For major wildlife habitats, this would have disastrous effects. Changes in temperature will lead to a shift of vegetation to higher elevations while some species could become extinct."


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"Projections suggest a decrease in the number of days and nights that are considered \u2018cold\u2019 in the current climate. Cold days and nights are expected to become very rare.  GCMs suggest that there may be increases in average annual rainfall in Kenya by the 2060s. However there is considerable model disagreement with a range of projections varying from a 5 per cent decrease to a 17 per cent increase by the 2030s and no change to a 26 per cent increase by 2060s."


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"Prolonged droughts have become more common since 2000, increasing the amount of arid and semi-arid land area to 80% of the total surface area.11  ________________________  Future Climate Change (Climate Change Scenarios)  For Kenya, Regional Climate Models (RCMs) that give greater spatial resolution for Kenya have also been developed.129 130  Future Temperature Trends  General Circulation Models (GCM)131 data indicates that the following trends are considered likely for temperatures in Kenya."


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"Promote Public-Private Partnerships in the climate change response. 8. Put in place a framework for coordination and monitoring and tracking sources, application and impacts of climate finance. Issues of Gender, Youth and Special Needs Groups in Climate  Change Actions  9.3.1 The constitutional foundations of governance in Kenya aim for an equal society, and clearly assert that women and men are equal. This equality is the goal that Kenya aims to achieve in all aspects of society interaction, whether economic, social or environmental."


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"Promote climate-smart agriculture in Kenya Development and application of Performance Benefit Measurement methodologies for adaptation, mitigation and development Livestock Grazing management systems, fodder banks and strategic reserves Price stabilization schemes and strategic livestock based food reserves Selection and breeding animals to adapt to climate change Livelihood diversification (camels, indigenous poultry, beekeeping, Rabbits, emerging livestock - quails, guinea fowls, ostriches etc) Capacity building -Inventory of indigenous knowledge, livestock insurance schemes, early warning systems, early action, stocking rates, vaccination campaigns, disease control Water Mainstreaming of CC into all water resource management plans and actions Water conservation efforts including the reversal of degradation of the main water towers and rehabilitation and restoration of all water catchments Increasing urban& rural domestic water supplies urban sewage services to help combating water borne diseases and their social and economic impacts Enhance irrigation and drainage to increase agricultural production and address water requirements for livestock production Carry out effective trans-boundary water resources management Carry out water resources assessment, documentation and dissemination of necessary information to stakeholders Environment Strengthening the capacity of national and county institutions responsible for"


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"Promote the creation of green jobs by establishing an enabling policy framework for investment, and creating business friendly regulatory environments in key areas such as renewable energy, efficient transport, clean manufacturing and sustainable agriculture.\f CLIMATE CHANGE  5.1.1 Kenya recognizes that climate change mainstreaming represents the best strategic approach to ensure that action on climate change results in meeting the overall policy objective of attaining low carbon and climate resilient development."


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"Promote the implementation of reforms and the staffing of the unit within the ERC (4 months)\fKenya s Action 1:   CONSULT ON AND ADOPT THE DRAFT CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY CURRENTLY BEING DEVELOPED Action Reference Number: Action summary Widely consult on and eventually adopt the draft Climate Change Policy currently being developed as a Parliamentary Sessional Paper. The Policy will frame Kenya\u2019s climate change response within the attainment of climate resilient and low-emission development."


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"Promote the implementation of reforms in the Sessional Paper No.4 of 2004 and the Energy Act 2006 that have not yet been enacted  3. Promote the implementation of reforms in the draft Energy Policy and Bill 2012 once passed (12 months)  4. Support the establishment of the one-stop shop under the ERC (6 months)\fKenya s Action 8:  ESTABLISH A REGULAR PLATFORM FOR ENGAGEMENT AND DIALOGUE BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF KENYA AND INVESTORS Action Reference Action summary This action involves the establishment of a regular (i.e."


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"Promotion of non-motorized transport (NMT) \u2013 Improving conditions for pedestrians and bicyclists are an important component of Vision 2030, Integrated National Transport Policy and Nairobi\u2019s NMT Policy. However, this option was not included in the mitigation analysis for two main reasons. First, about half of journeys in Nairobi are undertaken by NMT, primarily because of a lack of capacity in the public transport system and unaffordable costs of motorized transport."


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"Proportion of agricultural sector public, private and CSOs value chain actors involved in CSA activities \u2022 M&E reports \u2022 Platform engagement reports \u2022 High participation of the private sector and / or civil society will result high impact \u2022 Actors willing to share their resources and information Programmatic Coordination with Development Partners strengthened 1.3.1: Joint agricultural sector CSA programming and financing mechanism in place 1.3.2."


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"Proportion of development partners funding CSA \u2022 Joint Projects / Programmes developed M&E reports \u2022 Development partners join and support agricultural sector institutions\u2019 CSA  coordination efforts Outcome 1.4: Research- Extension Liaison strengthened 1.4.1: Functional CSA based research \u2013 extension platforms 1.4.2: CSA technologies developed and packaged for adoption by agricultural sector value chain actors \u2022 M&E reports \u2022 Research-Extension platforms \u2022 Technologies packages \u2022 Actors willing to share resources and information \u2022 Technologies developed with end users in mind \u2022 Actors interested in cooperation in CSA research and extension liaisons funding for CSA improved 1.5.1: CSA technologies developed 1.5.2: Actors involved in CSA  research \u2022 M&E reports \u2022 Research publications \u2022 Funds released on time for planned research activities \u2022 Actors are willing to undertake CSA research Appropriate CSA policies, strategies and regulations reviewed, developed and rolled out 1.6.1: Policies, strategies and regulations relevant to CSA in use at both levels of governments."


