# document

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"(2011) Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).194 p. 6 GHG time series 1990-2012 per capita emissions for world countries   \f Angola and their impact on the environment and public health; producing programmes and projects with measures to mitigate climate change; developing technical and professional training actions in areas related to climate change; fostering international co-operation within the context of climate change, particularly in terms of transfer of knowledge, experience and technology."


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"(NDC) of Angola \u2013 2020 upda of Angola 2020  NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF ANGOLA Republic of Angola\fof Angola 2021  ACKNOWLEDGES The Government of Angola recognizes the country s vulnerability to climate change and is aware of the impacts that the country has been suffering, and the tendency for them to become worse. In this context, Angola wants to be part of the solution, showing its commitment for emissions reduction and adaptation efforts."


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", to compile a national GHG inventory), and allows policymakers to compare emissions reduction opportunities across sectors and gases.  GHG Emissions Energy Waste IPPU LULUCF AFOLU\fof Angola 2021  In this chart we show how the average person\u2019s emissions would be distributed across the different sectors \u2013 in effect, this shows the average \u2018footprint\u2019, measured in tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents per year. Per capita emissions were calculated using the population for the year 2015 (26.681.590 inhab).  4.3."


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"- Finally, overall, both the mitigation and the adaptation actions offered as contribution in the Angolan INDC will certainly enhance the adaptive capacity of the rural population and consequently augmenting their resilience to climate change impacts.  7. GENDER PERSPECTIVE  The underlining policies supporting the implementation of the INDC mitigation and adaptation contributions and the actions to be implemented in this context include cross-cutting issues which are gender sensitive and therefore will take into account women as important decision makers regarding energy consumption in particular."


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"- The implementation of the proposed contribution carries a huge potential of youth job creation in the country either through the local manufacturing/assembly of renewable energy machines/parts or through the forestation and afforestation programmes which demand for labour will be certainly a source of employment for the rural communities. - The eventual support provided by the international community to Angola will strengthen the technical capacity of the country\u201fs human resources through assisted training and capacity building programmes."


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"000 ha of Angola 2020 Sector Area Conditional Contributions potential (kt/ano) % contribution for target Cost (Million USD) Other Land Use Industry Fugitive Reduce flaring \u2013 110 MMSCF/day Total: Assumptions Since the ambition is extremely high, we have increased the values of all measures except for reforestation and mini-hydro, where the values remain the same as the unconditional 2030 scenario."


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"10/12 of February 1) with the responsibility to create the necessary conditions for the execution and implementation of the National Strategy for Climate Change and for creating a national investment plan for climate change, biodiversity, drought and desertification. The Commission is coordinated by the Ministerial Department responsible for the Environment and integrates several ministries."


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"9 Angola\u2019s Major Natural Gas Project to Cut Emissions from Flaring. of Angola 2020 Conditional contributions Table 12 \u2013 Conditional Mitigation Contributions Sector Area Unconditional Contributions reduction potential % contribution for target Cost Energy Renewable Energy Installation of biomass plants \u2013 500 MW Installation of mini-hydro \u2013 150 MW Installation of hydroelectric power stations \u2013 2 050 MW Installation of large-scale solar power plants (PV) \u2013 104 MW Installation of small-scale solar panels (solar villages) \u2013 187 MW Installation of small-scale solar panels in the industry \u2013 2 MW Installation of small-scale solar panels (NAMA Program) \u2013 15 MW Installation of solar lamps on the streets \u2013 2000 lamps Installation of wind farms \u2013 100 MW Energy Efficiency Installation of efficient LED lamps in public buildings \u2013 2000 lamps Installation of efficient LED lamps in public lighting \u2013 2000 lamps Road Transport Natural gas buses \u2013 2000 buses Waste Waste Composting of municipal solid waste \u2013 1 000 ton/day Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use Forest Reforestation \u2013 416 000 ha Industry Fugitive Reduce flaring \u2013 370 MMSCF/day TOTAL 10"


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"A successful implementation of this NDC requires a close coordination and collaboration between MCTA and all potential stakeholders including the private sector, civil society and public institutions.  \fof Angola 2021  \fof Angola 2021  4.1. Overview IPCC\u2019s latest report (2014)6 on the impact of global warming underlines the need for ambitious and immediate action to keep the Paris Agreement goals within reach, in particular the 1,5\u00baC temperature goal."


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"A very special thanks to the President of the Republic, His Excellency Jo\u00e3o Manuel Gon\u00e7alves Louren\u00e7o, for the strategic orientation to the environment and climate change sector, without which it would not have been possible to develop this document. The Government of Angola appreciates the exceptional availability and commitment of all those identified below and who contributed to the update of this NDC."


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"ANGOLA\u2019S MITIGATION CONTRIBUTION  Objectives and expected trajectories for 2030 Greenhouse gases covered The contribution of Angola is based on the estimation of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) for all economic sectors. F-gases emissions are not counted as they were considered negligible across the country.  Sectoral and geographical coverage Based on the last GHG inventory, the selected sectors are defined according to the revised IPCC Guidelines 1996 and cover the entire territory."


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"About 53 million hectares of land are considered to be forests \u2013 however of those only 2% are actually made up of dense, humid, high productivity forests, that are very rich in biodiversity, 47.1% comprises of a mosaic of forest and savannah, 45.4% is woodland (miombo) and the remaining percentage is occupied by steppe, mangrove and wetlands. Wood logging is essential to the local population, both economically and socially."


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"According to the 2014 Census estimates, the life expectancy at birth of an Angolan is 60.3 years (57.6 years for men and 63 for women), although the country aims to belong to the Human Development Index high score countries (index higher than 0.70) by 2025. Furthermore, the age structure of the population is very young (average age of 20.6 years), with 65% of the national total population under 24 and only 2% over 65 years old [19]."


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"According to the 2014 Census, 42.2% of the country\u2019s population was employed in the primary sector, 26.2% in the tertiary sector and only 6.1% in the secondary sector. In 2018, the unemployment rate was estimated at 28% and remained predominantly high among youth in urban areas (38%)[34]."


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"According to the National Development Plan of 2018-2022, the poverty rate in Angola fell from 60% to 36% from the beginning of this century to 2018, with almost half of Angola s population rising above the threshold of absolute poverty, with poverty being more prevalent in rural (58%) than in urban areas (19%)[14]. Although the country s wealth concentration indicator is evolving positively, empirical evidence suggests that inequality remains high [22]. In 2018, the GINI index3 for was 51,3%."


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"Accordingly, Angola has developed in recent years various national plans and strategies which include activities relevant to climate change, including the:  \uf0b7 National Strategy for Climate Change (2008); \uf0b7 National Afforestation and Reforestation Strategy (2010); \uf0b7 Strategic Plan of Disaster Risk Management (2011); \uf0b7 National Action Programme to fight Desertification (2014);  and, above all, the Strategy of Long-term Development for Angola (2025). Many of the actions envisaged in these plans and strategies, particularly in the energy sector, are linked to both adaptation and mitigation."


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"Activity by Sector (2015) 29 Table 5 - Global Warming Potential 39 Table 6 - Energy GHG Sources 40 Table 7 -Waste GHG Sources 40 Table 8 \u2013 Industry GHG Sources . 41 Table 9 - Emissions breakdown by sector 42 Table 10 - Emissions breakdown per capita by sector 43 Table 11 \u2013 Unconditional Mitigation Contributions 46 Table 12 \u2013 Conditional Mitigation Contributions . 48 Table 13 - Adaptation Measures \u2013 Unconditional . 57 Table 14 - Adaptation Measures - Conditional 58 Table 15 - National Commission on Climate Change and Biodiversity - redefinition 63 Table 16 - Actors involved in Angola s climate framework . 65 Table 17 \u2013 Capacity building actions 67 Table 18 \u2013 Estimated mitigation and adaptation funding needs 67 Table 19 - Fundos nacionais utilizados para medidas de mitiga\u00e7\u00e3o e adapta\u00e7\u00e3o 69 Table 20 - International financing instruments for mitigation and adaptation . 71 of Angola 2021 Table 21: Unconditional Mitigation Contributions (2030) 90 Table 22: Conditional Mitigation Contributions (2030) . 92 of Angola 2021 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Facing climate change is the greatest global environmental challenge in the present."


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"Additionally, in annex 9.2, measures to achieve Angola set of targets by 2030 are presented. Unconditionally, the target it is to achieve a 21% emission reduction by 2030, equivalent to an estimated mitigation level of 23,3 million tCO2e in that year. In addition, it is expected that through a conditional mitigation scenario the country could reduce an additional 15% below BAU emission levels by 2030, equivalent to an estimated mitigation level of 39,7 million tCO2e in that year."


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"Additionally, it is recognized that the extension to the participation in this commission of provincial governments is important for the decentralization process currently underway in the country, which allows these governmental structures to participate in the decisions taken at the national level. In this context, it is proposed to extend the composition of the Commission with other Ministerial Departments and Public Institutions, relevant to the implementation of NDC."


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"Additionally, the implementation of an MRV platform will represent a valuable database for the country for the development of future policies not only in the environmental area, but also in areas such as land use planning or industrial policy."


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"Agriculture and Fisheries Agriculture Despite its potential, the agricultural sector is underdeveloped and not very productive, contributing to 9% of GDP but employs 51% of the population. Only about a third of Angola s arable land is used for harvests; of those, only 100,000 out of 5 million arable hectares benefit from machinery and/or animal traction for sowing and harvesting. Angola s agriculture mainly consists of subsistence farming. The key industrial crops are coffee and cotton."


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"Agriculture and food security Total project cost (US $ million): 16.520 Implementing GEF agency:  FAO Promoting climate- resilient development and enhanced adaptive capacity to withstand disaster risks in Angola s Cuvelai River Basin The project is focused on strengthening the capacity of national and sub-national entities to monitor climate change, generate reliable hydro-meteorological information (including forecasts) and to be able to combine this information with other environmental and socio-economic data to improve evidence- based decision-making for early warning and adaptation responses as well as planning."


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"Agriculture and food security Total project cost (US $ million): 24.831 Implementing GEF agency:   AfDB Addressing urgent coastal adaptation needs and capacity gaps in Angola Enhancement of coastal adaptive capacities at the institutional, systemic and community levels; response to urgent needs posed by climate change."


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"Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use According to the \u201cGuidelines for Defining a Strategy for Exiting the Crisis Derived from the Fall in Oil Prices on the International Market\u201d [17], agriculture will be a key sector for reducing oil dependence and diversifying the economy. The country is endowed with conditions conducive to agricultural and forestry practice, with great production potential all over the territory."


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"Already incorporating an increase in the global average temperature between 1.5 \u00b0 C and 2.0 \u00b0 C, the increase in sea level would be between 0.35m and 0.93m for the same confidence interval. Slight increase or stability in the behaviour of the phenomenon, but with uncertain effects Wind direction No drastic changes expected. Local phenomena produced by urban corridors may have a specific impact, more linked to the effects of urbanization than global warming."


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"Also, new information on the most recent National Inventory of CO2e emissions was added to the document.  3.4. Institutional arrangements The Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Environment of Angola (MCTA in Portuguese) was the entity responsible for the update of the Angolan NDC, with the support of UNDP Angola."


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"Also, the National Development Plan 2018-2022 reinforces the strategic need for the country s development through investment in agriculture and industry.  Figure 3 \u2013 Evolution of GDP growth rates between 2012 and 2019 [30]  In the 2013-2017 period, the average growth rate of the non-oil sector of 1.2% has been threefold the 0.4% registered for the oil sector [19]. The Government is strongly committed in developing the agricultural sector in order to make the country self-sufficient in basic food supplies, thus reducing imports and increasing exports."


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"Also, the ocean acidification, the decrease in the pH of the Earth s oceans, is ongoing caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. An increase in the frequency and intensity of flooding in the coastal zone of Angola is expected in all seasons, except in winter months June, July and August, interspersed with longer periods of drought."


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"Also, there is a fluvial network made up of large rivers with several falls, rapids, and lakes, some of which are navigable over dozens of kilometers and also appropriate for bathing and water sports. Some of those rivers are the Kwanza, Zaire, Kuando and Cunene. Angolan rivers offer excellent opportunities for transportation both for Tourism or a mix of Trade and Tourism.  Figure 5 - Location of Angola s main ports [41]  This is Angola\u2019s most important foreign trade route."


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"Also, this NDC present a significant commitment, through both mitigation and adaptation measures at the sector-level, to reach indicated contributions, prepared through an extensive consultation process with stakeholders. The impacts that the current pandemic COVID - 19 will have in the country are not certain yet, but it is already identified that the impacts in terms of the economy and public health may delay the implementation of the proposed objectives."


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"Although Angola is making a notable effort in terms of adapting to climate change, namely through the adaptation project in the Cuvelai Basin, there is a need to deepen the knowledge and information related to water resources. Currently, the existing data is not sufficient to formulate a robust assessment of the sources of water supply and the magnitude of the impacts of extreme weather events, such as droughts and floods."


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"Although the ex-ante estimative of emission reductions are low(157,258 tCO2e per year),the implementation of the project will mean an important contribution to achieve the government efforts to diversify the energy matrix, with the input of another source of clean energy with low environmental impact. Stabilization of emissions in the agriculture production  Angola\u201es climate diversity allows for the cultivation of a great variety of crops. The national agricultural potential of Angola is high enough that the country has the ability to be self-sufficient."


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"An approach to the specifications of the MRV system in Angola is carried out in subchapter 6.6. The conceptual coordination model proposed for NDC, aligned with ENAC 2020-2035, is shown in Figure 8.  Figure 8 - Institutional Arrangements for NDC Implementation \fof Angola 2020  6.2.2. Responsibilities and Strategic Partnerships required NDC implementation requires coordination across partners to mobilize resources, deliver complementary services and monitor progress."


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"An ex ante estimative of emission reductions achieved by the project is of1,529,311 tCO2e per year.  2. Cambambe Hydroelectric Second Power Plant: The Cambambe project activity is located on the Municipality of Cambambe, 180 km east of Luanda, the National Capital. The proposed project comprises a capacity addition to the existing Cambambe Hydroelectric Power Plant with installation of additional 700 MW of the actual generation capacity."


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"Angola Sovereign Fund (FSDEA)[46] Description  On November 20, 2008, the President of Angola, Jos\u00e9 Eduardo dos Santos, announced the establishment of a special commission to create the basis for a new Sovereign Wealth Fund (FSR) in order to promote growth, prosperity and socio-economic development in Angola. In 2011, the Fund was legally ratified and officially established as the Angola Sovereign Fund in 2012, with an initial\fof Angola 2020  allocation of US $ 5 billion."


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"Angola also benefited from the Fast-Start financing program that was agreed upon at COP15, in 2009, in which developed countries pledged to channel resources worth around US $ 30 billion for the period between 2010 and 2012 to support efforts in developing countries."


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"Angola completed its National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) in 2011. In 2012 Angola submitted its Initial National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC). Among the priorities identified in the NAPA, two policy measures are noteworthy: revise sectoral laws for proactive adaptation; national institutional mechanism for adaptation planning and mainstreaming."


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"Angola has a surface area of 1.246.700 square kilometers and a coastline of 1.650 square kilometers. Angola is divided into 18 provinces (Bengo, Benguela, Bi\u00e9, Cabinda, Cuando Cubango, Cuanza- Norte, Cuanza-Sul, Cunene, Huambo, Huila, Luanda, Lunda-Norte, Lunda-Sul, Malanje, Moxico, Namibe, U\u00edge, and Zaire). The most populated province is Luanda which contains its capital city. Its largest province by area is Cuando Cubango located in the south-east at 204,000 km\u00b2 followed closely by its northern neighbor Moxico at 201,000 km\u00b2."


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"Angola has, according to UNESCO, an adult literacy rate1 of 66.03% (a 1.38% decline from 2001). While the male literacy rate is 79.97%, for females is 53.41%, showing a big gap between the sexes. In Angola, primary education is mandatory and free, which comprises 6 years of schooling (1st grade to 6th grade)."


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"Angola intends to meet its conditional contribution through the use of climate finance and international market mechanisms where appropriate., building upon the experience of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and other existing market mechanisms. These include the potential involvement in international cooperative approaches under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. Article 6 of the Paris Agreement allows Parties to voluntarily cooperate in the implementation of their NDCs through market and non-market-based mechanisms."


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"Angola is also part of the Law of the Sea Convention. Most of the conventions continue to deserve their implementation by Angola, through the Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Environment (MCTA), within the scope of the commitments assumed at international level to contribute to the protection of the planet earth and its living beings. In 2011, Angola completed its National Adaptation Action Plan (PANA) and in 2014 submitted its 1st National Communication to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change."


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"Angola is committed to overcome the identified barriers. \fof Angola 2020  6.2. Institutional arrangements required for effective NDC implementation Angola\u2019s NDC is based on and aligned with several existing national policies, namely the National Strategy for Climate Change, which was developed considering major national policies, strategies and plans. NDC will be implemented across Ministries in charge of core NDC mitigation and adaptation contributions with the coordination oversight of MCTA."


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"Angola is currently undertaking legislative reforms in the forestry sector, while FAO is assisting the Government of Angola in carrying out a national forestry assessment with the aim of producing comprehensive information on the state of forests in the country."


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"Angola is in the process of determining the most appropriate process for MRV of NDC implementation and is intending to implement a robust MRV system. Regarding the process of monitoring and evaluation, the mitigation efforts will be assessed on an annual basis, based on the implementation results of the mitigation contributions proposed. In order to cross-check the mitigation results, un update of GHG inventory will be conducted annually at both the national and sector levels."


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"Angola is therefore putting forward Mitigation actions as well as Adaptation measures with mitigation benefits amounting over 15,7 billion USDthat align with a low carbon development pathway, which to be fully implemented would require additional international support in the form of finance, technology transfer and capacity building.  5."


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"Angola recognizes that capacity building and technology transfer is an important component of international support to the country and for its efforts in combating climate change and in reducing its vulnerabilities. In this way, the country has developed an analysis of its needs in terms of capacity building and technology transfer for the short term related with mitigation and adaptation. The National Strategy for Climate Change identifies capacity needs to succeed the targets of each mitigation and adaptation measure."


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"Angola supports the use of market mechanisms including the results of mitigation pre- 2020, such as the use of Emission Reduction Certificates (ERCs) generated by CDM projects and programs. Fair and ambitious Angola is a developing country, highly vulnerable to the effects of the climate change. National emissions of the greenhouse gases represent only 0.10% of global emissions (2015)."


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"Angola\u2019s goals related to capacity building training and education are presented in the table below.  Table 17 \u2013 Capacity building actions Capacity building Actions Institutions Ensure public service has climate change training sessions Ensure ministerial officers are trained on climate change Schools and Universities Train teachers and educators on climate change, to promote climate change education Integration of climate change education in school curricula Include degrees focused specifically on teaching the complex problems and solutions to climate change in Angola\u2019s universities  6.4."


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"Angola\u2019s mitigation contribution takes the form of a reduction in GHG emissions relative to a business-as-usual (BAU) emissions baseline (2015) over the period 2015-2025. The contribution comprises of two components: \u2022 Unconditional contribution: A reduction of 14% relative to BAU (2015) in the year 2025; equivalent to an estimated mitigation level of 15,4 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2e) in that year. This is an unconditional target, based on domestically supported and implemented mitigation measures and policies."


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"As a result, the real GDP growth rate decreased from 12.6% in the 2006-2010 period to 4.7% registered in 2011-2015, instigating government cuts in infrastructure spending by 55% between 2014 and 2017."


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"Assuming that \f the baseline is entirely based on historical emissions, avoided emissions are calculated by multiplying the annual deforestation in Angola, estimated to be 124,800 ha per year (based on numbers from the period 1990-2010), by 82 tC/ha, which is the approximate amount of tons of carbon stored per ha in the country\u201fs forests. Avoiding deforestation, alone, in Angola has the potential to contribute to more than 35 million tons in CO2 emission reductions every year. The budget required is above 500 million USD."


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"At a time when carbon markets are spreading and developing all over the world, it will be strategic for African governments to position themselves regarding access to and use of these financial instruments.  6.6. Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system The evolution of international negotiations on Climate Change has determined a set of reporting obligations over time. In addition, Angola s graduation from PMA scheduled for 2021 will have implications in terms of reporting to UNFCCC."


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"At peak times, traffic in urban areas is very intense, and GHG emissions are especially aggravated because a large part of the country s car fleet is made up of old vehicles with old and inefficient engines. Most of the freight in Angola is transported by road on trucks. Rail transport The rail system in Angola consists of around 2.750 km, divided in three main railways that were built eastwards from the coast during colonial times, linking Angola\u2019s key Atlantic ports to the interior."


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"At the\fof Angola 2020  national level, Angola has been experiencing a sharp slowdown in its economic growth for some years, motivated by the drop in oil production, with a negative impact on the internal capacity to finance all of its economic activity. In accessing international financing, it is important to highlight the current PMA graduation process which, despite being a process that reflects national economic and social development, will have some disadvantages in accessing finance in the international markets from which LDCs benefit: 1."


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"At the same time there are a series of branches that connect the main roadways and allow communication with neighboring countries, specifically with Namibia, the Democratic Republic of Congo and the Republic of Congo. Public passenger transport is underdeveloped in Angola, with the use of individual transport being primarily to the detriment of collective transport. \u201cCandongueiros\u201d, old vans of informal public transport used in Angola, are widely used in the country."


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"Barriers to the implementation of NDC . 61 6.2. Institutional arrangements required for effective NDC implementation  62 6.2.1. Coordination for NDC implementation . 62 6.2.2. Responsibilities and Strategic Partnerships required . 65 6.3. Capacity building and technology transfer required . 66 6.4. Financial requirements . 67 6.5. Funding options . 68 6.5.1. National Framework for Climate Finance . 68 6.5.1. Carbon Markets  72 6.6. Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system . 73 7. Fairness and ambition  78 8."


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"Base year period and baseline data The year 2005 is used as the reference year. Data are extracted from the latest national inventory of greenhouse gases and from the database of ENERDATA1.  The Global Warming Potential (GWP) values used are those determined by the IPCC for the preparation of national emissions inventories accordingDecision 4/CMP.7 of the UNFCCC by which from 2013 GWP of CH4 is 25 and not 21, and PWG of N2O is 298 and not 310."


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"Baseline scenario and projections of Unconditional and Conditional mitigation scenarios for Angola  Emissions \u2013 BAU scenario (ktCO2e) Emissions - Unconditional scenario Emissions - Conditional scenario *From the baseline scenario.  Strategy and planning processes For metrics and methodologies Global Warming Potential on a 100 year timescale is used in accordance with the IPCC s 4th Assessment Report. The contribution is to be developed into an emissions budget for the period 2021 to 2030."


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"Baseline structure (2005) of GHG emission of Angola by sector and emissions in the energy sector  Reference scenario without mitigation policies The baseline scenario was developed with the GACMO model (Greenhouse gas Abatement Cost Model2) based on linear sectoral projections. It is based on the 2005 inventory of GHG emissions."


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"Before the Canc\u00fan Agreements, developing countries were asked to produce their National Communications but on a voluntary basis, in accordance with Articles 4 and 12 of the Convention, but at COP 16, in 2010, more demanding reporting targets were set for developing countries, namely the obligation to produce National Communications (CN) every 4 years and the production of biennial update reports (BUR) every 2 years, which means that the national emissions inventory will have to be produced every two years."


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"Below are identified some examples of renewable energy projects that are being developed and/or implemented in Angola:  1. Repowering of Cambambe Central I Hydroelectric Power Plant: The Cambambe project activity is located on the Municipality of Cambambe, 180 km east of Luanda, the National Capital. The Municipality of Cambambe is located on the south of the Kwanza Province, which is delimited by the Kwanza River."


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"Business-as-Usual (BAU) scenario The BAU refers to a scenario that assumes that no mitigation policies or measures will be implemented further than those that are already in force and/or are legislated or planned to be adopted, i.e., the level of emissions that would take place without further policy effort. Projections were calculated using GACMO - The Greenhouse Gas Abatement Cost Model (GACMO), developed by UNEP DTU Partnership."


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"Cabinda is an exclave that is separated from the rest of Angola by a narrow strip of territory that belongs to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. (Figure 1).  Figure 1 \u2013 Angola\u2019s geographic location (Adapted from: Natural Earth Data and Angolan Banking Association)  \fof Angola 2021  2.3."


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"Capacity building Total project cost (US $ million): 32.143  Implementing GEF agency:  FAO Promotion of Sustainable Charcoal in Angola through a Value Chain Approach To reduce the current unsustainable and GHG-intensive biomass production and utilization from Angola\u201fs Miombo woodlands via an integrated suite of interventions in the country\u201fs charcoal value chain. Renewable energy."


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"Capacity building and technology transfer required Under the Paris Agreement, developed countries have also committed to provide technology transfer and capacity building to developing countries. Many developing countries will require enhanced capacities to effectively track inflows of bilateral and multilateral resources and support and identify pending gaps and needs. And support effective and efficient implementation of resources, and good documentation."


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"Carbon Markets\fof Angola 2020  Angola also benefited from funding from a number of financial and bilateral institutions that include the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), the European Development Fund (EDF), the French Fund for the World Environment (FFEM), German cooperation through the Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), UNDP and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP, or in English UNEP - United Nations Environment Program)."


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"Carbon Markets Carbon markets have played an important role in channeling climate finance for mitigation since 2005, when the Kyoto Protocol came into force. The main mechanism defined in Article 12 of the Protocol was the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). This mechanism was designed with two main objectives: to support developed countries to achieve their emission reduction objectives in a cost-effective manner and to support developing countries and those least advanced in sustainable development."


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"Characteristics of the Primary sector Oil, Mineral & Gas Producing more than 800,000 barrels per day, Angola is Africa s second largest oil producer, a net producer of natural gas and also the third largest producer of diamonds in the continent, surpassed only by Botswana and the Democratic Republic of Congo."


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"Characteristics of the Secondary Sector Energy Angola s current energy matrix, regarding electricity, is fundamentally based on two sources: water and thermal (from oil derivatives) and with regard to energy consumption in rural areas, in biomass (firewood and charcoal). New renewable energies have no expression and represent less than 1% of the energy consumed. Angola is currently one of the countries in the world with the highest penetration of renewable energies in the electricity sector due to the weight of its hydroelectric plants."


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"Characteristics of the Tertiary Sector Transports Road transport A country s economic and social development cannot be dissociated from the growth of national transport networks that accompany this growth. The growth forecasts for the country in the coming years, both in terms of population growth and the growth of its economy, have implications for emissions in the transport sector.\fof Angola 2021  The roadway network covers about 75,000 km, 7,955 of which are paved. The main axis links the capital with the interior (East to West)."


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"Civil society \u2022 Adopt more conscious daily behaviours, which lead to a smaller carbon footprint;\fof Angola 2020  \u2022 Promote community mitigation and adaptation projects; \u2022 Participate in the global effort to fight the effects of climate change in Angola. Universities / research institutes \u2022 Develop scientific knowledge in the area of climate change; \u2022 Include climate change content in university programs; \u2022 Train citizens who are aware and aware of the urgency to act on the effects of climate change.  6.3."


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"Climate Change Impacts Angola s vulnerability to climate change has been felt over time, with frequent episodes of extreme weather phenomena such as drought or floods, as well as coastal degradation and marked temperature variability in some areas of the country [19], with a special focus on the coast where most of the country s population is concentrated. Policy makers and other relevant stakeholders are increasingly aware of the tendency for them to get worse."


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"Climate Profile Due to its geographical position, the Angolan territory presents an important climatic diversity, resulting from the combination of several factors such as its size, both in the north-south axis and in the coast-inland axis, the diversity of its topography and the effects of the Oceanic Current of Benguela (cold water). In this way, Angola has three major climatic zones."


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"Climate change translated by the generalized heating of surface waters on the northern and southern borders of the front of the Benguela current and cooling on the western and southern coasts of South Africa could alter the distribution and stocks of fish off the coast of Angola. Angola has a great potential for fishing capacity, particularly along its coastline due to the resources it contains, which is relevant to the universe of flora and fauna in the country."


