# document

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created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:12
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"Restoration of degraded forests has an abatement potential of 6.06 MtCO2e per year by 2030, and reducing deforestation and forest degradation potentially can abate 1.57 MtCO2e per year by 2030.  Waste: Landfills and sewage treatment plants generate GHG emissions through the production of methane. Waste-related GHG emissions are expected to increase from 2 MtCO2e per year in 2010 to 4 MtCO2e in 2030.  Landfill gas methane capture, with an abatement potential of 0.78 MtCO2e in 2030, is the main low carbon development opportunity."


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"Restoration of degraded forests has an abatement potential of 6.1 MtCO2e per year by 2030, and reducing deforestation and forest degradation potentially can abate 1.6 MtCO2e per year by 2030.  Kenya\u2019s forest resources provide important environmental and ecosystem services, and contribute to economic development, rural livelihoods, water availability and climate resilience (adaptation benefits). Maintenance of and increased forest cover in water catchments is critical for sustaining water availability and the generation of hydropower."


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"Restoration of degraded forests has an abatement potential of 6.1 MtCO2e per year by 2030, and reducing deforestation and forest degradation potentially can abate 1.6 MtCO2e per year by 2030. Kenya\u2019s forest resources provide important environmental and ecosystem services, and contribute to economic development, rural livelihoods, water availability and climate resilience (adaptation benefits). Maintenance of and increased forest cover in water catchments is critical for sustaining water availability and the generation of hydropower."


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"Restoration of forest lands have the significant mitigation potential of 38.7 MtCO2e (32.6+6.1) per year in 2030. 12.2.5 Climate-smart agriculture and agroforestry The agriculture sector offers great potential for synergies among the objectives of food security, poverty reduction, adaptation and mitigation. Many climate-smart agricultural practices that reduce climate vulnerability also reduce emissions and improve agricultural production potential."


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"Resulting environmental and social conditions, including increased competition over resources, could intensify vulnerability to climate risks. Transitioning to a low carbon climate resilient development pathway can address future risks, thereby improving Kenya\u2019s ability to prosper under a changing climate while reducing the emissions intensity of a growing economy."


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"Results-based Financing: A modality of disbursing finance for payments for projects or interventions conditional to the achievement of previously agreed results. Similar to the CDM, whereby payment is made contingent delivery of verified emission reductions. Results-based finance for REDD+ links payments to both GHG emission reductions and enhancements in forest carbon stocks."


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"Retrieved from:  \f4 :  M I t I G At I o n  A c t I o n S MITI 3: Reforestation of degraded forests Title Reforestation of degraded forests Action Type Mitigation, enabling Sector Environment, water and sanitation, forestry Action Summary Long term: Reforest 240,000 hectares of degraded forests by 2030 to abate 6.06 Short term: Develop and submit NAMA proposal on reforestation Status Long term: In progress; Short term: In progress Lead Agency KFS Partner Agency The MENR provides assistance to present proposals to funders."


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"Review and update tourism sector policies, laws and regulations and other quasi- regulatory guidelines, governance and funding processes (within the context of Vision 2030 and the next MTP review) once the tourism risk assessments have been completed."


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"Review of progress in the implementation of CSA actions will be organized annually or biennially through forums at national and county government levels. Public participation will be encouraged through inclusion of all stakeholders in these review forums."


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"Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Reference Manual.  Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.  Geneva.  IPCC (1996): Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change. J.T Houghton, L.G. Meira Filho, B.A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg, and K. Maskell (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.  Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.  IPCC (2000).  Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Geneva.  IPCC (2003).  Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry."


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"Revised list of global Sustainable Development Goal indicators.\f3 :  A g R I C U LT U R E term viability of the land, recognizing that a certain amount of burning (assumed to be 25%) is needed for regenerative effects, pest control and managing invasive plants. It is assumed that successfully preventing 60% of rangeland burning would require reaching a significant portion of the approximately 854,000 pastoralist households in Kenya."


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"Revised list of global Sustainable Development Goal indicators.\f4 :  E N E R g Y coal was installed in lieu of 5,000 MW of baseline coal, then approximately 2.4 MtCO2e could be reduced. For example, the plan for the coal-fired power plant in Lamu includes supercritical technology, which could be upgraded to USC technology for the GHG emission reduction benefits."


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"Revised list of global Sustainable Development Goal indicators.\f5 :  F O R E S T R Y  S E C T O R Reducing deforestation & forest degradations \u2013 The reducing deforestation and forest degradation component of REDD+ includes measures to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, relative to a pre-determined reference case or BAU scenario. Increasing Kenya\u2019s forest cover to 10% would also entail halting and eventually reversing deforestation and forest degradation, such that net forestation would increase."


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"Revised list of global Sustainable Development Goal indicators. Accessed at:   Revised%20List%20of%20global%20SDG%20indicators.pdf. 12 Government of Kenya (2016). Green Economy Strategy and Implementation Plan (GESIP) 2016-2030. Nairobi: Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. 13 Government of Kenya (2010), National Climate Change Response Strategy; Government of Kenya (2013), National Climate Change Action Plan, 2013- 2017; and Government of Kenya (2016) National Adaptation Plan, 2015-2030. 14 Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (2016). Economic Survey 2016. page 17. 15 Money & Markets (2017)."


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"Revised list of global Sustainable Development Goal indicators. Table 8.3. Overview of Development Benefits of Mitigation Options in the Waste Sector climate links to sdg Abatement Adaptation Impact Renewable Energy Improved Waste Management Job Creation Landfill methane capture \u25d7 \u25d7 \u25cf Adapted from the Development Impact Tables developed for the NCCAP mitigation analysis, and updated to include the SDGs.\f8 :  W A S T E soft technology for Kenya is appropriate institutional and regulatory framework."


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"Revisions in the policy should be read in conjunction with Draft National Climate Finance Policy \u2013 Post-Validation Workshop Review of Draft Policy: Matrix for Action taken on Comments. The revisions in the policy are draft and have not been approved by the National Treasury or the Climate Finance Policy Working Group."


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"Rising temperatures and changing rainfall patterns, resulting in increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as droughts and flooding, threaten the sustainability of the country\u2019s development. In order to safeguard sustainable development, the Government of Kenya has developed this National Climate Change Framework Policy to provide a clear and concise articulation of overall response priorities to climate variability and change."


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"Risks and vulnerabilities were identified according to the methodology presented in Box Box 5.1: How the impacts and risks were identified The impacts and risks identified in the Climate Change Action Plan assessment are based on desk-based review, utilising peer-reviewed and grey literature, together with Kenya\u2019s National Communication to the UNFCCC,   stakeholder and county consultations, Technology Needs Assessment reports and other relevant national planning documents."


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"Road improvements \u2013 Road improvements, which improve the flow of traffic (for example, the construction of fly-overs and dualling of roads) and lead to reductions in congestion, will lead to improved fuel economy for individual drivers. This option was not taken further in the mitigation scenario because of a lack of data and lack of clarity about net impacts of road improvements."


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"Robert Kibunja Fisheries- Turkana County Director Fisheries 7. Davies Mukwabi MOALF-CCU Senior Fisheries officer 8. Vincent Ogwang MOALF-CCU Principal Fisheries officer 9. Omar Boru Aga Fisheries- Turkana Senior Fisheries officer 10. Fredrick Aloo MOALF-SDL Assistant Director Francis Okoyo Anunda Livestock- Kakamega County Director Livestock 12. Fredrick Wotia Agriculture- Bungoma County Director Agriculture 13. Samson K. Kunyu Livestock- Bungoma County Director Livestock 14. Joab Olilah Okoto Fisheries- Bungoma County Director Fisheries 15. Evelyn Koskei Agriculture Irrigation- West Pokot County Director Agriculture 16."


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"Robin Mbae Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, State Department of Livestock robinmbae@yahoo.com 3. Dr. Lucy Ng\u2019ang\u2019a Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, State Department of Agriculture 4. Veronica Ndetu Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, State Department of Agriculture vndetu@yahoo.com 5. Zipora Otieno Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Zipora.Otieno@fao.org 6. Rose Akombo Kenya Forest Service rakombo@gmail.com 7. Vincent Ogwang\u2019 Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, State Department of Fisheries 8."


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"Roles include organizing conferences and other events for project developers to pitch their ideas; creating a permanent \u2018match- making\u2019 platform where sellers can post projects for buyers to bid or transact; and providing technical assistance for project developers and to financial institutions. Status In progress Lead Agency National Treasury Partner Agency MENR, NEMA Stakeholders Kenya carbon market community, project developers status The National Treasury has established the Climate Finance Secretariat, responsible for climate finance, including overseeing carbon credits from a government perspective."


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"Rose Akombo MENR-KFS Assistant Director 4. Benjamin Kibor MALF-CCU Principal Livestock Production 5. Peter Karani MALF-SDA Driver 6. Joab Osumba FICCP(DFiD) Consultant 7. Zipora Otieno FAO-KE Technical Coordinator 8. Phylis Obayo FAO-KE Operations Assistant 9. Lucy Ng\u2019ang\u2019a MALF-CCU Chief Agricultural Officer 10. Irene Wambugu Livestock -Nyandarua Principal Livestock Production Richard Bundotich Livestock-Baringo Assistant Director 12. Joel Maina Agriculture-Baringo Assistant Director 13. Patrick Too Agriculture-Bomet Director 14. Felix Lagat Fisheries-Bomet Director 15. Dickson Ogwai Fisheries-Baringo Director 16. Dr. Daniel Ndung\u2019u Livestock-Laikipia Director 17."


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"RothC is an international model that is used around the world to track the flow of carbon dioxide and other gases within soils.  To undertake this customization the Soil team\f  will need to set up field trials across Kenya to understand the different soil types across the country. To do this, they will need to setup intensive field sites that can track changes in carbon over time. They will also need to understand how soil carbon changes with different land-uses."


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"SDG 13 deals with climate change, whereby countries have agreed to \u201ctake urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts,\u201d recognizing that the UNFCCC is the primary forum for negotiating the international response to climate change. 11 The role of industry is recognized by the 2030 Agenda and particularly by SDG 9: \u201cBuild resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation.\u201d Additionally, SDG 13 emphasizes the need to transform industry to become low carbon and climate resilient."


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"SDG 13 deals with climate change, whereby countries have agreed to \u201ctake urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts,\u201d recognizing that the UNFCCC is the primary forum for negotiating the international response to climate change. 20 Forests play a crucial role in addressing SDG 13."


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"SDG 13 deals with climate change, whereby countries have agreed to \u201ctake urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts,\u201d recognizing that the UNFCCC is the primary forum for negotiating the international response to climate change. 21 SDG 7 recognizes the specific role of energy: \u201censure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all\u201d."


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"SDG 13 deals with climate change, whereby countries have agreed to \u201ctake urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts,\u201d recognizing that the UNFCCC is the primary forum for negotiating the international response to climate change. 24 Action in the agriculture sector directly contributes to achievement of SDG 2: end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture. Table 3.3 illustrates the link between the four priority mitigation actions in the agriculture sector and the SDGs."


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"SDG 7 further recognizes the important role that energy plays in \u201cachieving almost all of the Sustainable Development Goals, from its role in the eradication of poverty (SDG 1) through advancements in health (SDG 3), education (4), water supply (SDG 6) and industrialization (SDG 9), to combating climate change (SDG 13).\u201d Linkages between priority mitigation actions in the energy sector and the SDGs are described in Table 4.3."


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"SECTORS FOUNDATIONS FOR NATIONAL TRANSFORMATION ECONOMIC PILLAR SOCIAL PILLAR POLITICAL PILLAR \u2022\ufffd Infrastructure \u2022\ufffd Information and Communications Technology \u2022\ufffd Science, Technology and Innovation \u2022\ufffd Land Reforms \u2022\ufffd Public Sector Reforms \u2022\ufffd Human Resource Development, Labour and Employment \u2022\ufffd Security, Peace Building and Con\ufb02ict Resolution \u2022\ufffd Drought Risk Management and Ending Drought Emergencies \u2022\ufffd Tourism \u2022\ufffd Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries \u2022\ufffd Trade \u2022\ufffd Manufacturing \u2022\ufffd Business Process Outsourcing and Information Technology- Enabled Services Sector \u2022\ufffd Financial Services Sector \u2022\ufffd Oil and Other Mineral Resources \u2022\ufffd Education and Training \u2022\ufffd Health \u2022\ufffd Environment, Water and Sanitation \u2022\ufffd Population, Urbanization and Housing \u2022\ufffd Gender, Vulnerable Groups and Youth \u2022\ufffd Devolution Table 1: Sectors of the MTP Pillars\fEnhanced climate resilience towards the attainment of Vision 2030 and beyond | 47 The economic pillar activities mainly involve building resilience of Kenya\u2019s main GDP sectors, that is, tourism, agriculture, trade, \ufb01nancial services, and oil and mineral resources through conducting climate risk and vulnerability assessments and implementing adaptation actions prioritised under the assessments."


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"SHS technology SHS technology is ranked highly due to its potential to provide electricity in the rural areas where about 95 per cent of the population is not connected to the grid.205 The SHS market in Kenya started to develop in earnest in 1982 purely along commercial lines.206  Despite its long establishment in the country, its diffusion has been slow."


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"SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF CLIMATE FINANCE In line with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Standing Committee on Finance\u2019s (SCF) recommended operational definition, this report considers climate finance to include all finance that specifically targets low-carbon or climate-resilient development. As such, climate finance includes domestic budget allocations, public grants and loans from bilateral and multilateral agencies, including from specialised climate change funds."


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"SLEEK is being delivered by wide range of institutions and Ministries across the Government of Kenya.  These institutions are working collaboratively through element working groups, which are teams that have been specially convened to address each of the areas needed to build a Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system. These teams are being\f  coordinated by the Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources and Natural Resources."


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"SLEEK will also help put better information in the hands of farmers and communities. SLEEK will provide data that can be used to develop apps that can help farmers in a wide range of ways, such as informing decisions about which crop to plant, how many cattle their land can support, and where trees are most likely to survive."


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"SPECIAL ISSUE  Kenya Gazette Supplement No. 68 (Acts No. 11)  REPUBLIC OF KENYA  KENYA GAZETTE SUPPLEMENT  CONTENT  Act\u2014  The Climate Change Act, 2016  PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY THE GOVERNMENT PRINTER, NAIROBI\fTHE CLIMATE CHANGE ACT Date of Assent: 6th May, 2016 Date of Commencement: 27th May, 2016  ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS Section PART I\u2014PRELIMINARY 1\u2014Short title.  2\u2014Interpretation. 3\u2014Objects and purposes. 4\u2014Guiding values and principles.  PART II\u2014POLICY, CO-ORDINATION AND OVERSIGHT  5\u2014Establishment of the Climate Change Council. 6\u2014Functions of the Council.  7\u2014Members of the Council."


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"STATE OF THE ART GIS LAB SET UP AT DRSRS  The Department of Resource Survey and Remote Sensing (DRSRS) has been part of the SLEEK program leading the component of data provisioning in the area of Land cover and land cover change across the country. Clinton Foundation has invested in a state of the art GIS lab in the institution to build the country\u2019s capacity to map and track land cover change and provide the data during the program and for the long term."


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"STRATEGIC ISSUES The key strategic issues outlined below emanated from the analysis of the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) and the Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental (PESTLE) in the context of climate smart agriculture. This revolved around the thematic areas of impact of climate change on the agriculture sector; green house gas emissions in the sector; institutional, legal and regulatory framework for CSA; and the role of cross-cutting issues in CSA."


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"STRENGTH ISSUE TO ADDRESS WHAT TO DO WITH STRENGTH THREATS Existence of climate change related policies and legislations Policy guidance and regulation Enhance coordination and implementation instruments \u2022\ufffd Inadequate structures in Intergovernmental relations for implementation of CSA related policies and legislations Existence of climate change institutions Structured coordination and implementation Improve coordination and strengthen institutional capacities \u2022\ufffd Weak inter- and intra- governmental linkages and among other organizations WEAKNESS ISSUE TO ADDRESS WHAT TO DO WITH WEAKNESS THREATS Weak legal enforcement mechanism Implementation of policies and laws Strengthen capacity of lead agencies \u2022\ufffd Inadequate human, financial and operational resources Limited alignment of existing CSA related policies and laws to the Constitution of Aligning of policies and laws Review and align existing CSA related policies and laws to the Constitution of \u2022\ufffd Delays due to conflicting interests amongst actors Inadequate focus of CSA in existing policies and strategies Leverage of CSA on the policies and strategies Lobby for review of existing CSA related policies and strategies \u2022\ufffd Conflicting interests amongst stakeholders 2.3 POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, TECHNOLOGY, LEGAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL (PESTLE) ANALYSIS This is a framework or tool that has been used to analyze the various external (Political, Environment, Social, Technology, Legal and"


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"Saltwater intrusion into ground water resources and salt wedge estuaries are phenomena that have been observed already in some places such as Lamu."


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"Saving Kenyan forests: Providing Community- run Cost-effective Interventions and Access to Non-timber Forest Goods and Services. www.cdtfkenya.org Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (1998), Paris: Eco- efficiency: in Mickwitz et. al. Regional eco- efficiency indicators- a participatory approach. Ehrhart, Charles Climate change coordinator, CARE International. (Dec.2008). Trees, forests and poverty reduction in Africa (presentation) erhart@careclimatechange.org Mutimba S., and Barasa, M., (ESDA) (2005). National Charcoal Survey: Exploring the Poten- tial for Sustainable Charcoal Industry in Kenya. Nairobi, ESDA Export Processing Zones Authority (2005)."


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"Scientific data and terminologies should be well explained and simplified in literature, which could be in the form of brochures, illustrated pamphlets, billboards and journals. 5.3 Public Awareness Everyone should be well informed of climate change, its impacts and the necessary adaptation and mitigation measures to be taken. Public awareness and education on climate change \u2013 particularly the importance\fof actions that reduce GHG emissions\u2013 needs to be improved."


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"Scope of gases included in the contribution Carbon dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), and Nitrous Oxide (N2O) are prioritised. Sectors covered by the contribution The IPCC Guidelines for all sectors: Energy, Transportation, Industrial Processes, Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) and waste sector."


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"Sea level rise is already affecting coastal towns and communities and is expected to impact up to 86,000 people a year and lead to coastal erosion and wetlands loss at an annual cost of about KES 6 billion by 2030. Rising sea temperatures off the coast of Kenya have triggered mass coral bleaching and mortality on coral reef systems over the past two decades. This impacts the abundance and composition of fish species and negatively impacts coastal fisheries."


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"Sea-level rise resulting from climate change will gradually inundate coastal lands 2.2.3 The implementation of Vision 2030 will increase the consumption of scarce natural resources as economic activities grow in the key sectors discussed above. Expected outcomes include further urbanisation, heightened competition for resources, and increased demand for energy, physical infrastructure, food, and health care, among others."


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"Second National Environment Action Plan Provides a broad framework for the coordination of environmental activities by the private sector and Government to guide the course of development activities, with a view to integrating environment and development for better management of resources. National Water Master Plan Assesses and evaluates the availability and vulnerability of country\u2019s water resources up to around 2050 taking climate change into consideration."


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"Second, the rebound effect (induced demand) means that improvements in road congestion, while improving the fuel economy of individual drivers, are highly likely to be offset by increases in overall traffic numbers as travel becomes less burdensome. BRT or LRT systems in cities other than Nairobi \u2013 Nairobi, while not the only rapidly growing city in Kenya, is the largest and most advanced in terms of planning for an improved public transport system."


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"Second, the supply chain particularly logistics is affected leading to delays and in turn increase in cost of services.  Services  Trade The trade sector is a key driver for the achievement of national development goal. Trade provides linkages with other sectors by creating markets through which goods and services reach the consumer. The trade sector in Kenya operates on two levels: domestic and international.\f  Domestic trade encompasses mainly wholesale and retail trade, contributing an average 10.1 per cent to GDP."


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"Secondly, destruction of such projects by extreme weather events, such as storms and wind, can result in environmental and health challenges of unprecedented magnitude."


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"Secondly, heavy rainfall can increase sewage runoff into drinking water sources and increase exposure to cholera and other diarrheal diseases in informal settlements with substandard sanitation facilities."


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"Section 13 of the Act indicates that the Climate Change Directorate (CCD) shall undertake a biennial review of the implementation of the National Climate Change Action Plan. Section 13(8) states that the \u201cCabinet Secretary shall, in every five-year period, review and update the National Climate Change Action Plan.\u201d This report reviews progress on the implementation of the 38 priority actions set out in the Action Sheets of the NCCAP, 2013- 2017 (see pages 160-229), in accordance with the obligations of the Climate Change Act."


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"Section 5 provides information on climate change education, training and public awareness in the country. This includes plans of the country in strengthening the mainstreaming of climate change in education, training and public awareness.  Section 6 provides a brief description of the country status on capacity-building activities at the national, regional and sub-regional levels. This includes plans of the country in strengthening the coordination, dissemination and sustainability of capacity-building activities in the country. The section includes information on Kenya\u2019s efforts to promote information sharing."


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"Section 7 describes the country\u2019s constraints and gaps, and related financial, technical and capacity needs. As associated with the implementation of activities, measures and programmes envisaged under the Convention, and with the preparation and improvement of national communications on a continuous basis.  STEPS TAKEN TO INTEGRATE CLIMATE CHANGE INTO RELEVANT POLICIES  Kenya is highly vulnerable to climate change and therefore faces challenges in economic development."


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"Section 8 indicates that KFS is to manage water catchment areas in relation to soil and water conservation, carbon sequestration and other environmental services; and Section 21 notes that County Governments are to promote afforestation activities."


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"Sector 2000 Emissions (CO2e - Gg) TOTAL TOTAL as % HFCs Energy sector  Industrial process sector  Solvent and other product use  -                   - Agriculture sector -  Land use, land-use change and forestry  Waste  TOTAL  In 2000, Kenya\u2019s total GHG emissions were million tons of CO2 eq.) coming from all the UNFCCC sectors apart from solvents and other product use sector, which had no GHG emissions."


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"Sector Development Support Programme 10 percent of biodiesel BAU Business as usual BRT Bus rapid transit CAADP Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme CCAFS Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security CDM Clean Development Mechanism CFL Compact fluorescent light CGIAR Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research CIDP County Integrated Development Plan Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide equivalent COMESA Common Market for Eastern & Southern Africa CSA Climate Smart Agriculture DFID Department for International Development (UK) ERC Energy Regulatory Commission FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations GBM Green Belt Movement Grams of carbon dioxide equivalent (measures vehicle greenhouse gas emissions) GDC Geothermal Development CorporationGDP Gross domestic product GEF Global Environment Facility GESIP Green Economy Strategy & Implementation Plan GHG Greenhouse gas GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH (German development agency) GoK Government of Kenya GWh Gigawatt hours ha Hectare HFC hydrofluorocarbon ICPS Improved Charcoal Production Systems IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IGAD Intergovernmental Authority on Development IISD International Institute for Sustainable Development IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ITDP Institute for Transport and Development Policy JICA Japanese International Cooperation Agency KAM Kenya Association of Manufacturers KARI Kenya Agricultural Research Institute KEFRI Kenya Forestry Research Institute KenGen Kenya Electricity Generating"


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"Sector experts will need to be engaged to identify actions most likely to achieve mitigation results in a cost-effective manner that are aligned with sectoral plans and Kenya\u2019s Third Medium Term Plan (MTP III). In regard to adaptation, a process is required to identify priority sectors and priority actions within those sectors, building on the broad actions identified in the NAP."


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"Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate,  including, as applicable:  (i)  Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands  (i) |  Approach used to account for emissions and removals  This is treated as part of land use change under LULUCF as per the Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (IPCC, 2003)  Harvested wood products are not included in the emission  \fREPUBLIC OF KENYA  MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTRY  (iii)  from harvested wood products calculations."


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"Sectoral Adaptation and Mitigation Interventions\f\u2018together we can tackle climate change\u2019 National Climate Change Response Strategy need to be developed and stored ideally in an easy-to-access interactive web-portal for quick reference by potential investors, \u2022\ufffd enhancing solar rural electrification provision through credit facilities to meet the high demand for solar household energy systems and complement tax incentives currently in place."


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"Sectors Actions could be classified across various sector groupings to facilitate reporting for different audiences. Classifying climate change actions under Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) sectors can contribute to the tracking of climate finance flows, and classifying by MTP sectors can help track the economic and social development impacts of climate actions."


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"See Chapter 6, Table 6.2 for detailed investment costs for implementing the six low carbon options to 2030 and Table 12.3 for summary costs.\fKenya s The methodology used for calculating these primary costs is detailed in the Low Carbon \u2013 Mitigation Annexes. It is estimated that KSh 839 \u2013 1,110 billion of these investment costs would have to be borne by the public sector, with the remaining costs covered by private sector and household investments."


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"Selected technologies required to implement the NCCAP proposed actions include: \u2022\ufffd Energy sector technologies: Geothermal generation; wind power generation; hydro- electricity expansion; solar PV; landfill gas generation; clean coal; improved cook stoves; LPG stove substitution; renewable lamps replacing kerosene lamps; energy- efficient light bulbs; energy-efficient appliances; emission reduction in the cement industries; solar thermal water heating; compact florescent lamp (CFL); energy efficiency improvements across industries; co-generation in agriculture; improved passenger vehicle stock efficiency; improved heavy-duty vehicle stock efficiency; biodiesel; bioethanol; bus rapid transit system-Nairobi; light rail transit system- Nairobi; and shift of freight from road to rail."


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"Set up a coordination mechanism involving relevant stakeholders to undertake M&E of this Policy over five year intervals in line with the Climate Change Action Plans and the MTPs of Vision 2030. 5. Disseminate the outcomes of reviews and evaluations for public and stakeholder discussion, and for parliamentary and county assembly debate and oversight. Mobilisation  10.3.1 Funding required for financing climate change responses under this policy will be mobilised from both internal and external sources."


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"Several NEMA staff members were involved in the preparation of the SNC. Special acknowledgement goes to Dr. Kennedy Ondimu for leading the project steering team, Dr. Anne N. Omambia and Maurice Otieno for their efforts to ensure the process did not stall despite the many challenges encountered, as well as spearheading, managing and coordinating the preparation process. In Alphonse Omollo is acknowledged for managing the book of accounts throughout the project cycle."