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"Proportion of land that is degraded over total land area Goal 6 - Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all 6.6 - By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes Change in the extent of water-related ecosystems over time Goal 2 - End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture 2.4 - By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality Proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture Goal 12 - Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns 12.2 - By 2030, achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources Material footprint, material footprint per capita and material footprint per GDP Source: United Nations (2017)."


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"Protocol: An international agreement linked to an existing convention, but as a separate and additional agreement that must be signed and ratified by the Parties to the convention concerned. Protocols typically strengthen a convention by adding new, more detailed commitments. Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation plus: Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation plus the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks."


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"Protocols for forecast based financing Infrastructure P18:Develop and adopt guidelines on how to climate proof energy infrastructure using vulnerability risk (energy) assessments P19:Enhance climate proofing of energy infrastructure along the renewable energy supply chain P20: Increase the number of companies participating in energy efficient water-use initiatives by 40% from the baseline Infrastructure (roads) P21:Upscale the construction of roads to systematically harvest water and reduce flooding P22: Enhance institutional capacities on climate proofing vulnerable road infrastructure through vulnerability assessments P23: Promote the use of appropriate designs and building materials to enhance resilience of, at least 4500km of roads to climate risk Water and sanitation _|P24:Conduct and implement recommendations on climate and risk assessments on water, sanitation and irrigation infrastructure P25:Build resilience infrastructure for the protection of dams and dykes and river lines P26;Promote water harvesting and storage at county and household levels P27: Mainstream climate change into water catchment management plans P28:Conduct a vulnerability and risk assessment of different climate risks on human health \u2014 P29: Develop a public awareness and social mobilisation strategy on climate change and health impacts P30: Develop health programmes, protocols and guidance_to manage new climate change related REPUBLIC OF KENYA diseases and risks P31:Reduce the incidence"


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"Provide capacity development support to actors at national and county level to move forward with implementing the NCCAP (based on an annual identification of priorities). Establishment of an effective public awareness associated with the climate change resource centre. Integration of climate change into all levels of Kenya\u2019s education system. Total\fKenya s Kenya s\fKenya s Technology development, transfer and diffusion are required to avoid the adverse effects of climate change and to enable Kenya to achieve low carbon climate resilient development."


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"Provision of contingent grants, complemented by a drilling risk insurance and a long term risk (LTR) guarantee. A premium payment mechanism would entail disbursement of a pre- defined additional income per MWh to increase financial attractiveness on specific fields for a limited period. A technical assistance facility (TAF) will provide advisors, training, secondments and workshops addressing IPP integration, mobilizing finance and expediting environmental and social approvals. The NAMA will support a national geothermal capacity building program that undertakes training, research, mapping, planning and database development."


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"Provisions of such laws ought to be carefully analysed and reviewed to determine which ones may be strengthened 8.0 Climate Change Governance Climate Change Governance\f\u2018together we can tackle climate change\u2019 National Climate Change Response Strategy to facilitate climate change mitigation and adaptation in related sectors. In addition, there is a comprehensive environmental law \u2013 the Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA, 1999) \u2013 which has relevant provisions for mitigation against climate change."


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"Prudent management of resources requires a balance in the allocation of mobilised resources to both mitigation and adaptation to address the climate change needs of the country. Criteria should be developed to identify an appropriate allocation of resources in a manner that proportionately responds to both climate resilience and low carbon priority needs. 9.2.4 PPPs have emerged as viable mechanisms for leveraging private sector financing to support public policy goals. An enabling regulatory framework has been put in place by the government to support PPPs."


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"Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) Public-Private Partnerships are an association between government and private sector through which private financing is utilized to perform a public function, at a profit to the private sector.  REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation plus the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks. REDD+ is a mechanism under the UNFCCC designed to create a financial value for the carbon stored in forests, offering incentives for developing countries to reduce emissions from forested lands."


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"Public Private Partnerships: Public Private Partnerships are an association between government and private sector through which private financing is utilised to perform a public function, at a profit to the private sector.  Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation plus the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks (REDD+): A mechanism under the UNFCCC designed to create a financial value for the carbon stored in forests, offering incentives for developing countries to reduce emissions by not clearing forested lands."


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"Public awareness and communication Since climate change is a serious challenge requiring the active participation of all members of the society, the most up to date techniques for creating public awareness and action amongst all segments of the populace are recommended. It is thus important to implement the public awareness plan as detailed in the full analysis report on knowledge management mentioned above."


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"Public awareness can inform policymaking because it provides a two-way directional flow of information and feedback. 7.1.2 Increasing public awareness on climate change impacts and interventions can help to facilitate the role of the public as a positive agent to reinforce climate change interventions. Kenya has various mechanisms for public awareness, especially through government, private sector and civil society."


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"Public transport services are comparably expensive or in some case inadequate to meet demand, and private cars are out of the financial reach of the majority of citizens.86 Public transport is relatively under-  developed and is dominated by minibuses (matatus). The government has identified the mobility needs of Kenya\u2019s rural inhabitants and has stated its commitment to the promotion of Intermediate Means of Transport (IMTs) as a strategy for poverty alleviation."


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"Published by the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies. Geneva.  IPCC (2005). IPCC/TEAP Special Report: Safeguarding the Ozone Layer and the Global Climate System. Refrigeration Chapter 4. Mobile Air Conditioning Chapter 6 and Residential and Commercial Air Conditioning Chapter 5. Cambridge University Press.  IPCC (2006).  2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.  Volume 1 through Volume 8. Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, Eggleston H.S., Buendia L., Miwa K., Ngara T. and Tanabe K. (eds). Published: IGES, Japan.  Mbugua, D. (2006)."