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"Climate models predict that over the next 50 to 100 years, Angola will experience increased temperatures, more extreme weather events, an expansion of arid and semi-arid regions, seasonal shifts in rainfall, localized floods, increased wildfires, sea level rise, increased rainfall in the northern parts of the country, changes in river flows and changes in sea and lake temperatures. According to the Angolan NAPA (2011), the major expected climate change threats and impacts are: floods, soil erosion, drought episodes, rise in sea-level."


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"Coastal Zone The coastline is an area with great potential and of relevance to the country due to its fishing capacity, the natural resources it contains and its potential for tourism and recreation, relevant to the universe of flora and fauna and the resulting benefits for society. Angola is vulnerable to the rise in the average sea level caused by climate change, as around 50% of its population lives along the coast."


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"Coastal zones/Marine ecosystems Total project cost (US $ million): 17.850 Implementing GEF agency:   UNEP Disaster risk reduction/ management to support agropastoral communities affected by recurrent droughts and other natural disasters in southern Angola and northern Namibia (Project PIRAN)  The objective is to strengthen food security and DRR/M, and increase the resilience of agro-pastoral livelihoods by increasing capacity to manage risks related to natural disasters at the level of communities and local institutions."


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"Combustible firewood continues to be one of the most used forms of energy in rural Angola for heating and cooking. The uncontrolled use of this resource has created some problems of deforestation, although limited to the peripheries of small towns and villages in rural areas. Charcoal, which is mostly used in urban areas, is normally produced unsustainably, since the felled trees are not replaced."


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"Composition Executive Committee, composed of the Minister of the relevant Ministerial Departments, to meet at least quarterly."


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"Concerned with making its contribution to the protection of communities and the rational management of its most varied natural resources, counting on future generations, the Republic of Angola has, in recent decades, become a signatory to several international environmental conventions with the signature of their respective protocols. Angola ratified the United Nations Climate Change Convention (UNFCCC) in 2000 and the Kyoto Protocol in 2007, reaffirming its commitment to the implementation of measures and programs to stabilize greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions."


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"Conditional Reduction In a conditional mitigation scenario Angola plans to reduce further its emissions. Therefore, the mitigation options identified in this scenario are expected to reduce an additional 15% below BAU emission levels by 2030. In total, in achieving its unconditional and conditional targets Angola  2JoergenFenhann, UNEP DTU Partnership, e-mail jqfe@dtu.dk\f expects to reduce its emissions trajectory by nearly 50% below the BAU scenario across sectors by 2030."


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"Conditional contributions 2030 92 of Angola 2021 Figures Figure 1 \u2013 Angola\u2019s geographic location (Adapted from: Natural Earth Data and Angolan Banking Association) 15 Figure 2 - Population distribution map [48] . 20 Figure 3 \u2013 Evolution of GDP growth rates between 2012 and 2019 [30] . 24 Figure 4 - Rail Transport Angola [29] 27 Figure 5 - Location of Angola s main ports [41] . 28 Figure 6 \u2013 Greenhouse gas emission by sector 43 Figure 7 \u2013 Ambition for the Angolan NDC 44 Figure 8 - Institutional Arrangements for NDC Implementation 64 Figure 9 - Components to be developed for the MRV System in Angola . 74 Figure 10 - Subsistemas do Sistema de MRV Nacional a desenvolver 75 Tables Table 1 - Summary of projections by climate variable[28] 17 Table 2 \u2013 Climate change impacts[28] . 19 Table 3 \u2013 Estimated population projections for the 2015-2030 period [15] . 20 Table 4 - Breakdown of Economic Activity by Sector (2015) 29 Table 5 - Global Warming Potential 39 Table 6 - Energy GHG Sources 40 Table"


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"Conditional contributions 2030 Table 22: Conditional Mitigation Contributions (2030) Sector Area Conditional Contributions potential (kt/ano) % contribution for target Cost (Million USD) Energy Renewable Energy Installation of biomass plants\u2013 640 MW Installation of mini-hydro \u2013 150 MW Installation of hydroelectric power stations \u2013 2 431 MW Installation of large-scale solar power plants (PV) \u2013 419 MW Installation of small-scale solar panels (PV) (for example: solar villages) \u2013 187 MW Installation of small-scale solar panels in the industry \u2013 6 MW Solar PVs, small isolated grid, 100% solar to replace Diesel (NAMA Program) \u2013 15 MW Installation of solar lamps on the streets\u2013 4000 lamps Installation of wind farms \u2013 409 MW Energy Efficiency Installation of efficient LED lamps in public buildings \u2013 4000 lamps Installation of efficient LED lamps in public lighting - 4000 lamps Road Transport Natural gas buses \u2013 4000 buses Waste Waste Composting of municipal solid waste \u2013 2000 ton/day Agriculture, Forestry and Forest Reforestation \u2013 554 000 ha of Angola 2020 Sector Area Conditional Contributions potential (kt/ano) % contribution for target Cost (Million USD) Other Land"


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"Considering RCP4.5 scenario, future projections for Angola indicate an increase in the average annual temperature of 1.2 to 3.2\u00baC in 2060, with warmer and less cold days and nights, a generalized warming of surface waters on the northern and southern frontiers of the large marine ecosystem of the Benguela current, a variation in annual precipitation between -27% and + 20% in 2090, a greater probability of extreme events, such as heat waves, droughts and intense rains."


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"Considering that Angola installed generating capacity was 2,388 MW in the first semester of 2015, of which 41.7% is hydroelectric and 58.3% diesel-generated, and that less than 20% of Angola s population has access to electricity, with most depending on wood or charcoal, the objective is to promote access to renewable energy. The table presents the list of renewable energy projects to be considered under a conditional contribution by the Angola to the international climate regime.This projects are in the early stages of feasibility assessment."


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"Considering that about 1 million tons of charcoal may be used annually in the country, the potential emission reduction from the production of charcoal is estimated at more than 750,000 tCO2/year and at approximate cost of around 300 million USD4.  2. The agriculture sector: In addition to efforts to mitigate GHG emissions from the agriculture sector, the country intends to promote the use of biofuels, by producing ethanol and sugar, using the experience from Brazil."


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"Contributing to the population growth tendency is the declining of mortality in the country in recent years as a reflection of the increase of life expectancy at birth, decrease of juvenile mortality rates and lower VIH prevalence in pregnant women (despite existence of some provincial variation)[15].  Table 3 \u2013 Estimated population projections for the 2015-2030 period [15] Population projections 2020-2050 (hab.)"


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"Contribution level Therefore, the country is committed to stabilize its emissions by reducing GHG emissions up to 50% below BAU emission levels by 2030 through unconditional and conditional actions targeting the following sectors:  \uf0b7 Power generation from renewable sources; and \uf0b7 Reforestation.  Unconditional Reduction The level of reduction planned unconditionally is expected to be up to 35% by 2030 as compared to the Business As Usual (BAU) scenario, taking 2005 as the reference year."


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"Coordination for NDC implementation The Ministerial Department responsible for the Environment is responsible for the theme of climate change, having for this purpose the Office of Climate Change. This body is responsible for monitoring and participating in Angola in international policy on climate change, being responsible for reporting Angola to UNFCCC, as well as coordinating Angola s participation in the parties  conferences (COP) organized by UNFCCC."


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"Currently, the sector is of significant importance in the country, not only in terms of GDP, 9.9% in 2015, but also in terms of the amount of labour force it employs. One of the Government s objectives for the agricultural sector is to increase exports and reduce imports, with the aim of making the country self-sufficient regarding basic food products."


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"DRAFT Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) of the Republic of Angola  \f  Table of Contents  EXECUTIVE SUMMARY  4 1. NATIONAL CONTEXT . 5 2. ANGOLA\u201fS MITIGATION CONTRIBUTION . 5 Objectives and expected trajectories for 2030  5 Strategy and planning processes 7 3. ANGOLA\u201fS ADAPTATION CONTRIBUTION . 14 Objectives and Sectoral Intervention for Adaptation . 14 4. FAIRNESS AND AMBITION  19 5. MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION  19 6. SOCIO-ECONOMIC BENEFITS  20 7."


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"Damaged roads and bridges leads to the isolation of communities, difficulties in accessing health and medical emergency services, and may even compromise the evacuation routes of the village in the face of smells, impeding access to schools, workplaces, shops and markets, they interrupt the traffic of goods, leading to a loss of productive capacity and can lead to increased costs for establishing alternative transport routes."


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"Department of Environmental Protection Ministry of Transports (MINTRANS) National Institute of Road Transport Angola Maritime and Port Institute National Institute of Civil Aviation National Institute of Railways of Angola Institute of Hydrography and Maritime Signaling of Angola National Council of Porters Ministry of Telecommunications, Information Technologies and Social Communication (MINTTICS) National Directorate of the Information and Meteorological Society Angolan Communications Institute National Centre for Information Technologies National Institute of Meteorology and Geophysics Telecommunications Institute Ministry of Interior (MININT) National Civil Protection and Fire Service Office of the Secretary of State for Civil Protection (Office of the Secretary of State for the Interior) Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MIREX) Directorate for Multilateral Affairs Directorate for Legal Affairs, Treaties and Litigation Office of the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Office of the Secretary of State for Cooperation SADC Office Minister of Public Works and Territory Planning (MINOPOT) National Directorate for Spatial Planning National Directorate of Urban Infrastructure National Directorate of Housing National Institute for Spatial Planning and Urban Development Geographical and Cadastral Institute of Angola National Institute of Public Works and Construction"


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"Despite having reached the top of the countries with the highest economic growth, changes in the international economic context following the global financial crisis and recession in 2012 affected funding and economic dynamics nationally, contributing to a significant economic slowdown over the 2013-2016 period. Angola, characterized by its oil industry dependence, suffered the drop-in oil production since 2014 and consequent price decline of this commodity, which resulted in reduced oil exports and affected tax revenues [30]."


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"Despite the demographic density is globally low, it is extremely unequal: the urban areas, which are constantly expanding, are contrasted with large sparsely populated areas, particularly in the provinces located along to the coast of the country."


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"Despite the positive outcomes, it is essential to strengthen and broaden the scope of policies and measures to reduce poverty, eliminate extreme poverty, promote access to equal opportunities and assure a fairer distribution of wealth and income. Some of the proposed measures in the PDN 2018-2022 are the implementation of a minimum income program for the population with greater economic and social difficulties and a sustainable and fair wage policy and tax system[19]."


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"Developing countries are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change because they are highly dependent on natural resources and have limited capacity to respond to these impacts. At the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) in 2015, the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) adopted the Paris Agreement [45]. This is a historic agreement, the first global legal framework binding the responsibilities of all Parties in joint efforts to combat climate change."


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"Developing this portfolio of renewable power projects will stabilize the CO2 emissions by 2030 from the power sector, as these projects enable to respond to the needs of the increasing demand. Considering an investment of 1,138 US$/kW for a large-scale hydropower connected to main grid, 4,500US$/kW for a small-scale hydropower connected to main grid, 1300US$/kW forwind turbines connected to main grid (on- shore) (GACMO), 3,396US$/kW for biomass projectsand 1,500 US$/kW for PV solar."


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"Each of these data collection methods produces different types of information (for example, maps or tabs), at different reporting frequencies and with different attributes, which made it possible to calculate emissions for the sector."


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"Early warning systems. Disaster risk management Total project cost (US $ million): 37.179 Implementing GEF agency:   UNDP Integrating climate change into environment and sustainable land management practices The project will disseminate sustainable land management and adaptation practices in agro-forestry and land ecology in 350 communities."


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"Emissions = Activity Data x Emission Factor\fof Angola 2021  Table 6 - Energy GHG Sources Sector Category Sub-category Description Energy Fuel use activities Energy industries Electricity generation Transport Civil aviation, rail, sea and road transport Fugitive fuel emissions Oil and Natural Gas Residential Oil and Natural Gas Natural gas Oil Flaring Venting (atmospheric discharge) Emissions from the consumption of firewood and charcoal Residential Cooking Emissions in the charcoal Energy Industries Charcoal Production  Waste The Waste sector includes CH4, CO2 and N2O emissions resulting from the final disposal and incineration of solid waste and wastewater treatment in the Republic of Angola, based on the application of the 2006 Guidelines of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change."


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"Energy For this sector, greenhouse gas emissions were inventoried from the adoption of the Bottom-up methodology (or sectoral approach), in which those emissions are calculated from the final energy consumption. The sectoral approach made it possible to identify where and how emissions occur. CO2 emissions are dependent on the carbon content of fuels and can be estimated at a high level of aggregation and with reasonable precision. For non-CO2 gases, the IPCC default values were used."


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"Energy and Water Sector Action Plan A characterisation of the two sub-sectors, including infrastructure and the institutional component, which result in commonalities, e.g. the undersizing and operational inefficiency of the systems, the economic-financial imbalance of public enterprises and a lack of skills. Energy."


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"Examples of relevant indicators are [39]: Area Indicator Climate parameters Change in annual temperature Mean monthly temperature Number of hot days Change in annual precipitation Monthly precipitation Extreme precipitation events Climate impacts Number of households affected by drought Percentage of total livestock killed by drought Number of people at high risk of heat stress Number of people living in flood prone areas Number of properties flooded per year Number of properties located in river/coastal floodplain Number of hectares of productive land lost to soil erosion Total forest area impacted by wildfire per year Weather-related disruption of electricity supply Number of properties lost due to coastal erosion per year Losses of GDP in percentage per year due to extreme rainfall Adaptation Action Number of public awareness campaigns on water efficiency Number of government staff that have received training on adaptation Degree of integration of climate change into development planning Percentage of municipalities with local regulations considering adaptation and vulnerability assessment results Existence of interministerial/ intersectoral commissions working on adaptation Uptake of early warning systems Percentage of coastline under marine protection Number"


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"Existence of interministerial/ intersectoral commissions working on adaptation Uptake of early warning systems Percentage of coastline under marine protection Number of financial mechanisms identified to support climate change adaptation 18 For example: World Risk Index, Global Climate Risk Index of Angola 2020 of Angola 2020 7."


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"F-gases emissions are not counted as they were considered negligible across the country. Coverage (sectors) The mitigation component identifies measures for the period 2020-2025 in the following sectors: Energy (including Transport); Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use; Industry; Waste. The adaptation component identifies measures for the period 2020-2025 in the following sectors: Agriculture and Fisheries; Coastal Zone Forests, Ecosystems and Biodiversity; Water Resources; Human Health; Infrastructures."


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"FAIRNESS AND AMBITION  Angola is extremely vulnerable to the impacts of Climate Change and some specific regions of Angola such as the southern regions are already experiencing a regular worsening of droughts and floods, as well as costal degradation and regional and national-level adaptation action plans are in place to address those sectors which have been particularly affected."


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"FAIRNESS AND AMBITION National emissions of the greenhouse gases represent only 0.10%19 of global in 2015. This NDC is fair and ambitious as it aims to secure limited increase of its greenhouse gas emissions, while the country pursues a strong economic development pathway. Angola will take into account the ultimate objective of the UNFCCC in its future development and committed to decouple greenhouse gas emissions from its economic growth and embarks on a low emission development pathway."


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"FSDEA expects that its investments in the agricultural sector will contribute decisively to economic growth in Angola and other regions of the continent by increasing the revenues from this activity.  Despite the existence of these climate finance instruments, the financial allocation to mitigation and adaptation measures may be further enhanced with greater financial availability and in order to cover all priority sectors / domains."


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"Faced with the degrading situation of its economy from the civil war, Angola joined the least developed country (LDC) category in 1994[1]. In 2015, the United Nations considered that, given its economic growth, it should no longer be considered as a least developed country [14]. Angola\u2019s graduation from the LDC category will be effective in 2021[16]."


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"Figure 10 - Subsistemas do Sistema de MRV Nacional a desenvolver  For the short term (up to 2025), it is planned that Angola will develop and implement a MRV system, as part of the tracking process of the NDC. Angola aims to integrate the necessary MRV activities into existing processes and structures for international reporting to ensure an efficient and consistent approach."


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"Figure 7 \u2013 Ambition for the Angolan NDC  \fof Angola 2021  4.4. Mitigation Contribution In this NDC update, Angola sets the target of achieving those 15% of emission reduction by 2025, unconditionally. In addition, it is expected that through a conditional mitigation scenario the country could reduce an additional 10% below BAU emission levels by 2025. To achieve that, several measures were identified and analyzed, being selected for Unconditional (Table 11) and Conditional Contribution (Table 12)."


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"Figure 9 - Components to be developed for the MRV System in Angola  The operationalization of a national MRV system will allow not only to elaborate in a systematic way the national inventory of GHG emissions in Angola, essential for the improvement of the reporting process to UNFCCC, but also to serve as a tool to implement this strategy, to ensure a efficient implementation of climate policy in the country."


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"Finally, the legal and institutional framework should be defined to formalize the implementation of the MRV system, as well as to define responsibilities and deadlines that will constitute the annual cycles of the MRV system in Angola. Figure 10 shows a schematic of the MRV system that the Government of Angola intends to operate in the country."


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"Financial requirements An initial assessment of the funding requirements for the identified measures is described below and implementation costs will be refined as more evidence-based information is obtained. The total estimated cost for Angola\u2019s identified NDC mitigation contribution through 2025 is estimated at around 44 billion USD and 144 million USD for adaptation contribution, representing a combined funding requirement of around 44.1 billion USD, across sectors. The Table 18 summarizes the estimated funding needs."


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"Following its first strategy for climate change, Angola created the National Commission on Climate Change and Biodiversity (CNACB), with a more specific mandate for climate change and more executive and political harmonization, composed of several entities such as the Ministry Petroleum, Transport, Higher Education, Science and Technology, Health, and Agriculture and Fisheries, under the coordination of the Ministerial Department responsible for the Environment."


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"For an efficient implementation of the NDC, it will be essential to ensure good coordination and correct allocation of responsibilities, define regulations and legislation and adopt an integrated monitoring, reporting and verification system. The overriding national implementation arrangement will guide the integration of NDC priority interventions in the broad sectoral planning. The institutional arrangements proposed for NDC implementation are aligned with ENAC 2020- 2035. 6.2.1."


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"For biomass, hydroelectric, solar and wind power plants, potential projects were considered from projects identified in the Renewable Energy Atlas of Angola. For biomass, the projects were Luanda, Benguela/Lobito/Catumbela, Alto Catumbela, Chinguar, Cuima, Biocom, Lucapa, Luena, Luachimo, Dala, Chicapa, Lumeje and Dinge. The program called NAMA (Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions), brought the opportunity for the implementation 15 MW to replace the use of diesel in three commercial farms in Angola was considered in this scenario as a small-scale solar panel."


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"For both mitigation and adaptation combined, the mitigation unconditional contribution, account for around 99.7% of the total estimated funding requirements, and the adaptation contribution around 0.3%."


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"For solar energy, additionally to the Waku Kungo II and Lubango projects, considered in the unconditional 2025 scenario, it was also considered the Capanda project. For wind energy the projects of Quitobia and T\u00f4mbwa were considered.  \fof Angola 2020  9.3."


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"For solar panels in industry a value of 2 MW was proposed, since ENAC did not make assumptions associated with this measure. Finally, composting, the capacity to send 500 ton/day of waste for composting was considered."


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"For the Government of Angola, graduation is an important milestone for the country and its process should be used as a catalyst to accelerate the country\u2019s transformation and development agenda [21]. This graduation process is expected to have economic implications."


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"For the Mini-hydro, 150 MW were considered, coming from 3 projects identified in the Renewable Energy Atlas of Angola. For solar villages and solar panels in industry, the value used in the unconditional 2025 scenario was doubled in this scenario. In the flaring reduction, 75% of the target considered in the unconditional scenario was considered.\f(NDC) of Angola \u2013 2020 upda of Angola 2020  \fof Angola 2021  5.1."


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"For the hydroelectric power plants, additionally to the projects of Cambambe 2, Luime, T\u00famulo do Ca\u00e7ador and Zenza (1+2), presented in the unconditional 2030 scenario, it was also considered the Cacombo project. For the solar energy, additionally to the projects of Waku Kungo II, Lubango and Capanga, presented in the unconditional 2030 scenario, it was also considered the Bal\u00e9m Dango, Lubango ii, F\u00fatila, Chipindo, Lubango, Kuito, Gove, Waku Kungo I, Lucapa and Dungo projects."


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"For the reduction of flaring, the information from the World Bank9 was used, which said in 2011 that Angola aimed to reduce flaring by 75%. In this scenario half of this reduction target was considered, compared to the value of flaring in 2015 (reported in the National Inventory). For the solar villages it was considered as an assumption what was present in the PND 2013-2017, where the objective was the installation of 100 MW of solar PV in solar villages by 2025."


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"For the year 2005, GHG emissions amounted to 66.8 million tons of CO2e, of which over 95% stemmed from the fossil fuel consumption. The baseline structure (2005) of GHG emission of Angola by sector shown below indicates the dominance of Energy fuel combustion sector followed by the Agriculture and Change in Land-Use Change and Forestry sectors. In addition, the contribution of the fugitive emissions in the energy sector is clearly evident."


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"For this, Angola\u2019s  (NDC) encompasses for Mitigation and Adaptation purposes both unconditional and conditional measures for the reduction of GHG emissions and adaptation of its territory and population to the adverse impacts of climate change. An \u201cunconditional contribution\u201d is what Angola could implement without any conditions and based on their own resources and capabilities. A \u201cconditional contribution\u201d is one that Angola would undertake if international means of support are provided, or other conditions are met."


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"For this, Angola\u201fs Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) encompasses for Mitigation purposes both unconditional and conditional measures for the reduction of GHG. The country is committed to stabilize its emissions, and contribute to climate change mitigation by 2030, targeting the following sectors:  \uf0b7 Power generation from renewable sources; and \uf0b7 Reforestation.  Angola plans to reduce GHG emissions up to 35% unconditionally by 2030 as compared to the Business As Usual (BAU) scenario (base year 2005)."


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"For wind energy, additionally to the projects of T\u00f4mbwa and Quitobia, presented in the unconditional 2030 scenario, it was also considered the Dunga and Quimone projects. For the lightning and natural gas buses measures, we double the number of lamps and buses used in the conditional 2025 scenario.\fof Angola 2020  In terms of flaring, we have increased the ambition to reduce flaring."


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"Forest ecosystems can capture and sequester large quantities of CO2 through the accumulation of aerial and underground biomass, and the deposit of organic matter accumulated in ground.\fof Angola 2021  Forests are of great socioeconomic importance due to the use of wood as a fuel, building materials, and the use of other resources for food and medicinal purposes."


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"Forest, Ecosystem and Biodiversity While forest sequestration is one of the functions strengthening the response to the impacts of climate change, it is important to recognize that it is not the only climate action provided by forests, as they also deliver beneficial services for climate change adaptation. Angola has a wide range of ecosystems and a large surface area is covered with shrubs and savannas. The tropical humid forests are found mainly in the provinces of Cabinda, Zaire, U\u00edge, Kwanza Norte and Kwanza Sul."


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"Forestry Total project cost (US $ million): 17.884 Implementing GEF agency:   UNDP The \"Solar Village\" Programme The \"Solar Village\" Programme, launched by the Executive under the National Development Plan (PND) 2013-2017, allowed to date the electrification of 48 villages in different regions of the country, benefiting 100,000 families. The goal of the Executive is to produce by 2025 about 100 megawatts of solar power to all rural areas, an investment estimated at $ 150 million. Renewable energy."


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"Forestry and Other Land Use Forest Reforestation \u2013 416 000 ha Industry Fugitive Reduce flaring \u2013 370 MMSCF/day TOTAL 10 The budget figures presented correspond to estimates based on a benchmark exercise with similar actions developed in comparable countries."


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"From the point of view of security of energy supply, the production of electricity for self- consumption from cogeneration systems guarantees the supply of electricity in a reliable manner, avoiding power outages and the instability of the Angolan electrical networks, avoiding any damage that these may cause the machinery, in addition to the advantage of using an endogenous and abundant fuel that is produced in the country."


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"Further WASH contributions to community resilience can be achieved through creating systems that connect communities with local authorities in order to enable their integration into response plans, capacity development and by fostering income generation, as well as food, energy and ecosystem resilience; 3. Finally, Angola needs to work towards a low-carbon WASH sector by improving water and energy efficiency and ensuring, where possible, the use of renewable energy for water and sanitation operations to lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and energy generation from waste."


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"Furthermore, IPCC scenarios (SRES A1B scenario as shown in the IPCC 4th Assessment Report) have projected an increase of mean annual temperature in the region by 1.2 to 3.2\u00b0C by the 2060s, and 1.7 to 5.1\u00b0C by the 2090s."


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"GDP Gross Domestic Product GHG Greenhouse gas GWP Global warming potential INC Initial National Communication iNDC Intended IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change LDCF Least Developed Countries Fund LULUCF Land use, land use change and forestry MCTA Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Environment (acronym in Portuguese) MINEA Ministry of Energy and Water (acronym in Portuguese) MPLA Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (acronym in Portuguese) MRV Monitoring, Reporting and Verification MW Megawatts NAPA National Adaptation Programme of Action NDC PA Paris Agreement SDG Sustainable Development Goals t Tonne UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USD United States (US) dollar of Angola 2021 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword . Erro!"


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"GEF Trust Fund By the end of 2016, 2 projects in Angola (1 for mitigation and 1 for adaptation) with a total grant amount exceeding US$ 7 million and channelled through the following DFIs were approved: United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The global co-financing value of these projects amounted to approximately US $ 36 million. Carbon Markets (MDL)16 Angola has only one project registered under the CDM mechanism, the Gove hydroelectric power station."


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"GENDER PERSPECTIVE  20  \f  \f EXECUTIVE SUMMARY  The contributions of Angola to this INDC are in the framework of the National Strategy for the Implementation of UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol, the Strategy to Fight Poverty (SFP), the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) and Long Term Strategy for Development of Angola (2025).  Angola is committed to take part in the aspiration set at International level to fight against the phenomenon of climate change, thus contributing to global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions."


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"Gaps and Barriers Angola faces several barriers in addressing climate change issues, mainly related to: \u2022 Absence or unavailability of basic scientific information, with appropriate details (spatial and/or temporal); \u2022 Absence or unavailability of diagnostic and characterization exercises that include the inclusion of modelling/projections, as well as their implementation in risk mapping and vulnerability analysis; \u2022 Disarticulation of the update and/or review processes; \u2022 Procedural delay and high costs associated with updating and/or reviewing processes; \u2022 Gaps in the level of technical knowledge in the entities responsible for preparing and approving projects, plans and programs; \u2022 Gaps in the processes of early involvement of key players and in the development of communication and public mobilization strategies aimed at the various social and economic agents, with consequent resistance to changing behaviors; \u2022 Budgetary constraints, leading to dilution of priorities over time; \u2022 Limited budgets from the State to create an enabling environment for resource mobilization to encourage private sector investment; \u2022 Lack of binding administrative tools that allow intervention in certain areas."


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"Geographical Characteristics Angola, officially the Republic of Angola, is a country located on the south west coast of Africa, whose main territory is limited to the north and northeast by the Democratic Republic of Congo, to the east by Zambia, to the south by Namibia and to the west by the Atlantic Ocean. It also includes the exclave of Cabinda, through which it borders the Republic of Congo to the north."


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"Geographical boundaries Whole country Means of implementation To implement the listed mitigation and adaptation measures, it is estimated that a total investment of not less than US$ 4.1 billion in the form of internal and external aid will be required between 2020 and 2025. Angola requests the technologies support and capacity building."


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"Given the time constraint, thisreport on theINDCcould not beexhaustive, and it is of adynamic natureand thus willbe refinedin the light ofnew data and information. \f 1. NATIONAL CONTEXT  The Republic of Angola with a size of 1.25m sq km (481,354 sq miles) is located in SW Africa and extremely vulnerable to climate change impacts such as drought and floods particularly in the southern regions. Projections of mean annual rainfall averaged over the country from different models indicate a wide range of changes in precipitation for Angola."


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"Given to its extreme vulnerability to Climate Change impacts in some key economic sectors, Angola\u201fs INDC also includes priority Adaptation actions that will enable the strengthening of the resilience of the country towards the attainment of the Long Term Strategy for Development of Angola (2025).  Sectoral Intervention for Adaptation  The Angolan economy has been hit hard by the impact of climate change expressed as prolonged drought, damaging flash floods, forest fires, reduced crop production, reduced water resources, impacted fishing resources, etc."