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"Several counties have adopted appropriate waste transportation trucks to comply with the regulations, according to the National Solid Waste Management Strategy.9 The National Solid Waste Management strategy has a short-term goal of 30% waste recovery and 70% controlled dumping by 2020. To work toward the strategy\u2019s goal, the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) launched the 100 days Rapid Results Initiative on solid waste management in August 2016 for the implementation of various standards and requirements by the County Governments."


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"Several of the 2013 County Integrated Development Plans (CIDPs) incorporated climate change considerations. Actions are underway to mainstream climate change in the Third MTP and 2018 CIDPs. Ministry of Devolution and Planning (2014), Handbook of National Reporting Indicators for the Second Medium-Term Plan of Kenya Vision 2030. development partners UNDP provided support for the development of the indicators handbooks with funding from the United Kingdom (UK) Government of the United Kingdom through DFID."


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"Several of these are damned upstream to provide hydroelectricity, irrigation and water for domestic use. The main rivers drain radially from the central highlands into the rift valley, eastward into Indian Ocean and westward into Lake Victoria. Those north of Mount Elgon and from the highlands along South Sudan-Ethiopia border drain mainly into Lake Turkana. The country\u2019s five water towers - Mount Kenya, Aberdares Ranges, Mau Complex, Mount Elgon and Cherangany hills - are the source of these rivers."


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"Shift to concrete electricity poles hurts wood suppliers. Business Daily. Accessed at:   index.html 33 Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife (2013). Analysis of drivers and underlying causes of forest cover change in the various forest types of Kenya.  Developed by Ruri Consultants, Nairobi. Accessed at:   34 Government of Kenya (2013). Chapter 5: Electricity Supply and Chapter 6: Energy Demand. Mitigation."


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"Shifts in the start or end of the rainfall season, the length of the season, the number of rainy days, the number, length and intensity of dry spells, or changes in the total seasonal rainfall, among others, can also signify climate change. Climate change is hence not always a shift in the mean climatic conditions, but can also exhibit itself as a change in the intensity and frequency of extreme climate events, such as drought, floods, storms, and strong winds, among others."


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"Short Term Sub- actions \u2022\ufffd Enhance capacity of institutions and bodies responsible for water and sanitation on climate change impacts and the water sector. \u2022\ufffd Promote awareness on climate change impacts and the water sector including promoting public awareness on water conservation (recycling, waste water management) and ef\ufb01cient water use. \u2022\ufffd Mainstream disaster risk reduction measures in the water sector planning and service delivery, particularly in vulnerable, high risk regions. \u2022\ufffd Promote the use of ef\ufb01cient irrigation systems."


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"Short Term Sub-actions \u2022\ufffd Build the capacity of land planners in climate change land- use planning. Medium Term Sub-actions \u2022\ufffd Integrate climate change scenarios into spatial planning (climate resilient spatial planning). \u2022\ufffd Build the capacity of land managers in climate change adaptation. Long Term Sub-Actions \u2022\ufffd Update land-use plans with climate scenarios. Budget Responsibility Ministry responsible for land reforms, MDAs, County Governments, research institutions and academia, civil society and private sector."


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"Short Term Sub-actions \u2022\ufffd Enhance access to the youth and women enterprise funds. \u2022\ufffd Strengthen and expand social protection and insurance mechanisms against main climate hazards. \u2022\ufffd Establish affordable and accessible credit lines for the urban and rural poor, youth and other vulnerable groups. \u2022\ufffd Create awareness for climate opportunities that women and youth can access."


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"Short Term Sub-actions \u2022\ufffd Increase awareness on climate change impacts on the livestock sector. \u2022\ufffd Strengthen land use management systems including rangeland management, fodder banks and strategic reserves. \u2022\ufffd Conduct capacity building in indigenous knowledge, livestock insurance schemes, early warning systems, early action, livestock management and breeding. Medium Term Sub-actions \u2022\ufffd Develop new feeds. \u2022\ufffd Promote livelihood diversi\ufb01cation and market access (camels, indigenous poultry, beekeeping, rabbits, emerging livestock - quails, guinea fowls, ostriches etc.). \u2022\ufffd Establish price stabilization schemes and strategic livestock based food reserves."


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"Short Term Sub-actions \u2022\ufffd Risk and vulnerability assessment of the informal sector. \u2022\ufffd Conduct capacity building on \u2018green jobs\u2019 and enterprises. Medium Term Sub-actions \u2022\ufffd Enhance access to the Kenya Climate Fund for climate proo\ufb01ng investments to increase opportunities for small and medium enterprises. Long Term Sub-Actions \u2022\ufffd Upscale climate resilient enterprises. Budget Responsibility Ministry responsible for human resource development, labour and employment, MDAs, County Governments, research institutions and academia, civil society and private sector."


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"Short Term Sub-actions \u2022\ufffd Undertake a climate vulnerability and risk assessment of the impacts of climate change and variability on human health. \u2022\ufffd Increase public awareness and social mobilisation on climate change and impacts on health. Medium Term Sub-actions \u2022\ufffd Design appropriate climate change related interventions for the health sector. \u2022\ufffd Design appropriate measures for surveillance and monitoring of climate change related diseases in order to enhance early warning systems which includes enhancing existing databases on health sector indicators amongst others."


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"Short Term Sub-actions \u2022\ufffd Undertake risk and vulnerability assessment of the \ufb01sheries value chain. \u2022\ufffd Enhance capacity of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries and the Kenya Marine Fisheries Institute on the impacts of climate change on \ufb01sheries, \ufb01shing communities and the private sector. \u2022\ufffd Upscale sustainable aquaculture initiatives. Medium Term Sub-actions \u2022\ufffd Develop and implement a pilot project on climate resilient \ufb01sh species and the related value chain."


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"Short term: Development and submission of funding proposal for agroforestry promotion Status In progress Lead Agency MALF, KFS Partner Agency MENR provides assistance to submit funding and NAMA proposals. Stakeholders Kenya Agricultural Research institute (KARI), extension workers, county governments, farmers, agroforestry project developers and civil society organizations. long term: in progress GHG emission reductions from agroforestry actions have not been calculated. KFS reports challenges with measurement because Kenya has no accurate measurement of land covered by agroforestry and lacks capacity to measure."


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"Short term: Development and submission of proposal for REDD+ activities to restore forests on degraded lands Status In progress Lead Agency National REDD Coordination Office within KFS Partner Agency MENR provides assistance to present funding proposals to the UNFCCC. The Water Towers project is implemented by several agencies, including KFS, MENR, Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI), Kenya Wildlife Services (KWS), Kenya Water Towers Agency, CCD and County Governments (Bungoma, Busia, Elegeyo Marakwet, Kakamega, Kisumu, Nandi, Tranzoia, Uasin Gishu, Vihiga, West Pokot)."


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"Short term: Prepare a Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA) proposal for a geothermal support programme and submit to UNFCCC. Status Long term: In progress, Short term: Complete Lead Agency MOEP Partner Agency MENR provides assistance to present funding proposals to the UNFCCC. Treasury provides assistance to present funding proposal to GCF. Stakeholders KenGen, GDC, Kenya Power, Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC), independent power producers and others."


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"Short term: Support for the NAMA development was provided by the Government of Germany.  Support to revise the document to a geothermal project prospectus was provided by the Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN). Republic of Kenya (2014). NAMA for accelerated geothermal electricity development in Kenya: Proposal. Nairobi: MENR and MOEP  Omende, P. and Simiyu, S. (2015). Country Update Report for Kenya 2010/2014."


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"Short-term costs include Ksh 21 million for the development of a full NAMA proposal that is fundable and implementable. Immediate next steps 1.   Submission to UNFCCC to seek support for preparation of proposal for a public transport NAMA January to June 2013 2.    Development of a proposal for a public transport NAMA \u2013 July 2013 to December 2013 3.    Submission of activity proposal to UNFCCC, and discussions with potential funders \u2013 January 2014 to June 2014 4."


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"Short-term costs include Ksh 21 million for the development of a full NAMA proposal that is fundable and implementable. Immediate next steps 1.  Submission to UNFCCC to seek NAMA support for preparation of proposal, and discussions with potential funders \u2013 January to June 2013 2.  Development of a NAMA proposal to promote agroforestry (either with outside consultants, or through capacity building process) \u2013 July 2013 to December 2013 3."


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"Short-term costs include Ksh 21 million for the development of a full NAMA proposal that is fundable and implementable. Immediate next steps 1.  Submission to UNFCCC to seek NAMA support for preparation of proposal, and discussions with potential funders \u2013 January to June 2013 2.  Development of a NAMA proposal to restore forests on degraded lands (either with outside consultants, or through capacity building process) \u2013 July 2013 to December 2013 3."


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"Short-term costs include Ksh 21 million for the development of a full NAMA proposal that is fundable and implementable. Immediate next steps 1. Based on existing studies on potential interventions in the cookstove market in Kenya, develop a detailed proposal for a support programme in the form of a proposal for a supported NAMA \u2013 January to June 2013 2. Submit NAMA proposal to UNFCCC, and hold discussions with potential funders \u2013 July to November 2013 3."


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"Short-term costs include Ksh 21 million for the development of a full REDD+ proposal that is fundable and implementable, building on the REDD+ concept paper. Immediate next steps 1.  Submission to UNFCCC to seek support for preparation of proposal building on the REDD+ concept paper, and discussions with potential funders \u2013 January to June 2013 2.  Proposal development for REDD+ activities to restore forests on degraded lands (either with outside consultants, or through capacity building process) \u2013 July 2013 to December 2013 3."


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"Significant efforts have been taken to commence Kenya\u2019s policy response to climate change, including the development of the NCCRS in 2010 and this Action Plan and the on-going process to develop a Climate Change Policy and mainstream climate change into Vision 2030 especially its MTP 2013 \u2013 2017.This has increased recognition of climate change as a development challenge and policy priority, and has resulted in the establishment of several (albeit fragmented) climate change-related institutions and policy instruments."


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"Significant financial resources from the public and private sectors are expected to be channelled towards climate activities. In order for our country to take advantage of these opportunities, the right institutional and financial mechanisms must be in place so that resources are directed efficiently toward national climate and development priorities. It is against this background that we have developed this National Policy on Climate Finance."


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"Significant investments will be required and a series of barriers will need to be addressed before the low-carbon opportunities can be realised. Implementing the six priority low carbon actions would require investments of KSh 1,371 \u2013 1,773 billion (USD 16.12 \u2013 20.84 billion) until 2030 (equivalent to a Net Present Value of KSh600 \u2013 770 billion at a real discount rate of 10 per cent)."


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"Significant investments will be required and a series of barriers will need to be addressed before the low-carbon opportunities can be realised. Implementing the six priority low carbon actions would require investments of KSh1,371 \u2013 1,773 billion (USD 16.12 \u2013 20.84 billion) until 2030 (equivalent to a Net Present Value of KSh600 \u2013 770 billion at a real discount rate of 10 per cent)."


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"Significant work conducted for Kenya\u2019s 2013-2017 NCCAP examined the technical potential of emission reductions related to all sectors (energy, waste, LULUCF, agriculture and industrial processes). This technical potential provided a basis for determining the overall 30% target for Kenya, but each sector had widely differentiated potential as well as costs."


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"Significant work conducted for Kenya\u2019s 2013-2017 NCCAP examined the technical potential of emission reductions related to the six mitigation sectors (agriculture, energy, industrial processes, LULUCF, transport and waste). This technical potential provided a basis for determining the overall 30% target for Kenya, but each sector had widely differentiated potential as well as costs."


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"Significant work conducted for the Kenya NCCAP, 2013-2017 examined the technical potential of emission reductions related to all sectors (energy, waste, LULUCF, agriculture and industrial processes). This technical potential provided a basis for determining the overall 30% target for Kenya, but each sector had widely differentiated potential. With this view in mind, the agriculture sector emission reduction target should be less than the technical potential of individual mitigation options identified while also contributing to the overall 30% emission reduction target."


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"Significant work conducted for the NCCAP examined the technical potential of emission reductions related to all sectors (energy, waste, LULUCF, agriculture and industrial processes). This technical potential provided a basis for determining the overall 30% target for Kenya, but each sector had widely differentiated potential as well as costs. With this view in mind, the forestry sector emission reduction target must be less than the technical potential of individual mitigation options identified while also contributing to the overall 30% emission reduction target."


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"Significant work has been undertaken to measure GHG emissions in the dairy sector. While the emission reduction potential is not significant at a national scale, initiatives in this sector are priority mitigation actions. The four priority mitigation options are described below, and the assumptions used to estimate GHG emissions reduction potential are described in Box 3.1. Agroforestry is the mitigation option with the greatest emission reduction potential. Agroforestry is the interface between agriculture and forestry, and encompasses mixed land-use practices."


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"Similarly, the 1998-2000 drought is estimated to have resulted in a 16 per cent reduction in the GDP in each of the 1998-99 and 1999-2000 financial years.144 Lost industrial production alone due to inadequate power supply during this period amounted to a loss of approximately KSh 110 Floods have also caused equally devastating consequences in recent years, including loss of lives and livelihoods, personal property damage and damage to infrastructure, with\f  ramifications for the economy."


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"Similarly, the 1998-2000 drought is estimated to have resulted in a 16 per cent reduction in the GDP in each of the 1998-99 and 1999-2000 financial years.50 Lost industrial production alone due to inadequate power supply during this period amounted to a loss of approximately KSh 110 billion (USD 1.4 billion). Floods have also caused equally devastating consequences in recent years, including loss of lives and livelihoods, personal property damage and damage to infrastructure, with ramifications for the economy."


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"Similarly, the government is forced to spend public resources on new or improved infrastructure, on efforts to seek alternative sources of food and water, and on relocation of communities and recovery operations from natural disasters. Climate change is reversing progress on poverty alleviation, economic growth and stability across Kenya, and putting at risk the sustainable development goals of the country.  This National Policy on Climate Finance comes following the adoption of the Paris Agreement by all Parties to the UNFCCC in December 2015."


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"Simon Lepakiyo Fisheries- Samburu Fisheries Officer 23. Stephen Gichunge Fisheries-Tharaka Nithi Assistant Director\f No. Name Institution/County Job Title 24. Joseph Ngari Agriculture-Isiolo Assistant Director 25. Rachel Kamau Fisheries-Nairobi City Principal Fisheries Officer 26. Peter Nyamora Livestock-Murang\u2019a Senior Assistant Director 27. Dr. Lucy Kareithi Livestock-Tharaka Nithi Assistant Director 28. Elizabeth Njau Agriculture-Nairobi City Principal Agricultural Officer 29. John Rauni Fisheries-Murang\u2019a Principal Fisheries Officer 30. Ruth Mwangi Livestock-Nyeri Deputy Director 31. Ephantus Mwangi Agriculture-Nyeri Deputy Director 32. Judith Katumo Agriculture-Samburu Principal 33."


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"Since 2006, 32 states in the USA and eight provinces in Canada have begun developing ambitious climate change programmes primarily focusing on targets under the \u2018cap-and-trade\u2019 schemes, which set targets (caps) permitting \u2018entities\u2019 (usually companies) to trade emission reductions with one another to achieve overall GHG emission reductions. There is almost universal agreement that developed countries should take on targets to reduce GHG emissions and that such targets should get tighter over time to promote further emission reductions."


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"Since it is a constitutional requirement to publicize any important information affecting the nation, the government should classify climate change information as falling in this category and proactively provide refined information on climate change to the public. Policy Statements  The Government will: 1. Facilitate establishment and operation of a national climate change information hub and clearinghouse to generate, coordinate, collect, collate, store, retrieve and disseminate reliable, high quality and up-to-date data and information. 2."


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"Since the current climate change knowledge management systems existing in Kenya are developed independently by the various organisations, they are likely to be incompatible and difficult to integrate because they are based on disparate standards. It is recommended that Climate Change Resource Centre when it is established develops a network of climate change actors and implements a technology-based climate change knowledge management system using the Dublin Core Metadata standard."


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"Since the eleventh session of the Conference of Parties (COP-11) to the UNFCCC in December 2005, strategies and incentives for Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) in developing countries have emerged as one of the most active areas discussed during climate change negotiations and a REDD Mechanism has now been created under the Copenhagen Accord."


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"Since then, the team has produced a number of lessons, which was used for other meteorologists within the country and region. More information can be found on the ASMET website,  et/. Education, Training and Public Awareness The climate is a complex system and raising public awareness of the basic science, its uncertainties and the risks are vital in order to engage the public in a debate about the actions needed to combat climate change and reduce its future risks."


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"Since then, there have been a series of Conference of the Parties (COPs) to the UNFCCC. Two main outcomes of these COP meetings have been the Kyoto Protocol (COP 3 of 1997) and the Marrakesh Accords (COP 7 of 2001), which contains the detailed rules for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol. Key issues that have continued to shape the global climate change regime are also explained in this chapter of the Strategy."


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"Since there is no gas generation in the medium term, the analysis adopts the trend identified in the ULCDP. Imports also assumed follow the same trend as the ULCDP. All other technologies including coal, medium-speed diesel (MSD), wind, hydro and geothermal are based on the same rate of growth generation capacity that is installed in the medium term plan (2012 to 2017). In the baseline it is assumed that no nuclear energy will be added before 2030."


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"Sissoko, K., Van Keulen, H., Verhagen, J., Tekken, V. and Battaglini, A. (2010). Agriculture, livelihoods and climate change in the West African Sahel. Reg Environmental Change. USAID. (2007). Kenya Food Security Update Report. United States Agency for International Development. World Bank. (2011). The Drought and Food Crisis in the Horn of Africa; Impact and Proposed Policy Responses for Kenya."


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"Situation Analysis .9 Overview  9 Context . 9 Scenario analysis  10 Key challenges to a Green Economy  .13 Rationale for the GESIP  14 3. Enabling environment for Green Economy transition . 17 4. Thematic areas and strategies .21 Thematic Area 1: Promote sustainable infrastructure .21 Thematic Area 2: Building resilience .22 Thematic Area 3: Sustainable Natural Resource Management 23 Thematic Area 4: Promoting resource efficiency .25 Thematic Area 5: Social Inclusion and sustainable livelihoods .27 5."


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Demographic changes \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd 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\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\fKenya Green Economy Strategy and Implementation Plan (GESIP) \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd 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"Soda Ash Production and Use TOTAL INDUSTRIAL PROCESS EMISSIONS  Table 12: Total Industrial Process HFCs Emissions in 2010 (Gg) Source Sub-Sector HFC Emissions (Gg) Change Consumption of HFCs 1 Bulk Import Emissions 2 Product Emissions TOTAL INDUSTRIAL PROCESS EMISSIONS Note:  The estimated average global warming potential of all HFC species for product emissions is 1,540. Product emissions are assumed to be all HFC134a which corresponds to a global warming potential of 1,300."


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"Soil carbon stocks were estimated to decline only slightly from 3,016 MT of carbon in 1990 to 3,015 Mt of carbon in 2010.  Indirect Greenhouse Gas Emissions  Indirect greenhouse gas emissions of NOX and CO are the result of vegetation fires. Table 27 identifies these emissions over time.  Table 28: Total LULUCF Indirect GHG Emissions from Vegetation Fires (Gg) Indirect GHG Emissions Sector in IPCC Guidelines NOX CO  \f  Waste  Wastes through the processes of disposal, treatment, recycling and incineration produce greenhouse gas emissions."


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"Solar Dryers High up front cost Setting up of local assembling industries for solar dryer parts and components and enhancing R& D for technology.  High interest rates Lending of funds to viable renewable energy projects on concessional rates especially under the Government proposed Green Energy Fund Facility."


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"Solar Lanterns replacing kerosene lamps \u2013 One hundred percent adoption of solar lighting technologies is assumed (for off-grid applications) by 2030, completely replacing kerosene lamps. This is a result of decreasing prices for solar lighting technologies, which have dropped significantly over the past few years. Given the short payback times for a solar lantern, a rapid increase in penetration to reach 65% of the population by 2020 is assumed, further increasing to 100 percent by 2030."


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"Solar PV module manufacturing, cell efficiency, stability and lifetime, inverters, charge controllers, system structures, off-grid solar home systems. Hydro Hydropower turbines technologies are mature. Some of the promising technologies under development are variable-speed and matrix technologies, fish-friendly turbines, hydrokinetic turbines, abrasive-resistant turbines, and new tunneling and dam technologies. Clean Coal (Ultra-Super Critical) High pressure and temperature steam generator, turbine, piping systems."


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"Solar PV \u2013 The GIZ study estimates that 200 Megawatt peak (MWp) is realistically feasible within a relatively short timeframe, assuming only a small fraction of relevant large consumers, between 1 and 3% invest in solar PV under net metering. Based on these assumptions, the total potential for distributed grid- connected solar PV could be very large."


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"Solar dryers Solar dryers were ranked highly due to their contribution to the agriculture sector. Agriculture is the main economic activity and source of livelihoods in Kenya. Farmers produce cereals, vegetables and other foods that require drying to prevent spoilage and facilitate storage. Direct solar drying by laying products out in the sun is traditionally used."


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"Solar home systems are yet to get wide diffusion in Kenya due to a number of barriers, both financial and non-financial, the top most being high initial investment costs. The enabling actions that are required to promote the diffusion of solar home systems include: provision of financial incentives to consumers of SHS, promotion of local production/assembly of SHS, public awareness campaigns and research and development. Energy-efficient Bulbs: Compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) bulbs provide an energy efficient alternative to traditional light bulbs."


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"Solid Waste Disposal on Land - - - - B.1 Industrial Wastewater - - - - B.2 Domestic and Commercial Wastewater - - - - C. Waste Incineration TOTAL WASTE EMISSIONS  Table 32: Total Waste CH4 Emissions (Gg) Source CH4 Emissions (Gg) A.2. Solid Waste Disposal on Land B.1 Industrial Wastewater B.2 Domestic and Commercial Wastewater C. Waste Incineration TOTAL WASTE EMISSIONS  Table 33: Total Waste N2O Emissions (Gg) Source N2O Emissions (Gg) A.2."


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"Solid Waste Disposal on Land - - - - B.1 Industrial Wastewater - - - - B.2 Domestic and Commercial Wastewater C. Waste Incineration TOTAL WASTE EMISSIONS  Domestic and industrial wastewater accounts for more than 75% of overall CH4 emissions. Figure 32 identifies the relative importance of CH4 and N2O emissions for the different waste sub-sectors in 2010. Indirect greenhouse gas emissions are not estimated for the waste sector."


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"Solid and liquid wastes from domestic and commercial sources further contribute to emission of GHGs through the release of methane gas from landfills and sewerage treatment works. The mitigation potential of industry is important because the economic growth targets set by Vision 2030 and the MTPs aim to convert Kenya into a middle-income economy, with industry as a major contributor. 4.2.7 Climate change therefore affords opportunities as well as challenges."


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"Some Kenyan firms have taken energy and water conservation measures, which address climate change adaptation and mitigation, although the primary incentive for these actions is cost savings."


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"Some crops are expected to experience more favourable growing conditions because of climate change,\fN D C  S E C T O R  A N A LY S I S  R E P O R T  2 0 1 7 Table 3.5."


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"Some crops in Kenya are expected to experience more favourable growing conditions as a result of climate change, whereas others will find future climatic conditions intolerable. For example, maize yields are likely to increase in mixed rain-fed temperate and tropical highlands; while the ASALS are projected to experience a significant decline in crop yields.\f Livestock management systems in Kenya, especially in the ASALs, rely extensively on natural systems such as rain fed pasture."


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"Some mitigation may result from the reduced need to boil water. 12.2.4 Restoration of forests Reforestation and restoration of forests on degraded lands including in rangelands will contribute to Kenya\u2019s goal of 10 per cent forest cover and provide sustainable development benefits in the form of sustained water availability. Improved access to drinking water, water for irrigation and hydropower and sustainable forest products will deliver benefits\fKenya s for livelihoods and biodiversity."


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"Some necessary interventions include: \u2022\ufffd controlling river water abstraction upstream to improve availability of water for hydro-power production, \u2022\ufffd zero-rating of taxes on renewable energy technologies, \u2022\ufffd promoting the use of alternative renewable energy such as solar, biomass, wind, bio- fuels, and \u2022\ufffd promoting efficient firewood cookstoves, solar and LPG cookers, with the Government addressing the issues of costs through giving subsidies or tax waivers to poor households."


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"Some of the areas of interest include renewable energy sources, such as geothermal, solar and wind power. Support through infusing climate change into education and establishment of climate change-related institutes, such as the proposed Kenya Energy Institute, is critical. These measures would have relevance for: Adaptation  \u221a    Mitigation  \u221a    Development  \u221a Current status: Climate change education and awareness has not benefitted from any structured focus. Policy papers in education have also not fully addressed this area."


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"Some of the key barriers to scaling up investment to the magnitude envisaged include policy and regulatory weaknesses, difficulties in accessing commercial finance and technical capacity shortcomings. However, the judicious use of public resources \u2013 on many occasions as a tool to stimulate greater levels of private sector investment \u2013 can play a key role in overcoming these barriers."


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"Some of the key policies include: the National Policy on Climate Finance; Climate Risk Management framework; the National Livestock Policy 2015, National Oceans and Fisheries Policy 2008; the Agricultural Sector Transformation and Growth Strategy (ASTGS) (2019 \u2014 2029); the Kenya Climate- Smart Agriculture Strategy (2017-2028); the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+); the National Drought Management Authority Management Authority (NDMA) Act (2016); the Water Act, (2016); Forest Conservation and Management Act (2016) among others.  1.3.2 Legal Framework  The Constitution of Kenya (2010) provides the foundation for implementation of climate change actions through its Bill of Rights provisions especially the right to a clean and healthy environment."


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"Some of the other universities, offer courses in environmental science and natural resources management, among others, into which climate change is progressively being infused. 9.3 Recommended Actions Knowledge management It is recommended that a network of the organisations carrying out climate change activities is developed and that stakeholders continue to build and strengthen partnerships with regional and global organisations engaged in climate change learning. A desirable network for sharing climate change information in Kenya is illustrated in Figure 9.2."


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"Some of the past and ongoing mitigation programmes of the KNPC include those in industrial energy management and CDM opportunities, as well as waste minimisation with tandem methane reduction, among others. 7.2.3 Accelerating North-South Technology Transfer Most climate-friendly technologies have so far been developed and used in developed countries, from where they are expected to transfer to developing countries through well-known channels including trade, foreign direct investment (FDI) and cross-border technology licensing."