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"Pulp and Paper TOTAL INDUSTRIAL PROCESS EMISSIONS  Solvent and Other Product Use  The use of solvents and certain products can lead to significant sources of emissions of non- methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs). Estimations of NMVOC emissions were generated for products where import data was available for paints. NMVOC emissions from household product use (e.g., personal care products, adhesives, automotive products) were also estimated based on typical use of these products estimated in other countries."


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"Put in place a technical institutional framework to guide policy and functional implementation of climate change legal obligations of the national and county governments.  5. Put in place and regularly review subsidiary legislation as may be necessary to support implementation of various interventions through the national climate change legislation.  6. Regularly review and amend relevant sectoral laws and policies in order to integrate climate change policy considerations and implement priority actions in respective sectors.  7."


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"Put in place mechanism to ensure and enhance the participation of the youth in climate change governance and position them to take advantage of opportunities. 6. Undertake a systemic analysis of the various special needs and ensure that planning and climate change responses mainstream participation and protection to persons with special needs. Change Measurement, Reporting and Benefit Measurement  9.4.1 All actions taken to respond to climate change should be measured, reported and verified."


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"Put in place mechanisms for public consultation and participation in climate change governance at all levels of government. 8. Strengthen coordination and capacity for international climate change negotiations. Finance and Other Resources  9.2.1 Adequate and predictable financial resources are a crucial component for achieving Kenya\u2019s ambitious climate change response objectives."


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"Put in place mechanisms to enhance resource mobilisation for climate change R&D and technology development.\f AND PUBLIC AWARENESS  7.1.1 Public participation is a core value and principle of national governance in Kenya. Raising and maintaining the awareness of the public on matters of climate change is one way to enhance this participation."


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"Put in place mechanisms to gather, document and promote application of traditional indigenous knowledge and practices on climate change. 6. Mainstream gender analysis into climate change knowledge and information management. 7. Implement mechanisms to facilitate and support access to climate change information.\f CHANGE GOVERNANCE  Regulatory Framework  9.1.1 Appropriately designed legislative, policy and institutional frameworks provide a regulatory architecture comprising the vital components of climate change governance. This architecture is crucial to achieving effective policy and action plan implementation."


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"Put in place mechanisms to utilize actions plans and performance contracts as tools for review and evaluation of inputs and results under this Policy. 2. Collaborate with county governments in setting up M&E procedures for this climate change policy. 3. Incorporate climate change indicators into the National Integrated Monitoring and Evaluation System. 4."


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"Put in place overarching climate change legislation to provide the framework for coordinated implementation of climate change responses and action plans. 2. Put in place a Cabinet level climate change committee to coordinate the mainstreaming of climate change into national development processes.  3. Put in place an appropriate institutional coordination mechanism with high-level convening power to enhance inter-sectoral and inter-governmental responses to climate change.  4."


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"QA/QC Procedures  Quality assurance (QA) is a planned system of review procedures.  It is performed by personnel not directly involved in the inventory compilation and development process.  Quality control (QC) is a system of routine technical activities to assess and maintain the quality of the inventory as it is being compiled.  It is performed by the personnel compiling the inventory.  Identifying QA/QC procedures can help to establish a cost-effective QA/QC program that improves transparency, consistency, comparability, completeness, and confidence in national GHG inventories."


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"Quick win opportunity  \u221a Cost associated with the Action in Kenyan Shillings Ksh 215 million. Immediate next steps The first 3 activities to be completed are to: \u00b7\ufffd Secure funding for capacity building (December 2012); \u00b7\ufffd Raise profile of the action across the MDAs (March 2013); \u00b7\ufffd Secure formal agreement from the MDAs for capacity building (April 2013); \u00b7\ufffd Appoint the capacity building management team (June 2013)."


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"Quick win opportunity r Cost associated with the Action in Kenyan Shillings Ksh 11 million. Immediate next steps A target county needs to be identified (by end of 2o13); the relevant county level ATAR or NAP actions need to have been agreed with the target county (by end 2013); the target county needs to have agreed to collaborate on the action and to provide relevant staff input (by end 2013); funding sources for the action need to have been put in place (by end 2013)."


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"RDAs REDD+ Regional Development Authorities Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation plus the efforts in conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks RVF SDGs Rift Valley Fever Sustainable Development Goals SIDA Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency SLM Sustainable Land Management UNCED UNCSD UNDP United Nations Conference on Environment and Development United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development United Nations Development Programme UNEP UNFCCC United Nations Environment Programme United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USAID United States Agency for International Development WCED World Commission on Environment and Development WMO World Meteorological Organization WRA Water Resources Authority WRUA Water Resource Users Associations WY&VG Women, Youth and Vulnerable Groups technical literature and publishes assessment reports that are widely recognized as the most credible existing sources of information on climate change."


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"REDD+ and other forest actions are expanded on in Article 5 of the Paris Agreement that \u201crecognizes the importance of adequate and predictable financial resources, including for results- based payments, for the implementation of policy approaches and positive incentives.\u201d  Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) are another avenue for developing countries to make formal submissions to the UNFCCC to seek funding for actions to meet greenhouse gas emission reduction targets included in their NDCs.  2.1.2 Tracking and Reporting of Climate Finance The Paris Agreement stipulates that structures and guidelines for the reporting of financial resources will be developed."


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"REDD+ is the acronym for \u2018reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries\u2019. Resilience refers to the ability of a social or ecological system to absorb disturbances while retaining the same basic structure and ways of functioning and its capacity for self-organisation and  to adapt to stress and change4."