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"Government Currently under the 2010 Constitution, the President in office is Jo\u00e3o Louren\u00e7o from the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola party (MPLA, in Portuguese), elected when the country held its second Presidential elections in 23rd August 2017 as part of a stable democratic transition. The country is administratively divided into 18 provinces, each of which is headed by a governor appointed by the central government. Provinces are further divided into councils, communes, circles, neighborhoods, and villages."


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"Guidelines for Defining a Strategy for Exiting the Crisis Derived from Falling Oil Prices in the International Market. Link: [18] Ministry of Energy and Water (2016). Angola Energy 2025: Long term vision for electric sector. Link:   SECTOR-LONG-TERM-VISION.pdf [19] Ministry of Economy and Planning, 2018, National Development Plan 2018-2022. Link: [20] Republic of Angola, 2017. National Strategy for Climate Change. Republic of Angola."


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"Heat waves: Expected to increase the frequency Storm surges: Expected to increase the frequency Wildfires: As global temperatures rise, wildfires are getting more frequent and intense. Increase Ocean acidification The ocean has been playing an important role in helping slow down global climate change by removing the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. However, decades of ocean observations show that the CO2 absorbed by the ocean is changing the chemistry of seawater. When seawater absorbs carbon dioxide its acidity is increased. Increase  2.3.1."


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"Hence, the government of Angola has been taking the necessary actions to help the country overcome the financial crisis, including the constraints in the oil sector, through measures of macroeconomic and financial stabilization, implementation of structural and financial reforms, improvement the business environment, and promoting non-oil sector growth, essential to reduce the high unemployment rate."


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"High temperatures are conducive to prolonging the seasonality of diseases such as malaria, and in a predicted future scenario that is hotter and more humid, even in areas with altitudes above 1500m, where the risk of contracting the disease is lower, episodes of malaria will be more frequent [4]."


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"However, the country continues to face massive development challenges, which include reducing its dependency on oil and diversifying the economy; rebuilding its infrastructure; and improving institutional capacity, governance, public financial management systems, human development indicators, and the living conditions of the population. The World Bank classifies the world s economies into four income groups \u2014 high, upper-middle, lower-middle, and low. The Republic of Angola is a lower-middle income country and is transitioning to be classified as an upper-middle income country."


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"However, the heating of the Benguela current as well as new phenomena such as El Ni\u00f1o de Benguela respond to secular dynamics that cannot yet be statistically separated from each other. possible consequences of global warming. Stability in the behaviour of the phenomenon, but with sub-dimensioning of data to establish effects arising Precipitation A decrease in average annual rainfall in the south and north of the country and an increase in the central coast is expected."


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"However, the market generated by the CDM has suffered a drastic reduction in value since 2011 as a result of the main CER buyer market, the European Emissions Trading System (EU-ETS), defining a very significant reduction in CER usage limits. As a result of the level of demand having drastically reduced, RECs are no longer desirable for public and private actors to allocate financial resources to mitigation projects in developing countries."


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"However, there are economy sectors which are extremely vulnerable to impacts resulting from the extreme events and which will pose not only serious livelihood and direct health risks but can also affect the economic potential and national food security. The need for adaptation seems thus obvious. The vulnerability increases for higher temperature increases, so adaptation needs will depend on the expected temperature rise.  The Republic of Angola ratified the UNFCCC in 2000 and the Kyoto Protocol in 2007."


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"Hydroelectric power was considered a potential project, some of the projects already identified in the Renewable Energy Atlas of Angola (2199 MW). In addition to Cambambe 2 already considered in de unconditional scenario, three more projects were added the Luime, T\u00famulo do Ca\u00e7ador and Zenza (1+2). The program called NAMA (Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions), brought the opportunity for the implementation 15 MW to replace the use of diesel in three commercial farms in Angola was considered in this scenario as a small-scale solar panel."


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"INFORMATION TO FACILITATE CLARITY, TRANSPARENCY AND UNDERSTANDING In accordance with the provisions of Annex I of Decision 4/CMA.1, Angola informs the following: Parameter Information NDC Time period Start year: 2020 End year: 2025 Type of commitment The type of contribution selected by Angola in terms of mitigation is based on results, i.e. the reduction of greenhouse gases to levels below the BAU. The BAU scenario by 2025 was based on the last GHG inventory of 2015."


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"In 2010, a constitution established a presidential parliamentary system with the  1 Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15 and above who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life. 2 Angola: UN Country Profile\fof Angola 2021  president no longer elected by direct popular vote but instead as the head of the party winning the most seats. Angola has made substantial economic and political progress since the end of the war in 2002."


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"In 2013, more than 70% of the electricity produced in the country came from water.[13] The electricity network of Angola is constituted by 3 main independent systems, based on hydrographic basins, namely, the North, Center and South Systems. The provincial headquarters not covered by these systems are supplied by Isolated Systems. The electricity access rate in Angola is 44% today and most rural areas lack access to electricity and other modern sources of energy."


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"In 2015, the Paris Agreement brought a set of challenges on the accounting and reporting of GHG emissions and mitigation and adaptation actions developed by the countries, calling for transparency, rigor, comparability and consistency in accounting and reporting: beyond the CN and BUR, the Parties are now subject to the production and five-year update of their national contributions (NDCs) every 5 years."


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"In 2015, the country prepared and submitted its Intended National Contribution for the reduction of GHG emissions to the UNFCCC. Angola recognizes that the country has been greatly affected by the impacts of climate change (prolonged droughts, floods, forest fires, reduced agricultural productivity, reduced water availability, affected fishing resources, .) and that adaptation is an obvious need."


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"In 2019, it entered its fourth year of recession, which was extended by the drop in production in mature oil fields; indeed, GDP growth contracted by -1.5% in 2019[35]. Angola is expected to remain in recession in 2020 due to the recent plunge in oil prices and the global slowdown resulting from the impact of COVID-19. Oil sector growth will be highly affected due to the combined effect of supply and demand shocks."


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"In 2020, Angola updated its GHG inventory (base year: 2015) and by 2025 the country is planning to revise and update that GHG Inventory as part of its Second National Communication.  \fof Angola 2020  Angola requests the UNFCCC Secretariat that this submission is published on the UNFCCC webpage and that the country\u2019s NDC is included in the synthesis report to be prepared by the Secretariat.  \fof Angola 2020  \fof Angola 2020  Documents [1] UN General Assembly (1995)."


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"In 2020, the Multidimensional Poverty Report of Angola [27] was developed, which considers 4 dimensions: i) Health; ii) Education, iii) Quality of life; iv) Employment - and sixteen indicators that express the different deprivations faced by people living in poverty and are, quite important, to capture the reality of the Country. According to this report, the incidence rate of multidimensional poverty in the rural area (87.8%) is more than double the incidence rate in the urban area (35.0%)."


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"In May 2000, the country ratified the Montreal Protocol to the Vienna Convention, after being signed by the Parties in July 1998, being one of the most successful United Nations treaties to date with 197 signatory countries. Angola is also a signatory to the United Nations Convention on Combating Drought and Desertification (UNCCD), the Convention on the Conservation of Wild Migratory Species (CMS), better known as the \u201cBonn Convention\u201d, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)."


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"In a global way, Angola should take advantage of the main international financial instruments already identified (Green Climate Fund, Adaptation Fund GEF Trust Fund, Least Developed Countries Fund, Special Climate Change Trust Fund) and maximize the use of existing national funds (Fundo Nacional do Environment, National Electricity Fund, Support Fund for Agricultural Development of Angola and Sovereign Fund of Angola) in order to cover all identified mitigation and adaptation sectors / domains.  6.5.1."


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"In accordance with Decision 1/CP.21 of COP21, Parties were requested to communicate or update the NDC by 2020, Angola reviewed and updated its NDC to be submitted to the UNFCCC Secretariat in 2020 based on the actual country context. Angola is committed to take part in the aspiration set at International level to fight against climate change, thus contributing to global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions."


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"In addition to CO2, CH4 and N2O gases are estimated. For the calculation of national greenhouse gas emissions in the energy sector, the Level - 1 calculation method was used. The survey of the information required for the calculation was carried out through consolidated reports of activities in the oil and gas. GHG emissions are calculated by knowing the activity data (fuel consumption or burning) for each source and its respective emission factor."


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"In addition to outlining conditional and unconditional mitigation contributions and the NDC will contribute to the global target of adaptation, reducing vulnerability, strengthening resilience and increasing the country s adaptive capacity in order to protect ecosystems, people, livelihoods and strategic sustainable development and economic investment, taking into account the urgent and immediate needs of the country, based on the best science available and national context."


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"In addition, Angola is the third-largest economy in Sub-Saharan Africa and a net exporter of fossil fuels, and by now the second largest oil producer in sub-Saharan Africa after Nigeria. According to the country\u201fs Initial National Communication (INC) report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) released in 2012 (but based on emission inventory statistics from 2005) Angola only contributed approximately with 66.8 million tons of CO2e of Greenhouse Gas Emissions to the atmosphere."


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"In addition, cogeneration systems allow the heat generated in the combustion of natural gas to be used in the industrial process itself, increasing the efficiency of energy use. From an environmental point of view, replacing the use of diesel with natural gas in industry is a measure that will contribute to the reduction of GHG  4.2. Reference point: National GHG Inventory The base year considered in this NDC is 2015, Angola\u2019s latest GHG inventory data that was concluded in November 2020."


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"In addition, industry generates indirect emissions from the centrally generated electricity it consumes. With the objective of promoting a more sustainable national industry from an energy and environmental point of view, the Government intends to encourage the replacement of diesel generators by natural gas cogeneration systems with the capacity to produce energy and heat, out of other measures."


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"In addition, it is expected that through a conditional mitigation scenariothe country could reduce an additional 15% below BAU emission levels by 2030. In achieving its unconditional and conditional targets Angola expects to reduce its emissions trajectory by nearly 50% below the BAU scenario by 2030 at overall cost of over 14.7billion USD."


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"In addition, it is important to establish, within the Ministerial Department responsible for the Environment, namely within the Climate Change Office, an NDC monitoring secretariat, which allows the performance of the implementation of the measures registered here to be evaluated, and which is an open way for receiving suggestions from the public, private or public opinion. The results of these assessments must be kept in electronic form, to be subsequently integrated into the future Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system of Angolan climate policy."


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"In addition, the mechanisms and technical capacities available for climate monitoring are insufficient to support the realization of long-term climate projections. In 1974, Angola had an extensive weather network, with more than 500 weather stations across the country. However, the number of weather stations has been drastically reduced over the years, and there are now about 20."


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"In addition, the production of renewable energy and the dispatching of the entire production to the Angolan electrical system will not only reduce emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) but also will mitigate local pollution caused by atmospheric emissions from burning fossil fuel. On the economical perspective, the projects will lead to a reduction on demand from fossils fuels, which are a very expensive item within the national economy."


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"In addition, the \u201cClimate Change Adaptation Action Plan in Africa for the Health sector 2012- 2016\u201d [6] prioritizes the identification of risks to human health resulting from extreme climate effects, as well as the strengthening of the health systems of the signatory countries ( including Angola), with a view to strengthening the national capacity to prevent and respond to threats to human health."


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"In fact the Government of Angola has enacted a considerable amount of Laws and Policies as well has developed important sectoral studies which gives an idea of how determined the Government Authorities are to take the country to the forefront of African countries reducing their GHG emissions.Angola\u201fs approach focuses on avoiding an increase of emissions per capita beyond the current level, while pursuing its development goals.Through this INDC Angola is determined to reduce its emissions trajectory by nearly 50% below the BAU scenario by 2030."


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"In light of this scenario, in 2016 entered into force a memorandum defining the government strategy to tackle this problem and increase state revenues based mainly on four pillars [17]: 1) oil substitution as the main source of revenue, 2) short-term export promotion, 3) program of public debt payment, and 4) a new non-oil dependent economic stability cycle."


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"In monthly terms, a decrease is expected in the driest months, extending the dry season to the months of April and October. The maximum daily precipitation is expected to increase throughout the territory, this increase being more accentuated in the coastal zone. In the South, precipitation episodes will decrease by the end of the century but will be more intense in the future. Increase Sea Level Rise (SLR) Average sea level increase until the year 2100 between interval, between 17% and 84%."


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"In order to effectively combat the spread of tropical diseases, it is necessary to provide Angola with knowledge about the relationship between epidemics and extreme climatic events, about the most effective treatments and how to combat their transmission, based on a continuous monitoring of the number and evolution of patients that allows the identification of patterns."


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"In parallel with the mitigation efforts, it is necessary to develop balanced adaptation actions that allow to minimize the impacts of climate change efficiently and ensure the sustainability of Angola s development. To this end, it is necessary to incorporate into strategies and development plans measures that strengthen current and future resilience to the impacts of climate change, reviewing, if necessary, measures already foreseen."


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"In recent years, Angola has been facing several problems with natural disasters, namely in the rainy season and mainly due to construction in risk areas, with an estimated 10% of the Angolan population living in risk areas. It is predicted that the increase in the average level of the sea waters could reach 0.13m-0.56m in 2090, compared to the years 1980-1999 affecting densely populated areas such as the areas closest to the ocean and the city of Luanda."


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"In response to decisions adopted at the 19th and 20th sessions of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), as a demonstration of its commitment to take part in the aspiration set at International level to fight against the phenomenon of climate change, thus contributing to global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, Angola has embarkedon the process of preparation of its intended determined contributions through a participatory approach."


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"In reviewing the 2015 Intended  (iNDC), the government organized bilateral meetings, conducted during 2020-2021, in order to identify and discuss\fof Angola 2021  relevant measures to achieve the proposed target, responding to the main priorities of the country. Due to the global pandemic COVID-19 the bilateral meetings were developed through virtual platform. Guided discussions with relevant stakeholders focused on three elements: \uf0b7 Review of iNDC options: What is the current status of these projects? What is the planned timing?"


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"In selecting the actions outlined above, Angola has prioritised those which fit with the growth priorities set out in its national development plans in particular the Angola 2025 Policy Document. In addition, Angola has captured the synergies between mitigation and adaptation, not only by prioritising those adaptation activities with significant mitigation co-benefits but also by seeking to minimise the carbon footprint of its adaptation portfolio as a whole."


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"In terms of classification, area and sampling data that represent various categories of land use are needed to estimate carbon stocks, the emission and removal of greenhouse gases associated with the activities in which the IPCC 2006 guidelines summarize how the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector."


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"In terms, of hydro and solar power potential projects were considered from projects that were already identified in the Renewable Energy Atlas of Angola. The hydroelectric capacity proposed to be installed in this scenario considers the Cambambe 2 project. The proposal for solar energy considers the Waku Kungo II and Lubango project. For reforestation, 50% of what was proposed for reduction in the INDC by 2030 (target 2030: 2032 ktCO2and sequestration) was considered."


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"In the long term, there may be an increase in road\fof Angola 2021  maintenance costs, especially when they are not well planned to adapt to future weather events, compromising the growth of the economy and the safety of the population.  5.2. Adaptation Contribution Angola is already experiencing the adverse effects of climate change and recognizes that will seriously undermine efforts towards resilience building, sustainable development and eradicating poverty."


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"In these circumstances, the deepening of knowledge and the establishment of robust systems for monitoring watersheds and models for forecasting precipitation with new weather stations will support the creation of efficient systems for preventing and alerting extreme weather events, getting more frequent in Angola.  11 FAO, 2012. Angola Country Programming Framework 2013-2017. 12 USAID, 2011.\fof Angola 2021  Human Health The human health has clear links to climate variability through both direct exposure as well as indirect pathways."


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"In this context, the African Development Bank, in partnership with FAO, approved\fof Angola 2021  in 2013 a project to support the development of artisanal fisheries in Angola, which should start in 2019. At the same time, the creation of support centers for artisanal fisheries was recently announced with a view to supporting fishing activities by local communities, in particular, seeking to improve the income of fishing communities, increasing revenues, managing marine resources and maritime safety."


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"In this scenario, the main drivers of growth are: agriculture with an average rate of 8.9%; fisheries with an average rate of 4.8%; manufacturing with an average rate of 5.9%; construction with an average rate of 3.8%; and services, including tourism with an average rate of 5.9% [19]. 2.5.1."


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"In this sense, it is for the fundamental Government that some mitigation measures are established for the forest sector that contribute to preserve this country s source of wealth.[20]  Industry Considering the objective of diversifying the economy that the Angolan Government intends to promote in the coming years, both to respond to the oil crisis and to promote economic diversification in the context of its PMA graduation, the development of other industries in the country."


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"Increased frequency and intensity of extreme phenomena that cause coastal overtopping and erosion TOTAL Conditional contributions Table 14 - Adaptation Measures - Conditional Sector Conditional Contributions Impact response Cost Agriculture and Fisheries Conduct a study on the impact of changing the geographical distribution of animal diseases (infectious and parasitic) and the availability of water on the country s animal production levels Health risks and disease transmission Replicate the project \u201cPromotion of sustainable charcoal in Angola through a Value Chain Approach\u201d in the Luanda-U\u00edge corridor Change / Loss of biodiversity Coastal Zone Reinforce inspection in order to condition the occupation of territory located in areas at high risk of flooding coastal areas Increased frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events Forest, Ecosystem and Biodiversity Develop models to analyze the effects of climate change on biodiversity and ecosystems based on national and regional climate change scenarios Change / Loss of biodiversity Actions to preserve forest perimeters in Huambo province, in line with the Government s efforts to elevate the province to the ecological capital of Angola Change / Loss of biodiversity 14"


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"Increased frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events Create a water quality monitoring system for consumption in the main sources of drinking water Degradation of assimilation and purification of water courses Human Health Implement an early warning system, involving the Civil Protection and the National Institute of Meteorology, in order to reinforce public health contingency and emergency plans in the face of the effects of extreme weather events Health risks and disease transmission Infrastructures Continuously update the territorial register Increased soil instability and landslide TOTAL\f(NDC) of  Angola \u2013 2020 upda of Angola 2020  \fof Angola 2020  6."


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"Indicador n\u00e3o definido. Acknowledges  2 Acronyms and Abbreviations  4 Table of Contents. 5 Figures . 7 Tables . 7 Executive summary  9 1. Introduction  12 1.1. Overview  12 1.2. Outline of this document  12 2. Current National Context . 14 2.1. Introduction . 14 2.2. Geographical Characteristics  15 2.3. Climate Profile . 16 2.3.1. Future Climate Projections & Trends in climate variables . 16 2.3.1. Climate Change Impacts  18 2.4. Sociocultural Characteristics . 19 2.5."


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"Industrial processes  Angola\u201fs annual growth in manufacturing rose from 6.5% in 2012 to 8% in 2013 and was driven particularly by wood, cement, and electric materials production. In 2005 GHG emissions of the industry sector were related to activities such as these: breweries, cement, clinker, pastry, crackers and cookies, margarine, beef, animal feed, glass, freezer assembly, etc. The GHG emissions from Industrial processes are estimated to be very low (less than one million tons of CO2e)."


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"Industry The industrial sector in Angola represents about 8% of the gross domestic product generated estimated at around US $ 100 billion in 2019. The main industries in the territory are the processing of oilseeds, cereals, meat, cotton, and tobacco. Also noteworthy is the production of sugar, beer, cement, and wood, in addition to oil refining. Among the industries, tires, fertilizers, cellulose, glass, and steel stand out."


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"Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding  80 9. References  85 Documents  85 Websites  87 Annex  89 9.1. Indicators for tracking NDC Implementation . 89 9.2. Unconditional contributions 2030 . 90 9.3."


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"Infrastructures Angola s urbanization scenario for the next years will influence the transport sector, leading to an increase in the road network, mainly residential. The country has invested in the recovery and construction of the road network, which was badly damaged after the conflicts that followed its independence, however infrastructure conditions that are still in a precarious state can be aggravated if no investments are made to increase their resilience and adapt them to new conditions."


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"Instead of 75% reduction, as planned and presented in the unconditional 2030 scenario, it is now considered a 91% emission reduction compared to 2015 emissions. For solar panels in industry, we increased one more unit in this measure (from 4 MW in scenario unconditional 2030 scenario, to 6 MW in this scenario) For composting, the value (1000 t/day) in the unconditional 2030 scenario has been doubled.  \f(NDC) of  Angola \u2013 2020 upda of Angola 2020"


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"Institute for Spatial Planning and Urban Development Geographical and Cadastral Institute of Angola National Institute of Public Works and Construction Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Technology and Innovation (MESCTI) National Directorate of Graduated Training National Directorate of Advanced Training and Scientific Research National Directorate for Access, Vocational Guidance and Student Support National Directorate for Management and Training of Higher Education Staff Ministry of Finance (MINFIN) International Studies and Relations Office National Directorate of State Budget National Directorate of Public Investments Ministry of Health (MINSA) National Directorate of Public Health National Institute for Health Research National Institute of Medical Emergencies of Angola Center for Disease Prevention and Control Health Research Center of Angola Ministry of Education (MED) National Institute for Education Research and Development \u2013 INIDE United Nations Agencies United Nations Development Program (UNDP) Photos Eduardo Grilo of Angola 2021 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use BAU Business-as-Usual Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide equivalent COP Conference of Parties ENAC National Strategy for Climate Change 2020-2035 (acronym in Portuguese) GACMO Greenhouse Gas Abatement Cost Model GEF Global Investment Facility GDP Gross Domestic Product GHG Greenhouse gas GWP Global warming potential INC Initial National Communication iNDC Intended IPCC Intergovernmental Panel"


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"Intention to use market-based mechanisms to meet targets According to the Marrakesh Call for Climate Action, agreed at the Ministerial Dialogue of the Seventh\fof Angola 2020  African Forum of Carbon, in April 2015, Angola recognizes the experience gained from the implementation of the Clean Development Mechanism and want to be supported by market mechanisms with high environmental integrity, contributing to sustainable development and establishing strong incentives to harness the power of private sector."


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"International Climate Finance In terms of international climate finance, the following instruments used by Angola to finance mitigation and / or adaptation to climate change projects are identified [5], Table 20."


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"Is it important to highlight the informal economy, which is constituted as  3 The Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income or consumption expenditure among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. Thus a Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, while an index of 100 implies perfect inequality.\fof Angola 2021  a driving force of the organization of economic and social life, and not included in official numbers."


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"It is also proposed to establish two Committees, the Executive Committee and the Technical Committee in order to guarantee a more operational character and greater efficiency in the Commission s results, particularly with regard to the articulation between the different sectors."


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"It is estimated that about 37% of households are located in areas with environmental diseases such as malaria, diarrhea and cholera, and that about 50% of households living in coastal areas do not have access to piped water. The high temperatures and changes in precipitation (for example, extreme rainy periods) resulting from climate change lead to the prolongation and, consequently, to the favorable conditions for exponential growth of species of mosquitoes that transmit malaria and other diseases, increasing the number cases and deaths."


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"It is structured as follows: \uf0b7 Section 2 describes Angola\u2019s national circumstances \uf0b7 Section 3 presents the NDC Revision Process \uf0b7 Section 4 describes Angola\u2019s contribution to Mitigation \uf0b7 Section 5 describes Angola\u2019s contribution to Adaptation \uf0b7 Section 6 outlines the means of implementation for the mitigation and adaptation measures contained in the NDC and identifies the barriers to the implementation \uf0b7 Section 7 describes the fairness and ambition of the present NDC \uf0b7 Section 8 describes Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding \uf0b7 Section 9 contains the references As an annex to this document, a list of indicators for tracking NDC implementation is presented."


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"It will be essential to develop international partnerships to finance the low carbon economy in Angola, through bilateral or multilateral agreements, which allow the flow of resources to permeate the different sectors (energy, industry, mobility, etc.), inducing effective actions of reduction of GHG emissions. A NDC Partnership Plan, a catalyst document to support the implementation of NDC 2020-2025 should be developed."


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"Its executive services also include the Climate Change Office, responsible for the implementation of the National Climate Change Program (NCCP) and the integration of policies leading to sustainability, GHG emission reduction, offset programs and projects, and the National Directorate for Prevention and Assessment of Environmental Impacts responsible for ensuring the implementation of environmental policy in activities that are likely to cause significant harm to the environment. In 2000, Angola created the Multisectoral Commission for the Environment, to deal with climate change issues under the UNFCCC."


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"Its objective is to promote the social and economic development of Angola, generating wealth for the Angolan people. Financing sources FSDEA is capitalized with revenues from oil exports and an important part of its investments are allocated to national energy conversion. FSDEA has already allocated $ 1.1 billion to a venture capital fund for the infrastructure sector with capital-intensive investments in the energy, transport and industry sectors. In terms of agriculture, FSDEA has allocated $ 250 million."


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"Its objectives are: Financially support the management, promotion and conservation of the environment; Contribute to the promotion of activities related to the rational management of environmental protection areas, rehabilitation or recovery of degraded areas; Support technical and scientific activities for the introduction of clean technologies; Support the activity of civil society. Financing sources Budget appropriations; Percentage of the values of environmental licensing fees;  15 MINEA (2017)."


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"Its objectives are: Support renewable energy projects connected to the grid; Finance or subsidize rural electrification; Support the distribution of improved solar lanterns and ovens, manufactured in Angola; The performance of CDM procedures reverting their benefits to the financing of rural electrification. Financing sources State financing via concessions; Articulation with the Sovereign Fund of Angola (FSDEA), which will seek to take a minority stake in larger projects; Collaboration with local banks for credit lines; Cooperation with international entities to maximize obtaining non-repayable financing."


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"Land Use, Land Use Change and  As regards the resource base, natural forest is the most significant biomass resource in the country, comprising an estimated 59 million hectares according to the latest data with current deforestation rates estimated at 0.2% per year."


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"Land rehabilitation, Agriculture Total project cost (US $ million): 15.397  Implementing GEF agency:  FAO Enhancing climate change resilience in the Benguela current fisheries system (regional project: Angola, Namibia and South Africa) The project aims to build resilience and reduce vulnerability of the Benguela Current marine fisheries systems to climate change through strengthened adaptive capacity and implementation of participatory and integrated adaptive strategies in order to ensure food and livelihood security. Fisheries."


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"Link:   \fof Angola 2020  ANNEX 9.1. Indicators for tracking NDC Implementation Indicators for tracking NDC Implementation Indicator General Population (million)  GDP (million USD)  GHG Emissions BAU GHG Emissions Energy  Waste  AFOLU  Industry  TOTAL  Current GHG emissions Energy  Waste  AFOLU  Industry  TOTAL  Mitigation from NDC measures Unconditional  Conditional  TOTAL  Mitigation from NDC measures (% change from BAU) Unconditional  Conditional  TOTAL  Finance Internal TOTAL  External TOTAL  \fof Angola 2020  9.2."


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"Link:   [9] Carabine E. and Lemma A. (2014), The IPCC\u2019s fifth assessment report: what\u2019s in for Africa? Overseas Development Institute and Climate and Development Knowledge Network. Link: [10] INE (2016). Census 2014. General Population and Housing Census in Angola 2014 \u2013 Final Results. Link:   [11] Republic of Angola, 2015. Intended  for the Republic of Angola. Republic of Angola. Link:   gsp.org/sites/default/files/documents/indc_angola_deposito.pdf [12] New Climate Institute (2015). Connecting the dots, Results-based financing in climate policy."


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"Link:   export.societegenerale.fr/en/country/angola/market-sectors?accepter_cookies=oui [41] Current State of Maritime Transport in Angola:  \fof Angola 2020  [42] Natural Earth Data. Link:   [43] Angolan Banking Association. Link:   association/ [44] Angola - UN Country Profile. Link:   [45] UNFCCC \u2013 What is the Paris Agreement. Link:   paris-agreement/what-is-the-paris-agreement [46] Angola Sovereign Fund. Link:   [47] The Economic Context of Angola, Lloyds Bank. Link:  [48] Central Intelligence Agency \u2013 Country Profile of Angola. Link:  [49] FAO Fishery Country Profile. Link:  [50] GEF."


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"Link: [21] Republic of Angola, 2017, First Annual Report On The Angola Graduation Process From LDC Category, Monitoring of Graduated and Graduating Countries from the Least Developed Country category: Angola, CDP2017/PLEN5-Annex 1, February 2017. [22] African Development Bank, African Economic Outlook 2019. Link: [23] Angola Disaster Risk Profile, 2019. Link:   profile-angola [24] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Human Development Report 2019: Angola. Link: f [25] World Bank (2019). State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2019."