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"Some of the projects included in the analysis are therefore likely to be part-climate-focused and part-development-focused,\fKenya s and consequently the figures presented are in reality likely to be higher than the amount of \u2018pure\u2019 climate finance in Kenya91. Furthermore, it should be noted that the OECD itself, using the Rio Markers classification, reports total, cumulative development agency climate funding for Kenya as USD1.1 billion as of 2010. This differs from the figures reported in this Action Plan."


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"Some of the ways of enhancing climate change education and awareness which will be applied include: \u2022\ufffd establishing a National Climate Change awareness campaign using print and electronic media to pass climate change information in various articles and programmes on climate change in the media, \u2022\ufffd incorporating climate change information into schools and colleges\u2019 curricula and syllabuses, \u2022\ufffd online blogging on Facebook, Twitter, Google Groups, Yahoo Groups, Unite for Climate etc, through which various topics on climate change could be discussed, \u2022\ufffd eco-tournaments engaging in sporting events such as athletics, football and basketball to raise awareness, \u2022\ufffd use of drama and performance arts, \u2022\ufffd providing timely and accurate information on Kenya\u2019s climate change policy, position and issues to be discussed with Kenyan missions abroad and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, \u2022\ufffd encouraging individual volunteers in raising awareness, and \u2022\ufffd involving the corporate sector, especially the mobile telephone industry e.g."


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"Some of these indicators include the \u201cnumber of nights with temperature below/ above certain threshold values\u201d, cold and warm spells indicators, the daily temperature range, extremely wet days, and the number of heavy precipitation days; among others12. Several approaches can be used for the analysis of climate change, including statistical and graphical techniques. Modelling is one technique used to simulate climatic variables to generate projections of climatic conditions in the future."


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"Some studies have estimated  the cost of droughts and flooding to Kenya at about 2.6 per cent of GDP per\fKenya s The adaptation analysis explains that exact processes that affect Kenya\u2019s climate are not fully understood and predicting future climate trends remains difficult. Research suggests that temperatures will continue to increase, and the frequency of hot days and nights will rise, with cold days and nights becoming rare."


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"Source: 2013 TNA process mitigation and adaptation report  Table 64 Kenya CDM registered projects Project name Year of registration Project specifically states no TT No mention or indication of TT in the PDD Mention or indication of TT of equipment and/ knowledge Comments Bagasse Based Cogeneration Project  \ufffd There is an indication that: - Technology is new in the local sugar industry and therefore initially there would be inadequate trained manpower to operate it and Mumias Sugar Company will have to spend some time and resources to train personnel with right skills to operate the technology."


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"Source: Data and figure from KMD, 2012 In summary, rainfall trends in Kenya since 1960 have the following characteristics:128 \ufffd Observations of rainfall for Kenya as a whole do not show statistically significant trends."


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"Source: Ending Drought Emergencies \u2013 Common Framework Programme (2014), page 6.24 \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd Source:\ufffd\ufffdwangi\ufffdand\ufffd\ufffdutua\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdpage\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd. \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd Figure 8: Climate change risk for agro-climatic zones in Kenya. Source: Mwangi and Mutua (2015), page 16. 25\fEnhanced climate resilience towards the attainment of Vision 2030 and beyond | 17 Excessive \ufb02ooding in Kenya occurs relatively frequently (on average every three to four years) and is linked to El Ni\u00f1o or La Ni\u00f1a episodes that can lead to extreme weather in the country and region."


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"Source: GoK NCCAP Mitigation Analysis 2012  Table 58: Suggested priority low-carbon development opportunities up to 2030\f  Source: GoK NCCAP Mitigation Analysis 2012  Table 59: Suggested priority low-carbon development opportunities up to 2030 (continued)\f  Table 60: Summary of Mitigation Actions Number  Action  Estimated Cost KSh to 2030  Restoration of Forests on Degraded Lands -Undertake a programme of work to restore forests on 960,000 hectares up to 2030 including: inter alia dryland forest restoration activities; awareness raising, consultation and demonstration; capacity building; development, testing and application of compensation and benefits-sharing mechanisms; measuring, monitoring and reporting; and research."


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"Source: GoK NCCAP Mitigation Analysis 2012 Figure 6.5: Low-carbon development wedges in the agriculture sector Tillage Limiting Use Agroforestry Tillage Limiting Use of Fire\fKenya s Low carbon development actions in the agricultural sector have important sustainable development benefits, including improved retention of water and nutrients in the soil, and reduced soil erosion. These actions increase soil fertility and crop yields, improving food security and the livelihoods of farmers."


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"Source: GoK NCCAP Mitigation Analysis 2012 Figure 6.9: Sector reduction potentials at US$15 and US$40 in 2030 Forestry  Electricity HH Cook Stoves Transport Coal Chemicals Livestock Cement Government Refining Natural Gas Iron and Steel Metals Food Paper Mining Fishing Oil Products\fKenya s Table 6.1 provides a summary of the impact of international climate finance that targets economy-wide offsets at US$15 per tonne based on the results of the CGE modelling."


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"Source: GoK; National Adaptation Technical Analysis Report (ATAR)\f  Future Precipitation Trends  GCM data indicates that the following trends may be seen for rainfall in Kenya.135 The following statistics are for an A1B (medium) emissions scenario unless otherwise stated (see the NCCAP and ATAR for more details).  \ufffd GCMs suggest that there may be increases in average annual rainfall in Kenya by the 2060s."


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"Source: Kenya Climate Smart Programme (2015-2030), page 4. 5\fEnhanced climate resilience towards the attainment of Vision 2030 and beyond | 5 1.3 Future climate trends Future climate trends on temperature and precipitation show that Kenya\u2019s economy will continue to be affected."


id: 978d7cf025871ec288727ff8fe6e3b17
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"Source: Kenya s National Climate Change Action Plan  The National Environment Management Authority (NEMA), a semi-autonomous government agency in the MENR, is responsible for the overall coordination and management of the process of preparation of Kenya\u2019s national communications. NEMA was established under the Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act No. 8 of 1999 (EMCA) in 1999."


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"Source: Met Office. (2011). Climate: Observations, projections and impacts. Kenya. Exeter, UK: Met Office. \f  Through RCMs, the following precipitation trends are projected in Kenya by the 2090s:  \ufffd During the \u2018long rains\u2019, Kenya could experience a significant increase in rainfall with the largest increase occurring over the highland districts and the coastal region (Figure 45 top right). \ufffd During the \u2018short rains\u2019 an increase in rainfall could predominantly affect the region to the west of the Rift Valley."


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"Source: Mwangi and Mutua (2015), page 14.28\f| Kenya National Adaptation Plan 2015-2030 Urban \ufb02ooding is also increasingly becoming an issue especially in big cities and towns. Flooding events are becoming frequent because of rapid urbanisation, poor urban planning and loss of green spaces in cities such as Nairobi and Mombasa, which leads to loss of infrastructure, loss of lives and destruction of property. In some instances, however, \ufb02ooding can have certain bene\ufb01ts, especially in ASAL areas."


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"Source: NCCAP (2013-2017); GoK and ATAR\f  Knowledge Gaps and Next Steps  Relatively high quality climate records, and speciality precipitation data, are available for Kenya since the 1960s. The number of rainfall  monitoring stations in Kenya has decreased 2012. Today, Kenya has 62 temperature stations and 27 synoptic climate stations measuring a range of climate variables.138  Key knowledge gaps for climate information  \ufffd Understanding rainfall seasonality and geographical variations by increasing the number of rainfall monitoring stations to improve regional modelling."


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"South-South technology transfer can be used to solve food insecurity and disease problems now exacerbated by climate change elements. Moreover, according to the UNFCCC, 2006,48 \u2018crop and animal varieties are sensitive to local conditions and therefore much of the technology transfer in this area is expected to take place between regions with similar agro-climatic conditions.\u2019 Essentially, this means that agricultural technology transfer is expected to flow between and among countries in the southern part of the globe because of their \u2018similarities\u2019 in agro-climatic conditions."


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"South-South technology transfer was successfully tested as early as the 1960s during the Green Revolution, when semi-dwarf wheat varieties, originally developed in Mexico, were transferred to India, which also benefited from infusions of germplasm collected by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) from other parts of Asia (G.B.Chettri, 2003). Therefore, South-South and even North-South technology transfer pathways can enable the transfer of the following adaptation technologies, among others to Kenya: \u2022\ufffd agricultural technologies e.g."


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"Spatial variation of crop yield response to climate change in East Africa. Global Environmental Change 19, 54\u2013 65. Thornton, P.K., Jones, P.G., Alagarswamy, G. and Andresen, J. (2009). Spatial variation of crop yield response to climate change in East Africa. Global Environmental Change 19, 54\u2013 65. Thornton, P.K., Jones, P.G., Alagarswamy, G. and Andresen, J. (2009). Spatial variation of crop yield response to climate change in East Africa. Global Environmental Change 19, 54\u2013 65. Thornton, P.K., Jones, P.G."


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"Special acknowledgement goes to the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) and the Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN) for developing the methodology applied for the mitigation chapter of the SNC, and the Climate Change Secretariat at the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources for leading the preparation of the draft National Adaptation Report which provided invaluable input for the vulnerabilities and adaptation section of this communication."


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"Special gratitude goes to the consulting team, led by ClimateCare, who worked tirelessly to guide the process and to prepare the SNC. Tom Owino of ClimateCare led the consulting team. Seton Stiebert carried out the GHG inventory work and updated the mitigation analysis. Jackie Nyaoro led the preparation of the chapters on Kenya\u2019s national circumstances and other issues related to the implementation of the Convention, while Deborah Murphy carried out the final review of the chapters."


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"Specific intervention programmes and projects are covered under Mitigation-Forestry in this chapter. Kenya predominantly depends on biomass energy, which is comprised mainly of firewood, charcoal and agricultural waste. Most of the biomass energy is used in rural households and small businesses. The country also depends on hydropower, but potential has dramatically reduced during the past 20 years because of the destruction of water catchments areas. However, the country\u2019s demand has grown as high as its supply, leaving a reserve margin of only 7%."


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"Specific issues include: \u2022\ufffd Human resources (number and qualifications) need to be increased \u2022\ufffd Climate change knowledge needs building, particularly in the context of MRV/ M&E, indicators and reporting requirements \u2022\ufffd A programme of awareness raising and training is required to encourage utilisation of electronic information management systems, such as the proposed CCRDR, for inputting, analysing and reporting data on climate change \u2022\ufffd Communication and collaboration mechanisms need to be established between state actors and NSAs, including data sharing and utilization agreements \u2022\ufffd GoK should ensure that the individuals selected for the MRV+ governance structure have appropriate qualifications and the necessary skills for the job\fKenya s \u2022\ufffd The NPBMF requires the involvement of many actors; therefore, further studies on capacity requirements are needed to provide specific capacity development solutions to fit with the new government structure and devolution. 11.3 Recommended Actions It could take up to three years before the MRV+ system is fully operational."


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"Specific plans are in place but they assume very high growth rates.  The Updated Least Cost Power Development Plan (ULCPDP) presumes a 14% per annum growth rate in electricity supply between 2010 and 2030 in their reference case.192 This compares to historical growth in electricity supply of about 7% between 2000 and 2010."


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"Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also Yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectorssuch as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and  communication, real estate,  construction, tourism,  agriculture and fisheries."


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"Specific recommendations that can enable Kenya to benefit from REDD opportunities include: \u2022\ufffd robust monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) institutional arrangements (clear credible national forest monitoring baselines and guidelines), \u2022\ufffd filling the historical data gaps on forest cover throughout the country, \u2022\ufffd addressing the risk of non-permanence and leakage as a necessary condition for any parties or entities to participate in a REDD mechanism and activities, \u2022\ufffd assistance with methodology development especially on REDD, which has the potential to not only mitigate climate change but also support livelihoods, maintain vital ecosystem services, and preserve globally significant biodiversity, \u2022\ufffd need for financial support, technology transfer and provision for capacity building especially among forest-dependent communities, and \u2022\ufffd joint action involving both the public and private sectors in order to mobilise the necessary finance and accelerate REDD actions."


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"Specific risks and challenges for communities, especially those living in urban environments and particularly the most vulnerable, include river and flash flooding, with flood related fatalities constituting 60 per cent of disaster victims in Kenya.59 Extreme events and particularly El Ni\u00f1o rains are likely to undermine the health of Kenya\u2019s inhabitants directly through increasing numbers of injuries and deaths and indirectly through water quality issues and food insecurity. Drought and associated water scarcity, in particular, have the potential to exacerbate existing inequalities."


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"Specific risks and challenges for communities, especially those living in urban environments and particularly the most vulnerable, include river and flash flooding, with flood-related fatalities constituting 60 per cent of disaster victims in Kenya.  Extreme events also have indirect impacts through water scarcity and quality issues and food insecurity.  Arid and Semi-Arid Lands: Over the past few decades, transformations in the ASALs have impacted the livelihoods of the pastoralists."


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"Specifically, any additional international support and investment for electricity generation projects that may be tied to low-carbon development are not included in the emissions reference case, unless the international support and related investments have already been committed. Including such international support would mean that the substantial renewable generation investment in geothermal, wind and small hydro in the aspiration of Vision 2030 reference case could not be part of a NAMA, for example."


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"Specifically, financial support shall be provided to developing countries to support the technology transfer required to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase resilience to climate change.  The Technology Mechanism of the UNFCCC is strengthened in the Paris Agreement. It is focused on the undertaking and updating of technology needs assessments, as well as the implementation of their results through the development of bankable projects that are prioritised for financing. This Mechanism will address barriers and enhance enabling environments and technologies that are ready for transfer."


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"Specifically, this requires the establishment of a National Climate Change Council comprised of prominent individuals appointed by the President with strong expertise and experience in matters of climate change adaptation, mitigation and international negotiations, representing a wide cross-section of stakeholder interests from public, private, academia, research and non-state actors. A Secretariat within the Cabinet Affairs Office of the Presidency is to serve as liaison and communication focal point."


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"StARCK+ Technical Assistance to the Government of Kenya. \u00a9 2017 StARCK+ Technical Assistance to the Government of Kenya This publication may be freely quoted and reproduced provided that the source is acknowledged and the material is not used for resale or other commercial purposes. Any adaptations of the material are to be distributed under a similar licence."


id: 3480c22bdb52b9a5fb78e04d6fc43b91
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"Stakeholder support required to take the action forward A wide range of institutions would be needed which would include all the main participants of the MRV+ system.  These are set out in Action Sheet SC6-1 which establishes the MRV+ system. The GHG inventory would not specifically require any adaptation expertise.\fKenya s Indicative timeframe Launch timeframe: short term Duration of the Action: GHG inventory to be created by June 2014. BUR to be created by December 2014."


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"Stakeholder support required to take the action forward Broad stakeholder participation and consensus building, particularly from key sectoral agencies and ministries with mandates over Energy, Transport, Agriculture, Finance, Planning, Forestry and Disaster Management, amongst others, will need to be achieved to garner support for sectoral legislative amendments and ensure a climate change mainstreaming approach can be implemented. Support from Members of Parliament and the State Law Office will be required to ensure high-quality legislative reform can be passed through Parliament."


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"Stakeholder support required to take the action forward It would be useful if relevant stakeholders from the MED and the NCCS could be involved, since they will play a key role in new MRV+ structure. The choice of representatives is left to the institutions involved.\fKenya s Indicative timeframe Launch timeframe: short term (depending on the speed of progress on the ATAR/ NAP) Duration of the Action: 9 months This is a short term, priority action."


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"Stakeholder support required to take the action forward KEFRI, Community Forest Associations, county governments, forestland owners, forest communities and civil society organizations involved in tree planting campaigns Indicative timeframe - Quick win opportunity  r Launch timeframe: By 2015 Duration of the Action: 15 years, beginning in 2015 Cost associated with the Action in Kenyan Shillings The cost of achieving the full mitigation potential in estimated to be Ksh 48 \u2013 61 billion."


id: f073393f9fb0557a36227d6bdbeb795b
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"Stakeholder support required to take the action forward The KFS could engage the National REDD+ Steering Committee to provide oversight and advice the national forest inventory, forest reference scenario, and monitoring and reporting initiatives. Indicative timeframe - Quick win opportunity  r Launch timeframe: Short-term \u2013 within one year Duration of the Action: Three years, beginning January 2013 Cost associated with the Action in Kenyan Shillings The establishment of a national forest inventory is capital-intensive, requiring technical and institutional capacity building and training."


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"Stakeholder support required to take the action forward To ensure broad consensus and widespread support for the Climate Change Policy, particularly given its cross-sectoral nature, Members of Parliament, key sectoral Ministries, the Office of the Prime Minister / President, civil society, the private sector and the public at large will need to be extensively consulted and engaged. Public hearings will need to be conducted by MEMR and the relevant committee of Parliament, with the feedback being utilised to revise and refine the policy. 17."


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"Stakeholder support required to take the action forward: Inputs from relevant stakeholders, such as ministry focal points, research institutions, universities and colleges, the private sector, civil society organisations, individual climate change researchers, the ICT Board, among others. Donor support in terms of funding to implement the centre.\fKenya s Indicative timeframe: One and half years are required to put up the physical infrastructure and stock the resource centre with the require climate change knowledge products."


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"Stakeholder support required to take the action forward: Inputs from relevant stakeholders, such as ministry focal points, research institutions, universities and colleges, the private sector, civil society organisations, individual climate change researchers, the ICT Board, among others. Donor support in terms of funding to implement the system. Indicative timeframe: One year is required to develop a functional and tested climate change knowledge management system. Cost associated with the Action in Kenya Shillings: Estimated cost of system development without hardware costs: approximately Ksh 100 million."


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"Stakeholders Civil society and private sector status The MENR is planning to implement the framework for MRV+ set out in the NCCAP, which includes MENR management of the system and housing of the house the climate change-relevant data repository. The functioning of the MRV+ systems will be overseen by an MRV+ system steering committee. The MRV+ framework was presented to the international community through the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) Global Network. Development partner support is required to set up the governance system."


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"Stakeholders Civil society and private sector. status description Kenya\u2019s Second National Communication (SNC) was submitted to the UNFCCC in December 2015. The SNC provides a comprehensive update of Kenya\u2019s national circumstances, updates Kenya\u2019s GHG inventory, assesses vulnerability and adaptation, analyses mitigation options, and reviews other information considered relevant for the implementation of the Convention. The GHG inventory reports on GHG emissions and removals by sinks for the year 2010, as well as additional years between 1995 and 2010."


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"Stakeholders KEFRI, community forest associations, county governments, forest communities and civil society. long-term: in progress It is not possible to determine progress toward the long-term emissions reduction goal because of a lack of data. The REDD+ readiness work will provide information and data that will enable measurement of progress toward the NCCAP long-term mitigation goal for reforestation of degraded forests."


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"Stakeholders KFS engages the REDD+ Steering Committee, community forests associations, forestland owners, pastoralists and local communities. long term: in progress Despite good progress to restore forests on degraded lands, it is not possible to determine progress toward the long-term emissions reduction goal because of lack of data. REDD+ readiness work will provide information and data that will enable measurement of progress toward the NCCAP long-term mitigation goal for restoration of forests on degraded lands."


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"Stakeholders include Community Forest Associations, forestland owners, and pastoralists and local communities impacted by the REDD+ actions. Indicative timeframe - Quick win opportunity r Launch timeframe: By 2015 Duration of the Action: 15 years, beginning in 2015 Cost associated with the Action in Kenyan Shillings The cost of achieving the full mitigation potential in estimated to be KSh 186 \u2013 290 billion."


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"Stand-alone solar photvoltaic (PV) systems are the most widely used technology in Kenya, with well over 200,000 systems installed and sales estimated at 20,000 systems per year.11 Solar- based initiatives \u2013 including private sector businesses such as\fN D C  S E C T O R  A N A LY S I S  R E P O R T  2 0 1 7 Figure 4.1."


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"Standing Committee on Finance (UNFCCC) SIDA Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change iv FOREWORD Kenya\u2019s economy is highly dependent on its natural resource base."


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"Start implementation of NAMA \u2013 December 2013\fKenya s Action 5:    AGROFORESTRY Action Reference Number:  MITI- 5 Action summary Convert 281,000 hectares of existing arable cropland and grazing land that have medium or high agricultural potential to agroforestry by 2030 to abate 4.16 MtCO2e. A programme of work can be undertaken to encourage land use practices in which trees and other woody perennials are spatially or temporally integrated with crops and livestock on a given unit of land."


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"Start implementation of NAMA \u2013 January 2014\fKenya s Action 3:    REFORESTATION OF DEGRADED FORESTS Action Reference Number:  MITI- 3 Action summary Reforest 240,000 hectares of degraded forests by 2030 to abate 6.06 MtCO2e. A programme of work can be undertaken to replant forests on 240,000 hectares of land that were previously forests. This could include, inter alia: tree planting activities; awareness raising, consultation and demonstration; policy development; capacity building for communities, county governments, Community Forest Associations and the KFS; measuring, monitoring and reporting; and research."


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"State Department for Crop Development Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation\f iv PROF. MICHENI J. NTIBA, PhD , DBA, CBS State Department for Fisheries, and Aquaculture and the Blue Economy Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation SUSAN MOCHACHE, CBS State Department for Environment and Forestry Ministry of Environment and Forestry PROF: HAMADI I. BOGA, PhD State Department for Agriculltural Research Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation PROF: H. K. SEGOR, CBS."


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"State Department for Irrigation Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation\f v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Implementation Framework 2018-2027 has been developed to promote climate resilient and low carbon growth sustainable agriculture that ensures food security and contributes to national development goals in line with Kenya Vision 2030."


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"State of the Environment, NEMA 94Situational Analysis Report for the development of National Agricultural Insurance Policy, February 2014,conducted by ASCU and funded by GIZ/ACCI 95Situation Analysis Report for a National Agricultural Insurance Policy, produced by ASCU and ACCI/GIZ. 96 Strategies for energy supply KIPRA 97 Strategies for energy supply KIPRA 98 Strategies for energy supply KIPRA 99 Government of Kenya (GoK). (2008). Second Medium-Term Plan (MTP) 2013-2017. Nairobi: Government Printers. [Accessed 22 100 Government of Kenya (GoK). Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (MEMR)."


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"Statistics quoted are for medium emissions scenario, relative to the baseline period 1961- 1990, unless otherwise stated (see NCCAP and ATAR for more details):  \ufffd Mean annual temperature is projected to increase by between 0.8 and 1.5\u00b0C by the 2030s and 1.6\u00b0C to 2.7\u00b0C by the 2060s. \ufffd An increase is projected in the frequency of  \ufffd hot days and hot nights. Projections indicate that hot days could occur on 19-45% of days by the 2060s and 26-69% of days by the 2090s."


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created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:13
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"Status Complete Lead Agency MENR Partner Agency KMD Stakeholders Universities and colleges, the private sector, multilateral research institutions located in Nairobi, civil society organizations, and individual climate change researchers. status The National Climate Change Resource Centre (NCCRC) has been established on the grounds of KMD headquarters in Dagoretti, Nairobi. The centre is a national repository for climate change and incorporates green building concepts such as solar power, biogas and water recycling. The NCCRC has a library, amphitheatre, training facilities and an exhibition hall."


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created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:13
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"Status Complete Lead Agency MENR Partner Agency \u2013 status The Climate Change Act, 2016 established the Climate Change Directorate (CCD) in the ministry responsible for climate change affairs. The Directorate is the lead agency for the government on national climate change plans and actions to deliver operational coordination."


id: aa20e1db7dd116538b1a6ac8f5e03784
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:13
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"Status In progress Lead Agency MENR Partner Agency MOEP, MODP, MALF, Treasury, MOTI, KFS, NEMA, County Governments Stakeholders Research institutions, universities and colleges, the private sector, civil society organizations status Several capacity building initiatives are underway or have been undertaken including training on GHG inventory development, forest mapping and measurement, REDD+, mainstreaming climate change in national sector plans and CIDPs, climate knowledge and information management, Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) development and implementation, CDM project development, and GCF readiness."


id: 86a3b0be2444fbac641f88ae5540387c
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:13
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"Status In progress Lead Agency MENR Partner Agency NEMA Stakeholders KFS, MOEP, MOTIHUD, MALF, KMD, KEFRI, KARI, WRMA, DRSRS status Draft outline/framework developed for annual reporting under the Climate Change Act, and for input to a national registry of mitigation and adaptation projects. Work was undertaken to identify data sets and information for the GHG inventory in the development of the Second National Communication that was submitted to the UNFCCC in December 2015. Information gaps were assessed in the inventory process."


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created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:13
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"Status In progress Lead Agency MENR Partner Agency National Treasury, KIRDI, MFA, MODP, NEMA, KFS, MOEP Stakeholders Carbon market community in Kenya, GDC, KenGen Development Partners Government of Japan status Kenya and Japan signed a bilateral document for the introduction of the Joint Crediting Mechanism in June 2013. The scheme enables a low-carbon growth partnership that will support mitigation projects in Kenya that generate carbon credits that will be purchased by Japan to be used to achieve its emission reduction target."


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"Status In progress Lead Agency MENR Partner Agency National Treasury, MODP, MOEP, CoG Stakeholders Private sector, civil society, marginalized communities, academia status The Climate Change Act, 2016 established the National Climate Change Council that will be chaired by His Excellency, the President of the Republic of Kenya. The Council is responsible for overall coordination and advisory functions. The government has taken steps to appoint Council members representing private sector, civil society, marginalized communities, academia."


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created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:13
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"Status In progress Lead Agency MENR \u2013 for tracking climate change benefits Partner Agency KFS, MALF, MOEP, MOTIHUD, National Treasury, NEMA, County Governments Stakeholders KAM, Kenya Private Sector Alliance (KEPSA), private sector companies and civil society status The 30 mitigation actions identified in the NCCAP will achieve GHG emission reductions. Examples of progress on these actions is listed below and detailed information is available in the draft National Climate Change Registry that has been developed by MENR."