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"REFERENCES Awange, J.  L., Sharifi, M. A., Ogonda, G., Wickert, J., Grafarend, E. W. and Omulo, M. A. (2008). The falling Lake Victoria water level: GRACE TRIMM and CHAMP satellite analysis of the lake basin Water Resource Management. Beare, D.J., Burns, F., Greig, A., Jones, E.G., Peach, K., Kienzle, M., McKenzie, E., Reid, D.G. (2004). Long-term increases in prevalence of North Sea fishes having southern biogeographic affinities. Marine Ecology. Progress Series 284, pp 269\u2013278. Brundtland, G.H. (1987)."


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"REPUBLIC OF KENYA  MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTRY  3.2. Adaptation and Loss & Damage  All sectors of the Kenyan economy are vulnerable to climate change. Kenya\u2019s GDP relies on climate sensitive sectors such as agriculture, tourism, industry and manufacturing."


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"REPUBLIC OF KENYA  MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTRY  To operationalize the NCCRS, the first National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP 2013-2017) was prepared in 2013 for a period of five years. It established Kenya\u2019s baseline emissions projections up to 2030 and developed a low carbon climate resilient development pathway for the country outlining priority adaptation and mitigation actions. The second NCCAP (2018-2022) for the period 2018 to 2022 was developed in 2018."


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"REPUBLIC OF KENYA  MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTRY  aspiration to increase the resilience to climate change by introducing programmes for adaptation action across sectors in support of livelihoods, poverty eradication and economic well-being of the Kenyan people while at the same time pursuing a low carbon development pathway. This represents a high level of  fairness and ambition in light of Kenya\u2019s national circumstances. 4."


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"REPUBLIC OF KENYA  MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTRY  the Paris Agreement  previously communicated NDC, as the emission reductions are enhanced from at least 30% to 32% under extremely difficult national circumstances.  It is an ambitious target for Kenya to achieve by 2030. The achievement of the target is dependent on a broad set of mitigation measures. The implementation of the Updated NDC for 2030 will be an important part of Kenya s process of transforming to a low- emission society by 2050."


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"REPUBLIC OF KENYA  Sessional Paper No. 5 of 2016 on National Climate Change Framework Policy  MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES STATE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT\f TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY  PREAMBLE  WHY A FRAMEWORK CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY?"


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"REPUBLIC OF KENYA  THE NATIONAL TREASURY  NATIONAL POLICY ON CLIMATE FINANCE  This June 2016 version of the policy include revisions that: incorporate input provided at the August 2015 national validation workshop; link the policy to the Climate Change Act, 2016; update information on climate finance to include issues arising from the Paris Agreement, and include input to address comments provided at April 2016 county consultations and discussions with the private sector in May 2016."


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"RESEARCH AND INNOVATION Research and innovation will play a key role in climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies and interventions. The complex and dynamic nature of climate change and its impacts requires Kenya to expand and maintain systems for targeted and continuous research and innovation, including development of technologies for the national or local context. Despite considerable effort, further research inputs are required to determine how climate change will impact various economic sectors, ecosystems and vulnerable groups."


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"Raila Amolo Odinga, EGH, MP, Prime Minister K enya and indeed the horn of Africa region at large has in the last few years come face to face with the unprecedented challenge of climate change impacts and the corresponding socio-economic losses to our communities. Our high dependence on climate sensitive natural resources for our livelihoods and economic sustenance will inherently increase our vulnerability to this phenomenon."


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"Railways, ports and airports are the most critical and should be made climate-resilient first, followed by tracks and bridges."


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"Rain-fed agriculture is and will remain the dominant source of staple food production and the livelihood foundation of the majority of the rural poor in Kenya.150 The high inter-annual unpredictability in precipitation is already having devastating consequences on rural livelihoods in Kenya, with droughts and floods a frequent occurrence in both the arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs) and the high potential areas."


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"Rainfall variations over Mombasa on Kenya\u2019s coast and Lodwar in the North West of the country demonstrate the localised nature of rainfall trends over the last 50 years. (Figures 40 [A, B, and C] and Figure 41 [A, B and C]) \f  Figure 39: Distribution of mean annual rainfall and rainfall variation in Kenya. A: Distribution of mean annual rainfall. Wetter areas border Lake Victoria and central highlands of the Rift Valley."


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"Rangelands are a po- tential source of carbon finance given their ability to sequester thousands of tonnes of carbon if well managed, \u2022\ufffd encouraging participatory approach to rangeland management involving pastoral communities who depend on rangeland resources for their livelihoods, \u2022\ufffd creating community wildlife conservancies to help in the conservation of wildlife especially of endangered species, \u2022\ufffd improving wildlife species conservation efforts for instance through wildlife trans- location during extreme droughts, and \u2022\ufffd evaluating potential socioeconomic im- pacts of remedial measures (e.g."


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"Rationale:  Surface studies suggest that 5,000 to 10,000 MW of electricity could be generated through geothermal. The initial high cost and risk of resource exploration have slowed down the development of geothermal power despite its cost competitiveness on a life-cycle basis.  The de- velopment of geothermal electricity generation has been identified as priority in Kenya\u2019s Updated Least Cost Power Development Plan and other Government of Kenya planning documents."


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"Rationale:  The transport sector is a critical enabler in achieving Vision 2030, and mass rapid transit systems are a key component of the pending Nairobi Metro 2030 plan. Impact:  An improved mass transit system for Nairobi is a priority for relieving current traffic congestion and meeting the expected growth in future transportation demands. Bus rapid transit systems are increasingly being implemented in developing cities across the world."


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"Rationale: Extensive reforestation is needed to help Kenya meet its forest-related goals, including the goal of 10 per cent forest cover stated in the constitution. The tree cover is significantly diminished in many areas and natural regeneration inhibited, requiring tree planting activities. Impact:  Funding and implementation of actions to reforest degraded forests will eventually lead to improved forest management and associated co-benefits, such as improved water availability, hydropower generation, reduced flooding and landslides, and sustainable use of forest products such as fuelwood, charcoal and medicines."