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"Link: [26] International Energy Agency, Africa Energy Outlook \u2013 Overview: Angola 2019. Link:  [27] INE, 2019. Final Report on Multidimensional Poverty in Angola. Link: [28] Climate Change Adaptation Plan for the Coastal Zone of Angola, 2019. Link:\fof Angola 2020  [29] Ministry of Transports, 2019 - National Master Plan for the Transport Sector & Preliminary Feasibility Study for the Railway Link between the Benguela Railway (CFB) and Zambia. Link: planodirectornacionaldosectordostransportes.pdf [30] Ministry of Finance 2019, State Budget Report 2020. Link: //www.parlamento.ao/glue/AN_Navigation_home.jsp?"


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"Link: [36] The graduation of Angola from the LDC category: impact of the withdrawal of international support measures GILBERTO D.F. ANT\u00d3NIO1, ADELINO A.S. MUXITO. Link: Antonio-and-Muxito.pdf [37] Global Business Reports, The Official Mining in Africa Country Investment Guide (MACIG) 2020. Link:   [38] Republic of Angola, 2020 - National GHG Inventory 2005-2018 (draft Nov 2020) [39] GIZ Repository of Adaptation Indicators, Real case examples from national Monitoring and Evaluation Systems. Link:   Websites [40] Angola - Main sectors."


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"MCTA currently has 6 National Directorates, namely the (1) National Directorate of Culture and Arts; the (2) National Directorate of Traditional Power Communities and Institutions; the (3) National Directorate of Structuring and Tourism Development; the (4) National Directorate for Qualification of Infrastructure and Tourism Products; (5) National Directorate for the Environment and Climate Action; the (6) National Directorate for Prevention and Assessment of Environmental Impacts."


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"MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION  Angola\u201fs contribution will be implemented following the Government strategy set of pursuing the enforcement/execution of the already enacted laws and policiesso to reduce the gap between the recent vigorous legislative activity and the real implementation of mitigation measures. Within this framework Angola has already engaged with Clean Development Mechanism by submitting a number of important large scale projects."


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"MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION Angola will require finance, capacity building, technology transfer, partnerships and country driven policy process and institutional arrangements, in order to fully implement the mitigation and adaptation contributions contained in this NDC. This section provides an overview of those means of implementation. 6.1. Barriers to the implementation of NDC The integration of climate change adaptation measures into plans, strategies and policies, within the framework of territorial planning instruments at different scales (national, sectoral and provincial) is the first step for measures implementation."


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"Many of the economy sectors of Angola have been impacted by climate variability in the last thirty years. However, there are economy sectors which are extremely vulnerable to impacts resulting from the extreme events and which will pose not only serious livelihood and direct health risks but can also affect the economic potential and national food security."


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"Many of these lines were destroyed during the 27-year-long civil war, but a programme of rehabilitation has been ongoing since 2005. The three railway lines are: \u2022 Caminhos de Ferro de Luanda (Luanda Railways - CFL): This links Luanda to Malanje in northern central Angola. \u2022 Caminhos de Ferro de Benguela (Benguela Railways - CFB): This links the Port of Lobito and Luau on the eastern border of the Democratic Republic of Congo (RDC)."


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"Mindful of the challenge of climate change on marine resources, in the Strategic Action Plan of the Benguela Current Convention, Angola, Namibia and South Africa seek to introduce an ecosystem approach to fisheries management. For the 2018-2022 period, the Government advocated as general objectives of the sector the promotion of competitiveness and the development of industrial and artisanal fisheries in a sustainable way, also providing for the improvement of infrastructures and the development of aquaculture."


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"Ministerial Department responsible for the Environment \u2022 Coordinate and monitor the implementation of NDC; \u2022 Represent Angola in the UNFCCC negotiations; \u2022 Responsible for reporting under UNFCCC; \u2022 Coordinate and develop mitigation and adaptation measures; \u2022 Coordinate and develop training and awareness actions; \u2022 Coordinate and boost climate finance."


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"Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Environment (MCTA) National Directorate of Culture and Arts National Directorate of Traditional Power Communities and Institutions National Directorate of Structuring and Tourism Development National Directorate for Qualification of Infrastructure and Tourism Products National Directorate for the Environment and Climate Action National Directorate for Prevention and Assessment of Environmental Impacts Ministry of Economy and Planning (MEP) National Directorate of Studies and Planning National Directorate for Economy, Competitiveness and Innovation Population Policy Office Cabinet for Public-Private Partnerships National Institute of Statistics Ministry of Energy and Water (MINEA) National Directorate of Electric Energy National Directorate of Rural and Local Electrification National Directorate for Renewable Energies National Directorate of Water National Institute of Water Resources Office for the Administration of the Cunene, Kubango and Cuvelai River Basins (GABHIC) Regulatory Institute for the Electricity and Water Sector Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (MINAGRIP) National Directorate of Agriculture and Livestock Department of Food Security National Directorate of Forests Agrarian Land Management Office Agrarian Development Institute Forest Development Institute National Fisheries Research Institute Institute for the Development of Artisanal Fisheries and Aquaculture"


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"NDC REVISION PROCESS 3.1. Justification & Time Frame of this NDC Angola is reviewing its NDC following ratification of Paris Agreement in November 2020. Article 4.10 of the Paris Agreement calls on the first session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Agreement (CMA1) to \u201cconsider common time frames\u201d for nationally determined contributions (NDCs)."


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"National Framework for Climate Finance Since Angola ratified the UNFCCC in 2000 and the Kyoto Protocol in 2007, it has managed to use some of the international financial instruments for climate action and at national level to mobilize public and private funds for mitigation and adaptation measures. However, the level of financing necessary for the development of the measures indicated in previous chapters is still lower comparing to the real needs that the country presents."


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"National strategy and unconditional mitigation options Unconditional Measures are the ongoing projects which funding has been fully identified and the Government of Angola is expected to implement during this INDC timeframe to accomplish a GHG reduction of at least 35% by 2030 as compared to the Business As Usual (BAU) scenario. The table below indicates sector strategies to achieve the mitigation goals in 2030."


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"Negotiations on Article 6 are currently underway, and the country is following the opportunities that can arise from the future carbon market. In addition, Article 13 of the Paris Agreement establishes a transparency framework to provide a clear understanding of climate change action, mutual trust and confidence that involves reporting data in a regular basis.  6.5.1."


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"Nevertheless, the sector is characterized mostly by small farmers working under subsistence farming methods. The surface area used for agriculture amounts to about 26% of the territory. GHG emissions in agriculture stem from animal production and wild fires. The objective is to stabilize GHG emissions from these sources. Besides, the country is willing to develop the production of ethanol as an alternative to fossil fuels."


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"Non-oil sector growth is also projected to decline due to spillover effects from lower oil prices, reduced imported capital goods, tighter financing conditions, currency depreciation, and restrictions in the movements of goods and people. The COVID-19 pandemic and the global economic disruptions caused by it put at risk Angola\u2019s achievements of macro-economic stabilization and transition to a more sustainable and inclusive growth model [35]."


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"Nonetheless, regardless of the efforts made in the non-oil sector in the past year - by the end of 2019, non-oil GDP growth estimate was of 0.6% due to the non-oil economy positive performance - the prediction is of continuing economic recession [30]. The government strategy also involves investing in infrastructure, reducing imports through\fof Angola 2021  economic diversification, developing skills and improving the business environment through reducing bureaucracy and easing credit access to companies [19]."


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"Objectives and Sectoral Intervention for Adaptation Within the context of this INDC, Angola prioritises the implementation of Adaptation measures in the following main sectors:  2. Coastal Zone 3. Land-Use, Forests, Ecosystems and Biodiversity 4. Water resources  Presentation of Unconditional Adaptation options  Angola acknowledges that climate change adaptation requires unconditional as well as conditional actions in order to reduce the vulnerability of communities against the expected Climate Change impacts."


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"Obviously, negative health impacts come from extreme climate events, such as heat waves, hurricanes/storms, floods and droughts. Gradual changes of climate affecting water, food and air quality also have negative influence on human health around the world. Additionally, various studies have shown that under climate change scenario, the spread of climate-sensitive diseases such as malaria and diarrhea would increase, and food production would decline resulting in malnutrition."


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"Office Agrarian Development Institute Forest Development Institute National Fisheries Research Institute Institute for the Development of Artisanal Fisheries and Aquaculture Ministry of Industry and Commerce (MINDCOM) Industrial Licensing Office National Directorate of Industry Monitoring Department, Environment Promotion and Safety in Industry Industrial Development Institute of Angola Angolan Institute for Standardization and Quality National Directorate of Foreign Trade of Angola 2021 Ministry of Mineral Resources, Oil and Gas (MIREMPET) National Directorate of Security, Emergencies and Environment."


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"Outline of this document This document describes Angola\u2019s update of its Intended  for mitigation and adaptation for the period 2020-2025."


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"Overview At the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) in Paris, on 12 December 2015, Parties to the United Nations Framework on Climate Change (UNFCCC) reached a landmark agreement to combat climate change and to accelerate and intensify the actions and investments needed for a sustainable low carbon future [45]. The Paris Agreement guides developed and developing countries to made individual commitments to transition toward a climate-resilient and low- emissions future."


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"Overview The Paris Agreement states that one of its aims is to increase \u201cthe ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change and foster climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions development\u201d (Article 2). It also established the global goal of \u201cenhancing adaptive capacity, strengthening resilience, and reducing vulnerability to climate change\u201d (Article 7). In this context, Angola recognizes the importance of adaptation in strengthening domestic resilience to the impacts of climate change and has decided to include adaptation in the NDC."


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"Parties are required to undertake and communicate efforts to contribute to the achievement of these goals in the form of s (NDCs) communicated to the UNFCCC (Article 3). All Parties agreed to either communicate their current NDCs or submit new or updated NDCs by 2020, and to do so every five years thereafter. Each successive NDC is expected to represent a progression beyond the current NDC (Article 4) and reflect the Party\u2019s highest possible ambition."


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"Poverty reduction is one of the priority objectives of Angolan policy and the actions developed under the Poverty Reduction Strategy, the Integrated Municipal Program for Rural Development and Poverty Reduction and the National Development Plan of 2013-2017 and of 2018-2022, currently in force and under revision, allowed for a positive evolution of national indicators."


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"Presentation of conditional mitigation options Key available projects that are expected to maximize the amount of avoided emissions, while concurrently minimizing the level of required upfront investment have been selected as potential mitigation options to be developed conditionally.These mitigation options identified in this scenario are expected to reduce an additional 15% below BAU emission levels by 2030. By undertaking  3Personal Communication.Forest Development Institute of Angola (IDF)."


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"Presently, the potential income from REDD+ projects in the country is considered to be substantial. Calculating the potential emission reductions from REDD+ activities in Angola demonstrates that there is mitigation potential if deforestation is avoided completely."


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"Private sector \u2022 Take advantage of investment lines to develop mitigation and adaptation projects; \u2022 Participate in the provision of data for the national GHG inventory; \u2022 Mobilize international investment funds to improve process efficiency and make more rational use of energy; \u2022 Cooperate with the Government in the establishment of projects that mitigate climate change; \u2022 Actively participate in the definition of sectoral policies for climate change."


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"Project Title Description Sector Integrating Climate Resilience into Agricultural and Agropastoral Production Systems through Soil Fertility Management in Key Productive and Vulnerable Areas Using the Farmers Field School Approach The project aims to strengthen the climate resilience of the agropastoral production systems in the key vulnerable areas of Angola of the Central Plateau (Bie, Huambo and Malanje)."


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"Projection of GHG emissions in 2030 BAU Conditional scenario Unconditional scenario\f Sectors  Description  Promotion of renewable energy  Even though Angola is an oil-producing country, the potential for renewable energy is significant. With the growing energy demand in Angola, this type of project is seen as priority in the Angolan energy sector strategy. Being an environmentally friendly technology, the renewable-energy projects contribute to sustainable development of the country and will serve as an example for the expansion of this technology locally and nationally."


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"Recently, the Government of Angola developed the Integrated Plan for the Acceleration of Agriculture and Artisanal Fisheries (PIAAPF), stating its plans to mitigate the socio-economic impacts of COVID-19 and dependence on oil, increasing increase national production by at least 15 to 25%, as well as investments in chains of value [33]. Between 2018 and 2022, projections show that the national economy is expected to have a real average growth rate of 3%, considering the stabilisation of oil production and the acceleration of the non-oil sector."


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"Reference point & base year In 2015 (base year), emissions were about 99992 ktCO2eq, and BAU projection indicates that to fulfil the condition of the supposed growth parameters by 2025, the emissions will reach 108473 ktCO2eq. Accounting methodology With the support of GACMO model, developed by UNEP DTU Partnership, the BAU scenario was constructed based on the national GHG Inventory of 2015, according to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines."


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"Reference point: National GHG Inventory . 38 4.2.1. Methodology  38 4.2.2. GHG Emissions by sector . 42 4.3. Business-as-Usual (BAU) scenario  44 4.4. Mitigation Contribution  45\fof Angola 2021  Unconditional contributions  46 Conditional contributions  48 5. Adaptation  51 5.1. Overview  51 5.1.1. Source of information  51 5.1.1. Scope and Coverage . 52 5.2. Adaptation Contribution . 56 Unconditional contributions  57 Conditional contributions  58 6. Means of Implementation . 61 6.1."


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"Renewables like hydro, solar and wind power are perhaps the most widely recognized low-carbon technologies and are likely to be central to a decarbonized power system. One of the challenges of decarbonizing the power sector is sufficiently reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions while guaranteeing reliability, security, and affordability of energy. Decarbonization is likely to hinge on increased electrification of other sectors. Therefore, the electric power sector may need to grow capacity or increase efficiency as it decarbonizes."


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"Resolutions adopted by the General Assembly during its forty- [2] 2006 IPCC Guidelines on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Link:   [3] Ministry of Economy and Planning: Long-Term Strategy, 2025, 2007. Link: [4] National Adaptation Programme of Action, UNFCCC 2011. Link: [5] UNFCCC Angola 1st National Communication, 2012. Link: [6] Climate Change Adaptation Action Plan in Africa for the Health sector 2012-2016, 2012. Link Action.pdf [7] Republic of Angola, 2012 - Strategic Urban Waste Management Plan (PESGRU). Link: [8] IPCC 5th Assessment Report: Climate Change 2014."


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"Rivers may also be affected by an increase in the level of salinity in the estuaries. As a result, fisheries along the coastal zone and rivers will be severely affected. In view of the above, it is important to adapt the country to the consequences that climate change will bring to its coastal areas. The adaptation measures listed in Table 13 and Table 14 aim to contribute to the resilience of its population and economic activities."


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"SOCIO-ECONOMIC BENEFITS  The accomplishment of the mitigation and adaptation contributions being proposed in the Angolan INDC will undoubtedly bring important benefit for the wider communities and to the rural communities in particular, namely: - The climate resilience program includes increasing hydropower plants and other renewable energy sources to provide electricity to rural communities and businesses, replacing diesel fuelled off grid generation."


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"Scope and Coverage Within the context of this NDC, Angola prioritizes the implementation of adaptation measures in the following main sectors: \uf0b7 Agriculture and Fisheries \uf0b7 Coastal Zone \uf0b7 Forest, Ecosystem and Biodiversity \uf0b7 Water resources \uf0b7 Human Health \uf0b7 Infra-structures  Agriculture and Fisheries Climate change requires farmers to adapt to new agronomic practices such as conservation agriculture, growing of drought tolerant crops, precision agriculture (which in turn also requires a better access to input for seeds and fertilizers) and agro-forestry amongst others in order to improve productivity."


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"Scope and Coverage Within the context of this NDC, Angola prioritizes the implementation of mitigation measures in the following main sectors: \uf0b7 Energy \uf0b7 AFOLU \uf0b7 Industry \uf0b7 Waste  Energy The energy sector is fundamental to the economic and social development of Angola, allowing to improve the quality and welfare standards of the population. Renewable electricity generation is on the rise and expected to continue growing, due to private investment and also government strategies and orientation."


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"Second largest oil producer in Africa, Angola also has the third largest GDP in sub-Saharan Africa, after Nigeria and South Africa. After a long civil war, the country posted one of the highest economic growth rates in the world, driven by its oil wealth. Angola was then severely affected by the fall in oil prices and by the fall in world demand (notably from China)."


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"Services The services sector (banking, telecommunications, tourism and hospitality) is also growing rapidly, accounting for 48,7% of GDP and employing 41% of the population. Tourism is growing, although there is a severe shortage of hotels and other types of accommodation.\fof Angola 2021  The construction sector is booming (9% of GDP), driven by a large reconstruction program launched by the government."


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"Several adaptation measures were identified and analyzed, being selected for Unconditional (Table 13) and Conditional Contribution (Table 14)."


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"Several large scale afforestation initiatives are currently being planned which includes 50 000ha to be planted in the 10 years; 140 000ha of eucalyptus to be planted in Huila province; 60 000ha of eucalyptus to be planted in the Province of Kuando-Cubango and 25 000ha about to be planted in Malange province in the next five years. Considering that the current cost of planting 1000 ha = 6 250 000 USD the approximate cost of these afforestation initiatives will amount around 2 billion USD.  4."


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"Slight increase or stability in the behaviour of the phenomenon, but with uncertain effects\fof Angola 2021  Projection Condition Trend Rainwater pH due to anthropic action Expressively linked to the emission into the atmosphere of compounds derived from fossil fuels or possible mining of sulfur compounds in the open. Increase Rainwater pH by natural effects No drastic changes predicted by natural conditions. Anthropogenic action would be primarily responsible."


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"Slight increase or stability in the behaviour of the phenomenon, but with uncertain effects Direction of sea currents No drastic changes planned in terms of direction. Variability can be recorded in terms of vertical adjustments resulting from changes in temperature."


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"Slight increase or stability in the behaviour of the phenomenon, but with uncertain effects Occurrence and intensity of extreme events Drought: They will tend to increase in frequency and intensity in the coastal area, but with significant consolidation in the central and western regions of the country. Floods: Expected to increase the frequency of floods as well as their intensity, however interspersed with more consolidated periods of drought."


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"Sociocultural Characteristics Population According to the results of the Angolan General Population and Housing Census (RGPH 2014), the country\u2019s total population was of 25.789.024 inhabitants (31.127.674 est. in 2020), unevenly distributed in the territory with 63% residing in urban areas and 37% in rural areas[10], and a strong concentration in the province of Luanda of around 6.9 million people."


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"Socioeconomic Characteristics . 21 2.5.1. Characteristics of the Primary sector  24 2.5.2. Characteristics of the Secondary Sector . 26 2.5.1. Characteristics of the Tertiary Sector . 26 3. NDC Revision Process . 31 3.1. Justification & Time Frame of this NDC 31 3.2. Scope and coverage  31 3.3. Revision process and NDC Enhancement  31 3.4. Institutional arrangements . 32 4. Mitigation  35 4.1. Overview  35 4.1.1. Source of information  35 4.1.2. Scope and Coverage . 36 4.2."


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"Some adaptation responses involve significant co- benefits, synergies and trade-offs). The adaptation projects identified as priorities in the NAPA are listed in the following Table as well as costing to be expected for each of those options. The estimated cost of implementing the NAPA priority projects amounts to over 500 million USDif current inflation rates are applied to 2011 costing."


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"Some of these resources are still unexplored in vast areas of the territory, reason why the government is implementing the National Geology Plan (PLANAGEO) to promote their exploitation and generate revenues."


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"Source of information The main document considered for this NDC update was the National Strategy for Climate Change 2020-2035, which was developed after a long process of consultation with stakeholders and of document review, namely: \uf0b7 National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA), 2011 \uf0b7 National Development Plan 2018-2022; \uf0b7 Long-Term Development Strategy for Angola 2025; \uf0b7 National Health Development Plan 2012-2025; \uf0b7 Medium-Term Development Plan for the Agrarian Sector 2018-2022; \uf0b7 National Action Program to Combat Desertification; National Development Plan (PDN) \uf0b7 Disaster Preparedness, Contingency, Response and Recovery Plan for the period 2014- \uf0b7 Strategic Plan for Disaster Risk Prevention and Reduction; \uf0b7 Fisheries and Aquaculture Management Plan for the period 2018-2022 Recently, in 2019, Angola elaborated its Climate Change Adaptation Plan for the Coastal Zone, identifying the main vulnerabilities of this area to the impacts of climate change, as well as several adaptation measures to adapt the territory to those expected impacts."


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"Source of information This NDC relies on relevant national and sectorial plans and strategies, namely: \u2022 National Strategy for Climate Change 2020-2035 \u2022 National Development Plan for 2018-2022 \u2022 Angola Energia 2025 - Long-Term Vision for the Electricity Sector \u2022 Action Plan for the Energy and Water Sector 2013-2017 \fof Angola 2021  \u2022 Atlas and National Strategy for New Renewable Energies \u2022 Strategic Plan for New Environmental Technologies \u2022 Strategic Plan for Urban Waste Management in Angola (PESGRU) \u2022 National Energy Security Policy and Strategy \u2022 Long-term development strategy for Angola (Angola 2025) For the GHG inventory, the following data sources were considered: \u2022 Consolidated reports of activities in the oil and gas sector  4.1.2."


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"Special and differential treatment in the World Trade Organization (WTO), namely longer periods in the implementation of multilateral agreements and commitments; 2. Public Development Aid: the international community has committed a series of financing lines to support LDCs (Example: Angola received financial assistance from the Least Developed Countries Fund which is exclusive to LDCs); 3. Preferential market access: Preferential market access gives LDC exporters the right to benefit from lower tariffs or even exemption from customs duties."


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"Specific national needs related to mitigation and adaptation to climate change include: \uf0b7 Better knowledge on new and more efficient technologies among the different sectors and public and private entities \uf0b7 Increase qualified human resources for the development and implementation of mitigation and adaptation actions \uf0b7 Build national capacity for the development of low carbon technologies \uf0b7 Expand knowledge and access to financing mechanisms by public and private entities \uf0b7 Create a robust national data collection system In this context, the Government of Angola plans to: \uf0b7 Promote information sessions for private investors on the regulation of renewables in the country \uf0b7 Awareness raising and communication campaigns about: o renewable energy and energy efficiency o good maintenance of own vehicles o use of public transportation o waste management: waste collection, recycling, circular economy o health impacts of climate change \uf0b7 Strengthen the climate modelling capacity of agricultural production systems of Angola 2020 \uf0b7 Create early warning systems in order to support communities and reinforce contingency and emergency plans Besides that, there are other two thematic areas where the government intends"


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"Specifically, it is a measure of how much energy the emissions of 1 ton of a gas will absorb over a given period of time, relative to the emissions of 1 ton of carbon dioxide (CO2). The larger the GWP, the more that a given gas warms the Earth compared to CO2 over that time period. The time period usually used for GWPs is 100 years. GWPs provide a common unit of measure, which allows analysts to add up emissions estimates of different gases (e.g."


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"Study the implication of climate change on disease patterns for humans and livestock Agriculture and food security Health Increase water availability through village-level wells and boreholes Water resources Water availability and distribution Implement water resources integrated management Water resources Water management Map areas of erosion risk Terrestrial ecosystems Implement water-harvesting system in drought-prone areas Agriculture and food security Water resources Improve knowledge of hydrology Water resources Extend water and sanitation network to rural areas Water resources Infrastructure Explore industrial opportunities from climate change Monitor groundwater Water resources Construct flood protection barriers along major rivers Water resources Disaster risk management Study impacts of sedimentation and siltation rates on coastal processes Coastal zones/marine ecosystems Improve design and construction Infrastructure PROJECT TITLE PROJECT SECTOR SECTOR COMPONENT(S) PROJECT COST (USD) of buildings Study impact of climate change on hydroelectricity Water resources Energy Revise building codes to promote retreat from flood plains and coastal zones Construct sea level protection structure Infrastructure Coastal zones and marine ecosystems Study impact of climate change on mining Energy **Total * Priority project for which a project profile has been developed **Not accounting for the inflationary impact of the 2011 costing exercise 4."


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"Subsistence agriculture remains the main source of income for the majority of the population representing about 47.8% of the total national labour force [19] and a GDP growth rate of 3.8% in 2019 in relation to the previous year [30]."


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"Such an economic activity must present its inventory calculations separately, as well as the Agriculture sector and not as a component sub-sector of the forest and land use sector.  4.2.2. GHG Emissions by sector Total GHG emissions for the year 2015 accounted for 99.992 ktCO2e. Table 9 shows an emissions breakdown \u2013 total greenhouse gases, plus carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide individually \u2013 by sector."


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"Support Fund for Agricultural Development in Angola (FADA) Description  Created under Executive Decree no. 40/87, FADA was reactivated in October 2016, under the supervision of the Ministry of Finance, as a \u201cspecialized financial institution\u201d designed to support the country s agricultural development policy. According to government data, the agriculture sector adds more than 80% of the country s labour force and represents less than 10% of the national GDP."


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"Systematically, mitigation and adaptation measures offered in the Angolan INDC emphasize the importance of their implementation avoiding exacerbation of the impacts of climate change that already have disproportionate adverse effects based solely on gender, in particular in the agriculture, water resources and biomass energy sectors."


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"Table 10 - Emissions breakdown per capita by sector GHG emissions source (2015) per capita Total % Energy Agriculture & Livestock Waste Industrial Processes Land Use and Land Use Change Total  7 The Global Warming Potential (GWP) was developed to allow comparisons of the global warming impacts of different gases."


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"Table 16 - Actors involved in Angola s climate framework Stakeholders Responsibilities Government and public institutions \u2022 Create legislative conditions to provide the best possible environment for developing projects that mitigate climate change; \u2022 Implement mitigation and adaptation projects; \u2022 Leverage investment, taking advantage of international financing lines; \u2022 Budgetary allocation of Angolan funds for climate change; \u2022 Sensitize the population and the private sector to the need to respond jointly to the problem of climate change."


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"Table 18 \u2013 Estimated mitigation and adaptation funding needs Contribution Unconditional (million USD) Conditional (million USD) Total (million USD) Total (%) Energy AFOLU Industry Waste\fof Angola 2020  Agriculture and Fisheries Coastal Zone Forest, Ecosystem and Biodiversity Water resources Human Health Infrastructures Total  Lack of funds is the main obstacle to development and implementation of actions that may assist in climate change mitigation and adaptation."


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"Table 19 describes these national funds briefly. Table 19 - Fundos nacionais utilizados para medidas de mitiga\u00e7\u00e3o e adapta\u00e7\u00e3o National Environment Fund (FNA)15 Description  The FNA was created in January 2011 and is administratively supervised by the Ministerial Department responsible for the Environment."


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"Table 20 - International financing instruments for mitigation and adaptation Least Developed Countries Fund [50] By the end of 2016, 4 adaptation projects were approved in Angola with a total grant amount exceeding USD 25 million and channeled through the following DFIs: African Development Bank (AfDB), United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and Organization United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The overall amount of co-financing for these projects amounted to approximately US $ 90 million."


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"Table 4 - Breakdown of Economic Activity by Sector (2015)4 Breakdown of Economic Activity by Sector Agriculture Services Employment by Sector (in % of Total Employment) Value Added (in % of GDP) Value Added (Annual % Change) Because of rounding, the sum of the percentages may be smaller/greater than 100%.  4 World Bank latest data (updated October 2020) 5 The industry sector consists of mining and quarrying, manufacturing, construction, and public utilities (electricity, gas, and water),\fof Angola 2021  \fof Angola 2021  3."


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"Table 5 - Global Warming Potential Gases GWP  GHG emissions were calculated using the activity data for each source and their respective emission factor, according to the following formula:  Since Angola does not have specific emission factors (own) until the present moment, for the elaboration of the GHG inventory, the emission factors by default of the 2006 IPCC Guides were used."


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"Table 7 -Waste GHG Sources Sector Category Sub-category Description Residues e effluents Disposal of solid waste Waste disposal in unmanaged sites Dumpsters Waste disposal in managed sites Landfills Incineration and open burning of waste Waste incineration Waste incineration Treatment and disposal of industrial effluents Treatment and disposal of domestic effluents Treatment and disposal of domestic effluents Treatment and disposal of industrial effluents Treatment and disposal of industrial effluents\fof Angola 2021  Agriculture & Livestock In the agricultural sector, the main greenhouse gases of interest are CO2, N2O and CH4."