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"Status In progress Lead Agency MODP Partner Agency MENR and county governments Stakeholders Other relevant ministries status description The Ministry of Devolution and Planning (MODP) has undertaken a process to identify indicators to track progress on climate change, and has included climate change indicators in in the national government handbook of national reporting on the Second MTP. The MODP also led a process with country governments to identify climate change indicators and to develop county indictor handbooks."


id: a28b4fc153078a0d92f62bcae5e8f7a0
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"Status In progress Lead Agency National Treasury Partner Agency NEMA, MENR Stakeholders Kenya carbon market community, project developers status Capacity building has been provided to NEMA to improve its ability to deliver on its role as the DNA for the CDM and as National Implementing Entity for the Adaptation Fund and GCF. Support is being provided to build capacity to identify and develop proposals for bankable adaptation projects."


id: eec41d39581da29fbd189ace4c183b50
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:13
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"Status No action Lead Agency MENR Partner Agency MOEP, MODP, MALF, National Treasury, KFS, MOTIHUD, NEMA Stakeholders Research institutions Developement Partners \u2013 status Development of a capacity building plan based on a gaps analysis is not complete; but many government departments and agencies at the national and county level are undertaking capacity building initiatives (see KMCD-4).   assistance KMCD 4: Provide capacity development support to actors at national and county level Title Provide capacity development support to actors at national and county level to move forward with implementing the NCCAP (based on an annual identification of priorities) Action Type Enabling Timeframe Short term/Quick Win Sector Energy, Agriculture, Transport, Industry, Water & Sanitation, Health, Finance, Planning, Forestry, Environment, Wildlife, Drought Management Action Summary A wide range of capacities are required to implement the NCCAP."


id: 4df57d5753848c0cca3b6717418b4988
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"Status No action Lead Agency The lead agency will be a county government, to be determined in consultation with the counties Partner Agency MENR, MODP Stakeholders Lead agency to identify stakeholders; support from county-level stakeholders will be essential status Work on adaptation is taking place in Isiolo, Garissa, Kitui, Makueni and Wajir, which could potentially provide information and data for the case studies."


id: fbd6bdaf0604a92ad52d4c729ca797e7
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"Steps must be taken to ensure that existing disparities between women and men are addressed in order to reduce or eliminate vulnerability and poverty that are exacerbated by climate change. The Constitution provides for socio-economic rights, such as the right to water, food, housing, emergency medical services and sanitation."


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"Steps taken to integrate climate change into relevant policies The Government of Kenya, recognising the growing threat that climate change poses for its near- and long-term development agenda, has improved its capacity to mitigate and adapt to the impacts of climate change. A policy and institutional framework to guide the country toward a low carbon climate resilient development pathway is under development."


id: 5cd583e8c4df2d292c93c13b8754abc5
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:13
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"Still comparative assessment reveals that the component of  \f  technology transfer is inadequate and comparatively small. Waste-to-energy, and industrial energy sectors show no significant technology transfer unlike the other sectors where there is some technology transfer involved for projects.  Regardless of the aforesaid, with the inception of GEF and CDM, technology transfer has become a vital and recognised activity in Kenya  and has led to capacity building within the country, but the pace and progress are somewhat slow and need immediate and consistent ramp-up."


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"Still under the oversight of MEMR, the Kenya Meteorological Department (KMD) is mandated to provide meteorological and climatological services to the country for the benefit of all sectors and the public in general. Climate research and monitoring are also some of KMD\u2019s responsibilities. In addition, there is a Climate Change Coordination Unit (CCCU) at the Office of the Prime Minister, whose aim is to provide high-level political support to climate change activities in Kenya."


id: 74ad403b75da5d78cb164262e336d5e4
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:13
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"Strategic Goal: Adequate and effective human resource capacity for CSA activities Strategic Objective: To enhance adequacy and quality of human resource for CSA (i) Increase the pool of technical personnel with expertise in CSA (a) Undertake an audit of CSA human resource capacity at both national and county level \u2022\ufffd Audit report \u2022\ufffd Funding \u2022\ufffd Audit exercise \u2022\ufffd Establishing optimal personnel requirements \u2022\ufffd Staffs (MALF, MENR, MDP) \u2022\ufffd Participate in the audit exercise (Departments responsible for Environment, Public Service, Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries) \u2022\ufffd Funding \u2022\ufffd Participate in the audit exercise (Development partners, private sector, CBO, NGOs,) ST (b) Recruit qualified personnel \u2022\ufffd No and type of expertise of personnel recruited \u2022\ufffd Funding \u2022\ufffd Recruitment and deployment for national CSA activities \u2022\ufffd Induction (MALF, MENR, MDP) \u2022\ufffd Funding \u2022\ufffd Recruitment and Deployment for Counties \u2022\ufffd Induction (Departments responsible for Environment, Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries, County Public Service Boards) \u2022\ufffd Funding \u2022\ufffd Recruitment (Development partners, private sector, CBO, NGOs,) ST/LT (c) Establish working partnerships and collaboration with institutions with expertise in CSA \u2022\ufffd No of institution with working partnerships \u2022\ufffd No of collaboration"


id: ff8e3812499a122b56bb86062d8c9087
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:13
updated_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:13
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"Strategic Goal: WY&VG empowerment for improved participation in CSA activities Strategic Objective: Improve participation in CSA by WY&VG. (i) Increase the capacity of WY&VG to participate in CSA activities (a) Create awareness and capacity build WY&VG on CSA \u2022\ufffd Number of trainings \u2022\ufffd Number of participants \u2022\ufffd Develop curriculum and training manuals \u2022\ufffd Capacity building."


id: 1a0fdaf609eea48382f6b02ea6a2fca8
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:13
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"Strategic Issue 12: Limited CSA research technology development and innovations There is limited research on CSA due to inadequacy of operational resources, infrastructure and skilled research personnel for the development of demand driven CSA technologies and innovations. Rare and\f CHAPTER THREE: GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES ADAPTATION AND BUILDING RESILIENCE Strategic Issue 1: Vulnerabilities due to changes in temperature regimes and precipitation patterns Strategic goal: Enhanced adaptive capacity and resilience of farmers, pastoralists and fisher-folk to the adverse impacts of climate change."


id: 7acc32d11bbbb9a99be55e38493e8f14
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:13
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"Strategic Issue 2: Vulnerabilities due to extreme weather events Crops Climate change has led to more frequent and intense extreme weather events such as drought, floods, strong winds, hailstorms, and frosts. Droughts lead to loss of investments in crop production due to reduced yields or total crop failure as a result of water stress, inhibiting plant nutrient abstraction from the soil and the vital physiological processes of the plant."


id: 47ef9df28a05b696d039fa00fcbacae3
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:13
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"Strategic Issue 3: Vulnerabilities due to unsustainable natural resource management Strategic goal: Enhanced resilience of agriculture systems to climate change impacts through sustainable natural resource management Strategic objective: Mainstream sustainable natural resource management into production systems to enhance resilience of the farmers, pastoralists and fisher-folk Strategies (i) Establish baselines and undertake inventory of the existing natural resources This entails reviewing  and collating information on existing natural resources and their distribution; undertaking inventory and mapping of  natural  resources; and developing and maintenance of database for natural resources at National and County levels."


id: bcb23e68bab745bbc16e02b423cbfc5d
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:13
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"Strategic Issue 3: Vulnerabilities due to unsustainable use of natural resources Kenya\u2019s economy is highly dependent on the natural resource base as it is critical for survival. Majority of Kenyans depends on agriculture, livestock, fishing and forestry as their main source of livelihood. All the four sub-sectors rely greatly on the natural resources to thrive. Crops Unsustainable land and agricultural water management affect both land and water through accelerated erosion, soil mining, salinization, seawater intrusion and groundwater depletion."


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created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:13
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"Strategic Issue 6: Lack of accountable quantification of GHGs emissions Strategic Goal: Adequate Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) System in the agriculture sector Strategic Objectives: Enhanced capacity to measure, report and verify emissions from the agriculture sector Strategies (i) Development of Measurement, Reporting and Verification Systems The MRV systems help in improving the transparency in reporting of actions and mitigation measures in the agriculture sector. This will involve setting standards and install MRV infrastructure and development of an inventory system data bank on sector emissions."


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created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:13
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"Strategic Issue 8:  Poor coordination and collaboration among institutions and stakeholders in climate smart agriculture There is a large number of diverse institutions with CSA related functions. These functions include policy setting, regulatory, research, advisory and provision of support services, capacity building and financing."


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created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:13
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"Strategic Objective: Avail adequate and updated data and information on CSA. Strategies (i) Establish and maintain a data and information management system This involves the development of CSA communication strategy and use of   information management system that links the CSA information management system to the National Climate Change Resource Centre and other CSA related information management systems."


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"Strategic Objective: To increase funding and improve accountability and transparency for CSA activities (i) Enhance funding from the National and County exchequer for Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA)  activities (a) Mainstream CSA activities into the government budget cycle \u2022\ufffd Recurrent and Development funds allocated for CSA activities \u2022\ufffd Develop, analyze, and prioritize CSA activities for exchequer  funding \u2022\ufffd Develop work plans and budgets for CSA activities (TNT, Climate Change Council, MALF, MENR) \u2022\ufffd Develop, analyze, and prioritize CSA activities for incorporation into County Integrated Development Plans."


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"Strategic Objective: To increase funding for CSA activities Strategies (i) Establish mechanisms for accessing Climate Finance for Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) activities This involves enhancing access to Climate Change Fund provided for in the Climate Change Act, 2016 and ensure that climate activities are mainstreamed in the MTP. (ii) Promote strategic partnerships This entail  promoting structured partnership arrangements with private sector , NGOs, CSOs and other development partners to provide finance for CSA activities, programmes and projects."


id: 6e4d7973ef87e77d32f5ec47f8e554bc
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:13
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"Strategic issue 10: Limited capacity of WY&VG to participate in CSA activities Strategic Goal: WY&VG empowerment for improved participation in CSA activities Strategic Objective: Improve participation in CSA by WY&VG. Strategies (i) Increase the capacity of WY&VG to participate in CSA activities. This will entail creation of awareness, capacity building and promotion of CSA-related income generating activities targeting WY&VG. (ii) Promote equity and inclusivity of WY&VG participation in CSA activities."


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"Strategic issue 11: Limited human resource capacity to undertake CSA Strategic Goal: Adequate and effective human resource capacity for CSA activities Strategic Objective: To enhance adequacy and quality of human resource for CSA Strategies (i) Increase the pool of technical personnel with expertise in CSA This will involve auditing of CSA human resource capacity at both national and county levels; recruiting qualified personnel; and establishing working partnerships and collaboration with institutions that have expertise in CSA."


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"Strategic objective: Institute measures to reduce the vulnerabilities of farmers, pastoralists and fisher folk to extreme weather events (i) Develop and implement mechanisms and systems that provide early warnings; ensure preparedness and response to extreme weather events (a) Develop effective early warning systems \u2022\ufffd No."


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"Strategic objective: Institute measures to reduce the vulnerabilities of farmers, pastoralists and fisher folk to extreme weather events Strategies (i) Develop and implement strategies for  early warning and response, and ensure preparedness for extreme weather events This involves developing effective early warning systems, producing and disseminating High value beef cattle\f (vi) Establish and implement mechanisms for resolving natural resource use conflicts This will entail the development of mechanisms for identification of potential natural resource conflict hotspots; the profiling of the natural resource conflict hotspots; and the development of mechanisms for conflict resolution."


id: c79f6cac263cda159637425bcf45a573
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:13
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"Strategic objective: Institute measures to reduce the vulnerabilities of farmers, pastoralists and fisher-folk to changing temperature regimes and precipitation patterns (i) Provision of accurate, timely and reliable climate/weather information to inform decisions of actors on crops, livestock and fisheries value chains (a) Improve network of weather stations countrywide \u2022\ufffd Number of weather stations \u2022\ufffd Policy guidance, \u2022\ufffd Capacity building, \u2022\ufffd Weather forecasting Infrastructure \u2022\ufffd Funding \u2022\ufffd National data aggregation (KMD, MALF, WRA,RDAs) \u2022\ufffd Support review, integration and maintenance of the existing EWS \u2022\ufffd Dissemination of downscaled weather information (Departments responsible for: Environment and Natural, Resources, Agriculture, Livestock, Irrigation, Fisheries) \u2022\ufffd Support improvement of weather stations networks (WMO, Development Partners, International Research Institutions, Private Sector) ST/LT (b) Modernization and maintenance of meteorological infrastructure \u2022\ufffd Number of modern infrastructure for weather data capturing, processing and dissemination \u2022\ufffd Support modernization and maintenance of meteorological infrastructure \u2022\ufffd Provide site for installation and \u2022\ufffd Support maintenance of the new meteorological infrastructure \u2022\ufffd Support maintenance of EWS infrastructure: (WMO, Development Partners, International Research Institutions, Private Sector) (c) Integration of scientific and indigenous technical knowledge in weather"


id: 426210ecb7773cc2e80552dab229d4be
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"Strategic objective: Institute measures to reduce the vulnerabilities of farmers, pastoralists and fisher-folk to changing temperature regimes and precipitation patterns. Strategies (i) Provision of accurate, timely and reliable climate/weather information to inform decisions of actors on crops, livestock and fisheries value chains This involves improvement, modernization and maintenance of weather infrastructure; integration of scientific and indigenous technical knowledge and technical skills enhancement in weather data analysis, packaging, dissemination and use of early warning weather information."


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"Strategies (i) Enhance capacity of institutions to undertake CSA research This entails availing adequate infrastructure for research on mitigation, indigenous and cultural knowledge, technology development and innovation; providing adequate skilled research personnel for CSA research, MRV, and increasing operational resources for CSA research. (ii) Improve coordination of CSA research, innovation and knowledge generation."


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"Strategies (i) Mainstream Sustainable Natural Resource Management  to reduce emissions as a co- benefit The activities for sustainable natural resource management will be implemented as adaptation interventions while providing mitigation co-benefits. This will involve promotion of agroforestry/farm forestry and adoption of practices that encourage inclusion of trees in the farming systems e.g. conservation agriculture with trees for reduction of emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, forest conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of carbon stocks, including rangelands."


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"Strategies adopted by REDD+ projects include protecting forests, identifying and supporting alternative livelihood opportunities (such as ecotourism and production of high-value export products), establishing incentive schemes which compensate communities for forest conservation, and promoting the\fN D C  S E C T O R  A N A LY S I S  R E P O R T  2 0 1 7 Table 5.3."


id: 5a36cbe36e9cbd9f9307ec76c0610a07
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"Strategy| Strategies Activities Measure of achievement Responsibilities and Institutions Priority TimelineST MT 3-6 yrs LT > 6) Indicative Budget (Billions in KSh) National Government County Government Other Stakeholders (iii) Technology development, dissemination and adoption along crops, livestock, fisheries and forestry value chains (a) Conduct participatory research on improved technologies and practices informed by needs of users and agro-ecological zones along prioritized value chains \u2022\ufffdNumber of research publications \u2022\ufffdNumber and type of new technologies developed \u2022\ufffdPolicy guidance \u2022\ufffdFacilitate research agenda setting \u2022\ufffdProvide research Infrastructure \u2022\ufffdFunding \u2022\ufffdConducting Research (MALF, KALRO, KEMFRI, KEFRI, Academic Institutions) \u2022\ufffdParticipate in Research agenda setting \u2022\ufffdProvision of research infrastructure \u2022\ufffdConducting research \u2022\ufffdUndertaking of joint research activities \u2022\ufffdFunding (Regional and International Research Institutions; Private Sector) LT (b) Conduct on-farm research into low- cost appropriate technologies and practices and deliver them as packages \u2022\ufffdNumber of research publications \u2022\ufffdNumber of technology packages delivered \u2022\ufffdPolicy guidance \u2022\ufffdFacilitate research agenda setting \u2022\ufffdProvide research Infrastructure \u2022\ufffdFunding \u2022\ufffdConducting Research \u2022\ufffdTechnology packaging (MALF, KALRO, KEMFRI, KEFRI, Academic Institutions) \u2022\ufffdParticipate in Research agenda setting; \u2022\ufffdProvide research infrastructure; \u2022\ufffdParticipate in conducting research \u2022\ufffdSupport technology packaging \u2022\ufffdUndertaking of joint research supporting Dissemination activities \u2022\ufffdFunding (Regional and International Research Institutions, Private sector) LT (c) Build the capacity of extension service"


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"Strengthen the capacity and ensure sufficient resourcing of institutions engaged in climate change public awareness. MANAGEMENT AND ACCESS TO INFORMATION  8.1.1 The ability of the country to respond appropriately and effectively to climate change depends, to a great extent, on the ability to understand and assess impacts and vulnerability. Policy makers, the public and private sector can then use that knowledge to make informed decisions on appropriate steps for adaptation and mitigation."


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"Strengthening the national and county financing systems for climate finance is essential because the current systems do not easily identify and track climate finance. The diversity in sources of climate finance introduces challenges in monitoring and evaluating the implementation and impact of climate change interventions. Mechanisms to identify the sources and track how the finance has been utilised are needed to optimise the application of climate finance. These mechanisms will assess the disbursement, absorption and management of funds in a transparent and accountable manner."


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"Strengthening the resilience of forests also increases the permanence of carbon. Adaptation and forestry mitigation projects can be linked by incorporating adaptation standards into forest carbon certification and strengthening the capacities of projects developed to accommodate both components. 22 climate risks and impacts Forests in Kenya face several climate change-related threats and impacts, which are documented in the NCCRS and its 2013- 2017 action plan."


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"Strong national and county systems will optimise the accessing and application of climate finance, and offer prudent mechanisms to identify sources and track how the finance has been utilised. A robust policy framework that establishes an enabling environment for private sector investment and growth will also assist in attracting, disbursing, managing and reporting on climate finance in a transparent and accountable manner."


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"Strong winds, landslides and dust storms also contribute to the reduction of soil fertility through erosion and translocation of the fertile top soils. Livestock Extreme weather events, especially droughts and floods lead to reduced pasture and forage availability, degradation of the environment and an increase in destitution. Strong winds and dust storms also contribute to the reduction of forage availability as they erode top soil, thus making grass regeneration difficult even when it rains."


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"Studies have shown that about 90% of all natural disasters afflicting the world are related to severe weather and extreme climate change events. Impacts of the projected climate change are expected in many sectors such as environment, human health, food security, economic activities, natural resources and physical infrastructure."


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"Study carried out by Wanleys Consultancy Services. Nairobi, Kenya. 5 Mbugua, D. (2006). Kenya Forestry Assessment Report. Forest Outlook Studies in Africa.  Greenhouse Gas Emissions Table 25 provides a summary of CO2 emissions or removals that relate to different land-use categories, carbon pools and IPPC Guideline  LULUCF categories. Table 26 identifies LULUCF non-CO2 emissions related to vegetation fires."


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"Sub-component 1.5: Climate Smart Agriculture Research Funding. Sub-component 1.6: Appropriate CSA Policies, Strategies and Regulations. Sub-component 1.7: CSA data collection, information management and dissemination systems. Sub-component 1.8: Capacities of institution relevant to CSA at all levels. 3.3.1.1 Sub-component 1.1: Inter-Ministerial and County Government Coordination This sub-component aims at strengthening the functioning of the KCSAIF at both national and county levels through establishment and operationalization of coordinating institutions and structures."


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"Sub-component 2.5: Food and feed storage and distribution. 3.3.2.1 Sub-component 2.1: Access to and use of adaptive technologies This sub-component aims to enhance adoption of improved and adaptive crop, livestock and aquaculture technologies.\ufffdThe\ufffdsector\ufffdexperiences\ufffdlow\ufffduse\ufffdof\ufffdimproved\ufffdtechnologies\ufffdand\ufffdpractices,\ufffduse\ufffdof\ufffdinefficient\ufffd technologies and practices, increased incidences of diseases and pests, inadequate access and availability, and low use of integrated water resources management (IWRM). These challenges lead to low agricultural productivity, food and nutritional insecurity, low levels of income and hence high poverty levels."


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"Sub-component 3.4: Synergies in adaptation and mitigation. 3.3.3.1 Sub-component 3.1: Soil health and land degradation The objectives of this sub-component are aimed at enhancing adoption of climate smart soil management technologies/practices\ufffd and\ufffd rehabilitation\ufffd of\ufffd degraded\ufffd lands.\ufffd The\ufffd challenges\ufffd to\ufffd be\ufffd addressed\ufffd include;\ufffd nutrient depletion, loss of biodiversity, land degradation, soil erosion, soil acidity and low adoption of CSA technologies and practices. These and other unsustainable land and soil management practices contribute to GHG emissions."


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"Subcomponent 2: Enabling Policy and Regulatory Framework \u2013 reviewed international, regional and national policy and legislative instruments related to climate change to form the basis for developing a policy and legislative framework to promote coherence, coordination and cooperative governance of climate change issues for Kenya. Subcomponent 3: Adaptation Analysis and Prioritisation \u2013 undertook a comprehensive review of all relevant literature to identify and prioritise immediate, medium- and long- term adaptation actions. The proposed actions informed the 2013-2017 Medium Term Plan and National Adaptation Plan."


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"Subcomponent 4: Mitigation actions \u2013 examined potential low-carbon development opportunities in the six mitigation sectors set out in Article 4.1 of the UNFCCC: energy; transport; industry; agriculture; forestry; and waste management. The analysis provided the basis for identifying potential internationally and domestically supported NAMAs that would enhance sustainable development. Identifying priority REDD+ activities was also addressed. Subcomponent 5: Technology \u2013 drew attention to the barriers affecting the uptake of technologies related to adaptation and mitigations."


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"Subcomponent 6: National Performance and Benefit Measurement provides a framework for measuring, monitoring, evaluating, verifying and reporting results of mitigation actions, adaptation actions and the synergies between them. Subcomponent 7: Knowledge Management\f  and Capacity Development provides a knowledge management system to address the sharing of climate change-related knowledge and proposed capacity building measures to address the institutional and technical capacity needs of the various actors."


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"Subcomponent 8: Finance developed an innovative financial mechanism that includes a climate fund, investment strategy and carbon trading platform to position the country to access finances from various sources.  TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER  Kenya\u2019s National Climate Change Strategy, its Action Plan and the second Medium Term Plan (MTP) 2013-2017 articulate a low carbon and climate resilient development. This require access to, diffusion and transfer of environmentally sound technologies (ESTs)."


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"Subcomponent 8: Finance \u2013 developed an innovative financial mechanism that includes a climate fund, investment strategy/framework and carbon trading platform to position the country to access finances from various sources.\fKenya s Panos/Frederic Courbet\fKenya s Panos/Steve Forrest\fKenya s 4. Low Carbon Climate Resilient Development 4.1 The Benefits of Low Carbon Climate Resilient Development in Kenya As Kenya realises its development aspirations, there will be gains and risks. A growing population and economy with urbanization will mean increases in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions."


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"Subcomponent Enabling Policy and Regulatory Framework forms the basis for policy and legislative framework to promote coherence, coordination and cooperative governance of climate change issues in Kenya. Subcomponent 3: Adaptation Analysis and Prioritisation identified and prioritised immediate, medium and long-term adaptation actions. The proposed actions have informed the 2013-2017 Medium Term Plan and the country\u2019s National Adaptation Plan."


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"Subcomponent Mitigation identified potential low-carbon development opportunities in the six mitigation sectors set out in Article 4.1 of the UNFCCC: energy; transport; industry; agriculture; forestry; and waste management. This has provided the basis for identifying potential internationally and domestically supported NAMAs and REDD+ activities that would promote sustainable development. Subcomponent 5: The Technology draws attention to the barriers affecting the uptake of technologies related to adaptation and mitigation."


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"Subject to national circumstances,  Kenya intends to mobilize domestic resources to cater for 10% of the adaptation cost, while 90% of the adaptation cost will require international support in form of finance,  the NCCAP II (2018-2022) and the NAP (2015-2030). Effective adaptation action will catalyse mitigation  technology development and transfer, and capacity building.  activity across sectors."


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"Subject to national circumstances, Kenya intends to mobilize domestic resources to cater for 10% of the adaptation cost, while 90% of the adaptation cost, will require international support in form of finance, technology development and transfer, and capacity building. The prioritised programmes are presented in Table 2  below.  Table 2: Prioritized Adaptation Programs  Disaster risk reduction |P!: Drought risk management including drought early warning, preparedness, and response for  enhanced drought resilience."


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"Subject to the provisions of this Act, the Council may, either generally or in a particular case, delegate to any committee or to any member of the Council or officer or agent of the Council, the exercise of any of the functions of the Council under this Act.  12. The Council shall, by Regulations, prescribe a Code of Conduct for members of the Council and staff of the Council.  Seal of the Council.  Delegation of powers by the Council.  Code of conduc!"


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"Submission of NAMA proposal to UNFCCC, and discussions with potential funders \u2013 January 2014 to June 2014 4.  Finalization of NAMA design and financial arrangements, and activity start-up \u2013 July 2014 to December 2014\fKenya s Action 4: IMPROVED COOKSTOVES AND LPG COOKSTOVES Action Reference Action summary: Programme to support the use of improved cookstoves and of LPG cookstoves to abate 7.3 MtCO2e by 2030."


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"Submission of NAMA proposal to UNFCCC, and discussions with potential funders \u2013 January 2014 to June 2014 4.  Finalization of NAMA design and financial arrangements, and activity start-up \u2013 July 2014 to December 2014\fKenya s Action 6: BUS RAPID TRANSIT WITH LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT CORRIDORS Action Reference Number:  MITI- 6 Action summary Implement an extensive Mass Transit System for greater Nairobi, based predominantly on Bus Rapid Transit Corridors complemented by a few Light Rail Transit Corridors to abate 2.8 MtCO2e by 2030."


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"Submission of activity proposal to UNFCCC, and discussions with potential funders \u2013 January 4."


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"Successful diffusion requires robust outreach and awareness raising through training and knowledge transfer systems.  Research and Systematic Observation Various institutions in Kenya undertake systematic observation and coordinate climate and climate change-related research activities and programmes in the country. The Kenya Meteorology Department (KMD), working closely with Africa\u2019s IGAD Climate Prediction and Applications Centre (ICPAC) and the Institute for Meteorological Training and Research (IMTR), has the overall mandate to carry out climate and climate change-related research."


id: f006c9ed30a721b8f62bdbbd6819d14a
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"Such a policy coupled with a related legislation proposed in section 8.2 below would support implementation of the NCCRS comprehensively and effectively. 8.2 Appropriate Legal Framework A legal framework is the foundation for an effective policy. Being a purposeful statement by a government expressing its recognition of a problem and stating its commitment to address a problem through specified actions, one of the key functions of policy is to advise and direct the government and the governed on necessary actions to address identified problems."