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"Rationale:Many of the low-carbon development opportunities will only gain traction if they are recognized and taken up in the formal Government of Kenya planning process. The MPND is involved in the Action Plan process and taken steps under SC1 to mainstream climate change considerations in the MTP2. It will be important to extend this mainstreaming process to other aspects of national planning, including the county and sectoral plans."


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"Realising the Vision 2030 objective of developing Kenya as a major tourism destination globally will require consideration of climate change impacts and commencement of appropriate response and\f intervention measures. (viii) Health Human health has been affected adversely by climate change impacts in Kenya. The country has a high degree of risk from climate-sensitive infectious diseases such as food or waterborne diseases like diarrhoea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever. Vector-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, and Rift Valley Fever are also common."


id: 607cdb2dac3530ba7d7b6a5bb7771386
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"Realising the Vision 2030 objective of developing Kenya as a major tourism destination globally will require consideration of climate change impacts and commencement of appropriate response and intervention measures."


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"Realising the need to reduce the long gestation periods in the development of geothermal power, the Government has set up the Geothermal Development Company (GDC) to undertake integrated development of geothermal power through initial exploration, drilling, resource assessments and the promotion of direct utilisation of geothermal resources. GDC is 100 per cent owned and funded by the Government. By undertaking the initial project activities, GDC will absorb the attendant risks associated with geothermal development and therefore open up opportunities for both public and private participation."


id: 167eb76bec5720ddc7dd8c9b32c44966
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"Receding rangelands threaten to wipe out Kenya s wildlife, which is the basis of the country s tourism industry. Photo by Camco Kenya. continues at its current rate. In Kenya, lions may be extinct in the next 20 years due to expanding human settlements, farming, climate change and disease."


id: b02c1748fb0cbbe78806ab585fcea95c
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"Recent UNFCCC decisions have recommended national adaptation planning be based on assessments of development needs and climate vulnerability. This approach recognises that adaptation actions need to address socio-economic development deficits as well as climate effects. The strength of this approach is that a fuller integration with national development planning and implementation is possible than through the climate risks-based approaches. In the NAP the climate risk-based approach of the ATAR and a development needs and climate vulnerability will be combined to draw the strengths from each."


id: 91cc7ea053564d0c188835ffbbcb8ac5
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"Recent climate variability has had significant social and economic costs. Frequent floods and droughts have led to loss of life and damaged property, and exerted pressure on public finances \u2013 all of which can slow down Kenya\u2019s growth prospects. Private economic activities and infrastructure are being damaged by extreme climate events. The cost of insurance where available is increasing, and many businesses have to divert financial resources to cover the additional costs of adapting to climate change impacts, thereby reducing more productive sector investments."


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"Recent crop failures have necessitated Government sponsored imports in order to address food deficits in many parts of the country. Between 2008 and 2009 alone, the Government had to import 2.6 million bags of maize worth Ksh. 6.7 billion. The Ministry of Agriculture\u2019s \u2018Economic Review of 2009\u2019 indicated that the production of other major crops like tea, sugarcane and wheat had also declined."


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"Recent developments in the Kenyan cement sector show coal as a preferred substitute, which lowers prices but increases emissions, and would impact the mitigation scenario and expected emission reductions from the sector. The industrial energy efficiency mitigation option assumes a 15% energy efficiency improvement by 2030. The industrial and commercial sector in Kenya is dominated by small and medium enterprises, and includes agriculture and food, pulp and paper, information and communication, and textile industries."


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"Recognising that the risks posed by climate change are legitimate but highly unpredictable, the Government of Kenya published in 2010 its NCCRS, which investigated climate vulnerability."


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"Recurring droughts have caused heavy losses to livestock, forcing an estimated 30% of livestock owners out of pastoralism in the past 20 years. Estimated livestock mortality as a result of drought is about 10\u201315% above normal in the affected areas, which is equivalent to 5% of Kenya\u2019s livestock population (World Bank, 2011). Between 2008 and 2011, drought caused losses in livestock that amounted to about KSh. 700 billion."


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"Reduced connection fees to the national grid, from KES 35,000 to KES 15,000 in May 2015 contributed to Kenya Power adding at least one million new connections. The national connectivity access rate increased from 47% in March 2013 to 55% in June 2016.9 The Government\u2019s Last Mile Connectivity project aims to attain a 70% electricity access rate by 2017 and universal access An estimated 6.7 million households comprised the off-grid and decentralized electricity market in 2013."


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"Reducing Deforestation and Forest Degradation: Natural forests can be used in a sustainable manner for a variety of non-timber forest products, including mushrooms, medicines\fN D C  S E C T O R  A N A LY S I S  R E P O R T  2 0 1 7 and others. Carbon payments and payments for ecosystem services are possible means for supplementing the incomes of local communities and supporting the attainment of SDG 1 to end poverty in all its forms everywhere."


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content:
"Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Deg- radation (REDD): An Options Assessment Re- port. Prepared for the Government of Norway Mitchell, A. W. (Nov. 2008). The little REDD Book: a guide to governmental and non- governmental proposals for reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation. A publica- tion of Global Canopy Foundation MoE, 2008. Feed-in Tariffs Policy on Wind, Biomass, and Small Hydro Resource Generated Electricity."


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"Reducing losses in transmission and distribution \u2013 Reducing losses in transmission and distribution could be a feasible option for lowering GHG emissions. Current levels of transmission and distribution losses are 16.3 percent. Reducing the level to 10 percent would reduce energy supply requirements by 6.8 percent, effectively reducing electricity sector emissions by a similar amount."