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"Table 8 \u2013 Industry GHG Sources Sector Sub-sector Category Description Industrial processes and product use (IPPU) Mineral industry Cement production Cement production Lime Production Production of Dolomitic limestone and virgin lime Glass Production Glass Production Ceramics Production Bricks and Tiles Production Metal industries Production of Iron and Steel Alloys Production of Iron and Steel Alloys \fof Angola 2021  Forestry and Other Land Use The inventory also contains information on forests, land use and land use change."


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"Table 9 - Emissions breakdown by sector GHG emissions source (2015) Total % Energy Agriculture & Livestock Waste Industrial Processes Land Use and Land Use Change Total  \fof Angola 2021  Figure 6 \u2013 Greenhouse gas emission by sector  Per capita greenhouse gas emissions are measured in tons of carbon-dioxide equivalents (CO2e) per person per year. This metric converts all greenhouse gases to CO2e based on their global warming potential value over a 100-year timescale7."


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"Taking into account the past experience of this Commission, it was found that coordination and cooperation between Ministerial Departments and public institutions in the relevant sectors should be further explored. In addition, it was found that it is essential that this Commission redefines its responsibilities, functions and objectives and that it draws up an annual program of activities, in which it defines the calendar of its meetings."


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"Technical Committee, composed of focal points technical offices of the relevant Ministerial Departments, to meet at least once a month Indicators Elaboration of annual activity plans Creation of working groups to discuss the theme of climate change in the various sectors Meetings held Periodic publication of documents within the scope of Angola s obligations under the UNFCCC (National Communication, INDC, BUR)  The National Commission on Climate Change and Biodiversity must be a medium where the exchange of ideas has a central value, recognizing the enriching role it can play for the country."


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"The Agricultural Division includes all emissions related to enteric fermentation, handling of animal manure, rice cultivation, burning of agricultural residues, agricultural soils, and liming. The subcategory Greenhouse Gas Emissions from burning biomass in agricultural crops referring to the category Aggregate sources and sources of non-CO2 gases on land were not included in the Emission Inventory by sources and removal by sinks of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) Angola, given the low representativeness of these activities in the territory."


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"The Angolan economy - the third largest in sub-Saharan Africa - is dominated by the oil and gas industry, which accounts for about 50% of its GDP and is the primary source of revenue for the country (more than 80% of government revenue and 90% of Angola s exports come from oil activities) [47].\fof Angola 2021  Besides oil, Angola has a wide range of valuable natural resources, particularly geological and mineral, including diamonds, iron ore, phosphate, copper, gold and manganese."


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"The Angolan economy has been hit hard by the impact of climate change expressed as prolonged drought, damaging flash floods, forest fires, reduced crop production, reduced water resources, impacted fishing resources, etc. Many of the economy sectors of Angola have been impacted by climate variability in the last thirty years, namely the Agriculture, Coastal Zone, Land-Use, Forests, Ecosystems andBiodiversity, Water resources, Health."


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"The BAU scenario was constructed based on the national GHG Inventory of 2015, according to the IPCC guidelines. The mitigation measures were selected and prioritized based on consultation with stakeholders, which formed the basis for the calculation of the mitigation scenario, calculated using the GACMO model. According to BAU projections, and with no considerations for mitigation measures in the country, the GHG emissions in Angola are expected to keep rising for the next decade (Figure 7)."


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"The Benguela current makes the coastal regions of Angola arid or semi-arid.  2.3.1. Future Climate Projections & Trends in climate variables The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has defined four different scenarios, called Representative Concentration Pathways (CPR), which differ in their ability to dissipate heat, ranging from the optimistic (2.6) to the pessimistic (8.5) scenario, through the intermediate scenarios 4.5 and 6.0. The difference between these two intermediate scenarios is when radiation stabilization occurs, respectively, before 2060 or in 2100[8]."


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"The Business-As-Usual (BAU) scenario considered for this NDC was developed using 2015 as the base year and provides projections for up to 2025. Angola plans to reduce GHG emissions up to 14% by 2025 as compared to the base year (unconditionally). The baseline corresponds to the most recent National GHG Inventory (2015), and accounts for 99.99 million tonnes of CO2e. The emissions under the BAU scenario are estimated to be 103.9 million tonnes of CO2e in 2020 and 108.5 million tonnes of CO2e in 2025."


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"The Capacity Development Plan should identify the training needs for the implementation of the MRV system at different levels. Quality control and quality assurance are fundamental to the effectiveness and credibility of the system. In particular for the GHG inventory, the definition and implementation of a quality assurance and control system is considered a good practice required by UNFCCC."


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"The Climate Change Office is the Designated National Authority (DNA) of Angola, responsible for the authorization and participation of projects under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)."


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"The Commission has the authority to establish sustainable development measures for various sectors, the implementation of strategies, policies, programs and actions related with environmental protection, as well as to convene agreements between different sectors with regard to environmental management programs. Also, a National Commission on Biodiversity and Climate Change (CIBAC) was created in 2012 (Presidential Order No."


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"The Commission has the following duties: \uf0b7 Agree on the Initiatives and harmonize policies for the implementation of the national strategy on climate change and the strategy for the preservation of biodiversity; \uf0b7 Create the conditions for the execution and implementation of the national plan for climate change; \uf0b7 Create a national investment plan that integrates issues related to climate change, biodiversity, drought and desertification; \uf0b7 Create centres of excellence for research and systematic observation of the climate system."


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"The Forest Carbon Options: Angola possesses significant opportunities for initiating large- scale afforestation/reforestation activities, which hold several economic, social and environmental advantages while alleviating the pressure on natural forests. Afforestation and Reforestation of degraded forest lands and mangrove habitats have a strong potential for mitigation purposes."


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"The Government has already in place a programme to support vulnerable families. The KWENDA program, which provides for the transfer of a fixed monthly income, in the amount of 8,500 kwanzas, to vulnerable families, as well as their inclusion in income-generating activities, came into force with its approval in the Di\u00e1rio da Rep\u00fablica."


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"The Government recently heavily invested in coffee, sugarcane and ethanol productions, which should help to diversify agricultural revenues and exports [40]. Fisheries The fishing sector is third in importance in the country after the oil and diamond industries. The Angolan coastline is 1.650 km long, with two diverging currents (Angola and Benguela currents) that create a strong upwelling system that supports a high primary production of marine resources. However, overfishing and changes in hydroclimatic conditions have strongly reduced the fisheries potential."


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"The Green Climate Fund, for example, is considering this type of approach in allocating its funding [12]. The relevance of the carbon markets was also evident in Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, which establishes the creation of a new sustainable development mechanism that aims to succeed the Kyoto mechanisms and that will produce \u201cmitigation units\u201d called ITMOs (Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes) that can be used to meet the mitigation objectives set out in the NDCs."


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"The Knowledge Management System to be developed should aggregate all the information collected by the various subsystems, allowing consultation and data entry in a simple and systematic way. On the other hand, in order for the system to be implemented efficiently, a process of training focal points from different ministries, relevant entities in data collection, must be initiated, as well as training technicians from provincial governments, so that they can in turn , train other actors."


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"The Ministerial Department responsible for the Environment is responsible for the development of the MRV system and for the coordination of its implementation, which must include: 1. Plan of methodologies and base data 2. Knowledge management system 3. Capacity development plan 4. Quality control and quality assurance system 5. Legal and institutional framework\fof Angola 2020  The Methodology and Base Data Plan will define the methodologies to be applied in the monitoring of GHG emissions, mitigation and adaptation measures and financial, technical and technological support."


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"The NDC Partnership Plan development exercise should involve government institutions at central and provincial levels, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), the private sector, academia and all sector considered in this NDC. To guarantee an efficient implementation of NDC, it is essential to define the different actors and their role and responsibilities, Table 16."


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"The NDC submitted by Angola is fair and ambitious because it aims to secure limited increase of its greenhouse gas emissions while it the country pursues a strong economic development pathway. Given its extreme vulnerability and dependence on external support, Angola\u2019s proposed targets are fair and ambitious.  A revised GHG Inventory is a prerequisite for operating a monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) system suitable to tracking the contributions of NDC-aligned projects."


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"The National Directorate for the Environment and Climate Action (DNAAC) is responsible for: \uf0b7 Conceive, propose and implement the national environmental policy and the National Environmental Management Program; \uf0b7 Guide, coordinate and supervise all the activity of the Ministry in accordance with the law; \uf0b7 Ensure the correct application of the technical and scientific development policy for the sector s human resources;\fof Angola 2021  \uf0b7 Guarantee the prosecution of laws and other legal instruments."


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"The Republic of Angola is committed to the full, effective, and transparent implementation of the Paris Agreement in accordance with its provisions and the relevant Decisions of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP) and the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement.  2.2."


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"The Republic of Angola recognizes the roll that Carbon Market can play for the mobilization of resources and promotion of the development and transfers of climate friendly technology.  \f 3. ANGOLA\u2019S ADAPTATION CONTRIBUTION  This Adaptation Intended Contribution is included for the purposes of Information of other Parties and the Public that this is part of the country\u201fs intended climate actions, and it does not constitute international obligations of the country."


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"The Strategic Plan for the Management of Urban Waste (PESGRU) [7], approved in 2012, forms the basis for the definition of a strategy to solve the problem of urban waste management. The development of the waste sector allows not only to minimize environmental and public health impacts, improving the well-being of the population, but also to create valuable jobs and by-products, being a sector with a high economic potential if well managed. Additionally, waste management contributes effectively to mitigating GHG emissions."


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"The adaptation component identifies strategic measures in key sectors in order to improve adaptive capacity, enhance resilience, and reduce risks caused by climate change, thus contributes to the achievement of the country\u2019s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and National Development Plan objectives. The 2020 NDC reflects the feedback from stakeholders and is fully aligned with the development vision of the government. Angola adopted an all-inclusive process of engaging relevant stakeholders through bilateral consultations."


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"The average of sea level is expected to rise, which will have direct consequences for the coastal zone of Angola, not only because that is where the country s population and infrastructure is concentrated, but also because it affects coastal biotopes, such as mangroves, increasing its salinity and making the survival of plant species impossible or altering the local flora. Table 1 presents a summary of projections by climate variable."


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"The calculations related to emissions from the disposal of solid urban waste were made, considering primarily national data and when not available, default data from the IPCC was used. The parameters used for the calculation were: population, degradable organic carbon, gravimetric composition of the residues, rate of generation of residues per inhabitant, oxidation factor, methane recovery and IPCC default data."


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"The classification presented formed the basis for estimating emissions and removals of greenhouse gases on the use of different types of data to represent land use categories and conversions between land use categories, so that they could be applied more appropriately. and consistent as possible in inventory calculations. The IPCC classification addresses land use in conjunction with agricultural activities."


id: b9ddda7368583006ab9d4ceef147fdb3
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"The common time frame is necessary to monitor and review the effectiveness of NDC implementation as well as to aggregate the global number of emission reduction. Angola is setting the target to achieve a 14% reduction (unconditionally) by 2025.  3.2. Scope and coverage The NDC scope is fully aligned with the recent National Strategy for Climate Chance 2020-2035 (ENAC 2020-2035) and the coverage is nation-wide, and the gases covered include CO2, CH4 and N2O gases."


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"The country has one of the lowest demographic densities in the world with only 20.6 inhabitants per km2 and vast regions with no inhabitants or with less than 5 inhabitants per km2, however continues to have one of the highest fertility rates of Africa (registering 5.9 children per woman on average in 2010-2015)[19]."


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"The diamond, metallic mineral and other mineral extraction sectors are expected to perform the best in 2019, in consequence of the entry into operation of new diamond mines and of new quarries for the production of ornamental rocks, in addition to the continued production of other gold, iron ore and concentrated iron mines [19], with a growth rate of 17.9%, followed by Energy with 10.7% and the Manufacturing Industry 3.2% [30]."


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"The document presented here resulted from the interaction with the different ministerial departments and several Angolan entities, which responded to the challenge launched by the National Directorate of Environment and Climate Action (DNAAC) and participated in bilateral meetings to discuss this NDC, showing a great sense of responsibility and commitment. This document represents an important step for Angola in its commitment to the Paris Agreement."


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"The estimated global warming of 2\u00b0C would imply for Angola severe economic losses for Agriculture sector, a sector that contributes to over 8% of the country GDP and at threat to the stability of food security. The Government of Angola has been diverting own funds to carry out implementation of complementary initiatives addressing these Climate Change impacts."


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"The expected results are: improved agricultural and livestock production, health and animal nutrition, soil and water management and management of early warning systems. Disaster risk management. Agriculture and food security  Total project cost (US $ million): 1.600 (1.180 for Angola) for the first year Implementing GEF agency:  FAO Donor: United States of America (USAID/OFDA)\f  Presentation of Conditional Adaptation options Adaptation options exist in all sectors, but their context for implementation and potential to reduce climate-related risks differ across sectors."


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"The first support center is under construction since January 2017 in the Salinas community, on the coast of the city of Sumbe (Cuanza Sul). In these circumstances, it is essential to give due continuity to the activities carried out in the context of the enhancement of marine resources in order to ensure the sustainable development and resilience of the Angolan fishing sector."


id: 679ab57becf8d727c0610c1ff30e1c51
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"The forest is thus a valuable resource for the country, not only because of the importance it has for the Angolan economy, providing countless socioeconomic and environmental benefits, but also in its fundamental role as a carbon sink and regulator of the balance of ecosystems, and should be explored. in a sustainable way. Forests have a good capacity to recover from natural climatic variations, but the loss of vegetation cover can have consequences in aggravating the impacts of climate change on ecosystems."


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"The fund is intended to be an instrument to boost agriculture, one of the priority sectors for the diversification of the national economy. The Government intends to develop the sector by promoting the local, regional and national economy and being a driving force for compliance with SDG 2: Eradicate hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. Financing sources Tax revenue associated with the import of agricultural products; State budget."


id: 8813b83b157fa65a4fb1de5f4354daac
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"The funding issue is also a major impediment to national research and development efforts, as well as to human and institutional capacity. Thus, climate finance leveraged by Angola is a key factor for NDC success in implementing its mitigation, adaptation and capacity building initiatives.  6.5. Funding options Angola\u2019s contribution will be implemented with both domestic and international support. Unconditional contribution will be achieved based on national investment for NDC implementation."


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"The government type is a multiparty democracy with an Executive Presidency composed of the following State bodies: The President of the Republic, the National Assembly, the Government and the Courts2. The actual Angolan government is composed by 21 Ministries.  2.5. Socioeconomic Characteristics Angola has been an independent nation since 11th November 1975, following over 500 years of Portuguese colonization, and has maintained political stability since the end of the 27-year civil war in 2002."


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"The growing signs of sensitive changes in biophysical systems, whether at regional and/or global scale, highlight the need to identify, analyze and assess the potential impacts of climate change in various socio-economic sectors, in order to plan a concerted response and mobilize adequate resources for its realization. The main climate change impacts are presented below (Table 2)."


id: 8af17285e4faecfe7986c5dffa5aca9b
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"The growth forecasts for the country in the coming years, both in terms of population growth and the growth of its economy, have\fof Angola 2021  implications for emissions in the transport sector, resulting in a rise in global temperature and climate change.  Waste Waste is one of the most complex problems in modern society, with its growth, parallel to economic development, and the difficulties inherent in its management taking on a great political and social importance."


id: f5e42a434edac08b1f898e9070d99377
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"The impacts of climate change in Angola are likely to be strongly felt in fisheries: according to the conclusions of the fifth IPCC evaluation report, Angola is among the most vulnerable countries in terms of the impact of the climate on their fisheries. By 2050 the value of fisheries in West Africa, including Angola, is expected to decrease 21%, resulting in a loss of $ 311 million in revenue from this economic activity."


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"The impacts of the indirect effects of climate change such as floods, severe droughts and soil erosion will have implications for the increase in displacement and loss of species and also for the increased risk of fire in forests. Stress to flora and fauna caused by variations in climate will condition the life of species, which can cause extinctions. The increase in soil erosion and flooding may affect the distribution and resilience of Angolan biodiversity."


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"The impacts of the indirect effects of climate change such as floods, severe droughts and soil erosion will have implications for the increase in displacement and loss of species and also for the increased risk of fire in forests. Stress to flora and fauna caused by variations in climate will condition the life of species, which can cause extinctions. The increase in soil erosion and flooding may affect the distribution and resilience of Angolan biodiversity12."


id: 85c22f18fd000748ab29e70e29a0b38d
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"The implementation of each Party s responsibilities for climate change response is primarily reflected through the Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC), that Angola submitted in the same year as Paris Agreement was adopted (2015). In August 2020 the Paris Agreement and Doha Amendment Ratification were formally approved by the Government of Angola. In November 2020, Angola ratified the Paris Agreement to UNFCCC."


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"The implementation of the measures presented requires the determination of a real budget.\fof Angola 2020  Sector Conditional Contributions Impact response Cost Water Resources Create water drainage systems in high-risk areas. Increased frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events Build flood protection barriers along the main rivers (vegetation or physical barriers)."


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"The implementation of the measures presented requires the determination of a real budget.\fof Angola 2020  Sector Unconditional Contributions Impact response Cost Human Health Improve existing wastewater collection and treatment systems and build new systems in underserved areas focusing on urban areas with a high concentration of population Health risks and disease transmission Infrastructures Map human settlements at risk of flooding and erosion."


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"The implementation of the measures presented requires the determination of a real budget.\fof Angola 2021  Assumptions For the measures relating to renewable energy, biomass, mini hydro, and wind power, it was considered what was identified at ENAC, which is in line with what is stated in the Angola Energy 2025 strategy, corresponding to the installation of 800 mw of renewable energy by 2025, where 500 MW was considered for biomass, 100 MW for mini hydro and 100 MW for wind."


id: e6692a980e16aedc99c96d1d3e58fe76
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"The implementation of the measures presented requires the determination of a real budget.\fof Angola 2021  Assumptions In this scenario, 4 additional measures were considered compared to the previous one. For Biomass, solar and wind were considered the same projects and also the same installed capacity. Two measures about efficient lamps, one for solar luminaries in streets and one for natural gas buses, also proposed at ENAC, but without assumptions. It was considered the implementation of 2000 units for each of these four measures."


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"The incidence of malaria in Angola is one of the highest in the African continent, with more than 3 million people affected today. This disease is the main cause of death in the country (130 per 1000 inhabitants in 2014), affecting the child population in a remarkable way (around 33% of perinatal deaths)."


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"The industrial sector is responsible for a considerable part of CO2 emissions, from burning fossil fuels, for example, in the production of cement, which are treated in the Energy sector. However, there are other sources of greenhouse gas emissions from the industrial sector. The table below shows which are the relevant subsectors considered for this sector."


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"The level increase and the increase in water temperature will also have an impact on the major currents of the Angolan seacoast (Benguela and Gulf of Guinea), with subsequent changes in the levels of salinity and existing marine ecosystems. Rivers may also be affected by an increase in the level of salinity in the estuaries. As a result, fishing carried out along the coastal zone and rivers will be severely affected."


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"The main barriers were identified together with the main stakeholders, and are as follow: \uf0b7 Absence or unavailability of basic scientific information, with appropriate details (spatial and/or temporal); \uf0b7 Absence or unavailability of diagnostic and characterization exercises that include the inclusion of modelling/projections, as well as their implementation in risk mapping and vulnerability analysis; \uf0b7 Disarticulation of the update and/or review processes; \uf0b7 Procedural delay and high costs associated with updating and/or reviewing processes; \uf0b7 Gaps in the level of technical knowledge in the entities responsible for preparing and approving projects, plans and programs; \uf0b7 Gaps in the processes of early involvement of key players and in the development of communication and public mobilization strategies aimed at the various social and economic agents, with consequent resistance to changing behaviors; \uf0b7 Budgetary constraints, leading to dilution of priorities over time; \uf0b7 Limited budgets from the State to create an enabling environment for resource mobilization to encourage private sector investment; \uf0b7 Lack of binding administrative tools that allow intervention in certain areas."


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"The main sectors identified as affected by climate change are: agriculture and food security; forest and biodiversity; fisheries; water resources; human health; infrastructures; coastal zones; energy."


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"The manufacturing industry, for instance, is expected to develop quite a lot short term. In this sense, the Government recognizes that the growth of economic activity must be sustained by the consumption of energy in a conscious and efficient way. Direct GHG emissions from industry sector result from diverse processes, including the on-site combustion of fossil fuels for heat and power, non-energy use of fossil fuels, and chemical processes used in cement production, for example."


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"The maritime infrastructure in general is in an acceptable condition, and this has allowed Angola to meet the very heavy traffic needs.  Air transport Air transport in Angola is mostly aimed at passenger traffic, both international and national."


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content:
"The mechanism allows the financing of emission reduction projects through the certification and transaction of certified emission reductions (Certified Emission Reduction - CER). By the end of the first quarter of 2017, more than 7,700 projects had been registered and more than 1.7 billion emission reductions had been certified. For the period between 2007 and 2011, it was estimated by the UNFCCC that the financial transactions of CERs totalled around 9.5 billion dollars. A significant part of this value was mobilized by the private sector."


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"The mini-hydro has remained under the same assumption as conditional 2025 scenario (150 MW). In terms of reforestation, the total value of emissions reduction in reforestation present in INDC (2032ktCO2e) was considered. For flaring, the reduction target value (75%) indicated by the World Bank in 2011 was considered. For solar and wind energy, potential projects were considered from projects identified in Renewable Energy Atlas of Angola."


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"The mitigation action of this NDC comprises 4 sectors, namely: \uf0b7 Energy \uf0b7 AFOLU \uf0b7 Industry \uf0b7 Waste The adaptation action of this NDC comprises 6 sectors, namely: \uf0b7 Agriculture and Fisheries \uf0b7 Coastal Zone \uf0b7 Forest, Ecosystem and Biodiversity \uf0b7 Water resources \uf0b7 Human Health \uf0b7 Infra-structures  3.3. Revision process and NDC Enhancement The 2020 NDC reflects the feedback from stakeholders and is fully aligned with the development vision of the government. Angola adopted an all-inclusive process of engaging relevant stakeholders through bilateral consultations."


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"The mitigation component identifies measures for the period 2020-2025 in the following sectors: Energy (including Transport); Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use; Industry; Waste. The adaptation component identifies measures for the period 2020-2025 in the following sectors: Agriculture and Fisheries; Coastal Zone Forests, Ecosystems and Biodiversity; Water Resources; Human Health; Infrastructures."


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content:
"The mitigation measures were selected and prioritized based on consultation with stakeholders, which formed the basis for the calculation of the mitigation scenario, calculated using the GACMO model. Metric applied Global Warming Potential on a 100-year timescale in accordance with the IPCC s 4th Assessment Report. Reduction level (Unconditional) At least 14% domestic reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2025. Reduction level (Conditional) Additional 10% of GHG reduction by 2025 Scope and coverage Greenhouse gases (GHG) CO2, CH4, N20."


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"The most recent inventory considers the updated data in order to remain minimally consistent with the material of the 1st national inventory of Angola (2000 and 2005). The 1st inventory was prepared following the guidelines provided for in the IPCC Guide 1996. However, to apply the IPCC Guide 2006 it is necessary to carry out a contextualization, as the methods are substantially different. To conduct their inventories, countries use various methods to obtain data, including annual inventory, ten-year forest inventories, periodic surveys and remote sensing."


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content:
"The objective is to cultivate and harvest 34 thousand hectares of sugarcane in the province of Malange, to process a capacity of 2.25 million tons of raw material per season. The country intends to produce 23 million liters of ethanol and 170 GW of power through co-generation by 2019. The budget is between 540 million and 1 billion USD.  3."


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content:
"The port of Cabinda serves the Cabinda enclave region and is heavily tied to offshore petrol operations and handling, as is Soyo. The port of Namibe is the most important fishing port in the country, while Lobito is a historical port that once served as a direct gateway to DRC Katanga region\u2019s copper exports (using the Benguela railway) [31]."


id: a4f6730ea15c5623fec9a45486081fab
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content:
"The potential for wood cutting each year is estimated at 333,000 m3 and the current rate of cutting is estimated to be 85,000 m3 per year. The calculation of CO2 emissions and removals from land use changes and forestry is primarily based on the following main activities: - Forestry conversion; - Use of biomass; - Phase-out of harvested land."


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content:
"The power sector:As part of the project\u201cMapping of the Winds and Solar of Angola\u201d (Implementing Angolan Ministry: Ministry of Energy and Water. National Directorate of Renewable Energy), which aimed at identifying the most suitable sites for the development of endogenous energy resources,a potential of 8,491MW of renewable sources were identified \uf0b7 681 MW for wind energy projects, \uf0b7 438 MW for solar projects, \uf0b7 640 MW for biomass projects, and \uf0b7 6,732 MW hydroelectric projects With an investment of 11,346 million USD."


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content:
"The project activity consists of a wind energy conversion into electrical energy, providing an alternative source of renewable energy. The energy generated will be a result of a total installed capacity of 100 MW and will produce power through 50 wind turbines, with a rated individual potency of 2MW. The wind farm has a main objective of generate electricity to the interconnected national system."


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content:
"The project activity reduces emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) by preventing the operation of power plants that use fossil fuels as an energy source. In the absence of project activity, fossil fuels burned in power plants that are connected to the grid. An ex ante estimative of annual emission reductions is 3,282,000tCO2e per year.  3. Tombwa Wind Farm The Tombwa project activity is located on the Municipality of Tombwa, Namibe Province, 1,234 km east of Luanda, the National Capital."


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"The project was registered in 2014 and has the potential to reduce 126,118 tCO2e / year. By the end of 2016 the project had not issued any certified emission reduction (CER) and therefore had no access to finance from developed countries.  16 See section 6.1.1."


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"The proposed project comprises an expansion of the installed capacity to the existing Cambambe Hydroelectric Power Plant, from 180 MW to the current 260 MW. The project activity reduces emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) by preventing the operation of power plants that use fossil fuels as an energy source. In the absence of project activity, fossil fuels could be burned in power plants that are connected to the grid."


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"The proposed redefinition of the National Commission on Climate Change and Biodiversity is presented in Table 15. of Angola 2020 Table 15 - National Commission on Climate Change and Biodiversity - redefinition National Commission on Climate Change and Biodiversity - redefinition Assignments (proposed new assignments) Concert the Initiatives and harmonize policies for the implementation of the national strategy on climate change and the strategy for the preservation of biodiversity; Create the necessary conditions for the execution and implementation of NDC; Coordinate and articulate the different sectors in the implementation of the Initiatives defined in this NDC; Create a national investment plan that integrates the mitigation and adaptation initiatives foreseen in NDC, articulated with the future Angolan Fund for Climate Change (PAAC); Create centers of excellence to carry out studies of disasters and systematic observations and observation of the climate; Formulate proposals on national mitigation and adaptation policies for climate change; Identify legislative needs on the matter; Coordinate the integration of climate change policies in the various sectors of the economy and at the provincial level; Prepare an opinion on climate"


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"The reduction in the price of oil and subsequent divestment in the sector over the 2015-2017 period, has strongly impacted oil production nationally causing inflation rates to rise exponentially and fiscal sector indicators to deteriorate, resulting in a contraction of economic activity, public consumption expenditure and public investment, and increasing the public deficit leading to a four year long recession [30]. Since 2016 the real GDP growth rates have been negative (Figure 3)."


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"The report warns that global mean surface temperature is likely to rise if the current trend on emissions continue. Through this NDC, Angola presents its ambition and its commitment to contribute to the Paris Agreement objectives. Also, the country is committed to contribute towards achieving the objective of the Convention for the stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system, as set out in its Article 2."


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"The role of carbon markets in global climate finance is still considered very relevant by a considerable number of countries and regions. By the end of 2019, around 40 countries and more than 20 cities, states and regions used carbon markets as climatic instruments, which represents about 13% of annual GHG emissions worldwide [25]."


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"The section below describes the main financial instruments, national and international, available and used by Angola in its climate finance.  National Climate Finance At the national level, Angola has a relatively small set of financing lines for mitigation and adaptation measures. The main instrument used by the Government for the management and conservation of the environment is the National Environment Fund (FNA). In addition, there are other instruments and funds capitalized through the state budget that support climate projects and programs."