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"Such a policy will play a vital role in building consensus and raising awareness amongst civil society, the private sector and the public at large as to the seriousness the GoK affords climate change and how all stakeholders will be engaged in the response effort. The impact of the action will be better coordinated, more effective and clearly articulated climate change response in Kenya."


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"Such an assumption is misguided, considering that climate change is already threatening vital infrastructure such as road and rail networks as well as water and energy systems. Lower annual rainfall in Kenya has reduced the power supply capacity of hydroelectric dams while temperature rise and glacial melt is causing sea level rise. Flooding of coastal and adjacent inland areas is exacerbating due to periodic torrential rainfall, thereby posing a risk to maritime, road, rail and air networks."


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"Such efforts are important in arid and semi-arid lands where climate conditions are expected to become more extreme. Efforts to increase agroforestry will help meet Kenya\u2019s goal of increasing tree cover on farmland to 10 per cent as a means to preserving and maintaining the environment and combating climate change. Important actions related to the livestock sector include manure management through biogas promotion, and rangeland pasture rehabilitation, management and conservation."


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"Such green energy sources include hydroelectric power (HEP) generation,31 wind, solar and renewable biomass. Timely development of green energy projects is imperative if the country is to meet the growing demand and reap other benefits including reducing foreign exchange expenditure on crude oil and other petroleum products. Importation of crude oil and petroleum products currently cost Kenya over 40% of foreign exchange earnings. Renewable energy also provides CDM opportunities and creates green job opportunities."


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"Such land-use changes include the conversion of a forest area to cropland, or when establishing new forest lands through rehabilitation of degraded forests or afforestation. LULUCF emissions accounted for approximately 32% of total national emissions in 2015. Their contribution is expected to decrease to 17% by 2030 as the rate of current deforestation in the baseline is projected to slow down due to existing government actions."


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"Such measures may either reduce the increase in greenhouse gas emissions (abatement) or increase terrestrial storage of carbon (sequestration). All the measures have to be in compliance with the applicable national and international agreements, policies and legislation.  Although developing countries are not required to take on emission reduction commitments, Kenya views undertaking climate change mitigation and assessment as a means to sustainable development."


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"Such measures should include appropriate adaptation to enhance the country\u2019s capacity to cope with the impacts of climate change and build resilience, as well as development choices that minimize carbon emissions. 1.4 The Way Forward on Climate Change in Kenya The National Climate Change Response Strategy (2010) was the first national policy document to fully acknowledge the reality of climate change."


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"Such projects, measures and activities have been identified in various technical documents but their contributions have not been included in the NDC. Each such project, measure or activities will be considered for inclusion in to the NDC mitigation contribution on a case by case basis.  Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic reenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: g  g  Pprep!"


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"Such was the case in 1993 when 114 people perished in a train that plunged into a river after floods washed away a bridge at Ngai Ndethya National Reserve near Voi in Coast Province. 2.2.3.2  Communication Infrastructure Kenya\u2019s communication infrastructure consists of the landline and mobile telephone network, the internet network, postal services, radio communication and television network, amongst other forms of communication."


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"Summary Kenya has recently discovered large quantities of oil and is planning to exploit these and other mineral resources commercially. Oil and mineral resources exploitation can have impacts on ecosystems that local populations rely on. Climate change impacts will only exacerbate the impacts from oil and mineral exploration and production. Hence it is imperative that risk and vulnerability assessments are conducted before commercial exploitation to ensure that communities are able to practice their livelihoods."


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"Summary Livestock and dairy production are key components of the Kenyan economy. The sector includes pastoralists in the ASAL areas where livestock production accounts for almost 90 per cent of employment opportunities, and livestock farmers working under intensive ranching and smallholder systems. It provides subsistence livelihoods, contributes to food security and delivers export earnings. The livestock sector is very climate sensitive and is experiencing negative impacts from current cli- mate (such as drought that increases livestock morbidity and mortality)."


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"Summary The NAP will be a national level plan led by the national government. The national government has a crucial role to play in delivering this plan and in building Kenya\u2019s resilience. Additionally, a system for decentralising the plan and its activities, and creating a two-way channel of communication and learning between national government, county level and the local level is important."


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"Summary The production of food crops, industrial crops and horticultural products contributes to 25 per cent of the country\u2019s GDP, supporting small-scale subsistence farmers, contributing to food security and delivering foreign exchange earnings. The agricultural sector, however, is very climate sensitive and is negatively affected by current climate variability (such as drought, \ufb02ooding, and erratic and intense rainfall), leading to reduced productivity and insecure livelihoods."


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"Summary The tourism sector, accounts for around 10 per cent of Kenya\u2019s GDP, and contributes towards eradication of poverty by providing employ- ment opportunities. Continuing growth in this sector to achieve its MTP goal depends on the adequate development of infrastructure, transport, and human resource skills; a stable internal security, and ecosystem protection. Climate change has the potential to restrict the expansion of the tourism sector through infrastructural disruptions, loss and degradation of natural habitats, and changes in demand."


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"Summary The \ufb01sheries sector contributes approximately 5 per cent of Kenya\u2019s GDP and supports approximately one million people directly and indirectly (working as \ufb01sherpersons, traders, processors, suppliers and merchants). About 90 per cent of people engaged in the sector rely on \ufb01sh from freshwater bodies, particularly Lake Victoria. The sector is highly climate sensitive. The 2008-2011 drought led to reduced in\ufb02ow into and high evaporation from lakes and reservoirs, which in turn reduced breeding and \ufb01shing grounds, and led to declines in \ufb01sh stocks."


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"Summary Through a focus on Gender, Vulnerable Groups and Youth, the Government is committed to achieving gender equity in all aspects of society, provide children with basic rights, have a labour force inclusive of young people at all levels (15-35 year olds), alleviate the condition of vulnerable persons (including orphans and vulnerable children, persons with disabilities, the aged, widows, widowers, internally and externally displaced persons, marginalised persons and pastoralists living in ASALs) and enable the vulnerable to have equitable opportunities to participate in socio-economic activities."


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"Summary of Actions: \u2022 Enhance the capacities of private sector service providers and farmer-based organizations to support farmers\u2019 adoption of existing/new/improved CSA technologies and practices. \u2022 Develop and integrate the CSA concept into national extension system. \u2022 Advocate for integration of CSA in formal education systems. \u2022 Support undertaking of genetic characterization and conservation of indigenous livestock breeds, crops,\ufffdfisheries\ufffdand\ufffdforestry. \u2022\ufffd Promote\ufffdgenetic\ufffdimprovement\ufffdof\ufffdkey\ufffdcrops,\ufffdlivestock,\ufffdfisheries\ufffdand\ufffdforestry\ufffdto\ufffdenhance\ufffdadaptability. \u2022 Support development and adoption of climate smart innovative agricultural products. \u2022 Mobilize resources and institute competitive grant scheme for CSA research."


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"Summary of Actions: \u2022 Establish a framework for coordination and collaboration between the two levels of governments and the development partners on programmatic planning and implementation of CSA initiatives. \u2022 Establish a harmonised M&E mechanism and reporting for CSA implementation. \u2022 Establish a joint investment and funding mechanism for CSA in both levels of government. 3.3.1.4 Sub-component 1.4: Research-Extension Liaison framework The sector experiences fragmented research and extension projects/programmes on CSA."


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"Summary of Actions: \u2022 Establish soil and land management knowledge hubs across the country. \u2022 Promote soil and water conservation practices. \u2022 Promote rehabilitation of degraded lands. \u2022 Promote integrated soil fertility management. \u2022 Promote conservation agriculture. \u2022 Support agro-forestry. \u2022 Promote sustainable land management practices. \u2022 Promote sustainable grazing management practices."


id: 916c2c5fb3a5665f3c3bcd7e3f2e4402
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"Summary of Actions: \u2022 Invest in appropriate storage facilities and technologies along value chains. \u2022 Train producers, processers and marketers in post-harvest management as well as food safety. \u2022 Provide regular market information to improve distribution of agricultural commodities/food stuffs. \u2022 Facilitate establishment of marketing centres in rural areas with the appropriate infrastructure. \u2022 Link communities in each county by feeder roads to various marketing centres and highways. \u2022 Conduct a survey to identify, update and adopt traditional and indigenous food preservation methods."


id: 55b55c3c829304901a0174f4cf463d9e
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:13
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"Summary of Actions: \u2022 Sensitize public and private sector to invest in CSA research. \u2022 Incentivize private sector investments in research, development and innovations. \u2022 Establish partnership with development partners to support CSA research. \u2022 Capacity build research institutions on CSA technologies and innovations development. \u2022 Establish coordination systems to steer CSA research efforts and activities. \u2022\ufffd Develop\ufffdan\ufffdinformation\ufffdflow\ufffdmechanism\ufffdamong\ufffdCSA\ufffdresearch\ufffdstakeholders. 3.3.1.6 Sub-component 1.6: Appropriate CSA policies, strategies and regulations This sub-component aims at supporting the establishment of an enabling regulatory framework for CSA."


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"Summary of Actions: \u2022 Support strengthening of existing CSA monitoring and evaluation (M&E) and dissemination of information. \u2022 Establish KCSAIF M&E system at all levels, ensuring that it is aligned with the agricultural sector M&E system, National Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (NCCSAP) M&E system and National Integrated Monitoring and Evaluation Systems (NIMES) as necessary. \u2022 Facilitate development of CSA communication strategy."


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"Supply consisted of micro and pico systems, mini-grids, and stand-alone systems \u2013 with solar, wind and hydro being the main resources in use."


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"Support the consolidation and coordination of scattered drought-management initiatives that currently operate independently of each other under one institution (the National Drought Management Authority (NDMA), including the strengthening and support to early warning systems, risk management initiatives and fund flow from a National Drought and Disaster Contingency Fund (NDDCF). 3."


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"Support under the Paris Agreement takes the form of climate finance, technology development and transfer, and capacity building.  2.1.1 Provision and Mobilisation of Climate Finance Under Article 9 of the Paris Agreement, developed countries reiterate their commitment to provide financial support to developing countries as per their obligations under the Convention. These climate finance commitments aim to support developing countries such as Kenya to realise their mitigation and adaptation goals."


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"Surface mining might be particularly affected by high rainstorms and floods.73  Manufacturing  Medium and large industries constitute less than five per cent of the total number of enterprises but contribute over 60 per cent of the manufacturing sector\u2019s GDP contribution. Micro and small enterprises comprise about 95 per cent of total enterprises (the informal sector) but contribute only about 20 per cent to the manufacturing sector\u2019s GDP contribution."


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"Surface runoff water harvesting (community level) High initial cost in technology investment (construction and labour) VAT waiver for construction materials; introduction of low interest credits; provision appropriate smart subsidies.  Inappropriate land tenure of small land holdings by Introduction of appropriate land policy to discourage subdivision of land into small uneconomic units and\f  individuals, leading to lack of land for establishment at community level protect community land from land grabbers. Prioritised community land for technology use."


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"Sustainable consumption and production patterns and lifestyles \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd 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\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd 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\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd Pathway to a low carbon, resource efficient and inclusive economic and social transformation 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\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd Source: UNEP, 2014 Expected changes in national GDP growth \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd 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\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd Kenya Green Economy Strategy and Implementation Plan (GESIP) \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd 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"Sustainable development Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.  Technology Transfer A broad set of processes covering the flows of know-how, experience and equipment for mitigating and adapting to climate change among different stakeholders.  United Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) An international treaty signed by 195 countries that entered into force in 1994."


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"Sustainable development benefits associated with the use of improved fuelwood or charcoal- based and LPG-based cookstoves include significant health benefits as a result of reduced indoor air pollution. Health benefits are also expected with the replacement of kerosene lamps with distributed renewable energy (such as solar) lanterns. These technologies can also bring cost savings to consumers, depending on the price of alternatives."


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"Sustainable jobs \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd 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"Sustainable land management practices, including conservation tillage techniques, are important for reducing the risk of soil erosion and improving soil fertility.27 The improvements in soil fertility can improve plant health and increase the capacity to deal with pests and disease. These techniques enhance the long-term viability of agricultural lands and protect the incomes of those who rely on them."


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"Sustainable woody biomass production still has an important role to play (for example the use of woodlots to provide fuel wood to tea plantations) but is not considered for electricity generation. The use of endemic dry land plants such as Euphorbia Tirucalli to produce biogas and generate electricity was proposed. A lack of data suggests that dedicated dryland crops require further analysis."


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"TABLES AND FIGURES INTRODUCTION This report provides information of other information considered relevant to the achievement of the objectives of the Convention."


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"TECHNOLOGY FACTORS Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture 4.1 Use of inappropriate technologies and practices leading to low productivity and greater susceptibility to climate change. 4.2 Increased use of ICT based weather forecasting and early warning and information generation and sharing."


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"THE CLIMATE CHANGE GOVERNANCE APPROACH INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL CONTEXT RATIONALE FOR A NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE FRAMEWORK POLICY SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN KENYA EVIDENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN KENYA IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN KENYA SUMMARY OF THE NATIONAL EMISSIONS PROFILE STATUS OF CLIMATE CHANGE GOVERNANCE CLIMATE CHANGE OPPORTUNITIES GOAL, OBJECTIVES AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES GOAL OBJECTIVES GUIDING PRINCIPLES LOW CARBON CLIMATE RESILIENT DEVELOPMENT ENHANCING CLIMATE RESILIENCE AND ADAPTIVE CAPACITY POLICY STATEMENTS TOWARDS LOW CARBON GROWTH POLICY STATEMENTS MAINSTREAMING CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY STATEMENTS RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY STATEMENTS EDUCATION AND PUBLIC AWARENESS POLICY STATEMENTS KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND ACCESS TO INFORMATION POLICY STATEMENTS CLIMATE CHANGE GOVERNANCE ENABLING REGULATORY FRAMEWORK POLICY STATEMENTS CLIMATE FINANCE AND OTHER RESOURCES POLICY STATEMENTS MAINSTREAMING ISSUES OF GENDER, YOUTH AND SPECIAL NEEDS GROUPS IN CLIMATE CHANGE ACTIONS POLICY STATEMENTS CLIMATE CHANGE MEASUREMENT, REPORTING AND BENEFIT MEASUREMENT POLICY STATEMENTS IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK AND COSTS POLICY STATEMENTS MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF POLICY IMPLEMENTATION POLICY STATEMENTS RESOURCE MOBILISATION POLICY STATEMENTS COLLABORATION AND STAKEHOLDERS PARTICIPATION POLICY STATEMENTS ANNEX I \u2013 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ANNEX II \u2013 TERMINOLOGY EXECUTIVE"


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"THE CLIMATE FINANCE LANDSCAPE IN KENYA Kenya has a generally positive investment climate that will help it attract climate finance. Kenya\u2019s investment climate is characterised by stable monetary and fiscal conditions and a legal environment that makes few distinctions between foreign and domestic investment. Key macroeconomic fundamentals are strong and Kenya is becoming a favoured business hub.  Kenya has been successful in accessing international climate finance."


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"TO ADDRESS WHAT TO DO WITH WEAKNESS THREATS Limited access to CSA funds Funds for CSA implementation Enhance capacity to access CSA funds \u2022\ufffd Limited funds Low financing priorities for CSA programs and projects Sustainable CSA funding \u2022\ufffd Awareness creation/ lobbying."


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"TRADE The trade and commerce sector is exposed to the impacts of climate change primarily because of effects on goods that are traded, but also directly through the transportation of goods. Extreme weather events can disrupt water and power supply, and damage transportation infrastructure. The trade sector depends on products and services developed by other sectors of the economy, and therefore any adverse climate change impacts of such sectors will likely impact trade."


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"TRANSPORT The transport sector is a key pillar and critical enabler for achieving Kenya Vision 2030. Transport infrastructure \u2013 such as port facilities, railways, bridges and roads \u2013 will need to be constructed in a manner that accounts for rising sea levels and the increased occurrence of extreme weather events such as storms and flooding. The road sub-sector has shown significant growth, with the number of road vehicles estimated to have more than doubled over the past decade."


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"Table 12.2 Adaptation costings for a five year period as provided by sector agencies Sector Estimated Cost billion KSh for 5 years Agriculture Livestock Water & Sanitation Environment Infrastructure related to roads in ASALs Sustainable livelihoods related to ASALs Energy Infrastructure Tourism Total KSh for next five years KSh 638 billion Total USD equivalent for five years USD 7.5 billion 12.3.2 Projected investment costs for mitigation actions Implementing the six priority low carbon actions would require investments of KSh 1,371\u2013 1,773 billion (USD 16.12 \u2013 20.84 billion) until 2030 (equivalent to a Net Present Value of KSh 600 \u2013 770 billion at a real discount rate of 10 per cent) or 391 \u2013 495 billion over the next five years (2013-2017)."


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"Table 15: Total Solvent and Other Product Use NMVOC Emissions (Gg) Source Sub-Sector NMVOC Emissions (Gg) Change Solvent and Other Product Use A Paint Application D. Household Product Use TOTAL SOLVENT AND OTHER PRODUCT USE EMISSIONS  Agriculture  As an overall percentage of Kenya\u2019s Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the agriculture sector has contracted between 1995 and 2010. Agriculture represented 36% of GDP in 1995 and 24% in 2010. Despite Agriculture\u2019s declining proportion of the overall economic activity in Kenya, livestock numbers and crop production have increased."


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"Table 17: Production quantity of Crops (1995 \u2013 2010)  Wheat Rice Maize Sugarcane  Wheat Rice Maize Sugarcane Source:  State Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries. Personal communication in national stakeholder workshop for the National Climate Action Plan held 7-Nov-2014 in Nairobi.  Table 18: Consumption of Synthetic Fertilizer (t N/yr.) (1995 \u2013 2010)  Consumption of Synthetic Fertilizer  Consumption of Synthetic Fertilizer Source:  FAOSTAT Database. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations."


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"Table 19 and Table 20 present agricultural emissions for CH4 and N2O.  Table 16: Historic livestock population (head of livestock) (1995-2010)  Dairy Cattle Non-Dairy Cattle Sheep Goats Camels Donkeys Swine Poultry  Dairy Cattle Non-Dairy Cattle Sheep Goats Camels Donkeys Swine Poultry Source: 1 State Department of Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries.  Personal Communication by email on 20-Aug-2014. Summaries of Livestock Population Statistics (excel spreadsheet). 2 FAOSTAT Database. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed 12-Aug-2014 for 1995 to 1998."


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"Table 1: Summary of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Removals in 2010 by Sector (Gg) Sector Emissions  (Gg) Percent Share (%) HFC Total in Energy - Industrial Processes - - Agriculture - - Waste - Excluding LULUCF LULUCF - Total Emissions and Removals  GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS BY SECTOR  Energy Sector  The Energy sector includes direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions from oxidation of carbon contained in fossil fuels during combustion, whether when generating other forms of energy, such as electricity, or in final consumption."


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"Table 2 summarizes the key policy documents that the government has developed/ratified\ufffdwhich\ufffdare\ufffdrelevant\ufffdto\ufffdCSA\ufffdimplementation. Table 2: Main policies relevant to CSA implementation in Kenya Name of Policy/Legal document Key thematic areas relevant to CSA implementation Constitution of Kenya The constitution provides for the right to food security, clean and healthy environment, while emphasizing sustainable and productive management of land resources (e.g. maintenance of 10% tree cover of the country\u2019s land cover). Kenya Vision 2030 sector to boost economic growth."


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"Table 2.1: Lead Government institutions for climate change Ministry/ agency Description Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources (MEMR) The mandate of the Ministry is to monitor, protect, conserve and manage the environment and natural resources through sustainable exploitation for socio-economic development aimed at eradication of poverty, improving living standards and ensuring that a clean environment is sustained now and in the future. The Ministry is also responsible for the coordination of climate change response in the country."


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"Table 23: Areas of different land-use categories and State Classifications between 1990 and 2010 FAO Land-Use Categories Modelling Land-Use State Classifications (IPCC Class) Area (000 hectares) Change in hectares) from 1990 to Indigenous Closed Canopy Forest (Forest land) Indigenous Mangroves Mangrove (Forest land) Open Woodlands Woodland (Forest land) Plantation Forests \u2013 Public Plant Public (Forest land) Plantation Forests \u2013 Private Plant Private (Forest land) Bush-land Bushland (Grassland) Grasslands \u2013 Other Land Grassland (Grassland) Grasslands \u2013 Other Wooded Land Grassland (Grassland) Settlements Settlement (Settlements) Farms Farms (Cropland) Inland Water Bodies Other Land (Other land) - Total Area for Country  - Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2010)."


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"Table 24: Areas Land-Use Changes between 1990 and 2010 (ha) Final                Initial Forest Mangrove Woodland Plant Public Plant Private Bushland Grassland Settlement Farms Other Land Final Area Forest Mangrove Woodland Plant Public Plant Private Bushland Grassland Settlement Farms Other Land Initial Area Net Change: Annual Change: Annual Change (%)  Note:  Land-use changes over a twenty year period are indicated in yellow cells  Table 25: Estimated Wood Removal (t dm) Year Wood Removal (t dm) Fuelwood Charcoal Production Poles and Paper and Paper Industrial\f  Sources: 1  Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (2004)."


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"Table 26: Total LULUCF CO2 Emissions (Gg) Land-Use Category 3 Carbon Pool Sector in IPCC Guidelines Annual Change in Carbon Stocks CO2 (Gg) 2 Initial Land Use Land Use during Reporting Year FL FL Above-ground Below-ground Sub-Total For Forest Land  CL CL Above-ground Below-ground Soil FL CL Above-ground Below-ground GL CL Above-ground Below-ground SL CL Above-ground Below-ground Sub-Total For Cropland  GL GL Above-ground\f  Below-ground Sub-Total For Grassland  Sub-Total For Wetlands  SL SL Above-ground Below-ground Sub-Total For Settlements  Sub-Total For Other Land  TOTAL Notes:    1 Headings from the IPCC Guidelines Reporting Instructions p.1.14-1.16: 5A - Changes in Forest and Other Woody Biomass Stocks; 5B - Forest and Grassland Conversion; 5C - Abandonment of Managed Lands; 5D - Emissions and Removals from Soils, and 5E - Other."


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"Table 2: Domestic Consumption of Fuels (1000\u2019s tonnes of product) (1995-2010) Type Fuel Primary Crude Oil Secondary LPG Gasoline Aviation Gasoline Jet Kerosene Illuminating Kerosene Light diesel oil Heavy diesel oil Fuel Oil Refinery Usage Bitumen Additives Biomass Fuels Fuelwood Charcoal Agricultural Residues Type Fuel Primary Fuels Crude Oil Secondary LPG Gasoline Aviation Gasoline Jet Kerosene Illuminating Kerosene Light diesel oil Heavy diesel oil Fuel Oil Refinery Use-age Bitumen Additives Biomass Fuels Fuelwood Charcoal Agricultural Residues Sources: 1 Ministry of Energy and Petroleum."


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"Table 3.4 provides an overview of development impacts of the mitigation options in the agriculture sector based on analysis for the NCCAP 2013-17 and updated to include the SDGs. development impacts Agroforestry, a priority action in the Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Framework Programme 2015-2030, can significantly enhance the livelihoods of smallholders and contribute to the achievement of SDGs 2 and 15."


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"Table 30: Wastewater Treatment Systems Wastewater Treatment Systems Fraction of Total Sewage Methane Conversion Factor Flowing sewer Sea, lake discharge Anaerobic deep lagoon Septic system Average based on total Source: 1 Expert Estimate informed by Table 6-7 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reference Manual. Waste Volume 2 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Volume 5: Waste. Table 6.3. \f  Table 31: Total Waste CO2 Emissions (Gg) Source CO2 Emissions (Gg) A.2."


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"Table 34: Key Source Analysis (Excluding LULUCF) IPCC Source Category Sector Source Categories to be Assessed in Key Source Category Analysis 1 Applicable Greenhouse Gas Emission Estimate (current year, non- LULUCF)  Level Assessment excl. LULUCF (%) Cumulative level excl."


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"Table 35: Key Source Analysis (Including LULUCF) IPCC Source Category Sector Source Categories to be Assessed in Key Source Category Analysis 1 Applicable Greenhouse Gas Total absolute estimate incl. LULUCF (current year) Level Assessment incl. LULUCF (%) Cumulative level incl LULUCF (%) Sum Sum Sum  LULUCF 1. Forest Land Remaining Forest Land Agriculture CH4 Emissions from Enteric Fermentation in Domestic Livestock Agriculture N2O (Direct and Indirect) Emissions from Agricultural Soils Energy CO2 Mobile Combustion: Road Vehicles LULUCF 2."


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"Table 36: Tier 1 Uncertainty Calculations and Reporting IPCC Source Category Gas Year emissions Activity data uncertainty Emission factor uncertainty Combined Uncertainty Combined uncertainty as % of total national emissions in  equivalent % % % % 1.A Fossil Fuel Combustion 1.B Fugitive Emissions 2.A.1 Cement Production 2.A.2 Lime Production 2.A.4 Soda Ash Production and Use 2.F Consumption of Halocarbons HFC 4.A Enteric Fermentation\f  4.B Manure Management 4.C Rice Cultivation 4.D Agricultural Soils 4.E Prescribed Burning of Agricultural Residues 4.F Field Burning of Agricultural Residues 5.A.1 Forest Land Remaining Forest Land 5.B.1 Cropland Remaining Cropland 5.B.2 Land Converted to Cropland 5.C.1 Grassland Remaining Grassland 5.E.1 Settlements Remaining Settlements 6.A Solid Waste Disposal on Land 6.B.1 Industrial Wastewater 6.B.2 Domestic and Commercial Wastewater 6.C Waste Incineration  TOTAL  The results in Table 44 suggest that efforts to reduce the overall uncertainty of Kenya\u2019s greenhouse gas inventory could be focused on only a few emission sources."