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"Reducing methane emissions from uncontrolled anaerobic decomposition are potential CDM opportunities that Kenya is yet to tap into, \u2022\ufffd encouraging improved crop production practices, e.g. mulching instead of repeated tilling to control weeds."


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"Reducing the vulnerability of Kenyans through economic growth and increasing employment opportunities and improving wages is an integral part of climate-compatible development. Training young Kenyans in relevant careers and imparting new skills to those already in the workforce or unemployed will build national resilience to climate change while aiding the country\u2019s economic development. Examples of ongoing projects/initiatives Youth and Women Enterprise Funds, Business Advocacy Fund, all projects and programmes enhancing employment of youth. Gaps Capacity building, \ufb01nancing, awareness raising."


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"Reducing the vulnerability to climate change of people, ecosystems and the economy is a positive approach to enhancing adaptive capacity, but further research is required to identify specific parameters and indicators of enhanced capacity. 4.1.3 A drastic increase in climate-induced disasters such as droughts, famine and floods, has resulted in significant socio-economic damage and environmental degradation. These climate change impacts have the potential to undermine realisation of the country\u2019s sustainable development objectives."


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"Refer to the Adaptation Technical Analysis Report (ATAR), 2012, accessed at:   index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=30:adaptation-analysis. Refer to ATAR, appendices 2, 7 and 10. Refer to ATAR, Chapter 3 on impacts and sectoral risks, and Appendix 10 for county vulnerabilities. Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Program, accessed at:    uploads/2015/08/Kenya-CSA-Program-June-24-.pdf. For more details, refer to the ATAR, Chapter 2. For more details, refer to the ATAR, Chapter 2. See xvii. For more details, refer to the ATAR, Chapter 2."


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"Refinery Usage Tonnes per year Reduced to zero in 2015 Reflects non-operational status of the refinery Fuelwood Tonnes per year of dry matter (dm) year Based on data from two studies: Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (2013). Analysis of Demand and Supply of Wood Products in Kenya. Study carried out by Wanleys Consultancy Services. Nairobi, Kenya and United Nations Environment Programme (2006). Kenya: Integrated assessment of the Energy Policy With focus on the transport and household energy sectors."


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"Reforestation has strong adaptation co-benefits and can help to increase climate resilience. Clear policies are needed on the tree species to be used for reforestation, considering the trade offs between fast-growing exotic tree species that could meet fuelwood demand and the more comprehensive ecosystem services of natural forests. Areas of relevance Sectors: Environment, Water and Sanitation; 2.2 Forestry Adaptation \u221a, Mitigation \u221a Development \u221a  - Forestry actions can have strong adaptation benefits."


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"Reforestation of Degraded Forests - Undertake a programme of work to replant forests on 240,000 hectares of land that were previously forests; including, inter alia: tree planting activities; awareness raising, consultation and demonstration; policy development; capacity building; measuring, monitoring and reporting; and research."


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"Reforestation: The direct human-induced conversion of non-forested land to forested land through planting, seeding and/or the human-induced promotion of natural seed sources, on land that was forested but that has been converted to non-forested land. \f  Sustainable Development: Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.  Technology Transfer: A broad set of processes covering the flows of know-how, experience and equipment for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to climate change."


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"Reforestation: The re-establishment of forest formations after a temporary condition with less than 10% of canopy cover due to human-induced or natural perturbations. Resilience: The ability of a system and its component parts to anticipate, absorb, accommodate, or recover from the effects of a hazardous event in a timely and efficient manner. Sensitivity (to climate variability or change): Sensitivity is the degree to which a system is affected, either adversely or beneficially, by climate variability or change. The effect may be direct (e.g."


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"Regarding equity, the point is that negative impacts of climate change fall disproportionately on those least able to bare them. The issues highlighted in the previous sections were among those that the delegates at COP 15 in Copenhagen discussed."


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"Regeneration of degraded forestlands also reduces erosion and sediment discharge in rivers, and improves the health of soil. Much restoration could be realized through a dry area landscape conservation approach, which could bring benefits to the ASAL regions because dryland forests and forest products \u2013 including timber, gums and resin, and charcoal \u2013 bring important economic benefits."


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"Regional initiatives to respond to climate change include; the development of the East African Community Climate Change Policy (EACCCP), Masterplan and Strategy, which also informs Kenya\u2019s National Climate Change Framework Policy. The EAC regional Climate Change Master Plan (2011-2031) serves as the blue print to guide regional climate change response measures, in the long term. 1.2.3 National issues on Climate Change and Agriculture Kenya\u2019s economic indicators over the years show that growth in the agriculture sector is synonymous to Kenya\u2019s economic growth."


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"Regulations and codes should be revised to account for climate change impacts, and climate risk screening should be undertaken for flagship projects in the infrastructure sector.\fKenya s e) Manufacturing Kenya has one of the largest manufacturing sectors in sub-Saharan Africa, and expansion of the sector forms a significant part of the country\u2019s development strategy. Climate change causes real problems for the manufacturing sector."


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"Regulations and codes should be revised to account for climate change impacts, and climate risk screening should be undertaken for flagship projects in the infrastructure sector. Priority adaptation actions identified in Kenya\u2019s NAP, NCCAP and through research are set out in Table 7.5.\fN D C  S E C T O R  A N A LY S I S  R E P O R T  2 0 1 7 Table 7.5."


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"Regulatory institutions in matters related to climate smart agriculture include: National Environment Management Authority (NEMA); Water Resources Authority (WRA); Water Services Regulatory Authority (WaSReA); National Land Commission (NLC); National Biosafety Authority (NBA); Agriculture and Food Authority (AFA); Directorate of Veterinary Services (DVS); Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Service (KEPHIS); Kenya Forest Service (KFS); and Fisheries Department in charge of Monitoring, Control and Surveillance; and Fish Quality Assurance."