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"The sector is thought to have captured close to 3 million tons of CO2e in 2005, and the country is committed to increase carbon sequestration from the forestry sector to 5 million tons of CO2e per year by 2030."


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"The unconditional actions (current) are listed below and its implementation costs amounts to around 500 million USD at current price. \f Project Title Description Sector Land Rehabilitation and Rangelands Management in Small Holders Agropastoral Production Systems in Soutwestern Angola (Project RETESA). To enhance the capacity of southwestern Angola\u201fs smallholder agro-pastoral sector to mitigate the impact of land degradation processes and to rehabilitate degraded lands by mainstreaming SLM technologies into agro-pastoral and agricultural development initiatives."


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"The use of biomass as energy source: In Angola about 80% of the population, depend on biomass for their everyday energy purposes, i.e. water heating, cooking and lighting the majority of which are living in rural areas and utilizing biomass as firewood. The demand for wood for charcoal is, therefore, also a significant driver of forest degradation and, subsequently, the release of GHG emissions. Biomass consumption (wood-energy and agricultural residues) remains the main source of domestic energy, and energy in small-scale commercial sectors."


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"The use of methane generated in landfills for electricity production is an example of how waste management can have a double benefit: if, on the one hand, waste collection in urban areas contributes to the improvement of the health and hygiene conditions of the populations, on the other hand, the use of biogas generated in landfills contributes to the reduction of GHG emissions and to the security of energy supply, allowing the decentralization of electricity production to consumption areas."


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"The waterproofing of urban soil will increase the risk of flooding caused by high-intensity point rains [20]. The wind direction is not expected to change, as well as the direction of the sea currents. The pH of rainwater is expected to become more acidic, particularly in urban environments, more as a result of the increase in urban population and pollution of anthropogenic origin and not so much due to climate change."


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"There is a network of airports and airfields distributed over the whole country that allows immediate access to every point in the national territory as well as to other countries from the 4 de Fevereiro International Airport in the capital Luanda which has some of the heaviest air traffic in the whole of Africa. The national airline is TAAG and has routes to Africa, Europe and South America."


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"There is a real potential for increased artisanal fisheries and Institute for the Development of Artisanal Fisheries (IPA) has put great effort into developing the sector, particularly in terms of improving quality and tonnage of landings, as well assisting to improve the standard of living of the artisanal communities.[49] \fof Angola 2021  2.5.2."


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"There is shading of effects and causes with the condition of the ichthyofauna and the activities of commercial overfishing in the area, as well as secular variations typical of marine dynamics. Slight increase or stability in the behaviour of the phenomenon, but with uncertain effects Sea current temperature A tropicalization of the equatorial heating zone of the cold Benguela current is expected by 2050."


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"Therefore within the context of this INDC, Angola prioritises the implementation of Adaptation measures in the following main sectors:  \uf0b7 Agriculture \uf0b7 Coastal Zone \uf0b7 Land-Use, Forests, Ecosystems and Biodiversity \uf0b7 Water resources \uf0b7 Health  Angola acknowledges that climate change adaptation requires unconditional as well as conditional actions in order to reduce the vulnerability of communities against the expected Climate Change impacts. The overall cost of implementing both the unconditional and conditional actions amounts to around 1billion USDacross sectors up to 2030."


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"Therefore, the implementation of all the Conditional mitigation and adaptation contributions that the country endeavour to deliver will require international support in form of finance, investment, technology development and transfer, and capacity-building to fully accomplish the intended contributions.  6."


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"Therefore,Angola will address the clear shortness of human and technical capacity to keep abreast with the real situation of GHG emissions in the various sectors for which Angola will require support to implement capacity building and training at various level and sectors.  The overall preliminary cost of implementing the proposed Mitigation and Adaptation contributions amount to over 15.7 billion USD across sectors up to 2030. Some of this amount has already been provided by the Government of Angola within the Unconditional Mitigation and Adaptation scenario."


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"These are areas of high relevance with regard to the biodiversity they support and therefore their protection is necessary.\fof Angola 2021  The sustainable use of forests and related agroforestry products is hampered by the lack of adequate legal instruments and limited management capacity. However, there is still much untapped economic potential with regard to the country s forest and wildlife resources11."


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"These developments in international climate policy mean that from 2021 onwards Angola will, in the light of the UNFCCC, be obliged to elaborate: a) National Communication every 4 years; b) the Biennial Update Report every 2 years; c) NDC update every 5 years.  17 Activity Programs (PoA) incorporate within an individual program / project an unlimited number of activities with the same characteristics."


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"This action will be complemented by the continuation of climate change mitigation/adaptation mainstreaming into the National Plans and Policies as well as the implementation of the National Strategy for the Implementation of UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol. This framework comprises: generating reports and inventories about GHG emissions in  5Ministry of Environment.Angola Initial National Communication."


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"This challenge \u2013 facing climate change \u2013 is compounded in coastal areas and cities that are subject to pressure resulting from demographic and economic concentration for which they are not yet fully prepared. A proactive attitude of planning and adaptation increases resilience and brings increased opportunities for lasting growth. Additionally, the country needs to work on the impacts of climate change on access to WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene) services."


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"This contribution is meagre and represents a small percentage of current global GHG emissions. However, though showing an insignificant contribution, at 0.1% of the total global emissions, while the per-capita emissions are 4.15 tons of CO2e in 20055compared to the global average6.Angola recognises that in order to meet the 2 degree objective all countries will need to undertake mitigation measures."


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"This document therefore presents Angola\u201fs Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) which encompasses for Mitigation purposes both unconditional and conditional measures for the reduction of GHG. Given to its extreme vulnerability to Climate Change impacts in some key economic sectors, Angola\u201fs INDC also includespriority Adaptation actions that will enable the strengthening of the resilience of the country towards the attainment of the Long Term Strategy for Development of Angola (2025).  2."


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"This energy will reduce the amount of energy produced by the power plants that runs using fossil fuel, inserting\f Sectors  Description  renewable energy into the system. Thus, helping to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and encourage the use of alternative energy technologies."


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"This expansion will guarantee wider access of the population to electric energy and an increase in residential electricity consumption, thus contributing to national wealth growth, services improvement and industrial development [18]. In sum, infrastructure development and incentives to create supply will increase demand and electricity consumption which, in turn, is intrinsically associated with the expected economic development of the country.  2.5.1."


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"This includes mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation into agricultural and environmental sector policies, programmes and practices, building capacity and promoting CCA through soil fertility and sustainable land management (SLM) practices by using the Farmers Field School (FFS) approach. Agriculture and food security."


id: e2303d06d53698ae14c0de94fade3f9b
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"This intense cutting of trees to produce and supply charcoal to the urban and periurban areas is putting an extreme pressure on the local resources. Two-thirds of the population in Luanda are living in periurban areas, and approximately 270,000 tons of charcoal are utilized in the capital city annually. Reducing the demand for firewood is, therefore, an important strategy to reduce drivers of deforestation and an exhaustion of Angola\u201fs natural resources."


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"This inventory was produced according to the revised guidelines of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and published in the Initial National Communication.The sectoral linear projection estimates the level of GHG emissions without mitigation measures to triple by 2030 from the level of emissions in 2005. More than 90% of these emissions would come from the Energy sector making this the privileged area for the development of mitigation options for Angola."


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"This plan is an outcome\fof Angola 2021  of the National Strategy for Climate Change, as it is one of the adaptation measures proposed for the Coastal Zone sector  5.1.1."


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"This rise in level is a serious threat to the coastal population and is responsible for the destruction of infrastructure as well as its corresponding impact on the country s development and on the national economy. The increase in level and the increase in water temperature will also have an impact on the great currents of the Angolan seacoast (Benguela and Gulf of Guinea), with subsequent changes in salinity levels and existing marine ecosystems."


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"This secretariat should promote public discussion on its own initiative, on issues related to climate\fof Angola 2020  change, as well as carry out information actions on climate change, both for the general public and in schools, also bearing in mind the promotion of gender equality in participation. public."


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"This upward spiral of ambition underpins the achievement of the goals agreed to in Paris. The first Intended  (iNDC) of Angola was submitted to the UNFCCC in 2015. Five years later and following the ratification of the Paris Agreement in November 2020, Angola is submitting an updated NDC, setting targets to contribute to the achievement of the PA goals and meet the country compromises in climate change policy. 1.2."


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"This will occur while the sector also changes in other ways, including the development of increasingly complex networks of supply and demand, new demands for bidirectional flow of power, new business models for power generation and grid infrastructure development, and increasing digitization of power technology. Transport A country s economic and social development cannot be dissociated from the growth of national transport networks that accompany this growth."


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"Thus, and in response to this strategy, the agricultural sector is expected to grow significantly in the coming years, which is why it is important to promote this growth based on the promotion of sustainable practices in agriculture, which allow the sector to grow in a sustainable manner from an economic, environmental and energy point of view. The capacity of terrestrial ecosystems to capture carbon plays a vital role in reducing the increase of the planet s average temperatures."


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"Thus, given the current socio-economic development of a developing country affected by climate change, in its updated NDC Angola has shown the country s highest level of efforts in contributing to global climate change mitigation and implementation of the Paris Agreement.  are-emitted-by-the-country\fof Angola 2020  \fof Angola 2020  8."


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"To address these issues, Angola has developed several national plans and strategies, including the National Strategy for Afforestation and Reforestation (2010), Strategic Plan for Disaster Risk Management (2011) and Program of Action National Plan to Combat Desertification (2014). In 2017, the Angolan Ministerial Department responsible for the Environment prepared its National Strategy\fof Angola 2021  for Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change 2020-2035, being revised at the moment, which identifies and defines a set of strategic mitigation and adaptation options for different economic sectors."


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"To date, in Angola there is no domestic system in place in order to track the implementation of the NDC. The information available is often dispersed and incomplete, and difficult to collect. Thus, responding to the control needs of its national internal policy and the new challenges of the Paris Agreement, Angola will establish an MRV system consisting of 4 subsystems: GHG inventory, mitigation measures, adaptation measures and financial, technical and technological support, Figure 9."


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"To the north the climate is characterized as hot and humid tropical and as we walk south, the climate becomes drier until it reaches a desert climate in the south-west, on the border with Namibia. The central plateau region has a temperate tropical climate. There are two different seasons, a hot and humid season, in which rainfall is greater and another cooler and drier. In general, rainfall is higher in the north and inland, increasing with altitude."


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"To this end, the prioritization of climate resilient WASH interventions is needed to target communities simultaneously suffering from: a) lack of access to basic water and exposed to increasing incidence and frequency of droughts or affected by salinization of coastal aquifers due to sea level rise; b) Lack of access to basic sanitation and hygiene and exposed to increasing incidence of floods and soil erosion. To do that Angola needs to ensure that: 1."


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"Total greenhouse gas emissions in Angola is 99.992 ktCO2e, which represents 3.74 tCO2e per capita [38].\fof Angola 2021  The GHG Inventory follows the 2006 IPCC Guidelines on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and emissions include CO2, CH4 and N2O and the Global Warming Potential (GWP) values used are those determined by the IPCC for the IPCC Second Assessment Report."


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"Total project cost (US $ million): 150 (to 2025) Implementing Angolan Ministry:   Ministry of Energy and Water.  National Directorate of Renewable Energy. Construction of hydroelectric and thermal power plants Construction of hydroelectric and thermal power plants (CaculoCaba\u00e7a, Soyo \u2026) that will generate about five thousand megawatts, during the period 2013/2017. Energy Implementing Angolan Ministry:   Ministry of Energy and Water.  National Directorate of Renewable Energy."


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"Unconditional contributions 2030 Table 21: Unconditional Mitigation Contributions (2030) Sector Area Unconditional Contributions potential % contribution for target Cost (Million USD) Energy Renewable Energy Installation of biomass plants\u2013 500 MW Installation of mini-hydro \u2013 150 MW Installation of hydroelectric power stations \u2013 700 MW Installation of large-scale solar power plants (PV) \u2013 329 MW Installation of small-scale solar panels (PV) (for example: solar villages) \u2013 200 MW Installation of small-scale solar panels in the industry \u2013 Installation of wind farms \u2013 203 MW Waste Waste Composting of municipal solid waste\u2013 1000 ton/day Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use Forest Reforestation \u2013 554 000 ha Industry Fugitive Reduce flaring \u2013 490 MMSCF/day  Total: \fof Angola 2020  Assumptions Biomass and hydroelectric values remained under the same assumptions as in the unconditional 2025 scenario, where for biomass the assumption is in ENAC (500 MW) and for hydroelectric the potential projects identified in the Angolan Renewable Energy Atlas are considered, in this case Cambambe 2."


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"Under evaluation Small scale hydropower T\u00f4mbwa, Namibe province Wind power CaculoCaba\u00e7a Hydropower Project Large scale hydropower Large scale hydropower Tumulo do Cacador Large scale hydropower Luime Large scale hydropower Small scale hydropower Carianga Large scale hydropower Bembeze Large scale hydropower Salamba Large scale hydropower Quissonde Large scale hydropower Quissuca Large scale hydropower Cuteca Large scale hydropower Cafula Large scale hydropower Dala Large scale hydropower Utiundumbo Large scale hydropower Capunda Large scale hydropower Balalunga Large scale hydropower Calindo Large scale hydropower Cuvera Large scale hydropower Cacombo Large scale hydropower Capitongo Large scale hydropower Mucundi Large scale hydropower Calengue Large scale hydropower Pampos de Sonhe Wind power Quitobia Wind power Samba caju Wind power Uige Wind power Maquela do Zombo Wind power Capande Wind power Hoque Wind power Dunga Wind power Mombollo Wind power Tundavala Wind power Quimone Wind power Huila Wind power Chipindo Solar power plant Lubango Solar power plant Kuito Solar power plant CH Gove Solar power plant Ca\u00e1la Solar power plant WakuKungo II Solar power plant Bal\u00e9m do Dango Solar power plant WakuKungo I Solar power plant Lubango II"


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"Under the (5) National Directorate for the Environment and Climate Action, MCTA has the task of formulating, conducting, executing and controlling the policy related to the environment in a perspective of protection, preservation and conservation of environmental quality, pollution control, conservation areas and enhancement of the natural heritage, as well as the preservation and rational use of natural resources."


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"Using the database of this system, it will be possible to assess the most polluting sectors of the economy and develop political tools that serve to encourage the reduction of GHG emissions, measure the implementation of adaptation measures, in addition to monitoring the support received (financial, technical and technological). The Government believes that the transparency that this system will bring to the implementation of the Angolan climate policy will also allow it to leverage more international financing for the country."


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"WASH infrastructure, services and behaviours are sustainable, safe and resilient to climate- related risks. This goes hand-in-hand with the sustainable use, protection and management of surface and groundwater resources, and resilient waste management; 2. Resilient WASH programmes contribute to building community resilience to help them adapt to the impacts of climate change. To achieve this, inequalities in service provision that disproportionately expose vulnerable groups to climate threats, or restrict their capacity to respond effectively, need to be addressed first."


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"Water Resources Angola is a country abundant in water resources, with sufficient availability to satisfy all drinking water needs, if supported by adequate storage, supply, treatment, and distribution infrastructures. Longer, more frequent and intense droughts will increase the demand for water in areas already impacted by drought, as well as in new drought zones that will arise with climate change. Natural soil erosion aggravated by climate change has implications for sedimentation in river basins."


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"Water resources Total project cost (US $ million): 29,170 PROJECT TITLE PROJECT SECTOR SECTOR COMPONENT(S) PROJECT COST (USD) Promote alternative renewable energies to avoid deforestation* Energy Renewable energy, Forestry Promote SLM for increased agricultural yields* Agriculture and food security Land rehabilitation, Agriculture Ensure basic access to health services and health monitoring* Health Health Study the vulnerability of the fisheries sector to climate change and current modifications* Coastal zones/Marine ecosystems Fisheries, Agriculture and food security Extend electricity grid to rural areas* Energy Electricity provision Revise sectoral laws for proactive adaptation Create an early warning system for flooding and storms Early warning system and disaster risk management Early warning system National institutional mechanism for adaptation planning and mainstreaming Soil erosion control through organic methods Terrestrial ecosystems Diversify crops to less climate sensitive cultures Agriculture and food security Technology needs assessment Locally available adapted seed varieties Agriculture and food security Climate monitoring and data management system Early warning system and disaster risk management Study the implication of climate change on disease patterns for humans and livestock Agriculture and food security Health Increase water"


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"What are the implementation arrangements and needs? \uf0b7 Discussion of additional options: What other options could be applicable in Angola? What are the key challenges? What are the policy gaps and support needs? \uf0b7 Identifying data sources and gaps: What are the existing information sources? Where are the key data gaps required for detailed analysis? The Angolan NDC was enhanced by adding measures and actions aimed at strengthening implementation."


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"When waste is not properly disposed of in landfills but in landfills or uncontrolled landfills, it becomes a problem for public health and contributes to the pollution of surface and groundwater, making it unfit for consumption. Industrial development, population growth and high growth rates in cities will continue leading to an increase of waste production in Angola."


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"While inclusion of adaptation in the NDC is voluntary, countries are encouraged by the Paris Agreement (Article 7) to submit an adaptation communication to report on adaptation. The present chapter \u2013 Adaptation Contribution \u2013 serves as this adaptation communication for Angola. The process involved an extensive review of relevant documents on climate adaptation that have been developed over time starting with the National Strategy for Climate Chance 2020-2035 and the associated sectors working papers. 5.1.1."


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"[26] In 2016, the government developed the \u201cAngola Energy 2025\u201d, a document setting the objectives and targets for the electricity sector from 2018 to 2025. According to this document, electricity supply is expected to increase, with new electricity projects under way and demand growth is expected to reach 7.2 GW by 2025, four times the current value, as a result of the electrification of 60% of the territory."


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"[31] Creating Markets in Angola: Opportunities for Development Through the Private Sector, World Bank 2019. Link:   [32] Country Engagement Strategy: A Country-Driven Approach For Collective Impact On Climate And Development Action, October 2020. Link: engagement/NDCP_CountryEngStrategy_Final.pdf [33] Integrated Plan for the Acceleration of Agriculture and Artisanal Fisheries (PIAAPF), 2020. Link:   pesca-familiar-piaapf [34] African Development Bank, 2020. African Economic Outlook 2020. Link: [35] International Monetary Fund \u2013 World Economic Outlook Database, October 2020."


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"[49] The area from Lobito to the mouth of the Cunene River is by far the most productive of Angola\u2019s fishing zones, with an abundance of horse mackerel, sardines, tunas and a range of demersal species. Angola\u2019s northern fishing zone extends from Luanda to the mouth of the Congo River, and the central fishing zone stretches from Luanda to Benguela. Artisanal fishing activities are scattered along the coast. Benguela and Luanda provinces have the greatest concentration of artisanal fishing areas."


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"climate change policies in the various sectors of the economy and at the provincial level; Prepare an opinion on climate policy documents developed by the Ministerial Department responsible for the Environment for submission to UNFCCC; Prepare a recommendation opinion on climate policy documents developed by the Ministerial Department responsible for the Environment for submission to UNFCCC; Develop guidelines for planning and preparing NDC progress assessment reports; Promote public discussion on climate change; Establish an NDC monitoring secretariat."


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"climate-policy/ [13] Atlas and National Strategy New Renewable Energies, 2015. Link: FOR-THE-NEW-RENEWABLES.pdf\fof Angola 2020  [14] United Nations (2015a). Committee for Development Policy Report on the seventeenth session (23-27 March 2015) Economic and Social Council Official Records, 2015 Supplement No. 13 E/2015/33. United Nations. New York. [15] INE Angola, 2016. Population projection 2014-2050. [16] UN General Assembly (2016). Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 12 February 2016, Graduation of Angola from the least developed country category 70/253 [17] Republic of Angola (2016)."


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"of Angola 2020  A positive trend observed in the African continent was the growth of CDM programmatic approaches (from English, Program of Activities - PoA17) that allowed to extend the channelling of climate finance in countries and regions that are still under-represented. The CDM is part of a type of financing called Results-based-finance (RBF) that channels funds into projects and programs through the achievement of verified objectives. There has been a significant growth in this type of financing in recent years."


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"of Angola 2020  Adaptation efforts will be assessed through indicators of resilience based on the implementation process and results and international indexes, as the vulnerability to climate change and climate- related risk reduction18."


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"of Angola 2020  Angola adaptation measures are aimed at improving the country\u2019s ability to adapt to the adverse consequences of climate change, thus contributing to country\u2019s development. The rational for the inclusion of the adaptation component in the NDC takes into consideration that the country shows vulnerability and fragile conditions as a developing country, for which negative impacts of climate change are evident in all sectors of the national economy."


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"of Angola 2020  In view of the challenges presented, it is important to implement a Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system that ensures efficient monitoring of the implementation of climate policy in the country. Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) refers to the process by which countries track and report on the implementation and impacts of mitigation and adaptation actions, and the finance used to support these actions."


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"of Angola 2020  Percentage of fines applied; Proceeds from the sale of the seal or certificate of clean technologies; Values from pollutant emission rates; Compensation and compensation. National Electricity Fund (FUNEL)[18] Description  FUNEL intends to support the fulfilment of the Angola Energia 2025 vision by supporting rural electrification programs. The fund s allocations, rules and management will be carried out by the National Institute of Rural Electrification (INER)."


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"of Angola 2020  Unconditional contributions Table 11 \u2013 Unconditional Mitigation Contributions Sector Area Unconditional Contributions reduction potential % contribution for target Cost Energy Renewable Energy Installation of biomass plants \u2013 500 MW Installation of mini-hydro \u2013 100 MW Installation of hydroelectric power stations \u2013 700 MW Installation of large-scale solar power plants (PV) \u2013 104 MW Installation of small-scale solar panels (PV) (solar villages) \u2013 100 MW Installation of small-scale solar panels in the industry \u2013 2 MW Installation of wind farms \u2013 100 MW Waste Municipal Waste Composting of municipal solid waste \u2013 500 ton/day Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use Forest Reforestation \u2013 227 000 ha Industry Fugitive Emissions Reduce flaring \u2013 295 MMSCF/day TOTAL  8 The budget figures presented correspond to estimates based on a benchmark exercise with similar actions developed in comparable countries."


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"of Angola 2020 Unconditional contributions Table 13 - Adaptation Measures \u2013 Unconditional Sector Unconditional Contributions Impact response Cost Agriculture and Fisheries Conduct studies on the impact of climate change on fishing productivity and coastal economies Acidification of the sea and fresh water; Rising water temperature and increased salinization Develop community and school gardens Increased frequency and intensity of heat waves / heat island effect Apply the national collection of local seeds in programs to improve and create adapted local varieties Change / Loss of biodiversity Coastal Zone Assess the defense capacity of existing protection structures in risk areas, including the analysis of the feasibility of new investments for the construction of protection structures against sea level rise Sea level rise Forest, Ecosystem and Biodiversity Develop forest fire prevention actions Increased frequency and intensity of rural fires Improve the management of existing conservation areas and continue the process of creating new areas Change / Loss of biodiversity Water Resources Develop characterization studies of hydrographic basins and groundwater Degradation of assimilation and purification of water courses Increase the number of meteorological and"


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"of Angola 2021  \fof Angola 2021  2. CURRENT NATIONAL CONTEXT Angolan vision for Climate Change \u201cAngola adapted to the impacts of climate change with a low carbon development pathway that contributes to the eradication of poverty.\u201d (ENAC 2020-2035)  2.1. Introduction The Republic of Angola is vulnerable to the impacts of Climate Change and some territories are already experiencing frequent episodes of extreme weather events of concern such as droughts or floods, as well as coastal degradation."


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"of Angola 2021  Education and Literacy Angola is a multicultural and multilingual country. Portuguese, the only official language, is known by 80% of the population as the primary or secondary language. The six Bantu languages most widely spoken: Umbundu (23%), Kikongo (8.2%), Kimbundu (7.8%), Chokwe (6.5%), Ngangela (3.1%), Kwanyama (2.3%) [48]."


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"of Angola 2021  Figure 2 - Population distribution map [48]  The population projections for the period 2014-2050, from the National Institute of Statistics, (based on birth, mortality and migration, using an average natural population growth rate of 3%) predicts that the total population will be more than double from just over 31.1 million in 2020 to 67.9 million in 2050, as presented in the table below (Table 3). Thus, this evolution of the population was considered in the projections of emissions until 2025 and 2030."


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"of Angola 2021  In reviewing the 2015 Intended  (iNDC), the government organized bilateral meetings, conducted during 2020-2021, in order to identify and discuss relevant measures to achieve the proposed target, responding to the main priorities of the country. Due to the global pandemic COVID-19 the bilateral meetings were developed through virtual platform.  \fof Angola 2021  \fof Angola 2021  1.1."


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"of Angola 2021  Table 1 - Summary of projections by climate variable [28] Projection Condition Trend Air temperature The average global temperature of the earth s surface is likely to exceed, by the end of the 21st century, 1.5 \u00b0 C with respect to trademarks registered in the 1850-1900 period. Increase Sea water temperature Positive changes in the temperature of the water in the cold Benguela current may affect outcrop pulses in the planktonic system as a whole."


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"of Angola 2021  Table 2 \u2013 Climate change impacts[28] Climate change impacts Sea level rise Increased frequency and intensity of extreme phenomena that cause coastal overtopping and erosion Change in sea currents circulation Rising water temperature and increased salinization Increased soil instability and landslide Increased susceptibility to desertification and soil erosion Increased frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events Increased frequency and intensity of periods of drought and water scarcity Increased frequency and intensity of heat waves / heat island effect Increased frequency and intensity of rural fires Degradation of assimilation and purification of water courses Electricity supply instability Health risks and disease transmission Change / Loss of biodiversity Acidification of the sea and fresh water Intrusion of seawater in coastal areas Erosion of riverbeds and consequent sediment accumulation in estuaries  2.4."


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"power plant WakuKungo II Solar power plant Bal\u00e9m do Dango Solar power plant WakuKungo I Solar power plant Lubango II Solar power plant Capanda Solar power plant CT Luena Solar power plant Lucapa Solar power plant CT Dundo Solar power plant CH Chicapa Solar power plant CT Ondjiva Solar power plant Camenongue Solar power plant CTG F\u00fatila Solar power plant Leua Solar power plant Luanda Biomass-MSW Benguela/lobito/catumbela Biomass-MSW Altocatumbela Biomass- wasteforest Chinguar Biomass- wasteforest Cuima Biomass- wasteforest Biocom Biomass \u2013 sugar cane Lucapa Biomass- wasteforest Luena Biomass- wasteforest Luachimo Biomass- wasteforest Dala Biomass- wasteforest Chicapa Biomass- wasteforest Lumeje Biomass- wasteforest Dinge Biomass- wasteforest Total 1."


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"studies of hydrographic basins and groundwater Degradation of assimilation and purification of water courses Increase the number of meteorological and hydrometric stations to improve monitoring of rainfall and watersheds Increased frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events Implement a water collection and storage system in drought-prone areas to ensure continuity of human supply and watering of livestock Increased frequency and intensity of periods of drought and water scarcity 13 The budget figures presented correspond to estimates based on a benchmark exercise with similar actions developed in comparable countries."


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"support communities and reinforce contingency and emergency plans Besides that, there are other two thematic areas where the government intends to act, which are institutional and climate change education in schools and university, as education is an essential component and a facilitator for responding to global climate change."


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"the Government s efforts to elevate the province to the ecological capital of Angola Change / Loss of biodiversity 14 The budget figures presented correspond to estimates based on a benchmark exercise with similar actions developed in comparable countries."


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"these actions Angola will achieve the potential conditional target of 50 % emissions reductionbelow BAU emission levels by 2030.For this, the Government of Angola will pursue international support to utilize existing and emerging climate finance mechanisms and will encourage investments in green growth development initiatives. These projects are briefly described below and several of them are already on the agenda or subjected to feasibility assessments.  The total funds required for the implementation of these projects are roughly about 14.7billion USD to reach the mitigation target."


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"\u2022 Caminhos de Ferro Namibe (Mo\u00e7\u00e2medes Railways - CFM): This links the port of Namibe to the southern provinces of Cuando Cubango and Hull (town of Menongue) and on to the border of Namibia.  Figure 4 - Rail Transport Angola [29]  Maritime transport\fof Angola 2021  Regarding the maritime transport, Angola\u2019s coastline stretches 1,600 kilometers and is served by numerous ports. The largest ports are Luanda, Lobito, Cabinda, Namibe and Soyo (Figure 5)."