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"Table 39: Adaptation priorities identified and elaborated in the NAP \ufffd MTP SECTOR \ufffd PRIORITY ADAPTATION ACTIONS \ufffd Energy \ufffd Increase the resilience of current and future energy systems* \ufffd Science, Technology and innovations \ufffd Support innovation and development of appropriate technologies that promote climate resilient development* Public sector reforms Integrate climate change adaptation into the public sector reforms \ufffd Human Resource Development, Labour and Employment \ufffd Enhance adaptive capacity and resilience of the informal private sector \ufffd Infrastructure \ufffd Climate proofing of infrastructure (energy, roads, buildings, ICT)* \ufffd Land Reforms \ufffd Mainstream climate change adaptation in land reforms* Education and training Enhance awareness, education and training in climate change adaptation across public and private sectors Health Strengthen integration of climate change adaptation into the health sector* Environment Enhance climate information services Enhance the resilience of ecosystems to climate variability and change* Water and irrigation Mainstream of climate change adaptation in the water sector by implementing the National Water Master Plan (2014)* Population, urbanisation and housing Enhance the adaptive capacity of the population, urbanisation and housing sector* Gender, Vulnerable Groups"


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"Table 3: Poverty and inequality in Kenya (per cent), 1993-2006  Urban  Rural  Total (urban and rural)  Inequality* (per cent)  -  *Based on Gini coefficient representation of Kenya\u2019s population income distribution Source: Modified from UNEP. (2014). Green Economy Assessment Report \u2013 Kenya  Despite government efforts to reverse the poverty situation, Kenyans below the poverty line continue to lack critical services such as access to quality healthcare services, water supply and education."


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"Table 3: Sectoral Energy Consumption (1000\u2019s of tonnes of product) Fuel Agriculture Retail Pump outlets and road transport Rail transport Tourism Marine (excluding natural forces) Aviation (excluding government) Power generation Industrial, Commercial and others Government Balancing Item Total Source: Ministry of Energy and Petroleum (2014).  Personal Communication provided by Ministry of Energy and Petroleum on 11-Aug-2014 in response to energy data request."


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"Table 40: Projection assumptions for other energy demand Fuel Metric Assumption Notes Kerosene, LPG, Fuel Oil, Jet kerosene, aviation gasoline Tonnes per year year Historical data for 2011 to 2013 also used.  3.4% growth rate based on historical average growth between 2000 and 2010. Coal TOE per year year Historical data for 2011 to 2013 also used.  4.8% growth rate based on Forecast growth rate of Manufacturing GDP in Vision 2030."


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"Table 41: Forecast residential, commercial and industrial energy fuel consumption (TJ) Fuel Type Residential LPG Illuminating Kerosene Fuelwood Charcoal Agricultural Residues Commercial LPG Illuminating Kerosene Fuelwood Charcoal Fuel Oil Industrial LPG Fuelwood Fuel Oil Heavy diesel oil Bituminous Coal Energy Industries (Charcoal Production and Refinery) Fuelwood Refinery Usage TOTAL (All sectors) Bituminous Coal LPG Gasoline Aviation Gasoline Jet Kerosene Illuminating kerosene Light diesel oil Heavy diesel oil Refinery Usage\f  In order to be able to analyse demand side mitigation options, it is critical that fuel consumption and related emissions be allocated to end-uses."


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"Table 43: Information provided from the Ministry of Energy and Petroleum on new capacity additions New Additions to Capacity Between 2012 and 2017 New power plants and generating capacity that will come online in the next five years HYDRO 21MW \u2013 Sang Geothermal 2.3 MW \u2013 Eburru Geothermal 75 MW \u2013 Olkaria Wind 60MW - Aeolus MSD 81MW - Triumph MSD 84MW - Gulf MSD 87MW - Melec MSD 80MW \u2013 Muhoroni Wind 6.8 MW - Ngong Geothermal 140 MW \u2013 Olk4 Wind 300 MW - Turkana Geothermal 36 MW  - Olk3 Wind 50 MW - Osiwo Hydro 32 MW- Kindaruma Geothermal 140 MW  - Olk 1 \u2013 4&5 Hydro 6 MW \u2013 small hydro Coal 600MW - Mombasa  For years beyond 2017, the baseline projection deviates from the Updated Least Cost Power Development Plan 2011 reference case in order to reflect a baseline that is based on existing policies and regulations and assumes no growth in international aid and related international investments, specifically assuming no additional international support that would be tied to NAMAs or similar mitigation activities."


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"Table 44: Baseline generation capacity by technology type (MW) Generation Type MSD Geothermal Hydro Wind Gas Turbine Coal Solar Nuclear TOTAL  Future electricity generation by technology type was estimated by multiplying the installed capacity (MW) of each technology by an average capacity factor for that technology (hours per year). These utilisation rates, shown in Table 44, are based on those presented in the Updated Least Cost Power Development Plan and where applicable, are an average of peaking and baseline load."


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"Table 45: Utilization rate for different plant generation types Generation Type Utilization (average % of time operating annually) Geothermal Cogeneration MSD Hydro Wind Gas Turbine Coal Solar  Table 45 presents the total baseline generation forecasted by technology type that is determined by multiplying the installed capacities in Table 45 by utilization rates in Table 46."


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"Table 46: BAU generation by plant type (TWh)  MSD Geothermal Hydro Wind Gas Turbine Coal Solar Nuclear TOTAL  In addition to this generation supply there is also an expectation that Kenya will import some power to meet their needs. Expected imports are based on the ULCDP reference case and are summarised in Table 47.  Table 47: BAU electricity imports (GWh)  Imports  Total consumption is equal to total domestic generation plus imports minus losses from transmission as well as distribution and commercial losses."


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"Table 47 provides a summary of the projected climatic changes for Kenya for the 2030s, 2050s and beyond. The information is based on GCM and RCM statistics relative to a 1961-1990 baseline and based on the mid-range A1B emissions scenario unless otherwise stated.  Table 38: Summary of GCM and RCM based climate change projections in Kenya (relative to a 1961-1990 baseline and based on the mid-range A1B emissions scenario unless otherwise stated)."


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"Table 48: Total consumption (GWh)  Supply Transmission and Distribution losses Losses (%) Total Consumption\f  Total consumption of electricity was allocated todifferent sub-sectors based on data from the ULCPDP and then to end-uses based on available data (See Table 48).  Projection assumptions for electricity end-uses are summarised in Table 95.  These projection assumptions are aligned with the ULCPDP and balance with the baseline projection nof supply (total consumption in Table 48)."


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"Table 4: Total Energy CO2 Emissions (Gg) Sectoral Approach Source Energy Sub-Sector CO2 Emissions (Gg) Combustion Emissions 1 Energy Industries 2 Manufacturing Industries & Construction 3.a  Civil Aviation 3.b  Road Transportation Fugitive Emissions Refining and Storage - - - - TOTAL ENERGY EMISSIONS  Table 5: Total Energy CH4 Emissions (Gg) Sectoral Approach Source Energy Sub-Sector CH4 Emissions (Gg) Combustion Emissions 1 Energy Industries 2 Manufacturing Industries & Construction 3.a  Civil Aviation 3.b  Road Transportation Fugitive Emissions Refining and Storage TOTAL ENERGY EMISSIONS  \f  Table 6: Total Energy N2O Emissions (Gg) Sectoral Approach Source Energy Sub-Sector N2O Emissions (Gg) Combustion Emissions 1 Energy Industries 2 Manufacturing Industries & Construction 3.a  Civil Aviation 3.b  Road Transportation Fugitive Emissions Refining and Storage - - - - TOTAL ENERGY EMISSIONS  The road transportation sub-sector generates the largest proportion of CO2 emissions (58%)."


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"Table 50: Assumptions regarding future growth in on-road vehicle fuel demand Metric Assumption Notes Growth in passenger  and freight vehicle stock +6.5% per year Historic growth of vehicle stock between 2000 and 2010 was 7.2%. This level of growth is substantially above average growth in GDP over the same period. While strong growth will likely continue due to high demand projected average growth between 2010 and 2030 is estimated to be somewhat lower than this historical growth rate. Growth in 2010 was approximately 6%."


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"Table 51: Distribution of vehicle types in Kenya based on historic data Type Historic Fleet (2006) Passenger Vehicles Buses Freight Vehicles TOTAL  New vehicle registration data between 2005 and 2008202 indicates that approximately 22% of the newly registered vehicles in this period were diesel and 78% were gasoline. There are several\f  reasons why this historic share is likely not indicative of the average share in the on-road fleet of vehicles."


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"Table 52: Share of vehicles by fuel type for passenger, buses and freight vehicles Vehicle Type Fuel % Share Vehicles in 2010 Personal Passenger Vehicles Diesel Petrol ALL Buses Diesel Petrol ALL Freight Vehicles Diesel Petrol ALL TOTAL Diesel TOTAL Petrol TOTAL TOTAL  First, is the rising share of gasoline vehicles in recent years and second, is that vehicle lifetime for diesel vehicles is on average longer."


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"Table 57:  Projected investment costs for priority mitigation actions\f  Source: GoK NCCAP Mitigation Analysis 2012\f  SUMMARY OF MITIGATION ACTIONS  Based on the comprehensive bottom-up assessment in the NCCAP and the update conducted during the preparation of the Second National Communication, six proposed priority areas for low carbon development and proposals for their implementation are described in Table 67 below. These six priority areas cover about three- quarters of total abatement potentials found in this study."


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"Table 5: National education indicators  Pre-Primary GER Pre-Primary NER Primary GER Primary NER Secondary GER Ministry of Education Budget (% ) Primary teacher/ Student ratio (public) Secondary teacher/ Student ratio (public) Source: Authors derivations of data from the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics  INSTITUTIONAL PROFILE  This section provides information on GoK institutions, policies, plans, strategies and initiatives that provide a governance framework for implementing climate change responses.114  The Government of Kenya is developing a policy and institutional framework to guide the country toward a low carbon climate resilient development pathway."


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"Table 6.1: Summary of climate finance impacts:  US$15 offset supply GHGs offsets supply  (Mt) Climate finance (millions US$ 2011 @10% discount rate) GDP (% change from reference case) Source: GoK NCCAP Mitigation Analysis 2012 Panos/Mikkel Ostergaard\fKenya s 6.3 Summary of Mitigation Actions Based on the comprehensive bottom-up assessment, six proposed priority areas for low carbon development and proposals for their implementation are described in Table 6.2. These six priority areas cover about three-quarters of total abatement potentials found in this study."


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"Table 6.3: Summary of Mitigation Actions Number Action Estimated Cost KSh to 2030 Restoration of Forests on Degraded Lands - Undertake a programme of work to restore forests on 960,000 hectares up to 2030 including: inter alia dryland forest restoration activities; awareness raising, consultation and demonstration; capacity building; development, testing and application of compensation and benefits-sharing mechanisms; measuring, monitoring and reporting; and research. Geothermal - Develop an additional 2,275 MW of geothermal capacity by 2030 through a support programme aimed at encouraging private sector investment."


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"Table 60: Summary of Mitigation Actions Number  Action  Estimated Cost KSh to 2030  Restoration of Forests on Degraded Lands -Undertake a programme of work to restore forests on 960,000 hectares up to 2030 including: inter alia dryland forest restoration activities; awareness raising, consultation and demonstration; capacity building; development, testing and application of compensation and benefits-sharing mechanisms; measuring, monitoring and reporting; and research.  Geothermal - Develop an additional 2,275 MW of geothermal capacity by 2030 through a support programme aimed at encouraging private sector investment."


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"Table 63 Kenya\u2019s technology needs - identified barriers and their enabling framework Technology options Barriers Proposed enabling framework Solar Home Systems (SHS) High  cost in technology investment and installation Setting up of local assembling industries for parts and components and enhancing R&D for technologies. Establishment of focused training programme for solar PV and SHS technicians.  Lack of subsidies on technology and its components Removal of VAT technology and its components. Currently VAT exemptions applies to complete SHS package as opposed to single component."


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"Table 65 POA CDM registered projects Project name Year of registration Project specifically states no TT No mention or indication of TT in the PDD Mention or indication of TT of equipment and/ knowledge Comments Efficient Cook Stove Programme: Kenya  \ufffd  KTDA Small Hydro Programme of Activities  \ufffd There is a specific mention of TT that: - The PoA would support transfer of TT and know-how from other regions and countries."


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"Table 66 Kenya GEF climate change registered projects Category GE cycle* Project type GEF grant Co- financing Status Global Monitoring of Greenhouse Gases Including Ozone GE Pilot Phase FP Project Completion Regional Building Capacity in Sub- Saharan Africa to Respond to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change GE Pilot Phase EA Under Implementation Global Photovoltaic Market Transformation Initiative (IFC) FP Completion Global Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessment FP Project Completion National Removal of Barriers to Energy Conservation and Energy Efficiency in Small and Medium Scale Enterprises Climate Change FP Project Closure National Enabling Activities for the Preparation of Initial National Communications Related to the UNFCCC Climate Change EA Project Closure Regional Building Sustainable Commercial Dissemination Networks for Household PV Systems in Eastern Africa MSP Project Closure Regional Integrating Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change into Sustainable Development Policy MSP Project Completion Planning and Implementation in Southern and Eastern Africa Regional African Rift Geothermal Development Facility (ARGeo) FP Implementation National Joint Geophysical Imaging (JGI) Methodology for Geothermal Reservoir Assessment Climate Change MSP Project Completion National Expedited Financing of Climate"


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"Table 6: Key National Policies and Legislation Policies Measures to mainstream climate change Constitution of Kenya A clean and health environment (Articles 42, 69 and 70) is a fundamental right under the Bill of Rights, providing a rationale for the formulation of adaptation and mitigation legislation, policies and strategies.  The Constitution establishes the right to food security while emphasizing sustainable and productive management of land and natural resources, such as a goal of tree cover of 10 per cent of the country\u2019s land area."


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"Table 7.1 Cumulative expenditure per sector on climate change 2005-2015 Sector 2005-2015 Cumulative GoK Development Partner Funds USD Agriculture Coastal areas Energy Forestry Water and sanitation Cross sectoral Drought Management Total USD Total KSh Kenya Climate Fund The  (NCCAP), as set out in this document, identifies the key priorities for Kenya to successfully transition to a low-carbon, climate-resilient growth path whilst realising the ambitions of Vision 2030 of becoming a middle-income country."


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"Table 7.4 includes the development and adaptation benefits assessment undertaken for Kenya\u2019s NCCAP mitigation analysis, which has been updated and aligned with the SDGs. development impacts Effective mass transit systems, which act to remove vehicles from the road, could have positive impacts on congestion, road safety, air quality and road quality \u2013 resulting in high development benefits and contributing to SDG 3 by reducing the number of deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents."


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"Table 7: Total GHG Emissions from Bunker Fuels in (Gg) Sector / Fuel Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Bunker Fuels (Gg) Aviation Jet Kerosene  Table 8: Total Energy Indirect Emissions (Gg) Sectoral Approach Indirect Greenhouse Gas Emission Emissions (Gg) Nitrogen Oxides (NOX) Carbon Monoxide (CO) Non methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)  ___________________________________  Industrial Processes Sector  The Industrial Processes Sector includes anthropogenic emissions from production processes in industry that are not a result from fuel combustion, since the latter are reported in the Energy sector."


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"Table 8.1 below summarises technology options for landfill gas capture and utilisation for energy generation. development impacts of mitigation actions Adaptation actions \u2013 such as climate proofing landfill sites \u2013 should be prioritized because the actions reduce vulnerability to climate change and create sustainable development benefits, particularly those pertaining to human health. As noted earlier, mitigation benefits are insignificant compared to other sectors."


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"Table 8.2 below illustrates how the priority mitigation action (landfill methane capture) coupled with other waste solid waste management measures such as waste prevention, reduction, recycling and re-use could contribute to SDG goals and targets."


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"Table 9.1 below summarises the techniques and channels that may be used to communicate the various climate change issues identified in the NCCAP."


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"Table 9.3 summarizes possible target ranges and technical potential data for the individual sectors based on the suggested methodology; however, further work needs to be undertaken to update mitigation technical potentials.  Table 9.3: Emission Reduction Technical Potential and Contribution to Target in 2030 Sector / Sub-Sector  INDC BAU  Sector GHG  Emissions in  Updated  Baseline  Sector GHG  Emissions in  INDC  Technical  Potential  GHG Emission  Reductions  Low Target  Equal  Proportional  Target GHG  Emission  Reductions  High Target  Equal  Proportional  Target GHG  Emission  Reductions  Forestry! Energy! Electricity!Generation! Other!Energy!Demand! Transportation! Sub-Total  Agriculture! Industrial!Processes! Waste! Total   has&not&been&updated&and&is&based&on&emissions&of&143&MtCO2e&in&2030."


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"Table summarises the assumptions that are used to develop the projections of the inventory data between 2011 and 2030.  Table 54: Projection assumptions for agricultural emission sources Emission Source Metric Assumption Notes Enteric Fermentation, Manure Management and Related Agricultural Soils Emissions Livestock Population (Poultry, Swine) +3% per year Forecast growth rate of Agricultural GDP in Vision 2030."


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"Taking these projection factors into account, along with the changes in historical activity data shown in Table 9.1, reduces the estimated emissions significantly in 2030, from 143 MtCO2e to 124 MtCO2e. Table 9.2 details the sectoral changes in emissions due to both historical activity data and changes to emission projection drivers. The overall change in emissions is significant, a reduction in overall emissions in 2030 of almost 14% from the original BAU emission baseline projection that was used for the NDC analysis."


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"Technical Assistance to the Government of Kenya  \fTable of Contents Introduction . 1! Update of Emission Baseline Projection  1! Setting Sectoral Targets against the Updated Emission Baseline Projection  6! Endnotes . 8!"


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"Technical Potential Emission Reductions in 2030 of Mitigation Option\f8 :  W A S T E services to the 47 County Governments. It spelled out the needed national and county government actions to increase access to improved sanitation, and included actions to address solid waste management and increase wastewater treatment.11 Many county governments are taking action on solid waste and wastewater management. An example is the Nairobi County Government that in 2015 enacted a waste management law."


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"Technical Potential Emission Reductions in 2030 of Mitigation Options\f5 :  F O R E S T R Y  S E C T O R Kenya\u2019s NDC \u201cseeks to abate its overall greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 30% by 2030 relative to the business as usual (BAU) scenario.\u201d However, this does not necessarily translate into a 30% emission reduction target for the LULUCF sector equivalent to 6.6 MtCO2e reductions from baseline emissions in 2030 of 22 MtCO2e."


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"Technical assistance programmes are underway to build capacity for monitoring and measurement of emissions in the transport and energy sectors. MENR officials have received training in GHG inventory development. The Mazingira Centre is a laboratory established at the International Livestock Institute (ILRI) in Nairobi that is developing reliable data on GHG emissions from the livestock sector. development partners Support to develop the SNC was provided to NEMA by the GEF and managed by UNEP."


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"Technologies for adaptation to climate change,   South-South technology transfer was successfully tested as early as the 1960s during the Green Revolution, when semi-dwarf wheat varieties, originally developed in Mexico, were transferred to India, which also benefited from infusions of germplasm collected by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) from other parts of Asia."


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"Technologies such as nuclear, coal and wind have either not been proven in Kenya or have limited current penetration. Geothermal, which is expected to comprise the largest portion of generation, has high initial costs, long lead times and risk of resource exploration that must be overcome."


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"Technologies that can double the efficiency and half wood consumption for the same level of cooking service are available but face a number of constraints including higher initial capital costs, and social and behavioral barriers. Improved cookstoves include reduce charcoal and firewood consumption per meal and include locally produced and imported stoves. Actions to increase the uptake of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) stoves would be focused on urban areas, and uptake is assumed to replace charcoal stoves."


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"Technology Needs Assessment \u2013 Adaptation Barrier Government of Kenya (GoK). National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA). (2013). Technology Needs Assessment \u2013 Mitigation TAP Government of Kenya (GoK). National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA). (2013). Technology Needs Assessment \u2013 Adaptation TAP Government of Kenya (GoK). National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA). (2013). Technology Needs Assessment \u2013 Mitigation Project Ideas Government of Kenya (GoK). National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA). (2013)."


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"Technology Needs Assessment \u2013 Adaptation Project Ideas Mukabana. J., (n.d.p) Role and operations of the KMD in service delivery for sustainable development. Mwakubo, J M. et al., (2007) KIPPRA Discussion Paper No. 74 on Strategies for Securing Energy Supply in Kenya Small-scale CDM programme of activities design document form (2012), Small Hydro Programme of Activities, Kenya Tea Development Authority (KTDA) United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). (2013)."


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"Technology Transfer 84 South-South Technology Transfer 84 Development Partners\u2019 Initiatives .85 Establishment and Capacity Enhancement of Local Technological Innovation Centres .85 Technology Transfer within a Future Agreement Framework .86 CLIMATE CHANGE GOVERNANCE .87 8.1 Climate Change Policy .88 8.2 Appropriate Legal Framework 88 8.3 Institutions Governing Climate Change 89 Proposed Climate Change Governance Structure .90 Functions of Various Offices and Divisions 92 ACTION PLAN AND RESOURCE MOBILISATION PLAN .97 9.1 Action Plan and Costs .98 9.2 Resource Mobilisation Plan .99 Devolved Domestic Funds 99 National Adaptation Facility (NAF) 99 9.3 Monitoring and Evaluation 100 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 101 BIBLIOGRAPHY ANNEX - Action Plan and Costs . 107 Table of Contents \u2018together we can tackle climate change\u2019 National Climate Change Response Strategy List of Tables and Figures TABLES Table 1 Minimun temperature trend from 1960 28 Table 2 Maximum temperature trend from 1960 .28 Table 3 Annual costs of climate change projects and programmes (2009 estimates) 98 FIGURES Figure 1 Temperature trend for Nairobi from 1960-2005 .29 Figure 2 Temperature trend for Mombasa from 1960-2005 .29 Figure 3 Rainfall trends in Lamu and Garissa over the past half century 30 Figure 4 GHG emissions trend in Kenya 63 Figure 5 Proposed"


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"Technology Transfer Kenya like most developing countries does not have adequate technological capacity to meet its needs and effectively mitigate and adapt to climate change."


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"Technology developments have helped Kenya cope with climate variability in the past, and new technologies will help Kenya move toward a low carbon climate resilient development pathway. Examples of such technologies include geothermal electricity generation, wind power generation, energy-efficient light bulbs such as compact fluorescent lights, solar (photovoltaic, thermal), improved cook stoves, drought tolerant crop varieties (such as drought-tolerant sorghum developed by the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute), conservation agriculture, drip irrigation technology for arid and semi-arid regions, and water harvesting and purification technologies, among others."


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"Technology options for the energy sector include, but are not limited to: Solar Home Systems Technology: Solar Home Systems (SHS) involve generation of electric power from sunlight through the use of devices called solar cell modules. It is an imported technology that is being adopted in some parts of the country, especially in areas that are not served by the national electric grid."


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"Temperature  Kenya\u2019s temperatures vary dramatically, with the highlands experiencing considerably cooler temperatures than the coastal and lowland regions. According to the climate risk assessment undertaken during the NCCAP - observed temperature data for the country shows a distinct warming trend. Observed climate data for Kenya shows a distinct warming trend since the 1960s.9 From the early Kenya has experienced generally increasing temperature trends over vast areas."


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"Temperature changes will likely result in changes of up- welling patterns, which might affect fish spawning period and success of larvae, thereby altering the entire life cycle and size of fish populations. Forestry sub-sector The distribution of most of Kenya\u2019s forests is determined by rainfall. With rainfall as one of the most affected climatic elements, the survival of Kenya\u2019s forest resources is likely to be severely affected."


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"Temperature increase, irregular precipitation, sea level rise, and ocean acidification pose great challenges to the health, structure and function of these ecosystems. Changes in precipitation and sea level rise will have important consequences for the water balance of these ecosystems. Increases or decreases in precipitation and runoff may increase the risk of coastal flooding or drought."


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"Temperatures in the northern Kenya could increase by a similar amount (1.1\u00b0C), but a projected lower rate of warming in the southern coastal region (of 0.5\u00b0C). IPCC 2014 presents strong evidence that surface temperatures across the region have increased by 0.5 \u2014 2 \u00b0C over the past 100 years, and from 1950 onwards, climate change has altered the magnitude and frequency of extreme climate events."


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"That said, mitigation actions to reduce GHG emissions in the waste sector can have positive development impacts that are linked to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Sustainable waste management is not considered in a specific SDG. Rather, it cuts across several goals and targets."


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"The\f  MENR is in the process of developing a Climate Information Centre, which is expected to begin to fill information gaps when operational.  Capacity Building Numerous capacity building initiatives in climate change have been undertaken in Kenya, including through the GEF and the UNDP Low Emission Capacity Building programme. The areas of focus include: institutional strengthening; establishment of national focal points; national climate change programmes; greenhouse gas inventories; and vulnerability and adaptation assessments, amongst others."


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"The  sector-wide approach, which  reviewed all relevant  policies,\fKenya s laws and institutions,  identified key areas of law and policy that if reformed could establish an enabling framework for NCCAP implementation. It could thereby provide a catalyst for effective climate change response. Covering sectors relevant to adaptation, mitigation, finance, capacity building, measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) and technology transfer, as well as broader climate change governance, this body of work formed the basis of the LPAR findings."


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"The 1990s were the warmest decade since the beginning of instrumental record- keeping in 1860, and the warmest in the past thousand years on the basis of tree rings and other proxy measurements. Moreover, there has been an increase in the number of heat waves and a reduction in the frequency and duration of frosts in many parts of the world. Climate change will have a range of positive and negative impacts on agriculture."


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"The 1997/98 El Ni\u00f1o \ufb02oods seriously damaged water supply infrastructure and transport networks across the country, with dams, water pans and some pipelines in 22 counties either destroyed or severely damaged. \ufffd \ufffd \ufffd \ufffd \ufffd \ufffd \ufffd \ufffd \ufffd \ufffd \ufffd \ufffd \ufffd \ufffd \ufffd \ufffd \ufffd \ufffd \ufffd \ufffd \ufffd \ufffd \ufffd \ufffd \ufffd \ufffd Figure\ufffd\ufffd:\ufffdFlood\ufffd\ufffdre\ufffduen\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdin\ufffd\ufffden\ufffda\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd Source:\ufffd\ufffdwangi\ufffdand\ufffd\ufffdutua\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdpage\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd. \ufffd\ufffd \ufffd \ufffd \ufffd Figure 9: Flood frequency in Kenya."