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"Reinforced climate change desk officers in all line ministries will also be required to achieve effective mainstreaming of climate change. To ensure the institutional structure provides for climate change response by the county governments, county governments will have climate change functions. These functions will be coordinated by the National Climate Change Secretariat, which will provide the necessary support to the counties in the development and implementation of county level climate change action plans."


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"Relative to greater budgetary support; the KCF would have more clarity of purpose and allow the development of Kenyan expertise and transparency on climate financing. Relative to maintaining or augmenting the current development partner-led approach, the KCF would offer greater opportunities for alignment with national priorities (the \u2018ownership\u2019 principle). There are admittedly challenges to using the Fund to channel public resources, but with careful design these can be overcome."


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"Reliable and efficient road, rail, air and water transport infrastructure facilitates smooth and faster movement of goods and services and national and regional integration. This, boosts trade within and across Kenyan borders, promotes economic development, and contributes to poverty reduction and wealth creation. ."


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"Rep no.: KEF09/11494/01. Prepared by Pasco Corporation under the Forest Preservation Programme. Mbugua, D. (2006). Kenya Forestry Assessment Report. Forest Outlook Studies in Africa. Ministry of Energy and Petroleum (2002). Study on Kenya\u2019s Energy Demand, Supply and  Policy Strategy for Households, Small scale Industries and Service Establishments. Kamfor Consultants, Nairobi, Kenya. Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (2013). Analysis of Demand and Supply of Wood Products in Kenya. Study carried out by Wanleys Consultancy Services. Nairobi, Kenya. NEMA (2005)."


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"Rep no.: KEF09/11494/01. Prepared by Pasco Corporation under the Forest Preservation Programme. Mbugua, D. (2006). Kenya Forestry Assessment Report. Forest Outlook Studies in Africa. Ministry of Energy and Petroleum (2002). Study on Kenya\u2019s Energy Demand, Supply and Policy Strategy for Households, Small scale Industries and Service Establishments. Kamfor Consultants, Nairobi, Kenya. Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (2013). Analysis of Demand and Supply of Wood Products in Kenya. Study carried out by Wanleys Consultancy Services. Nairobi, Kenya. NEMA (2005)."


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"Replacing incandescent bulbs with CFL decreases energy consumption by as much as 80 per cent. Among the enabling actions to promote energy-efficient bulbs are duty and VAT exemptions to make them affordable to  low-end consumers. Compact fluorescent lamp technology is an imported one but is not widely diffused especially at the household level. Among the barriers to diffusion of CFLs is the high cost of the bulbs and lack of awareness as to the benefits they bring to the consumer and the environment in general."


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"Replacing kerosene lamps with renewable lighting technologies, using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) instead of fuelwood for cooking, and cogeneration of heat and power in agriculture were also found to have significant abatement potentials of over 1.5 MtCO2e a year in 2030. The opportunities for promoting energy efficiency are captured under energy efficiency across industry, energy efficient electrical appliances and energy efficient light bulbs."


id: a53aa563eba43a2c822250f84e65f5f9
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"Replacing kerosene lamps with renewable lighting technologies, using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) instead of fuelwood for cooking, and cogeneration of heat and power in agriculture were also found to have significant abatement potentials of over 1.64 MtCO2e a year in 2030. Transport: Seven low carbon development options were analysed for the transport sector."


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"Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future, Oslo. Norway Brander, K.M., Blom, G., Borges, M.F., Erzini, K., Henderson, G., MacKenzie, B.R., Mendes,H., Ribeiro, J., Santos, A.M.P., Toresen, R., (2003). Changes in fish distribution in the eastern North Atlantic: are we seeing a coherent response to changing temperature? ICES Marine Science Brander, L.M., Rehdanz, K., Tol, R.S. and van Bevkering. 2010. The economic impact of Ocean Acidification on coral reefs. Climate change economics 03."


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"Reports indicate that the Kenyan Highlands, which were initially free of malaria, will be exposed to the risk of malaria following increasing temperatures and precipitation.178 179 180 In contrast, exposure will likely be reduced in lower altitudes.181 A recent modelling study has projected that by 2055, as a result of the central average climate warming (2.3\u00b0C) across the projections, the\f  population annually affected by malaria in rural areas over 1,000 metres (which comprises 63.5% of the population of Kenya) would increase by up to 74%."


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"Representatives from Survey of Kenya, Kenya Forest Service, DRSRS and Regional Centre for Mapping of Resources for Development have already started working in the lab and started the land cover mapping work for the country. The lab will continue to produce these maps for sustainable flow of data into the SLEEK data platform beyond the program timelines."


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"Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is strictly prohibited without  prior written permission of the copyright holder. This document has been produced by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries   in collaboration with the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources with support from the World Bank, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Food and  Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) through the Integrating Agriculture in National Adaptation Plans project."


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"Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the copyright holder."


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"Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is strictly prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. This document has been produced by the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation in collaboration with the Ministry of Environment and Forestry with support from the DFID, the UNDP and the FAO through the Integrating Agriculture in National Adaptation Plans project (NAP-Ag), NEPAD, COMESA and the CGIAR\u2019s Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS)."


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"Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is strictly prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. To obtain copies of this publication, please contact The Permanent Secretary Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources P.O. Box 30126-00100, Nairobi Email: psoffice@environment.go.ke Website: www.environment.go.ke\fKenya s V Preface H.E. Hon."