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"\u2022 Conditional contribution: An additional reduction of 10% relative to BAU in the year 2025; equivalent to an estimated mitigation level of 11,1 million tCO2e e in that year. This represents an additional targeted contribution, based on the provision of international support and funding. The combined unconditional and conditional contribution is therefore a 24% reduction in GHG emissions compared to BAU scenario in 2025; this is equivalent to an estimated mitigation level of up to 26,5 million tCO2e in 2025.  4.1.1."


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"Achieving the 15% greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions reduction target requires robust and comprehensive planning within the sectors. Consequently, it is essential that there are conducive legal frameworks in place to enable the achievement of the national target. This proposed emission reduction path will be subjected to legislative review and endorsement by Parliament. Botswana is developing a Climate Change Policy and Institutional Framework which will be supported by a Strategy and Action Plan to operationalize the Policy. The Policy will be approved by Parliament in 2016."


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"BOTSWANA INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION BOTSWANA is pleased to communicate its intended nationally determined contribution, as per decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20. Botswana intends to achieve an overall emissions reduction of 15% by 2030, taking 2010 as the base year. Base year emission estimation is 8307 Gg of CO2 equivalent. The targeted emissions reduction will be achieved domestically through strategies and measures which are relevant for the implementation of the target. Consequently, achieving such targets is a function of resource availability and appropriate legal frameworks."


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"Botswana is developing a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) and Action Plan which will highlight all the priority areas including Climate Smart Agriculture which include techniques such as low to zero tillage, multi-cropping to increase mulching which reduce evapotranspiration and soil erosion. The development of the NAP calls for a broader stakeholder consultation so that the products of this process represent the views and aspirations of all the stakeholders and respond to their needs."


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"Botswana\u2019s adaptation priorities Climate change adaptation framework in the country is guided and informed by the following documents: i. The Second National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ii. Sustainable Land Management iii. National Water Master Plans In order to ensure that climate change adaptation measures are mainstreamed into national development planning and sectoral planning, the current environmental programmes and projects strategically entail climate change adaptation. For instance, planning within the water sector takes into cognisance the impacts of climate change."


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"Extreme droughts based on low rainfall and soil conditions are most common in south-western Botswana and high rainfall events with risks of floods are most likely in north- eastern Botswana where several large dams are located in this area. Droughts are projected to increase in frequency and severity. Botswana is already witnessing impacts of climate change with constrained agricultural production, increasing food insecurity and increasing water stress, which will worsen with time, as projected."


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"For other non-energy sectors such as waste and agriculture, IPCC spreadsheets were adopted and data was input to generate emissions statistics. The country used 100-year global warming potential (GWP) values to estimate the CO2 equivalent totals. Market Mechanisms Botswana will use market mechanisms under the convention  Adaptation As semi-arid country Botswana is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and places high priority on adaptation to reducing vulnerability."


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"In addition to the national policy, the development of a strategy will involve development of a long term low carbon strategy, a national adaptation plan, nationally appropriate mitigation actions, identification of technologies, plan for knowledge management capacity development, education and public awareness and a financial mechanism. This total package will ensure that the policy is implementable.  Mitigation Contribution The country intends to achieve an overall emissions reduction of 15% by 2030, taking 2010 as the base year."


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"Initiatives for emission reductions will be developed from long term low carbon strategy Scope and coverage Gases: This emissions reduction target was\f estimated based on baseline GHGs inventory for the three GHGs being CO2, CH4 and N2O. Sectors: Energy sector (mobile and stationary sources), Waste, and the Agriculture Methodological approaches The methodological approaches for estimating national GHGs emissions inventory involved standard IPCC approved methods. Consequently, calculations of GHGs emissions were based on the IPCC Guidelines."


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"Means of implementation The Government of Botswana has been spending a significant portion of its national resources to adapt to the impacts of climate variability over the years. With climate variability intensifying in the future, the budget for adaptation measures could increase significantly as depicted under mitigation and adaptation. \f Mitigation for GHG emission reductions It is estimated that to achieve the set target of 15% GHG emission reduction by 2030, the country would require approximately USD18.4 billion."


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"Other national initiatives exist such as the on-going Sustainable Land Management in Ngamiland and Central Districts which is aimed at enhancing resilience and reducing the vulnerability of communities to climate change."


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"Prior to the Second National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change which identified various adaptation measures, the Government of Botswana had initiated strategies to adapt to drought episodes which are cyclical in nature to reduce vulnerability. Consequently, as climatic extreme events are cross-cutting and affecting all economic sectors, the government has adopted a strategy that encompasses all economic sectors with emphasis on the water, health and agriculture (crop and livestock) sectors."


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"The emission reduction target was estimated based on the baseline inventory for the three GHGs being carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). The reductions will be realised from the energy sources which is categorised as the stationary and mobile sources. The country will also continuously implement mitigation measures for the livestock sector to reduce CH4 emissions mainly from enteric fermentation though these initiatives are not estimated in the 15%."


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"The following adaptations actions are currently being implemented by the government nationally to help communities adapt to the impacts for climate change:  Water Sector \uf0b7 Construction of pipelines and connection to existing ones to transmit water to demand centres\f \uf0b7 Reduce water loss during transmission by investing on telemetric monitoring systems \uf0b7 Enhance conjunctive groundwater-surface water use  Agriculture \uf0b7 Improve genetic characteristics of the livestock breed such as Musi breed \uf0b7 Improve livestock diet through supplementary feeding \uf0b7 A switch to crops with the following traits: o Drought resistant, o Tolerant to high temperatures o Short maturity  Health \uf0b7 Public education and malaria campaigns \uf0b7 Malaria Strategy \uf0b7 Control of Diarrhoeal Diseases"


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"The outcome of this process will be significant in guiding how the country responds to the development challenges across all sectors that are attributed to global warming and climate change. This will be informed by already exiting climate change information, socio-economic and development indicators, local experiences as well as existing policies, plans and institutional frameworks. National Adaptation Plan development is coordinated by Ministry of Environment Wildlife and Tourism, with support from the National Committee on Climate Change."


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"Therefore, future activities need to be conducted on the following key issues: \uf0b7 Identification of sources of funding for implementation of the mitigation measures \uf0b7 Share of government and international contribution to support the mitigation measures \uf0b7 An assessment of the impacts to the national economic growth for allocating national resources to mitigation measures \uf0b7 Development of conducive legal framework to support 15% emission reductions  \f  Annex Climate change impacts Botswana is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change the assessment from the Second National Communication indicate that rainfall has been highly variable, spatially, inter and intra annual and that droughts in terms of rainfall deficits are most common in northern Botswana."


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"These funds will be allocated to energy and transport sector infrastructural developments which will contribute to emission reductions."


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"(b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution Kindly refer 5 (a) above. Eswatini will also apply sector specific assumptions and methodologies where required, when accounting for progress of various policies and mitigation measures under the requirements of the Biennial Transparency Report."


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"(b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, Information to be provided in Eswatini\u2019s inventory as part of the Biennial Transparency Report (BTR) will be consistent with the IPCC guidelines.  referred to as higher tier methods and are generally considered to be more accurate on condition that adequate data are available to develop, evaluate and apply a higher tier method."


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"(b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement Not applicable as Eswatini is not part of any joint agreement under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement. c) How the Party\u2019s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has Eswatini is required to update its NDC by 2020 in line with Article 4 (Paragraph 9) of the Paris Agreement."


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"(c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information.  Eswatini is not a major contributor to the global Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, and yet remains vulnerable to climate change impacts."


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"(c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, Eswatini will continue to follow methodologies and guidance as indicated in 5 (a) above."


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"(d) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co- benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: (i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution; Not applicable ii) Specific projects, measures, and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co- benefit."


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"(e) Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable (i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands GHG emissions and removals from natural disturbances, if any, will be accounted for in accordance with the 2006 IPCC guidelines."


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"(f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators: The GHG emissions level for the BAU scenario and conditional targets in 2030 may be updated and recalculated depending on methodological changes in the GHG inventory, such as recalculating the GHG inventory with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines or changes in Global Warming Potential (GWP) in IPCC Assessment Reports, or the adoption of the 2019 IPCC Refinement."


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"(f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: (i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; The 2030 emissions levels in the BAU scenario were projected based on assumptions for GDP, population, sectoral activity such as fuel consumption in the residential sector, industry and services, number of vehicles, electricity generation fleet, etc."


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"(i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner Eswatini adopted a consultative process to develop the enhanced NDC which included review of its first NDC, assessment of the progress towards meeting the targets, realigning, and redefining sectoral targets based on national policies and identifying recommendations for framing the 2020 NDC. The process was aided through data collection, review of national policies, strategies, roadmaps and validated through consultations with stakeholders in Eswatini."


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"(ii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products GHG emissions and removals from harvested wood products, if any, will be accounted for in accordance with the 2006 IPCC guidelines. (iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; Not applicable."


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"(ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non-greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; Short Lived Climate Pollutants (SLCP) and air pollutants were included in the mitigation assessment. Assumptions were made as to how the activity in each economic sector are likely to change into the future, based on national plans and reports, projections in changes in activity variables were linked to socioeconomic development in Eswatini, such as expected GDP and population growth."


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"(iii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated Not applicable (iv) Further technical information, as necessary; None. (g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable Eswatini is committed to contributing towards developing market mechanisms via international cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement."


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", clean technologies in waste and wastewater management, energy, etc. 3.4 Ecosystems and Biodiversity 1. Scale up actions and investments in ecological infrastructure including actions for \u2022 Strengthening Regenerative Landscape Management of degraded lands/ecosystems of Eswatini \u2022 Improving conservation of genetic resources (indigenous trees and land races) \u2022 Restoring and protecting wetlands (areas of marshes, fens, peatlands, or water, including artificial, permanent, or temporary) and \u2022 Improving sustainable utilization of its resources for biodiversity and other benefits to communities. 2."


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", credible baseline and emissions commence from the  The development of a robust national GHG inventory covers all IPCC Whilst additional actions specific to the energy, transport and industrial processes Development Action Plan\f  Greenhouse gases covered: share of renewable energy in the mi HFCs, PFCs and SF Geographical coverage: Assumptions and methodological approaches for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals The emission reductions associated with the mitigation actions \uf001 Determining the share of renewable energy in the national electricity mix in 2010."


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", deforestation, human settlements) to improve carbon sinks and promote eco-tourism 5. Properly manage quantity and quality of water resources for ecosystems and biodiversity preservation 6. Manage and control invasive plant, fish and animal species and ecological pest management for increasing food sources, habitats, and income generation opportunities and 7. Conduct research, innovation, and knowledge sharing for income generation through use of tree resources and non-timber forest products.\fThe Kingdom of Eswatini -  1."


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"11 In 2010 energy intensity (residential) was 4846 kWh per household. 12 Definition of the energy intensity in the context of \u201cindustry\u201d, \u201ccommercial and public service\u201d and \u201cagriculture\u201d is energy use per unit of the sectors GDP (or unit of economic output). 13 In 2010 energy intensity (industry) was 0.072 kWh/E. 14 In 2010 energy intensity (commercial and public services) was 0.008 kWh/E. 15 In 2010 energy intensity (agriculture) was 0.1 kWh/E."


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"23 Definition of the energy intensity in the context of \u201cindustry\u201d, \u201ccommercial and public service\u201d and \u201cagriculture\u201d is energy use per unit of the sectors GDP (or unit of economic output). 24 In 2010 energy intensity (industry) was 0.072 kWh/E. 25 In 2010 energy intensity (commercial and public services) was 0.008 kWh/E. 26 In 2010 energy intensity (agriculture) was 0.1 kWh/E."


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"4 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Swaziland\u2019s INDC  Swaziland\u2019s INDC The Kingdom of Swaziland is a landlocked, culturally-rich country situated in Southern Africa, and home to As a developing, lower-middle income country, Swaziland\u2019s ultimate vision is to its world standing in terms of measureable indices of human development. Underlying this vision is a focus on sustainable economic development 1 , social justice, political stability, poverty eradication, employment creation, gender equity, social integration and environmental protection2."


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"6 This is the additional installation between 2011-2030\f o o Hydro: 80 MW o o Wind: Conduct feasibility studies and assessments \u2022 Residential o Achieving 100%9 access to clean modern energy for cooking at household-level by o Improving by 50%, uptake of energy efficient biomass stoves used for cooking by 2030 o Replacing inefficient wood-based water heating with energy efficiency options to reduce its share by 13% by 2030 o Reduce energy consumption in water heating, through replacing conventional geysers with 1 000 solar water heaters by 2030 o Reducing energy intensity10 (electricity) by 20%11  by  2030 relative to 2010 \u2022 Industry o Reducing energy intensity12 (electricity) by 5%13  by 2030 relative to 2010 \u2022 Commercial and public services o Reducing energy intensity (electricity) by 3%14 by 2030 relative to 2010 levels \u2022 Agriculture o Reducing energy intensity (electricity) by 3%15 by 2030 relative to 2010 levels Electricity consumption in all these sectors is expected to continue to increase, but the country is committing to efficiency improvements that will reduce the speed of that growth."


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"7 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 8 Swaziland Government Ministry of Tou Plan 9 The share of renewable energy in the national energy mix in 2010 was 16% energy and sustainable/renewable biomass Though Swaziland is not a high GHG emitter \u2013 neither in absolute terms nor per capita terms recognises that it still has an important role to play in global GHG mitigation efforts. Swaziland has experienced various challenges in the compilation of its national GHG inventories."


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"A high-level validation with stakeholders conducted and the enhanced NDC was thereafter approved by the Cabinet of Eswatini. Eswatini is currently developing an implementation plan for its enhanced NDC for the sectors and targets indicated above through international support. The implementation plan will act as an overarching framework that will serve as the base for the country to implement projects and activities across sectors and also assist in identifying the support required in the long-term."


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"AFOLU In the AFOLU sector Eswatini commits to move from Tier 1 to Tier 2 27GHG inventory and improve data collection and institutional  27 IPCC provides guidance on methods for estimating emissions (and removals as appropriate) for each gas in mass units. A tier represents a level of methodological complexity. Tier 1 is the basic method, Tier 2 intermediate and Tier 3 the most demanding in terms of complexity and data requirements. Tiers 2 and 3 are sometimes\f arrangements by 2030."


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"Adaptation Contribution Eswatini has achieved significant progress in overall socio-economic development which is visible through economic growth, improvements in health, educational outcomes, greater access to energy, and, improvement in water supply, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) including associated infrastructure. However, climate change impacts felt by communities and ecosystems are reversing the development gains achieved till now. There is an urgency to act now as evidenced by AR6 IPCC report."


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"Adaptation action within the country is crucial, and this forms the basis of Swaziland\u2019s climate change response and INDC. The full implementation of Swaziland\u2019s INDC is contingent upon continuous strengthening of technical capacities, technology transfer and development, as well as financial support received.  With regards to economic development, Swaziland\u2019s 2014 gross domestic product was USD 3,400 million, with 2.5% annual growth rates anticipated over the next five years (World Bank (2014)). Ministry of Economic Planning and Development, Government of Swaziland (1997): The National Development Strategy."


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"Adaptation to the impacts of climate change is of utmost importance in Swaziland, particularly in four key sectors of the economy that will form adaptation contribution of Swaziland\u2019s INDC: ecosystems sector provides a range of services for the Swazi peopl these services; the country\u2019s rural poor are especially degradation of healthy ecosystems through climate change. will likely be impacted by a (projected) 40% reduction in the country\u2019s river flows will impact on the achievement of Swaziland\u2019s developmental objectives, security and human health."


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"Additionally, cost of adaptation to climate change now can prove to contribute towards the outright avoidance of  2 As per requirements published in \u2018Report of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement on the third part of its first session, held in Katowice from 2 to 15 December 2018\u2019 3 The baseline scenario was developed based on historic GHG emissions between 2010 and 2017 and an updated scenario showing the change in GHG emissions between 2018 and 2030\f adverse impacts of climatological hazards and related disasters, which will be much less costly than disaster relief and response."


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"Additionally, the cost of inaction will be too high with negative consequences to society, environment and the economy. (d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction Conditional to Eswatini receiving financial, technology and capacity building support, there is potential for the country to reduce GHG emissions in the sectors of energy (including transport), waste, IPPU and AFOLU."


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"Analysis of the first NDCs submitted to the UNFCCC by the parties suggests that though ambitious, the global efforts would fall well short of the goals of the Paris Agreement to keep the temperature increase well below 2oC. As per the Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5\u00b0C released by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2018, even a half-degree of rise in global temperature will have profound impacts on the sea level rise, biodiversity and increase frequency and intensity of extreme weather events1."


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"As Eswatini did not commit to a quantitative emission reduction target in the 2015 INDC, the results from this GHG mitigation assessment provide a clear basis to increase climate change mitigation ambition in Eswatini, and provide a concrete set of actions through which this increase in ambition can be achieved. Eswatini\u2019s enhanced NDC is more ambitious than before as the country as it has included more sectors. It has also set clear targets for priority adaptation sectors and included additional sectors."


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"As Jabulani Mabuza, Swaziland\u2019s Minister of Tourism and speaking at World Environment Day in June 2014: \u201cSwaziland may not have o the causes of climate change, but needs to start looking for options to \u2018climate proof\u2019 its economy since it would not be spared from its effects.\u201d  Swaziland\u2019s INDC| 7 benefits between climate change mitigation and adaptation."


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"As a developing, lower population living below the poverty line, Swaziland has litt action within the country is crucial,  The full implementation of Swaziland\u2019s INDC is contingent upon continuous strengthening of technical capacities, technology transfer and development  1 With regards to economic development, annual growth rates anticipated over the next five years 2 Ministry of Economic Planning and Development, Government of Swaziland (1997): The National Development Strategy. 3 This is undertaken within the context of Swaziland\u2019s circumstances."


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"As a progression beyond this current consumption of ozone he specifics of Swaziland\u2019s mitigation contribution, as required by the Lima Call for Climate Action, is cial and capacity building baseline and emissions trajectory, . This includes sustainable biomass. for use in all vehicles. This is additional to the contribution of doubling the share of renewable energy."


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"As a progression beyond this current s contribution will see Swaziland phasing out the consumption depleting gases as well as substitutes with GWP. he specifics of Swaziland\u2019s mitigation contribution, as required by the Lima Call Table 3: Specifics of Swaziland\u2019s mitigation contribution mitigation actions, based on technology, financial and capacity b Developing a robust national GHG inventory, a credible baseline and emissions trajectory, and a comprehensive MRV system. Doubling the share of renewable energy in the national energy mix."


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"As a progression beyond this current undertaking, this depleting gases as well as  The specifics of Swaziland\u2019s mitigation contribution, as required by the Lima Call presented in Table 3 below.  Table 3: Specifics of Swaziland\u2019s mitigation contribution Mitigation actions Swaziland\u2019s four support are: \uf001 Developing a robust national GHG inventory, a credible and a comprehensive MRV system."


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"As such, climate change is considered a priority development concern, and the country is term actions to reduce the vulnerability of its people and risks to national in 1996, Swaziland has developed a series of notable climate stakeholder National Climate Change Steering Committee in 2011. This Committee spearheaded the development of Swaziland\u2019s 2014 National The goal of this Policy is to green growth economy in Swaziland is pleased to submit its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to the Convention."


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"As the overarching objective of the NDC revision process was to further strengthen Eswatini\u2019s commitment towards climate action in addition to the previously identified measures and priority sectors in the first NDC. (ii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication; a."


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"Assess sustainable water supply options beyond 2030 through conducting water assessments/studies to identify potable water supply sources, opportunities, and constraints with a climate lens and 11. Secure climate proof water infrastructure including through developing resilient/ climate proof WASH infrastructure to increase community resilience and boost adaptive capacity. 1."


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"Assumptions about socioeconomic development in Eswatini that informed the development of the baseline scenario were derived from national documents such as the Energy Master Plan 2034, Eswatini Population Projections Report 2018-2037, unofficial projections from National Accounts data and other national statistics. Impact of COVID- 19 was explicitly accounted for in the economic projections used to estimate emissions. Eswatini followed the IPCC 2006 guidelines for the quantification of GHG emissions. For other pollutants, EMEP/EEA air pollution emission inventory guidebook was also used."


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"Based on review of national assessments4, a risk mapping exercise and stakeholder consultations, five sectors (Agriculture, Water, Health, Ecosystems and Biodiversity, and Infrastructure) were prioritized for adaptation action. Furthermore, this revised NDC has enhanced and strengthened its prior goals from 2015 by adding additional measures for sectors and incorporated a new sector, which is the infrastructure sector."


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"Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution; Best practices and experiences of the NDC revision process in Eswatini include: a. Participatory and inclusive approach: The revision process meaningfully engaged and consulted a wide group of government as well as non-government stakeholders involving ministries and government departments, academia, youth, gender specialists, traditional leaders, civil society organisations and private entities. This process also had active participation from various social grouping, including women and youth. b."


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"Build capacity in the health sector through \u2022 Strengthening capacity of healthcare workers on the adverse impacts of climate change; and\f \u2022 Educating and informing the public of the needed measures to protect health from the adverse impacts of climate change. 3."


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"Build capacity of youth in climate policy development, accessing climate finance, to engage in income generating climate action including manufacturing of energy efficient technologies, retail and repair services, climate smart livestock practices, urban gardening, rainwater harvesting, sustainable api-culture, greenhouse farming and innovative agriculture technologies, agri-business, agroecological practices, agri-processing, water resource management technologies, water conveyance, waste management, green industrial processes, bottling and water purification and retrofitting buildings 2. Enhance participation of youth in decision making including in policies and projects development 3."


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"Challenges include data collection and archiving, quality assurance and control, and uncertainties in the estimation of sectors. Due to these uncertainties, there is no clear departure point fo Swaziland\u2019s mitigation contribution is framed on an action financial and technical support as well as capacity building."


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"Climate: Eswatini\u2019s climatic profile varies from tropical to near temperate with summers lasting from October to March, characterized by rainfall that peaks in January. January receives the highest rainfall with long-term average monthly downpour of 134.4mm while the lowest recorded is in July at 19.9mm.  Demography:  The total population of Eswatini is estimated at 1,093,238 with 51% representation from women. A total of 76.2% of the population is classified as rural in the country with great dependence on urban areas for employment."


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"Cross-cutting areas for action Climatic factors have affected Eswatini in multiple ways, exposing its population to problems ranging from food insecurity and livelihood loss to epidemics and mortality. However, these impacts are not equal as population segments are disproportionately affected by them. Eswatini has recognized several such vulnerable groups such as women, LGBTQI, rural population, elderly, disabled and youth to name a few. The interests of these vulnerable groups are protected through a series of cross cutting actions."


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"Currently the average growth rate of the number of Swaziland does not currently blend ethanol in petrol, though successful pilot projects have likely to have a positive influence on Swaziland\u2019s asses are by-products can be used as feedstock for the production of ethanol. gases. ue chain for alternative zero-GWP accounted for more than 20% of the national As a ratifying partner to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the its HCFCs production (which was replaced with HCs which have no global warming potential)."


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"Depending on the level of support ons have clear GHG reduction potential and could be converted to Swaziland intends to sell emission reductions units through international and be established under To ensure environmental integrity of the emission reduction units and to avoid double- counting, Swaziland suggests the use of internationally recognized accounting principles and such as under the Clean Development Mechanism or similar types of climate change."


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"Despite not emitting large quantities of GHGs, Swaziland is facing severe climate change impacts. Variable precipitation patterns, droughts, desertification, higher temperatures and increased storm intensities have already affected the country\u2019s key economic sectors."


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"Determining the emissions associated with petrol combustion in 2010 and assuming that ethanol has a net zero emission factor. It is estimated that this could reduce 0.03 MtCO2e. Estimating the country\u2019s HFC, PFC and SF6 related emissions in 2010 using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and global w the IPCC\u2019s fourth assessment report over a 100-year time series. Conversion to alternative zero-GWP gases will be monitored throughout the implementation phase."


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"Develop a multi hazard early warning system covering all relevant sectors with climate hazard monitoring 3. Modernise meteorological services to improve access to high quality weather data and support risk assessments 4. Strengthen the capacity of early warning centres, for improved emergency preparedness, disaster risks and response capacities across all sectors and 5. Build capacity to monitor climate and disaster risks within relevant institutions.  6."


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"Develop and implement catchment adaptation plans and strategies to promote ecosystem and community resilience 6. Control Invasive Alien plant species and pollution in catchments to protect water resources (quality and quantity) 7. Design and construct water storage infrastructure for multiple use i.e., large dams, earth dams, sand dams etc. 8. Enhance Water supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Sector contribution to sustain healthy livelihoods 9. Create an enabling environment for the governance of WASH activities to promote resilience against climate change 10."


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"Due to these uncertainties, there is no clear departure point fo emission trajectory and therefore Swaziland\u2019s mitigation contribution is framed on an action that is strongly dependant on financial and technical support as well as capacity building  The mitigation contribution of Swaziland\u2019s INDC is presented in Table 2 below:  Table 2: Mitigation contribution Coverage Actions National level Swaziland\u2019s contribution is and emissions trajectory, and a comprehensive (MRV) system."


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"During the revision of this NDC, the greenhouse gas mitigation assessment aimed to estimate emissions of GHG for three scenarios: i) historical emissions between 2010 and 2017, ii) baseline projections of emissions from 2018 and 2030, and iii) emission estimates in 2030 estimated to simulate the implementation of policies and measures that aim to reduce emissions in key source sectors."


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"Economy: Agriculture is the primary economic sector of Eswatini and is the main source of income for the majority of the population. The secondary sectors comprise of construction and manufacturing (majorly beverages), whereas services constitute the tertiary sector.\fThe Kingdom of Eswatini -  Eswatini\u2019s economy shows marginal growth over the last decade (2010-20) averaging 2% increase, largely due to the fiscal crisis induced by the global economic meltdown in 2008 and droughts in 2015 and 2016 that directly affected the agricultural output."


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"Energy (including transport) Increasing the share of renewable energy to 50% in the electricity mix by 2030 relative to 2010 levels through the adoption of solar, wind, biomass, hydro, and solar water heater technologies. Key measures to be implemented include: \u2022 o  17 This is the additional installation between 2011-2030 18 This includes existing grid connected capacity of 15.85MW. In addition, there are a number of smaller installations by companies and individuals for self-consumption, that is not included here."


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"Enhance adaptive capacity in the health sector through \u2022 Financing health actions to address inequities and climate related vulnerabilities \u2022 Promoting capacity building through research and development, education and awareness, and training in climate change related issues \u2022 Mainstreaming gender responsive climate policies and emphasize special efforts to support vulnerable groups (women, youth, and children) in climate change adaptation efforts within all sectors of the economy and \u2022 Using co-benefits from mitigation measures e.g."


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"Enhance legal, policy and institutional frameworks for health sector through \u2022 Mainstreaming climate change into the national health policy and other strategic documents \u2022 Strengthening climate-informed disease control programs and surveillance systems using climate services to target vector control \u2022 Improving and integrating the health management information system with other systems from relevant sectors to achieve a centralized Monitoring Review and Verification (MRV) system and \u2022 Strengthening the preparedness and resilience of the health sector to respond to climate related emergencies and illnesses through preparedness plans and programs. 2."


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"Environmental Affairs, noted when contributed significantly to the causes of climate change, but needs to start looking for options to \u2018climate proof\u2019 its economy since it would not be spared from its effects. benefits between climate change mitigation and adaptation. These actions not only help to tackle global warming, but will assist the country in reducing poverty, strengthening ecological infrastructure, water and food security."


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"Establish long term biodiversity conservation, landscape management and natural resources management through actions including increasing Protected Area Network and assess climate resilience of the protected areas to identify valuable ecosystem services be managed 3. Strategically plan and manage ecological infrastructure including grasslands, rivers, wetlands, woodlands, and forests including updating and implement the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) and ensuring that vulnerable ecosystems are addressed in national adaptation programmes 4. Reduce pressures driving biodiversity loss (e.g."