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"The 2006 Waste Model spreadsheet developed by the IPCC was employed to estimate emissions between 1995 and 2010. Solid domestic or municipal waste received at solid waste disposal sites in Kenya is summarized in Table 28.  \f  Table 29: Major SWDS operating in Kenya and Waste Amounts Received Location of SWDS Type of SWDS Waste Received (t/yr.) Population (million) waste generation rate (kg/cap/yr.)"


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"The 2009 Population and Housing Census. Nairobi: Central Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Finance and Planning; in Government of Kenya (2017). 7 Government of Kenya (2017). 8 COMESA (2009). Hidden Value on the Hoof: Cross-Border Livestock Trade in East Africa, CAADP, Policy Brief No. 2 (as cited in Government of Kenya (2012): Development Strategy for Northern Kenya and other Arid Lands: Office of the Prime Minister). 9 Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (2017). 10 Government of Kenya (2015)."


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"The 2009 census data reports the number of livestock as 17.5 million cattle, 27.7 million goats, 17 million sheep, 3 million camels, 31.8 million domestic birds, and 1.8 million donkeys.6 Beekeeping is described in the Climate Smart Agriculture Strategy 2017-26 as \u201cemerging livestock.\u201d The livestock sub-sector contributes about 19.6% of the AgGDP and about 4.9% of overall GDP.7 Cross-border livestock trade within the Horn of Africa and East Africa is estimated to exceed USD 60 million per year.8 The livestock sub-sector supports 20% of the Kenyan population (over 10 million people), most of whom who live in the ASALs.4 These lands are farmed to some extent, but are largely utilised for pastoralism."


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created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:14
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"The 2009 census reported a population density of 66.4 persons per square km in 2009], and this is expected to increase to 80.3 persons per square km by 2017.31 A high percentage of the population density is concentrated in the non-ASALs areas (about 15 per cent of land area). This puts pressure on natural resources causing substantial environmental degradation, particularly deforestation, and constraining the country\u2019s ability to development in a sustainable manner. Addressing both population growth and climate change should be a top priority."


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"The 2010 National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS) recognised the importance of climate change impacts for Kenya\u2019s development. This  developed in 2012 is the logical next step to enable Kenya to reduce vulnerability to climate change and to improve our country\u2019s ability to take advantage of the opportunities that climate change offers."


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"The 2016-17 budget policy statement mainstreamed aspects of climate change including mitigation actions: \u2022 Recognize Kenya as a global leader on clean energy and position the economy as a green industrial hub, leveraging cheaper and cleaner geothermal power. \u2022 Reduce fossil fuel emissions through the standard gauge railway. \u2022 Encourage use of clean and affordable biogas energy systems for rural households through VAT exemption on plastic bag biogas digesters. \u2022 Tax all classes of fossil fuels to safeguard the environment."


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"The 2017-18 budget policy statement elaborates on \u201cClimate Change related fiscal risks to the economy\u201d noting the economic consequences of climate change, and Treasury\u2019s development of fiscal instruments for climate proofing vulnerable sectors of the economy, including the Climate Finance Policy, Climate Public Expenditure Review and Climate Change budget coding (p.80-81)."


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"The 29 enabling actions are listed in Table 3, and include actions to improve: \u2022 Kenya\u2019s ability to attract climate finance \u2022 Climate change governance structure \u2022 Knowledge management/capacity development approach \u2022 Measurement, monitoring and reporting on climate change actions Three of these actions are fully complete: climate change legislation, climate change secretariat, and climate change resource centre. Nineteen actions are in progress, and many of these actions will continue over the 2018-2023 time period."


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"The A1B (medium) scenario described in this SNC is one of the four main groups of emissions scenarios used by the Intergovernmental Panel on  Climate Change (IPCC). The A1B describes a future world of very rapid economic growth, a population that peaks in mid-century and declines thereafter with a rapid introduction of new and more efficient technologies with balance across all energy sources."


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"The AF revenue is to be derived from voluntary contributions and an international levy of two percent of Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM projects, which is known as the  share of proceeds . During 2008-2012, the Adaptation Fund generated US$ 80-300 million a year. In general, the three funds (LCDF, SCCF and AF) are not adequate to fund the massive adaptation needs of developing countries, many of which are already being ravaged by climate change."


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"The ASAL areas support almost 30 per cent of the total national population and 70 per cent of the livestock production.\fKenya s Kenya has in recent years had its share of climate-related impacts: prolonged droughts; frost in some of the productive agricultural areas; hailstorms; extreme flooding; receding lake levels; drying of rivers and other wetlands; among others leading to large economic losses and adversely impacting food security."


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"The ASALs are particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts especially in the absence of sufficient investments in mechanisms to build resilience. They are currently under threat from land degradation and desertification caused by climatic variations and human impacts such as overgrazing of livestock, smallholder farming on poor soils, and the creation of small cities or towns."


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"The ASALs can support the sustainable cultivation of some species like Jatropha curcas, Moringa sp., and Croton spp. from which biodiesel can be extracted."


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"The ASALs receive 200 to 750 mm of rainfall annually and occupy about 84% of Kenya\u2019s total land area. ASALs are predominantly used as rangelands and game parks and carry 80% of the country\u2019s livestock and 65% of the wildlife. The impacts of climate change in Kenya\u2019s agriculture sector are manifested in extreme weather events that causes flooding, drought, landslides, strong winds; seasonal weather variations; increased temperatures and gradual change in precipitation patterns."


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"The ASALs, occupying 80 per cent of land area, are sparsely populated carrying the remaining 10 per cent of The natural resource base, mainly forests, wetlands, dry lands, and aquatic and marine resources are under stress due to a variety of forces such as population pressure, deforestation, coastal modification, ongoing degradation of the eco-systems, unsustainable use and poor governance of these resources. The stresses are beginning to threaten vulnerable habitats, biodiversity and even livelihoods and long-term food security for a large proportion of Kenyans."


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"The ASDS 2010-2020 (GoK, 2010b) stipulates promotion of tree planting, wildlife conservation, agricultural productivity enhancement and upscaling micro-enterprises which provide synergies that improve overall environmental and production needs. 2.1.2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Agriculture Sector Kenya\u2019s GHG emissions are expected to rise, consistent with a growing population and expanding economy, with emissions increasing from 73 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO2e) in 2010 to 143 MtCO2e in 2030 (Figure 1)."


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"The ATAR proposed long lists of priority actions and the NCCAP prioritised actions in the agriculture, livestock, water, environment, infrastructure, sustainable livelihoods, energy infrastructure and tourism sectors.34,35 These were further re\ufb01ned by the Adaptation TWG after the launch of the NCCAP. The criteria used to develop a shorter list of priorities were: \u2022\ufffd Urgency and ease of implementation in the short-term; \u2022\ufffd Compatibility with the NCCAP adaptation actions; \u2022\ufffd Compatibility with the MTP actions; and \u2022\ufffd Low-regrets option if implemented."


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"The ATAR was informed by a highly participatory process that included meetings with the adaptation thematic working group (TWG), NCCAP task force, civil society and the private sector; as well as consultations with counties.3 Finalisation of the NAP was the \ufb01rst priority action in the ATAR and the adaptation TWG was tasked with completing this action using the NAP consultation and analytical guidelines of the UNFCCC.4 The NAP is anchored in the Constitution of Kenya and Vision 2030 \u2013 Kenya\u2019s blueprint for development."


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"The Act applies to all public land, community Organizations involved in financing of climate smart agriculture programmes and projects include: The National and County Governments; United Nations Development Programme (UNDP); United States Agency for International Development (USAID); Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA); Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA); Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA); International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD); African Development Bank (AfDB); UK Department for International Development (DfID); German International Development Agency (GIZ); German Government owned bank (KfW) and Australia Agency for International Development (AusAID). 2.1.3.3 Legal Framework for CSA Laws and regulations are integral to effective strategy implementation and operationalization."


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"The Act classifies forests in Kenya as public, community or private forests. Public forests are vested in the Kenya Forest Service (KFS), community forests are vested in the community, and each County Government is responsible for the protection and management of forests and woodlands under its Forests serve several purposes such as the provision of forest products, and ecological and environmental services such as water purification, erosion control and carbon sequestration."


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"The Act however fails to give provisions for minimum and maximum land holding acreages in respect of private land as required in Article 60 (1) of the Constitution which has implication on the implementation of sustainable land management practices in farm holdings. National Land Commission Act of 2012 The purpose of the Act is to make provision to the functions and powers of the National Land Commission (NLC)."


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"The Act obligates the Cabinet Secretary responsible for climate change affairs every five years to formulate an economy-wide National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) that prescribe measures and mechanisms, inter alia to guide the county toward the achievement of low carbon climate resilient  sustainable development and mainstreaming climate change into national and sectoral development  As Page 5 of 19\fREPUBLIC OF KENYA  MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTRY  lanning and the County Integrated Development Plans (CIDPs)."


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"The Act obligates the Cabinet Secretary responsible for climate change affairs to formulate a National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) that will be approved by the National Climate Change Council chaired by His Excellency, the President of the Republic of Kenya. This five-year plan addresses all sectors of the economy and provides mechanisms for mainstreaming climate change into all sectors and in County Integrated Development Plans (CIDPs). The NCCAP represents the national mechanism through which Kenya\u2019s NDC will be implemented, in accordance with the Act."


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"The Act obligates, at the sectoral level, state departments to establish Climate Change Units (CCUs) to integrate NCCAP actions into their strategies and implementation plans. At the sub-national level, county governments are required to designate a County Executive Committee member to coordinate climate  change in each county through the establishment of a Climate Change Unit (CCU).  2. NDC Revision Process  The NDC update process entailed working closely with the stakeholders in an inclusive and consultative manner to update and enhance Kenya\u2019s initial NDC."


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"The Act provides for formulation of policy guidelines on development, preservation and utilization of agricultural land; noxious and invasive weeds; and responsibilities of county governments. Forest Conservation and Management Act No. 34 of 2016 The Act provides for establishment, development and sustainable management, including conservation and rational utilization of forest resources for socio-economic development of the country. It has provisions for enforcement of related regulations and creation and management of forests. The Water Act No."


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"The Act regulates the budget process, public borrowing and debt management, financial reporting and accounting, and enforcement of fiduciary responsibility of public officers.  Kenya Vision 2030 and its Medium Term Plans \u2013 presents opportunities to identify climate-related actions and priorities. The Second MTP (2013-2017) notes the importance of climate change, viewing it as an emerging issue that threatens Kenya\u2019s economic growth."


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"The Act sets out provisions for public consultation, and provides incentives and obligations for the private sector contribution to low carbon climate resilient development. The Act provides for setting greenhouse gas emission reduction targets, and sets out obligations for measuring reporting and verification of emissions.  Public Finance Management Act, 2012 (as amended in 2014) \u2013 regulates the financial management of national and county governments, and ensures that all revenue, expenditure, assets and liabilities of the governments are managed efficiently and effectively."


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"The Act states that a county government shall plan within a framework that integrates economic, physical, social, environmental and spatial planning. The framework protects and develop natural resources in a manner that aligns national and county government policies."


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"The Action Plan also recommends the development of climate change policy and law to underpin the implementation of the priority actions. The Action Plan is an ambitious programme which will require substantial funding and investment from both local and international sources. The Action plan has the potential to catalyse mobilisation of funds. The establishment of the Kenya Climate Fund will improve coordination of climate change funding flows and facilitate effective implementation of the Action Plan."


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"The Action plan is the result of a year-long, participatory process involving public sector, private sector, academia and civil society, under the leadership of the Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources guided by a multi-stakeholder, multidisciplinary taskforce."


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"The Adaptation Consortium of the DFID-funded StARCK+ programme provided support to the Governments of Makueni and Wajir to develop climate fund regulations; and support for the development of county funds in Isiolo, Kitui and Garissa.    FINA 2: Prioritize climate change funding in the budget Title Prioritize climate change funding in the budget including the creation of a climate change code Action Type Enabling Timeframe Short term/Quick win Sector Finance, Planning Action Summary Integrate climate change finance into annual budgets, budget policy statements and medium term expenditure frameworks (MTEFs); and create specific budgetary codes for climate change within the integrated financial management information system (IFMIS) Status In progress Lead Agency National Treasury Partner Agency MODP, MENR, MALF, MOTIHUD, County governments Stakeholders MTEF sector working groups, development partners status The 2017 budget notes that the economy remains vulnerable to shocks, including drought."


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"The Agreement aims to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change by, inter alia, increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change and foster climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions development, in a manner that does not threaten food production.2 Food security is a priority of the Government of Kenya, and actions to address climate change should not threaten the country\u2019s ability to feed its population."


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"The Agreement states that \u201cParties to the Paris Agreement shall set a new collective quantified goal from a floor of USD 100 billion per year, taking into account the needs and priorities of developing countries.\u201d This USD 100 billion per year represents expected international financing to support climate change action in developing countries."


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"The Agriculture (Farm Forestry) Rules 2009, introduced under the Agriculture Act, aim to promote and maintain farm forest cover of at least 10 per cent of every agricultural land holding. Impact:  Funding and implementation of agroforestry actions will improve foods security, livelihoods, and climate resilience, in addition to sequestering carbon. Areas of relevance Sectors: Agriculture Adaptation \u221a, Mitigation \u221a Development \u221a  - Agroforestry actions have strong adaptation benefits if properly designed."


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"The Agriculture Sector Development Strategy (ASDS) 2010-2020 specifically outlines the implementation of the National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS), noting in part that \u201cClimate fluctuations have a bearing on the way the environment and natural resources are managed \u2026 and the effect has been unpredictable weather that in turn has affected agricultural activities.70\u201d Under the Northern Kenya and Arid Lands sub-sector the main challenge cited is the high impact of drought on local communities, which causes food insecurity and contributes to the increase of poverty in the arid areas."


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"The Authority also advises the GoK on various Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) that should be ratified, domesticated and implemented for the benefits of the country. In addition the Authority chairs the inter- ministerial committee overseeing performance contracts required by GoK from the Ministries Departments and Agencies (MDAs) to report on Environmental sustainability on a quarterly basis and annually. The above platforms strengthen NEMA\u2019s mandate as the lead institution in spearheading the national communications process and conducting inter-ministerial coordination."


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"The Bonn Challenge is a global effort to restore 150 million hectares of the world\u2019s degraded and deforested lands by 2020 and 350 million hectares by 2030.14 5 .3  M I T I gAT I ON  I N  T hE  F ORE S T RY  S E C TOR The LULUCF sector emissions include estimates of emissions and removals of greenhouse gases associated with increases or decreases of carbon in living biomass as land-use changes occur over time."


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"The CCRDR should be designed and set up in close cooperation with the knowledge management system being developed in SC7 so that they are compatible. Indicative timeframe Launch timeframe: short term Duration of the Action: 12 months (August 2013 \u2013 July 2014) This is a short term, priority action. It will help with the design of the CCRDR and operation of the MRV+ system and processes."


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"The CCUs will be charged with coordinating implementation of CSA activities at the national and county levels. The units will be expected to communicate decisions of JAS-TWGs to implementing entities. Further, they will be expected to provide technical support to the management and CSA implementing stakeholders including reporting. 4.2 Linkages and Partnerships with other Key Actors The interventions of KCSAIF will be implemented under pluralistic and partnership-based principles. In addition,\ufffdrelevant\ufffdpartners\ufffdwill\ufffdprovide\ufffdinputs\ufffdtowards\ufffddefined\ufffdinterventions\ufffdamong\ufffdthem\ufffdnational\ufffdand\ufffd county agriculture departments, other government organizations, research institutes, farmer organizations, private sector organizations and CSOs."


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"The CDM and JI were created under Articles 12 and 6 of the Protocol, respectively. They are designed to help reduce GHG emissions through project activities involving inter alia renewable energy (including fuel switching), energy efficiency, reforestation/afforestation, and low-emission public transportation, and more. The CDM is relevant to Kenya as it applies to non-Annex 1 countries, which are developing countries that have undertaken to tackle climate change, but are not obliged to take on legally binding GHG emission reduction targets."


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"The CDM or its future successor therefore, presents great opportunities for developing countries like Kenya to access advanced climate-friendly technology that has so far only been developed and used in developed countries like the USA, France, Germany, Japan, and the UK."


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"The COP 15\u2019s main outcome was the Copenhagen Accord, which the COP only \u2018took note of.\u2019 The Copenhagen Accord, a complete deviation from the Kyoto- style emission reduction \u2018targets and timetables\u2019 has addressed some of the above concerns of developing countries, namely adaptation, finance, technology transfer and reducing emissions from deforestation. If adopted, the Accord will compel both developed and developing countries to mitigate climate change."


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"The CSA Strategy 2017-26 reports that a temperature rise of 2\u00b0C would lead to large areas of Kenya currently suited to growing tea becoming unsuitable, with significant impact on the industry and the 8% of the population (at present) that it employs. The potential climate impacts on livestock include change in production and quality of feed crops and forage, water availability, animal growth, milk production, disease, and reproduction."


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"The Cabinet Secretary (Climate Affairs) is given certain powers and duties, among them, to provide, through the Directorate, technical assistance on climate change actions and responses to County governments, based on mutual agreement and needs identi\ufb01ed by a county government."


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"The Cabinet Secretary for Finance must approve any grant or donation that goes to any national government entity; the grant must be accounted for using national financial accounting systems; and the grants are to be consistent with the national development plan, Vision 2030. Counties can also receive funding from loans or grants from donors and face the same rules as the national level, except that the approval must be given by the County Executive member for finance."


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"The Cabinet Secretary shall make regulations to guide the reporting and verification of climate change actions.  23. (1) A person may, pursuant to Article 70 of the Constitution, apply to the Environment and Land Court alleging that a person has acted in a manner that has or is likely to adversely affect efforts towards mitigation and adaptation to the effects of climate change."


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"The Cabinet Secretary shall, every \ufb01ve years, review and update the NCCAP; and report biennially to Parliament on the status of implementation of international and national obligations on climate change, and progress towards attainment of a low carbon climate resilient economy. c. The Climate Change Directorate as the principal lead agency of the government on national climate change actions, and delivery of operational coordination, shall report to the Cabinet Secretary through the Principal Secretary of the relevant State Department."


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"The Cabinet Secretary, MENR, appointed a Task Force in February 2014 to develop a national climate change bill."


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"The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) created under the Kyoto Protocol allows greenhouse gas emitters in developed countries to purchase carbon credits (or offsets) from emission reduction activities in developing countries. Despite a strong initial promise to generate financing for emission reduction projects, the CDM has a limited role in 2015, especially in countries that are not Least Developed Countries."


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"The Climate Change Act of 2016 This Act of parliament provides for a regulatory frame work for enhanced response to climate change to provide for mechanisms and measures to achieve low carbon climate development and for connected purposes. The Act is intended to be applied for the development, management, implementation and regulation mechanisms to promote sustainable development."


id: b790565c5e2558bb38c6a059f89d9
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"The Climate Change Act, 2016 \u2013 provides for a regulatory framework for an enhanced response to climate change, and provides for mechanisms and measures to achieve low carbon climate resilient development. The Act establishes the National Climate Change Council that is chaired by the President. The role of the Council is to provide an overarching national climate change coordination mechanism, including guidance on the identification of national priorities."


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"The Climate Change Governance Approach  The response to climate change in Kenya must adhere to the constitutional governance framework and commitment to sustainable development, while addressing the goal of attaining low carbon climate resilient development. To attain the latter, this policy focuses on appropriate mechanisms to enhance climate resilience and adaptive capacity, and the transition to low carbon growth."


id: b0c0c61262a38e04e20f98fc0725cbfd
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"The Committee shall be comprised of representatives from relevant line ministries, the Chairperson of the Council of Governors, and representatives from the private sector, civil society and academia.  5.2.2 County Government, and Other Government Ministries, Departments and Agencies Other government ministries and agencies that play important roles in the implementation of this Policy are described below. a) The Ministry in charge of energy shall provide support on all matters related to energy within this Policy."


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"The Communication was prepared in accordance with the provisions of the Articles 4.1 and 12.1 of the Convention and the guidelines contained in 17/CP.8 of the Conference of Parties (COP). Preparation of the SNC included numerous technical consultations as well as stakeholder consultations through national workshops. The Government views the process of preparing Kenya\u2019s SNC as an opportunity to enrich and enhance the country\u2019s capabilities in identifying constraints, gaps, and related financial, technical and capacity needs to adequately fulfil our obligations under the UNFCCC."


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"The Conference of Parties, which manages the Convention and meets annually, adopted the Kyoto Protocol in 1997 (and entered into force in 2005) that commits industrialized countries and countries in transition to market economies to reduce their overall emissions of GHGs. Similarly, the convention requires all countries to take up climate actions taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities."


id: 1bde24c4510ba9e81f8e1b6625750b01
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"The Constitution and the new government structure has brought in 47 constitutionally autonomous county governments that have defined spheres of power and functions; a bicameral legislature;2 separation of powers between the three arms of government (the Executive, Legislature and Judiciary) and more stringent requirements for transparency and accountability for holders of public office at all levels.  The established devolution plays a major role in service delivery through the County Governments Act, 20123."


id: 5ab8549c229dcfd0f3bb8c776541e79a
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"The Constitution bestows upon every citizen the duty to cooperate with state organs and other persons to protect and conserve the environment and to ensure ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources. The Constitution, in its Fourth Schedule, stipulates the division and sharing of functions between the National and County Governments."


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created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:14
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"The Constitution establishes the right to food security while emphasizing sustainable and productive management of land and natural resources, such as a goal of tree cover of 10 per cent of the country\u2019s land area. Encapsulates flagship programmes and projects with aspects of adaptation and mitigation. National Policy for the Sustainable Development of Northern Kenya and other Arid Lands (2012) Focuses on climate resilience requiring government to find solutions to address climate challenges and to come up with measures to manage drought and strengthen livelihoods."


id: 4529fcb0c8f574829b32af7ae189bfa9
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"The Constitution further states that \u201cland in Kenya shall be held, used and managed in a manner that is equitable, efficient, productive and sustainable,\u201d and entrenches \u201csound conservation and protection of ecologically sensitive areas.\u201d1 The Forest Policy, 2014, notes that forests play \u201ccritical ecological, social, cultural and economic functions\u201d, and contribute to 3.6% of Kenya\u2019s GDP, excluding charcoal and direct subsidence uses."


id: 8f668472a607ff048137e0163800791c
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:14
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"The Constitution has set up a renewed structure of public administration, with one national government and 47 county governments. These two levels of government, while distinct, are interdependent and expected to function consultatively in a cooperative manner to discharge their respective and concurrent mandates. The national government is mandated to make policy on climate change. Various functions assigned to county governments are integral to fulfilment of actions required to address climate change."


id: 8d6dc708caf5e9b1c45d3bfd84af70be
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:14
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content:
"The Constitution however obliges the Kenyan State to protect and enhance this knowledge. 8.1.3 Mainstreaming of gender considerations in knowledge management is important to assure the relevance and applicability of the outputs. The impacts of climate change affect women and men in different ways, just as various women or men maybe impacted differently from other members of the same gender."


id: 9eaa572c2de96752b013db004a2ec9e7
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:14
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content:
"The Constitution of Kenya, 2010 \u2013 Article 10 sets out the National Values and Principles of Governance that are binding in all aspects of public administration and include: rule of law, social justice, good governance, integrity, transparency and accountability, and sustainable development. The Bill of Rights, through Article 42, establishes that a clean and healthy environment is a fundamental right, and Article 43 furthers this with provision for socio-economic rights whose realisation is key to an equitable society, and subject to availability of finances."


id: 9bc0849ed44f31bfe2c2d2fc6fb98f54
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:14
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content:
"The Council has the mandate to manage the Climate Change Fund, which is established under this law, as a climate finance mechanism to support priority climate change actions and interventions. In the new law, National Climate Change Action Plans are the basis for implementing climate change activities every five-year period. The County Integrated Development Plans, required by law as primary planning tools, are the mechanisms for implementing climate change actions and interventions at the County Government level."


id: 8cf7880a2396d2be28e4626960b263a7
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:14
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"The Council is expected to coordinate climate change issues through an inter-ministerial, an inter- agency committee as required by the UNFCCC.  The NCCC may be chaired by the Secretary to the Cabinet, have a secretariat within the Cabinet Affairs Office, report annually to Parliament, comprise lead experts in climate change, representatives of the national and county governments, and involve representatives of civil society, academia and the private sector. 4."


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"The Council or public or private entity shall make arrangements for the public to obtain copies, at a reasonable cost, of documents relating to the policy, strategy, programme, plan or action which are in the possession of the respective entities.  3. The Council or the respective public or private entity shall consider the \u2014 (a) written comments or objections received on or  before the date specified under paragraph 1(2)(e); and \fNo."


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"The Council or the respective public or private entity shall publish, in accordance with paragraph 1 of this Schedule, notice of the fact that a copy of the written decision of the Council or the respective public or private entity relating to the policy, strategy, programme, plan or action, and the reasons thereof, is available for public inspection at the same premises as were notified under paragraph 1(2)(b).  5."