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"Republic of Kenya Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources  Kenya\u2019s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)  Update of Kenya\u2019s Emission Baseline Projections and Impact on NDC Target  Developed with the support of the StARCK+ Climate Change Technical Assistance to the Government of Kenya  \f  Republic of Kenya Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources  The Principal Secretary, State Department of Environment and officials from the National Climate Change Directorate, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, provided guidance and leadership for the preparation of this document."


id: 33290eea56eb7ac3a3f4e41de78e1d28
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"Research and Systematic Observation While the Government remains the principal source of funding in research and systematic observation, its investment in this area has remained low - less than one per cent of the Gross Domestic Product."


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"Research and study to fill emission data gaps, develop UNFCCC reporting processes, and develop Kenya-specific emission factors: January 2013 to January 2015 (two-year process)\fKenya s Action 8: CAPACITY BUILDING FOR MEASURING, REPORTINGON AND MONITORING FORESTRY EMISSIONS AND SINKS Action Reference Number: Action summary Develop a national forest inventory, forest reference scenario, and a monitoring and reporting system that allows for transparent accounting of emissions and removals in the forestry and land-use sectors."


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"Research focusing on technological development plays an important role in preparing a low- carbon society of the future by improving existing climate-friendly technologies and developing new ones. Agricultural research on the other hand, facilitates the identification of cost-effective ways of producing food for the growing human population. Thanks to the IPCC and other research organisations and individuals involved in climate change issues, our knowledge is advancing rapidly. Through research and economic analysis, the most cost-effective measures to mitigate climate change can be identified."


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"Research interventions in these areas and in other sectors including water, forestry, wildlife and tourism as well as health are detailed in Chapter 7. Information documentation and dissemination are important to ensure different stakeholders take appropriate action to respond to the challenges presented by climate change. To this end, one of the key priority areas will be improving national coordination of information through enhancing packaging and expediting timely dissemination. Further, efforts should be made to support technology generation and absorption."


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"Research on access to the various forms of media suggest that communicating climate change information to the general public in Kenya requires the use of radio, mobile phones, television, internet and print media, in that order."


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"Research on climate change-related water challenges should span hydrological systems, drinking water, wastewater and storm-water issues, and should involve: \u2022\ufffd intensified research on hydrologic cycle predictions as these have a direct effect on the spatial and temporal distribution of A map showing an acute diar- rhoea and cholera situation in Kenya following flash floods in 2009."


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"Research organizations that have a role in climate smart agriculture include: Kenya Agriculture and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO); Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI); Kenya Marine Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI); International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI); World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF); Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR); International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE); and Universities."


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"Research undertaken by the Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI) as well as other organizations and individuals indicates evidence of mangrove loss due to climate change and other factors in several areas along the Kenyan coast such as Gazi Bay, Mwache Creek, Ngomeni, Tana River Delta and Dodori Creek. 2.2.1.2  Rangelands and Wildlife Resources Kenya\u2019s rangelands, which support millions of pastoralists and small-scale agro-pastoralists, mainly occur in areas where rainfall is low and erratic and soils are highly variable and infertile."


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"Research undertaken by the Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI) as well as other organizations and individuals indicates evidence of mangrove loss due to climate change and other factors in several areas along the Kenyan coast such as Gazi Bay, Mwache Creek, Ngomeni, Tana River Delta and Dodori Creek. 2.4.2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Agriculture Sector Strategic Issue 4: Emissions from key sources in agricultural production systems Crops sub-sector The main source of emissions is from the paddy rice production system."


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"Research, Technology Development, Absorption and Diffusion\f\u2018together we can tackle climate change\u2019 National Climate Change Response Strategy rainfall and therefore the quantity of fresh water available for domestic, commercial and industrial use, \u2022\ufffd assessment of watersheds and water resource vulnerability due to hydrological cycle changes, \u2022\ufffd assessment of water quality as it relates to source and receiving waters, storage, treatment, conveyance and demand, in addition to research on adaptation and management practices to protect and manage water quality, \u2022\ufffd assessment of the potential impacts of climate change on water, waste-water and storm-water infrastructure \u2013 including risk exposure of key infrastructural nodes to weather extremes \u2013 and the impact of rising sea level on coastal water infrastructure, and \u2022\ufffd assessing the use of cost effective and environmentally friendly water purification methods e.g."


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"Research, Technology Development, Absorption and Diffusion\f\u2018together we can tackle climate change\u2019 National Climate Change Response Strategy the fact that adaptation to climate change is a primary concern of Kenya, the Technology Needs and Needs Assessment \u2013 Kenya 2005 report did not capture technologies needed to adapt to climate change due to what it termed as \u2018insufficient resources.\u2019 To bridge this technology gap, greater collaborations with and learning from other developing countries is therefore essential."


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"Residential & Commercial Energy Demand Improved Cookstoves Improved heat retention, formulation of standards for cookstoves, regulating fuel wood harvesting to reflect true value of resource. National Forestry Inventory and monitoring to determine sustainable forest harvesting levels. Energy Efficient Lighting CFLs, LEDs, national energy efficiency policy, use of energy audits, standards development, public awareness of energy efficiency technologies through labeling of end-user consumer technologies. Co-generation in Agriculture Gasification technology, high-efficiency boiler and combustion technology, demonstration and awareness raising."


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"Resource mobilisation for policy implementation will be closely linked to Kenya\u2019s climate finance strategy. The Cabinet Secretary, MENR, appointed a task force in February 2014 that delivered the draft climate change policy in October 2014, following a national validation workshop."


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"Restoration of Degraded Lands through Reforestation in MAU Forest Complex, Kenya \ufffd  There is a specific mention that there is no technology transfer to the Host country. Restoration of Degraded Lands through Reforestation in Aberdare Forest Complex & National Park area, Kenya  \ufffd  There is a specific mention that there is no technology transfer to the Host country."