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"The Council shall provide an overarching national climate change coordination mechanism and shall \u2014  (a) ensure the mainstreaming of the climate change function by the national and county governments;  (b) approve and oversee implementation of the National Climate Change Action Plan;  (c) advise the national and county governments on legislative, policy and other measures necessary for climate change response and attaining low carbon climate change resilient development;  (d) approve a national gender and intergenerational responsive public education awareness strategy and implementation programme;  (e) provide policy direction on research and training on climate change including on the collation and  Establishment of the Climate Change Council."


id: eff6bcc06b04411b7ea2702a16f74a5d
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"The Council will establish the strategic direction of the Fund, determine eligibility criteria, set out procedures for grants and loans, and set out procedures for effective and transparent administration of the Fund. In addition, the Council will make funding allocation decisions and approve spending. National Treasury is establishing a Task Force, to be gazetted in 2017, to oversee the development of regulations for the Climate Fund. The County Government of Wajir has passed the Wajir County Climate Change Fund Act, 2016."


id: 70491188943b941a7ea942ba04a47886
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"The Council, on the recommendation of the Cabinet Secretary shall each year identify priority strategies and actions of disaster risk reduction related to climate change and\u2014  Mainstreaming climate change actions into  strategic areas,\f2016 Climate Change  (a) advise the President to require incorporation of this priority strategies and actions into functions and budgets of each State Department, state corporation and other national government entities;  (b) advise a county government on priority strategies and actions that should be integrated into functions and budgets of departments and entities of the county governments; and  (c) develop a specific public safety component for disaster risk reduction for incorporation by all levels of government to prevent climate change induced disasters, and manage emergency responses."


id: c51543c662980de8bfa5e0ee4d3e694a
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"The County Government of Makueni has passed the Makueni County Climate Change Fund Regulations, 2015. These regulations establish climate change funds and allocate a portion of development budgets to addressing climate change. Three other counties \u2013 Garissa, Isiolo, Kitui \u2013 have established county adaptation funds that support adaptation to climate change at the local level. development partners The StARCK+ Technical Assistance to the Government of Kenya component, funded by the UK Government through DFID, provided support to identify options for a climate finance mechanism."


id: 209a246abf0ece27d150091dad7ffc5c
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"The County Governments Act, 2012 states that a county government shall plan within a framework that integrates economic, physical, social, environmental and spatial planning, and protect and develop natural resources in a manner that aligns national and county government policies. Climate change is a function of the national and county government and requires concurrent jurisdiction across both levels. Various functions assigned to county governments are integral to fulfilment of actions required to address climate change."


id: 8461227e3e6e0fa425422c0c090c877a
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"The County Governments Act, 2012 states that a county government shall plan within a framework that integrates economic, physical, social, environmental and spatial planning, and protect and develop natural resources in a manner that aligns national and county government policies. Environment and climate change is a function of the national and county government and requires concurrent jurisdiction across both levels."


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"The County adaptation funds are supported through the National Drought Management Authority (NDMA). status The Kenya Climate Fund is included in the Climate Change Act, 2016, and is in the process of being established. It is intended to be a financing mechanism for priority climate change actions and interventions. The fund will be vested in the National Treasury, administered by the National Climate Change Council and managed by the Principal Secretary responsible for climate change affairs."


id: f64376d959f113627c09c3ea4c009655
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:14
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"The Crop Growth and Plant Parameters Element Working Group is responsible for assessing the amount of carbon that is stored and emitted in Kenya\u2019s crops and plants as they grow. To do this, the team will undertake detailed assessment of the main crops in Kenya and will develop models that can track carbon emissions from crops during the growth process."


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"The Current Proposals on the Transfer of Climate Technology in the International Climate Negotiations."


id: cd8d8314ed43dbb9d277c8ec28151fd7
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:14
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"The Directorate reports to the Cabinet Secretary and undertakes such duties as: providing analytical support to sector ministries and county governments, establishing and managing a national registry for climate change actions by private and public entities, serving as the national knowledge and information management center, identifying low-carbon development strategies, coordinating MRV, developing strategies and coordinating action to build resilience to climate change, optimizing opportunities to mobilize climate finance, and coordinating adherence to international obligations."


id: 55d18d18fda9b2757c66f7b93432290a
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"The EAC regional Climate Change Master Plan (2011-2031), indeed, serves as the blueprint to guide regional climate change response measures over the long term.\f 1.2.4 Through this extensive global and regional engagement, Kenya recognizes the imperative of a transboundary approach to climate change response in addition to initiatives at the national, county and local levels. for a National Climate Change Framework Policy  1.3.1 The Constitution of Kenya sets out a commitment to ecologically sustainable development. The Sessional Paper No."


id: a57ed9409848ede6b9b5f1be903f5996
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content:
"The EMCA mandates the Authority to exercise general supervision and coordination over all matters relating to the environment and to be the principal instrument of the GoK in the implementation of all policies relating to the environment. NEMA\u2019s work is guided by provisions in Articles 42 and 70 of Kenya\u2019s Constitution 2010. Article 42 states that every person has the right to clean and healthy environment."


id: d3ca7e293f033addcb25cf92f32785d2
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:14
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"The ENSO events with phases of warm water reduce plankton production, and cause fish 5. LEGAL FACTORS Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture 5.1 Adequate legal instruments available at the local and international levels to address climate change challenges e.g."


id: 6c38ac99cfd01c5b381386273d585a11
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:14
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"The East African Community, the country\u2019s largest market, accounts for about 27 per cent of Kenya\u2019s total exports, followed by Asia and Europe.78 The country also exports clothing and apparel to the United States through the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA). The export base has remained largely the same since Independence; inferring that the country has been unsuccessful in diversifying the export base."


id: ed04b3323f7d87bc438539f509171137
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"The El-Nino trig- gered landslides and their socioeconomic im- pact on Kenya. Environmental Geology (1999) Odada E.O., Ocholla W.O., and Olago D.O. (2009). Understanding future ecosystem changes in Lake Victoria basin using participa- tory local scenarios. Afri J. Ecology (Suppl. 1) Omenda, T.O. (1997). Climate Change and For- ests: in Potential Impacts of Climate Change in Kenya. J.S. Ogola, M.A. Abira and V.O. Awuor (eds.). Climate Network Africa. Nairobi, Kenya P.W. Glynn and L. D\u2019Croz."


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"The Energy sector also includes fugitive emissions from fossil fuel production, transportation and processing.  In Kenya\u2019s case this includes emissions from the refining of crude oil into petroleum products, as well as, NMVOC emission from the storage and handling of crude oil.  Kenya did not have primary fossil fuel production before 2010 but has had an active refinery that manufacturers secondary petroleum products from imported crude. Additional fuels for consumption are imported including coal from South Africa."


id: 2a228bf031e8312644eae6d1fc96afc4
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"The FNC also reported the results of initial studies on the country\u2019s vulnerability to climate change. Kenya\u2019s National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS) recognized the impact of climate change on Kenya\u2019s development. The National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) 2013-2017, launched in 2013, was a logical follow up to the NCCRS. Additionally, Kenya has prepared a draft National Adaptation Plan (NAP), which is expected to be finalized in 2015."


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"The FNC included preparation of a Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Inventory for the reference year 1994 in compliance with Articles 4 and 12 of the UNFCCC and in accordance with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines of 1996. While the FNC provided a good description of the country\u2019s circumstances and a basis for future studies on climate change, gaps in and paucity of data significantly constrained the quality of the GHG inventory work for the base year 1994."


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"The Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) highlighted that Kenya is one of the 20 countries and regions most at risk. To ensure that the country is sufficiently resilient and prepared the Government recognises that the country requires the development and delivery of operational meteorological and climatological information prepared, interpreted and delivered to meet its society\u2019s needs."


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"The Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change classified Kenya as one of the 20 countries and regions most at risk. Evidence of climate change in Kenya includes rising temperatures, irregular and unpredictable rainfall patterns resulting in droughts and floods, and rising sea levels."


id: 7332fcbcbb0754a9ec06c37a531bad92
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"The Forest team will be responsible for tracking the changes in Kenya\u2019s forest cover over time, and understanding how the changes in Kenya\u2019s forests effect emissions.  This is done by measuring the amount of carbon stored in trees as they grow. To do this, scientists must measure the entire tree as it grows to understand how much carbon is stored in the parts of tree such as the branches, trunk and leaves."


id: a04efbefb6ba394489e580acc9c2ad36
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:14
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"The Framework aims at leveraging on global opportunities by providing clear structures through which farmers can directly benefit\ufffdfrom\ufffdby\ufffdtapping\ufffdthe\ufffdavailable\ufffdglobal\ufffdclimate\ufffdfinancing\ufffdinstruments\ufffdin\ufffdcollaborations\ufffdwith\ufffdthe\ufffdsector\ufffd players. The purpose of the Framework is to \u201cpromote climate resilient and low carbon growth sustainable agriculture that ensures food security and contributes to national development goals in line with Kenya Vision 2030\u2019\u2019. This will be realized through implementation of actions designed around four components, viz: 1."


id: 7d5b5720da99ea1535f02ad393495649
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"The Framework has been developed to guide implementation of CSA at national and county government levels and above all in the context of global obligations and local realities in consideration that Kenya is a signatory to the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreements. It is realigned to the need for Kenya to realize its development goals under Kenya Vision 2030, of which agriculture is a key driver."


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"The Framework is aligned to the government\u2019s commitments and obligations to guide the transition of the country towards a low-carbon climate resilient development pathway. (i)\ufffdenhance\ufffdadaptive\ufffdcapacity\ufffdand\ufffdresilience\ufffdof\ufffdfarmers,\ufffdpastoralists\ufffdand\ufffdfisher-folk\ufffdto\ufffdthe\ufffdadverse\ufffdimpacts\ufffd of\ufffdclimate\ufffdchange;\ufffd(ii)\ufffddevelop\ufffdmechanisms\ufffdthat\ufffdminimize\ufffdgreenhouse\ufffdgas\ufffdemissions\ufffdfrom\ufffdagricultural\ufffd production\ufffdsystems;\ufffd(iii)\ufffdcreate\ufffdan\ufffdenabling\ufffdregulatory\ufffdand\ufffdinstitutional\ufffdframework;\ufffdand\ufffd(iv)\ufffdaddress\ufffdcross- cutting issues that adversely impact CSA. 3.2 Goal and Objectives of the Framework Goal The overall goal of the Framework is to achieve a long-term national low carbon climate resilient development pathway, whilst realizing the development goals of Kenya Vision 2030. Objectives The Framework has four objectives: 1."


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"The GCF is expected to play a key role in channelling new, additional, adequate and predictable financial resources to developing countries. The GCF will provide simplified and improved access to funding, including direct access through accredited Implementing Entities.  Other funds under the UNFCCC include the Special Climate Change Fund and Least Developed Countries Fund, both managed by the GEF, and the Adaptation Fund under the Kyoto Protocol."


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"The GEF also has a climate change focal area to deliver on its role as a financial mechanism of the UNFCCC.  The REDD+ mechanism was agreed under the UNFCCC to mobilise funding to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation."


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"The GEF climate change investments have promoted technology transfer at all stages of the technology development cycle, from demonstration of innovative emerging low- carbon technologies to diffusion of commercially proven ESTs and practices. Kenya has had GEF funded projects right from the pilot stages in 1991 to the current cycle GEF 5 as shown in Annex 1 Table 66."


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"The GEF portfolio in Kenya, under the replenishment cycles, is broadly spanned over five focal areas, including climate change (mitigation and adaptation), biodiversity, land degradation, international waters, and persistent organic pollutants (POPs).244 The study of projects supported by the climate change focal area of the GEF reveals that many projects do contribute towards technology transfer, although the overall contribution from the portfolio is quite limited."


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"The GHG mitigation benefits of this action are uncertain. Waste \u2022 Solid Waste Management NAMA \u2013 based on waste diversion and composting. development partners Support for mitigation actions provided by various governments, including Belgium, Canada, China, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, US, UK and others."


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"The Geothermal Research and Training Institute was established at Dedan Kimathi University of Science and Technology in 2014. Strathmore University is a partner of Vocational Training and Education for Clean Energy for conducting solar training. KEREA and KAM have provided support to develop training manuals for solar PV installation and maintenance. MENR has developed a climate change curriculum for the Kenya School of Government and provided training of trainers to deliver the curriculum."


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"The German Development Institution (GIZ) has played a key role in introducing the technology in the country."


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"The Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves (GACC) reports that GACC, ERC and the World Bank plan to undertake surveys in 2017 that will improve data on: number, type and efficiency of improved cookstoves at the household level; number/uptake of improved cookstoves in institutions (e.g., schools, prisons); and GHG emission reductions through improved cookstoves. A 2013 study on LPG estimated that 5-7% of the population used LPG as a primary fuel, with the greater Nairobi areas accounting for 60% of the market."


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"The Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010 estimated that the world\u2019s forests and other wooded lands store more than 485 gigatonnes of The LULUCF sector is the second largest contributor to Kenya\u2019s greenhouse gas emissions after agriculture, accounting for 32% of emissions in 2015; largely a result of deforestation. Forests also play a vital role in adaptation to climate change. Forests provide ecosystem services that contribute to reducing the vulnerability of sectors and people."


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"The GoK has developed plans to address issues related to access, equity, quality, relevance, service delivery, curriculum, teacher development and management, as well as training in the areas of technology and entrepreneurial skill development."


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"The GoK plans to address issues related to access, focusing on addressing low enrolment in areas below the national average, retaining students in school up to 18 years, providing education more effectively through a digital platform, and matching education and training with the demand for the skills required in the workplace."


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"The GoK recognized the need for improved information on the country\u2019s forest resources in its Technology Needs Assessment, National Climate Change Response Strategy and Medium Term Plan (2008-2012). Impact: Improved capacity to measure, monitor and report on (including reporting to the UNFCCC) on the forestry sector, which will enable improved policy and program development in the sector. Areas of relevance Sectors: 2. Environment, Water and Sanitation; 2.2 Forestry; 1."


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"The Government considers that the effective sharing of climate change information in the country will result in a clear and consistent set of messages aimed at enhancing public awareness of the pertinent issues of climate change and resulting in a better response in adaptation and mitigation. The strategy provides a framework for the Government to reach all segments of the Kenyan population with simplified and timely information on climate change."


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"The Government is aware of the need to gather and organize already existing data, while generating additional knowledge and information to inform decision-making. 8.1.2 In Kenya, knowledge can exist as undocumented or documented. The process of knowledge management must be cognizant of this, and also that availability of knowledge may be restricted by intellectual property or public safety protections. Indigenous, traditional and local knowledge, which are critical elements of sharing and building resilience and enhancing adaptive capacity, are not protected through intellectual property rights."


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"The Government is committed to the implementation and continuous revision of the National Adaptation Plan and its integration in the national development agenda, not only for the attainment of Vision 2030, but also for the realisation of the goals of the Paris Agreement and the UN Sustainable Development Goals."


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"The Government may need to intervene to encourage investment in adaptation actions, ensuring that climate resilience is the priority climate change response action. Domestic, bilateral and multilateral funding, as well as international climate finance mechanisms such as the Green Climate Fund, Adaptation Fund and emerging funding for NAMAs and REDD+ mechanisms, are required to implement the Action Plan."


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"The Government of France is providing technical assistance to MOEP for GHG emissions measurement and monitoring in the energy sector.  NPBM 5: GHG inventory, biennial update reports and national communications Title GHG inventory, biennial update reports and national communications Action Type Enabling Timeframe Short term/Quick Win Sector All sectors Action Summary Development of a Biennial Update Report (BUR) and Second National Communication (SNC) to submit to the UNFCCC."


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"The Government of Kenya and its development partners are already \ufb01nancing a number of adaptation interventions in the various sectors through the Adaptation Fund and the National Drought and Disaster Contingency Fund. A challenge is the lack of a centralised system of tracking climate \ufb01nance; and thus the amount of \ufb01nance that has gone into adaptation can only be estimated. The total costs of this adaptation \ufb01nancing will need to be determined so that additional \ufb01nancing complements existing \ufb01nancing."


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"The Government of Kenya is currently undertaking to reform and ameliorate the policy and regulatory environment for renewable energy and energy efficiency."


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"The Government of Kenya is fully aware that the progress being made towards food security, poverty reduction and sustainable development is at risk due to adverse impacts of climate change. Historical records show that Kenya has experienced rising temperatures over the last 50 years coupled with intense and\ufffdextreme\ufffdclimate\ufffdand\ufffdweather\ufffdevents\ufffdlike\ufffddroughts\ufffdand\ufffdfl\ufffdoods.\ufffdFuture\ufffdclimatic\ufffdpredictions\ufffdfor\ufffdKenya\ufffd indicate possible temperature increase of 1\u00baC by 2020 and 2.3\u00baC by 2050."


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"The Government of Kenya is working to increase tree cover to 10 per cent of total land area \u2013 a goal stated in the 2010 constitution.  Emissions are expected to increase to 26 MtCO2e in 2015 and then decline to 22 MtCO2e by 2030, (See Figure 63). Reduced deforestation and increases in the carbon stock of trees contribute to the decline in emissions. On-going GoK REDD+ activities are taken into account in the reference case."


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"The Government of Kenya is working to increase tree cover to 10 per cent of total land area \u2013 a goal stated in the 2010 constitution. Emissions are expected to decline to 17 MtCO2e in 2020 and then to 13 MtCO2e by 2030, (Figure 6.3: Chapter 4 of the Mitigation report includes the detailed analysis). Reduced deforestation and increases in the carbon stock of trees contribute to the decline in emissions. On-going GoK REDD+ activities are taken into account in the reference case."


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"The Government recognizes the need to accelerate development and diffusion of endogenous and locally adapted technologies, and will promote an enabling investment environment. 6.1.5 Indigenous, local and traditional knowledge is an important resource for adapting to climate change. Communities that depend on natural resources have a long history of adaptation that build on this knowledge. However, these systems are increasingly being challenged by a changing climate."


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"The Government reported a forest cover of 7.1% in 2015/16, with 688,415 ha of natural rehabilitated and protected forests (due to increased awareness creation and national participation in the participatory forest management initiatives). 6,886 ha of forest plantations were established in 2015/16. Several reforestation/afforestation initiatives are underway: \u2022 Green Schools Programme launched by his Excellency the President in 2013, aims at plant three million seedlings per year at public schools. 160,000 seedlings were planted in 2015."


id: bf4be68ec4ee075323286dbac9138842
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"The Government reported forest cover of 7.1% in 2015/16, with 688,415 ha of natural rehabilitated and protected forests (due to increased awareness creation and national participation in the participatory forest management initiatives), and 1.7 million ha of forest protected (due to gazetttement). 6,886 ha of forest plantations were established in 2015/16.  The Kenya Forest Service (KFS) reports 10,000 ha of forest rehabilitated in 2014/15 and 500 ha of water towers rehabilitated in 2014/15."


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"The Government should develop a website on climate change issues and all the relevant information, programmes, projects, related to climate change and establish one-stop resource centres which should be equipped with climate change material, \u2022\ufffd Dissemination of credible and reliable climate change information and re- search findings: The Government should put in place strategic planning and public review processes to facilitate \u2018credible fact finding\u2019 on (a) key climate science issues, (b) comprehensive climate and ecosystem observing and data management systems, and (c) the development of decision sup- port resources, \u2022\ufffd Supporting public debate on climate change issues by promoting parliamentary public hearings, participatory policymak- ing initiatives at both central and local level, and a vibrant civil society, and \u2022\ufffd Developing a comprehensive communi- cations plan: The Government needs to develop a comprehensive communications implementation plan and funding plan, based on an inventory of existing commu- nication activities and building on experi- ence from several short-term pilot projects to determine and shape ongoing effective communication strategies."


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"The Government, in conjunction with its development partners and the private sector, should create a lending scheme for youth and women from which they can 27  For more details, refer to WHO (2009): Protecting Health from Climate Change: Connecting Science, Policy and People Sectoral Adaptation and Mitigation Interventions\f\u2018together we can tackle climate change\u2019 National Climate Change Response Strategy borrow money to initiate these alternative income generating activities, \u2022\ufffd promoting alternative energy sources, energy conservation initiatives, and efficient charcoal production and utilisation technologies to reduce biomass consumption, \u2022\ufffd involving forest-dependent rural communities in forests management through a proper institutional framework that recognises and defines their role."


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"The Governments of Germany and Japan provided support for training programs at Strathmore University.    engagement-in-climate-change-mitigation\fN C C A P  S TAT U S  O F  I M P L E M E N TAT I O N  2 0 1 7 8 :  N AT I O N A L  P E R F O R M A N C E  &  B E N E F I T  M E A S U R E M E N T\f8 :  N AT I O N A L  P E R F O R M A N C E  &  B E N E F I T  M E A S U R E M E N T NPBM 1: Establish MRV+ system governance structure Title Establish MRV+ system governance structure Action Type Enabling Timeframe Short term/Quick Win Sector All sectors Action Summary A National Performance and Benefit Measurement Framework (NPBMF) is needed to measure, monitor, evaluate, verify and report results of mitigation actions, adaptation actions and the synergies between them."


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"The Government\u2019s position, as stated in the NCCAP, is that Kenya will not adopt measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions if they threaten the country\u2019s ability to feed its growing population or reduce export earnings. baseline emissions projection for the agriculture sector Kenya\u2019s Second National Communication (SNC) reported that agriculture emissions accounted for approximately 40% of total national emissions in 2010, with livestock emissions accounting for approximately 30% of total emissions."


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"The ICT sub-sector is expected to contribute over 10 per cent to GDP by 2017. To achieve this goal, the GoK is implementing various initiatives that include improving universal access to IT, promotion of BPOs, capacity building, development of digital content, roll out of e-government services, establishment of an information technology (IT) knowledge based centre (Konza Techno City) and promotion of ICT-based industries."


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"The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report indicates that annual rainfall is likely to decrease in much of Mediterranean Africa and the Northern Sahara, with a greater likelihood of decreasing rainfall towards the Mediterranean coast. On the other hand, rainfall in southern Africa is likely to decrease in much of the winter rainfall region and western margins."


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"The IPCC Revised 1996 Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (Volumes 1, 2 and 3) and the Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories were used as the basis to undertake the necessary calculations on GHG Emissions and Removals. The use of these IPCC Guidelines for all years fulfils the objective of the Conference of the Parties for the use of  comparable methodologies."


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"The IPCC also works on methodologies and responds to specific requests from the UNFCCC s subsidiary bodies. The IPCC is independent of the UNFCCC.  Kyoto Protocol An international agreement standing on its own, and requiring separate ratification by governments, but linked to the UNFCCC. The Kyoto Protocol, among other things, sets binding targets for the reduction of GHG emissions by industrialized countries.  Low Carbon Development Pathway A national development plan or strategy that encompasses low-emission economic growth."


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"The IPCC also works on methodologies and responds to specific requests from the UNFCCC\u2019s subsidiary bodies. In-vitro conservation of genetic resources: Conservation by cryopreservation of genetic material so that living organisms can, if necessary, be regenerated in the future. In-vivo conservation of genetic resources: Conservation of genetic material through maintenance of living populations, which encompasses both in-situ conservation in their typical production environment and ex-situ in-vivo conservation, in non-typical surroundings, such as a research farm."


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"The IPCC focal point based in KMD will augment the NCCACC and strengthen its scientific advisory capacity. 8. Action plan and resource mobilization plan The adaptation and mitigation programmes identified in the Strategy will be implemented over the next 20 years at an annual average cost of Ksh. 235.83 billion (approximately US$ 3.14 billion)."


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"The IPCC focal point based in KMD will augment the NCCACC and strengthen its scientific advisory capacity. 8.3.2 Functions of Various Offices and Divisions 8.3.2.1 Climate Change Secretariat at the MEMR This shall be constituted by the MEMR and shall have officers \u2013 co-opted from within and outside the public sector \u2013 with expertise in climate change matters and can therefore add value to the coordination of the implementation of this Strategy and other climate change activities."


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"The ITCZ brings wet weather to the region and so Kenya experiences two distinct wet periods:  \ufffd The \u2018long rains\u2019 (March to May) \ufffd The \u2018short rains\u2019 (October to December).122  The \u2018long rains\u2019 bring more than 70% of Kenya\u2019s\f  total rainfall with the \u2018short rains\u2019 contributing a further 20%.123 The remaining 6 months of the year are typically dry, contributing just 10% of the country\u2019s total rainfall."


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"The ITCZ brings wet weather to the region resulting to Kenya\u2019s two distinct wet periods: The \u2018long rains\u2019 (March to May) and the \u2018short rains\u2019 (October to December). The \u2018long rains\u2019 bring approximately 70 per cent of Kenya\u2019s total rainfall with the \u2018short rains\u2019 contributing a further 20 per cent.58 The remaining six months of the year are typically dry, contributing just 10 per cent of the country\u2019s total rainfall.59  The Tana and Lake Victoria basins are those with the most renewable surface water resources."


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"The Impact of Regional Climate Change on Malaria Risk due to Greenhouse Forcing and Land-Use Changes in Tropical Africa. Environmental Health Perspectives. Vol 120. N1. January 2012. 182 Hay, S.I., Cox, J., Rogers, D.J., Randolph, S.E., Stern, D.I., Shanks, G.D., Myers, M.F. and Snow, R.W. (2002). Climate change and the resurgence of malaria in the East African highlands. Nature 415, 905-909. 183 WHO (2012). Rift Valley Fever. Global Alert and Response.   (Accessed: 22/04/2015). 184 FAO (2009)."


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"The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sector is one of the key pillars that have been identified in the 2003 Economic Recovery Strategy and Wealth Creation (ERSWC) paper and the Vision 2030 to help jumpstart the country\u2019s economy. With Kenya now connected to the global undersea fibre optic cable network, the country sees itself as a potential regional ICT giant providing services such as Business Process Outsourcing (BPO), call centre services, and development of broadband infrastructure among others."


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"The Institute for Meteorological Training and Research is funded by the UK Government through DFID as part of a larger project entitled Weather Information Services for East Africa Region.   meteorological-training-and-research-imtr-training\fN C C A P  S TAT U S  O F  I M P L E M E N TAT I O N  2 0 1 7 KMCD 3: Address capacity gaps required to implement NCCAP in agencies coordinating and leading climate change effort Title Address the capacity gaps required to implement the NCCAP in the agencies coordinating and leading climate change effort Action Type Enabling Timeframe Short term/Quick Win Sector Energy, Agriculture, Transport, Industry, Water & Sanitation, Health, Finance, Planning, Forestry, Environment, Wildlife, Drought Management Action Summary Undertake an analysis of capacity gaps in the core agencies leading climate change in Kenya and develop a capacity building programme is to address those gaps and build additional capacities required to lead the implementation of the NCCAP."


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"The Institute of Climate Change and Adaptation (ICCA) has recently been established at the University of Nairobi to focus on research and training related to adaptation. Private sector investment and support in the national climate change response must be encouraged for NCCAP actions to be long-lasting. The ability for the private sector to do business in Kenya will be supported by enhanced technologies. And these will only be developed through innovation, risk-taking and financial investment."


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vector_id: 8347
content:
"The Integrated National Transport Policy of 2009 puts emphasis on an efficient transport system, noting that it is an important prerequisite for facilitating national and regional integration, promoting trade and economic development, contributing to poverty reduction and wealth creation, and achieving the objectives of Vision 2030. Kenya has implemented many transport sector infrastructural development programmes over the last one and half decades that aim to meet the growing demand for transportation services arising from economic growth and rapid urbanisation."