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"Estimates put Swaziland\u2019s 2010 emission inventory at 0.8 MtCO2e (including the Land Use Land Use (LULUCF) sector), meaning that Swaziland\u2019s emissions represent less than 0.002% of global emissions. Despite not emitting large quantities of GHGs, Swaziland is facing severe climate change impacts. Variable precipitation , higher temperatures and increased storm intensities have already affected the country\u2019s key economic sectors. As a developing, lower-middle income country, with 69% of the population living below the poverty line, Swaziland has little capacity to cope with these impacts."


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"Eswatini has enhanced its NDC by adding new sectors and measures. By presenting a more ambitious NDC, Eswatini understands it is significantly contributing to the \"stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system\u201d, consistent with Article 2 of the UNFCCC."


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"Eswatini is committed to reducing its carbon footprint by adopting a circular economy model to reduce the pressure and adverse impacts on our natural environment, reduce resource use, maximise the value of materials through a life cycle approach. IPPU Reduce GHG emissions by 2030 compared to baseline scenario by implementing the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol and other measures."


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"Eswatini is committed to reducing its carbon footprint by adopting a circular economy model to reduce the pressure and adverse impacts on our natural environment, reduce resource use, maximise the value of materials through a life cycle approach. Reduce GHG emissions by 2030 compared to baseline scenario by implementing the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol and other measures."


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"Eswatini is not a major contributor to the global Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions.  Although the impacts of climate change are largely linked to the historical and contemporary industrial development of other nations, like most countries in the Global South, the country is disproportionately impacted by the changing climate. Under these circumstances Eswatini presents its enhanced NDC, acknowledging that despite our contribution to climate change emissions being miniscule, the country is committed to climate action."


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"Eswatini\u2019s Nationally Determined Contribution The enhanced and more ambitious NDC of Eswatini represents a progression beyond the 2015 NDC by adopting an economy wide GHG emissions reduction target of 5% by 2030 compared to the baseline scenario3 and help achieve a low carbon and climate resilient development. This economy wide emission reduction can increase to 14% with external financing and this translates to 1.04 million tonnes fewer GHG emissions in 2030 compared to a baseline scenario. 3."


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"Eswatini\u2019s adaptation contribution across all sectors includes finalization and implementation of the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) and enhancing governance and legal framework through the development of a national climate change bill. Sector wise key adaptation contributions of Eswatini to the Paris Agreement 1."


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"Fairness and ambitiousness of Swaziland\u2019s INDC  Swaziland is a small, developing country GHG emitter \u2013 with per capita emissions of 0.6 tCO2e/year in 2010 contributing to the transition towards a low carbon and climate resilient future  This contribution is reflected in a fair and ambitious INDC that will see Swaziland improving the share of renewable energy in the nation\u2019s consumption of HFCs, PFCs and SF Greenhouse gases covered: Emissions of CO2, CH4 and N2O will be avoided by increasing the share of renewable energy in the mix and ethanol blending in petrol."


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"Furthermore, Eswatini believes it is contributing to the collective effort to hold \"the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2\u00b0C above preindustrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5\u00b0C above pre-industrial levels\u201d, consistent with Article 2.1(a) of the Paris Agreement. Eswatini\u2019s NDC is compatible with a long-term indicative objective of achieving carbon neutrality in 2050. (b) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement. 7."


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"Furthermore, since the submission of NDC in 2015, there has been considerable improvements and progress in technologies, policies, partnerships, data, and stakeholder engagement for climate action globally, including in Eswatini. Eswatini uses this opportunity to incorporate the current realities and progress made by the country to revise its NDC targets and roadmaps so as to ensure greater alignment with the objectives of the Paris Agreement. Eswatini\u2019s enhanced NDC communicates the country\u2019s intent and ambition towards achieving the objectives of the Paris Agreement."


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"Furthermore, the country commits to reducing land degradation (including in mountain ecosystems) through restoration including tree planting and improving livelihoods through better livestock management. The country aims to plant 10 million trees. (e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point: The major source of GHG data used for the projections are 2018 inventory and 2020 GHG inventory reports prepared for energy, waste, IPPU and AFOLU sectors."


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"How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances (a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances Although emissions are not significant compared to those of developed countries, there is potential to reduce emissions and the country has undertaken considerable efforts to achieve this."


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"How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 (a) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2; Eswatini revised NDC is an indication of the country\u2019s commitment in line with the objectives under Article 2 of the Paris Agreement and will contribute towards achieving the temperature goal agreed under Article 2 paragraph (a) and Article 4, paragraph 1 of the Paris Agreement."


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"INDC presents yet another step that the change response, both in terms of reducing GHG emissions and adapting to the impacts of climate change. The INDC supports the achievement of Swaziland\u2019s developmental objectives of sustainab eradication and enhanced adaptive capacity.  Swaziland has contributed little to greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere. Estimates put Swaziland\u2019s 2010 emission inventory at 0.8 MtCO (LULUCF) sector), meaning that Swaziland\u2019s emissions represent less than 0.002% of global emissions."


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"INDC presents yet another step that the country is taking towards the development of an effective climate change response, both in terms of reducing GHG emissions and adapting to the impacts of climate change. The INDC supports the achievement of Swaziland\u2019s developmental objectives of sustainable development, poverty eradication and enhanced adaptive capacity. Swaziland has contributed little to greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere."


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"Implement integrated waste management for resilient ecosystems, reduced pollution, and healthier communities and 7. Build capacity and implement climate smart town planning for urban resilience and enhancing adaptive capacity of urban dwellers. 4. Mitigation Contribution The Kingdom of Eswatini submitted its INDC in 2015 in support of the Paris Agreement\u2019s goals to limit global temperature rise to 1.5\u00b0C above pre-industrial levels. The first NDC communicated non-GHG based targets and since then, progressive measures have been taken to increase ambition to curb GHG emissions level."


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"Improve evidence base of climate change impacts on infrastructure to support decision making 2. Build capacity at institutional level and community level for mainstreaming climate change into infrastructure 3. Climate proof existing infrastructure, particularly critical infrastructure 4. Develop nature-based solutions for urban infrastructure for adaptation benefits and disaster risk reduction to enhance resilience of urban dwellers 5. Manage critical ecosystems in cities to preserve flood control services, habitats for biodiversity and contribute to maintaining micro-climate 6."


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"Improve water governance and compliance to help manage water resources more efficiently and effectively to adapt to resultant water shortages from climate change 2. Develop water pricing structures to encourage efficient water use and scale-up smart metering systems 3. Strengthen the control and monitoring of water availability and use to protect surface and groundwater resources from over abstraction and impose timely restrictions when needed 4. Strengthen the capacity of early warning systems to improve preparedness and response while reducing disaster risk 5."


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"In addition, national documents, strategies, and master plans were discussed with relevant stakeholders to construct the mitigation and adaptation measures. The impact of covid-19 on the economy was also taken into consideration. Studies included assessing GHG mitigation potential of actions which were discussed and validated with national stakeholders."


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"In addition, there are a number of smaller installations by companies and individuals for self-consumption, that is not included here. What is included here are the solar power contributions into the grid electricity supply only. 8 In 2010, 51MW of biomass electricity generation existed. 9 In 2010, access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking (% of population) was 33.0%. 10 Definition of the energy intensity in this context of \u201cResidential\u201d is energy use per household."


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"In the AFOLU sector Eswatini commits to move from Tier 1 to Tier 2 16GHG inventory and improve data collection and institutional arrangements by 2030. Furthermore, the country commits to reducing land degradation (including in mountain ecosystems) through restoration including tree planting and improving livelihoods through better livestock management. The country aims to plant 10 million trees. 5."


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"In this context, Eswatini has identified potential \f synergies of NDC targets with SDGs, Sendai framework and the National Development Plan 2019 in this updated NDC, thereby setting forth an innovative and complimentary framework to accelerate climate action. Furthermore, there are opportunities to ensure that the updated NDC can inform the revision of Eswatini\u2019s National Development Plan and National Development Strategy."


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"Increase the contribution of agriculture to economic development to support both food security and income generation through: \u2022 Converting flood irrigation systems to water efficient systems and adopt water saving practices to increase water availability, equity and security \u2022 Supporting development of in-farm water harvesting (including small earth dams) and move to more efficient technologies for intensive farming methods to improve food security \u2022 Facilitating utilization of invasive species of economic value and agriculture bi-products to reduce GHGs \u2022 Diversifying from heavy water consuming enterprises to drought tolerant commercial crops, trees, and small livestock \u2022 Developing sustainable utilization and management of rangeland practices to reduce GHG emission and \u2022 Monitoring Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) use to ensure biodiversity losses and other negative impacts are kept in check. 2."


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"Increasing the use of grid-connected renewable technologies with fuel waste, solar, bagasse (from the sugar industry) and wood chips. has further co-benefits of improving universal energy particularly relevant in the context of the current challenges experienced in the regional electricity system.  Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Swaziland Government Ministry of Tourism and Environmental Affairs 2014: Sustainable Energy for All Country Action The share of renewable energy in the national energy mix in 2010 was 16%, this includes both grid connected renewable biomass."


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"Information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding of Eswatini\u2019 NDC 1.Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year)\fThe Kingdom of Eswatini -  (a) Reference year, base year, reference period or other starting points The reference year for Eswatini\u2019s NDC is 2010. (b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year, base year, reference period and or other starting points and as applicable in the target year."


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"Information on updates made will be included in the Biennial Transparency Reports (BTR) and National Communications (NC). Furthermore, when more reliable data becomes available, the GHG inventory may be recalculated. 2. Timeframe and or period of implementation (a) Time frame and period of implementation Timeframe for NDC implementation shall be 2021 to 2030. (b) Whether it is a single- year or multi-year target, as applicable Single year target in 2030. 3. Scope and Coverage (a) General description of the target: Kindly refer to 1(d) above."


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"Infrastructure \u2022 Nature-based solutions and retrofitting old building will help reduce GHG emissions 4. Planning Processes (a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and implementation plans, including: domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner."


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"Integration of national priorities with the NDC: Eswatini\u2019s NDC is developed with an in-depth understanding of the national circumstances and are aligned with development policies and strategies. c. Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; Eswatini\u2019s NDC adopts a multi sectoral approach to a green development and climate resilience. The targets are aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals, Sendai Framework and National Development Plan."


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"Introduction  The Kingdom of Swaziland is a landlocked, culturally 1.25 million Swazi people. As a developing, lower improve its world standing in terms of measureable indices of human development. Underlying this vision is a focus on sustainable economic development employment creation, gender equity, social integratio  Swaziland recognises that climate change can severely impact on the achievement of the ultimate vision for the country. As such, climate change is considered a priority development concern, and the country is committed to taking urgent and long development3."


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"Investing in adaptation will help reduce the effects of climate change that are felt by the country today."


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"It is envisaged that the NAP will also develop Swaziland\u2019s institutional and regulatory which will enhance and enable investments in adaptation for  50% of the population are currently dependent on food aid. 26% of Swaziland\u2019s adult population is currently living with HIV."


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"It is experiencing increase in annual average temperature, variation in precipitation, higher occurrence of hot days and cold nights, increase in frequency of extreme events like floods, droughts, and storms. These impacts felt by communities and ecosystems are reversing the development gains achieved till now. There is an urgency to act now as evidenced in the AR6 IPCC report. Investing in adaptation will help reduce the effects of climate change that are felt by the country today."


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"It provides accompanying information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of NDCs as per Katowice decisions2. The country, while cognisant of the fact that climate change affects all sectors of the economy, has prioritised some sectors and measures as detailed below. 2."


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"Key contributions of Eswatini to the Paris Agreement 1. Build capacity in gender mainstreaming into climate action  16 IPCC provides guidance on methods for estimating emissions (and removals as appropriate) for each gas in mass units. A tier represents a level of methodological complexity. Tier 1 is the basic method, Tier 2 intermediate and Tier 3 the most demanding in terms of complexity and data requirements."


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"Key measures to be implemented include: \u2022  5 The share of renewable energy in the national energy mix in 2010 was 16%. This includes both grid-connected renewable energy and sustainable/renewable biomass."


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"Key measures to be implemented include: \u2022 Decreasing open burning of municipal solid waste (MSW) \u2022 Increasing composting of organic waste (biological treatment), capturing 30% of the organic waste generated within the country by 2030 \u2022 Introducing Landfill Gas Recovery (LGR) in existing and new solid waste disposal sites \u2022 Improving wastewater treatment and control and \u2022 Conduct assessments and develop strategies to move from a linear economy to a circular economy model to support sustainable development in the country."


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"Key measures to be implemented include: \u2022 Substitution of HFC consumption for low-GWP alternatives under the Kigali Amendment implementation calendar including through: o Substitution of HFC-134A with isobutane (HC-600A) in domestic and commercial refrigeration o Substitution of HFC-134A with ammonia in industrial refrigeration \u2022 Phasing out the use of HFC Eswatini is required to freeze HFC production and use in 2024, based on an average of HFC consumption of 2019, 2020 and 2021 levels \u2022 Servicing best practices that allow recovery and reuse of refrigerants and \u2022 Recovery and reuse of refrigerants contained in disposed equipment."


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"Key measures to be implemented include: \u2022 Substitution of HFC consumption for low-GWP alternatives under the Kigali Amendment implementation calendar including through: o Substitution of HFC-134A with isobutane (HC-600A) in domestic and commercial refrigeration o Substitution of HFC-134A with ammonia in industrial refrigeration \u2022 Phasing out the use of HFC Eswatini is required to freeze HFC production and use in 2024, based on an average of HFC \u2022 Servicing best practices that allow recovery and reuse of refrigerants and \u2022 Recovery and reuse of refrigerants contained in disposed equipment."


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"Kingdom of Eswatini Update of the Nationally Determined Contributions Submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) \fThe Kingdom of Eswatini -  The Government of Eswatini submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 2015 and ratified the Paris Agreement on 21st September 2016. Post enforcement of the Paris Agreement in November 2016, Eswatini\u2019s INDC came to be known as its first NDC."


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"Leverage the use of technologies to help health sector adapt to climate change through \u2022 Adopting sustainable climate smart technologies to enhance the resilience of communities to the adverse effects of climate change and \u2022 Establishing a multi-hazard early warning system to trigger prompt public health intervention when certain variables exceed a defined threshold. 4."


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"Means of implementation Eswatini can implement the NDC measures conditional to receiving finance, capacity building and technology development and transfer. The estimated total cost of implementing NDC is $950 million to $1.5 billion. A full cost estimation will be provided in the NDC implementation plan. Eswatini recognizes that while the cost of climate action is substantial, the cost of in-action is even higher. The country needs technical capacities, technology transfer and skills development for implementing adaptation and mitigation measures."


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"Most of the mitigation measures identified across sectors have been aligned with the new policies and strategies that are listed further and also lead to sustainable development co-benefits. As a signatory to the Paris Agreement, Eswatini will fully utilize the enhanced ambition instruments under Article 6, increase her focus on energy and mobility under the provision on cooperative approaches in Article 6.2 and on targeting adaptation benefits for rural communities, specifically around food and water security."


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"National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication Geography: The Kingdom of Eswatini is a land locked country located between Mozambique and South Africa in the south-eastern part of the African continent and covers a total area of 17,364 km2. It has four agro-ecological zones classified based on the types of soils and weather patterns, namely Highveld, Middleveld, Lowveld and the Lubombo plateau that make up to 33%, 28%, 31% and 8% of the country\u2019s total area respectively."


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"Participation in the Talanoa Dialogue in 2018 garnered political momentum to undertake this NDC\f been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; revision process. Eswatini\u2019s NDC actions were revised and enhanced in view of the national circumstances. Eswatini will also participate in the global stocktake activity which is scheduled for 2023."


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"Plan (2019-22), Technology Needs Assessment (2016, 2017, The Kingdom of Eswatini - \u2022 Intensifying post-harvest preservation and processing of foods to increase availability of food and \u2022 Promoting healthy eating and healthy lifestyles in line with adaptation needs. 1."


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"Planning process Swaziland\u2019s INDC was developed through several iterations of stakeholder consultation, along with an assessment aligned with the country\u2019s National Development Strategy and the National Climate Change Policy."


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"Please refer to section 1 (d) and 3 (d) 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals (a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party\u2019s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision accounting guidance adopted by the CMA."


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"Promote entrepreneurship skills in climate smart technologies including renewable energy retail and repair, agriculture value chain, recycling and community waste solutions 4. Create youth led community centric awareness programmes on climate change adaptation and mitigation 5. Promote innovation in climate smart technologies including through innovation challenges and awards for solutions 5.3 Disaster Risk Reduction 1. Update and revise risk and hazard maps and collect data through research for risk reduction 2."


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"Promote equitable access to knowledge and skills a. to better prepare for climate impacts b. to harvest rainwater to improve health and adaptive capacity 5. Promote equitable access to natural resources, technology and finance including for domestic and agricultural use of water and 6. Promote equitable access to knowledge and skills for women on waste management. 1."


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"Reduce poverty and improve food and nutrition security through sustainable use of natural resources, improved access to markets and improved disaster and risk management systems."


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"Separate teams of local and international consultants were involved across sectors under the oversight of the Ministry of Tourism\f and Environmental Affairs (MTEA) and Ministry of Economic Planning and Development (MEPD). The review and recommendations were discussed through several meetings and capacity building sessions including with gender, disaster and youth experts and representatives. The findings were validated by the Technical Advisory Group (TAG) and relevant stakeholders at the national and sub-national level."


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"Since ratifying the Convention actions which include (amongst others) the establishment of a multi Steering Committee in 2011. This Committee spearheaded the development of Swaziland\u2019s 2014 Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan and 2015 National Climate Change Policy. support the development of a sustain line with vision 2022 outlined in the  Swaziland is pleased to submit its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to the Convention."


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"Swaziland intends to sell emission reductions units through international and regional carbon markets and/or carbon pricing mechanisms the new agreeme To ensure environmental integrity of the emission reduction units and to avoid d counting, Swaziland suggests the use of internationally recognized accounting principles MRV standards such as under the Clean Development Mechanism or similar types of baseline-and-crediting mechanisms. . Unconditional contribution Swaziland will focus human capital on will participate in research, pilot projects and planning and implementation actions."


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"Swaziland recognises that access to renewable forms of energy plays a significant role in improving livelihoods of its people \u2013 both in terms of increasing social equity and improving economic growth. This contribution will also reduce the energy sector\u2019s covers grid and off-grid applications where Swaziland will: Implement small scale, decentralized renewable energy technologies to improve energy access in rural areas. This will also reduce the unsustainable wood harvesting that are currently undertaken."


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"Swaziland recognises that climate change can severely impact on the achievement of the ultimate vision for the country. As such, climate change is considered a priority development concern, and the country is taking urgent and long-term actions to reduce the vulnerability of its people and risks to national Since ratifying the Convention4 in 1996, Swaziland has developed a series of notable climate actions which include (amongst others) the establishment of a multi-stakeholder National Climate Change Steering Committee in 2011."


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"Swaziland will participate in research, pilot projects and planning and implementation of mitigation Swaziland\u2019s INDC was developed through several iterations of stakeholder consultation, of priority emitting sectors and key vulnerabilities. The INDC is aligned with the country\u2019s National Development Strategy and the National Climate Change and is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change."


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"Swaziland\u2019s INDC is presented in Table 2 below: Swaziland\u2019s contribution is to develop a robust national GHG inventory, a credible baseline and emissions trajectory, and a comprehensive measurement, reporting and verification This will provide the framework on which to develop a mitigation goal and associated action Swaziland\u2019s contribution is to double the share of renewable energy in the national energy by 2030, relative to 2010 levels9."


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"Swaziland\u2019s INDC| 2 Evidence of climate change is already visible in Swaziland through the dwindling crop yields, violent storms and which include chronic poverty, food and the highest prevalence Adaptation to the impacts of climate change is of utmost form the foundation of the the Swazi people. Swaziland especially vulnerable to the impacted by a (projected) 40% reduction in the country\u2019s river flows, Swaziland\u2019s developmental objectives, particularly food approximately 9.5% to the country\u2019s gross domestic product."


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"Swaziland\u2019s INDC| 3 up investments in restoring and maintaining ecological infrastructure, with a term biodiversity conservation, landscape management and the ecological infrastructure, which includes healthy benefit sharing for the contributions include: forestry; ecological pest management; flood mapping; grazing land management; rehabilitation; fire management; and erosion control through terracing. the climate change policy and strategy components of the National Water water pricing structures to encourage efficient water use. measures to reduce water consumption throughout the value chain."


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"Swaziland\u2019s INDC| 4 neither in absolute terms nor per capita terms \u2013 the country tion of its national GHG inventories. Challenges include data collection and archiving, quality assurance and control, and uncertainties in the estimation of sectors. Due to these uncertainties, there is no clear departure point for Swaziland\u2019s Swaziland\u2019s mitigation contribution is framed on an action-based approach ."


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"Swaziland\u2019s contribution is to phase out the use of HFCs, PFCs and SF6 gases will be achieved by developing the value chain for alternative zero enhancing the skill level for these conversions. In 2010, emissions from HFCs and SF6 accounted for more than 20% of the national As a ratifying partner to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, Swaziland has already phased out its HCFCs production (which was with HCs which have no global warming potential)."


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"Swaziland\u2019s contribution is to: the climate change policy and strategy components of the National Water Policy with the 2003 Water Act. water pricing structures to encourage efficient water use. Implement measures to reduce water consumption throughout the value chain. Strengthen the capacity of early warning centres, for improved emergency preparedness, disaster risks and response capacities. systems to integrate water resource management across all the sectors of human endeavour, land use and the environment."


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"The INDC is aligned with the country\u2019s National Development Strategy and the National Climate Change Fairness and ambitiousness of Swaziland\u2019s INDC developing country and is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Though not a large with per capita emissions of 0.6 tCO2e/year in 2010 \u2013 Swaziland remains committed to the transition towards a low carbon and climate resilient future."


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"The Kingdom of Eswatini -  Global emissions in 2018 was 45,873,85029 Gg of CO2eq and Eswatini\u2019s net emissions in 2018 was 3240.10Gg of CO2eq, therefore, Eswatini\u2019s share of global emissions is 0.007%. In this context, Eswatini\u2019s NDC contribution is considered fair and ambitious. (d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; Eswatini has broadened its ambitions by expanding to new relevant sectors. Eswatini has also enhanced its adaptation commitments."


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"The Kingdom of Eswatini -  The Kingdom of Eswatini Eswatini\u2019s NDC revision process was spearheaded by the Ministry of Tourism and Environmental Affairs and supported through NDC Partnership\u2019s Climate Action Enhancement Package (through development partners United Nations Environment Programme, Food and Agriculture Programme, Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, International Renewable Energy Agency, World Resources Institute, Commonwealth Secretariat)  and United Nations Development Programme Climate Promise project."


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"The Kingdom of Eswatini -  Waste Reduce GHG emissions by 2030 compared to baseline scenario through  improvements in waste treatment (including landfilling) across urban and rural areas."


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"The Kingdom of Eswatini -  including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines;  Sectors covered: Energy, transport, waste, IPPU and AFOLU Gases covered: Carbon dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), and Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). Further, the NDC also covers short-lived climate pollutants (SLCP) including Black Carbon (BC) and other air pollutants such as Organic Carbon (OC), Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC), Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Ammonia (NH3), and Carbon Monoxide (CO)."


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"The Kingdom of Eswatini -  paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate (d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals Eswatini followed the IPCC 2006 guidelines for the quantification of GHG emissions using Tier 1 methodology across all sectors."


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"The Kingdom of Eswatini -  \u2022 Increasing composting of organic waste (biological treatment), capturing 30% of the organic waste generated within the country by 2030 \u2022 Introducing Landfill Gas Recovery (LGR) in existing and new solid waste disposal sites \u2022 Improving wastewater treatment and control and \u2022 Conduct assessments and develop strategies to move from a linear economy to a circular economy model to support sustainable development in the country."


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"The adaptation contribution of Swaziland\u2019s INDC  Table 1: Adaptation contribution Coverage Actions National level Swaziland\u2019s contribution is NAP has three \uf001 Identify the level of climate risk given constraints of the country. \uf001 Reduce vulnerability to the impacts of climate change by building adaptive capacity and resilience. management, climate s systems, disaster risk response capacities and sustainable land management."


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"The additional grid connected 2030 was multiplied by the Southern Africa Power Pool\u2019s grid emission factor The additional non and 2030 was multiplied by the combustion and used global warming potentials for CH assessment report over a 100 emissions by 0.94 MtCO \uf001 Determining the emissions associated with petrol combustion in 2010 and assuming that ethanol has a net zero emission factor."


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"The consumption of HFCs, PFCs and SF6 gases will be phased out. Geographical coverage: The contribution applies to the entire country. The emission reductions associated with the mitigation actions were calculated by: Determining the share of renewable energy in the national electricity mix in 2010."


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"The country intends to communicate that climate resilient, sustainable, and equitable development are its priorities. The enhanced NDC of Eswatini comes at an opportune moment as the country is developing a new National Development Plan (NDP), National Adaptation Plan (NAP), Adaptation Communication and revising its National Development Strategy (NDS). The revision of NDC allowed the country to take cognizance of the recent findings on the gaps and needs related to global climate action."


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"The country recognizes that Indigenous knowledge can help with climate change adaptation and mitigation actions. There is need for awareness raising across sectors and with all stakeholders to implement the NDC. 8. Alignment of NDCs with developmental priorities The Paris Agreement presents an opportunity for countries to identify linkages between climate change targets and the larger developmental priorities."


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"The country\u2019s adaptation action plan will result in several mitigation co- benefits: Agriculture \u2022 Adaptation action in agriculture sector to restore and manage degraded land that will enhance carbon sequestration. \u2022 Adoption of Climate Smart Agriculture practices will contribute to the reduction of GHG emissions. Good farming practices will enhance soil health and carbon sequestration. Ecosystems and Biodiversity \u2022 Wetlands provide valuable ecosystem services and restoring and protecting these areas is likely to help in reducing GHG emissions, increase carbon sequestration and build carbon stocks."


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"The development of a robust national GHG inventory covers a Whilst additional actions specific to the energy, transport and industrial processes sector are also covered by Swaziland\u2019s INDC.  Swaziland Government Ministry of Natural Resources and Energy (2009): National Biofuel Development Action Plan  Swaziland\u2019s INDC| 5 10 ethanol blend in discussed above. will reduce the transport sector\u2019s GHG emissions, which accounted for 9% These emissions are anticipated to exponentially increase as more vehicles are purchased."


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"The economic activities in the primary sector (agriculture, forestry, and mining and quarrying) slightly improved in the subsequent years after 2016 that recorded an expansion of the real GDP from 2.0% in 2017 to has resulted in significant contraction of growth. b."


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"The enhanced NDC of the country has meaningfully included disaster risk reduction, gender and youth considerations into its mitigation and adaptation targets. (b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; (c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement;  28 Baseline scenario means Business As Usual Scenario using historical data from 2010 to 2017 and an updated scenario showing change in GHG emissions from 2018 to 2030."


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"The extent to which Swaziland\u2019s adaptation contribution can be achieved is dependent in the form of appropriate capacity building, technical as a response to climate change. planning and implementation of\f  Mitigation  Though Swaziland is not a high GHG emitter recognises that it still has an important role to play in global GHG mitigation efforts.  Swaziland has experienced various challenges in the compila include data collection and archiving, quality assurance and control, and uncertainties in the estimation of emissions from all IPCC7 sectors."


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"The first NDC communicated non-GHG action-based targets, Eswatini has taken progressive measures to define economy-wide GHG targets covering all priority sectors. The updated NDC of Eswatini represents its intention to adopt an economy-wide GHG emissions reduction target of 5% and potential to increase to 14% reduction with external financial support in 2030 compared to the baseline scenario. This translates to 1.04 million tonnes fewer GHG emissions in 2030 compared to a baseline scenario28."


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"The following sources were also utilized to derive assumptions to project the emissions up to 2030. \u2022 Energy Master Plan 2034 \u2022 Unpublished projections from National Accounts data \u2022 Eswatini Population Projections Report 2018-2037 \u2022 Unpublished GDP projections from National Accounts data \u2022 What a Waste 2.0 World Bank Report Furthermore, extensive data collection and stakeholder engagement was done and impact of COVID-19 was explicitly accounted for in the economic projects used to estimate emissions."


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"The grid connected renewable energy that will be generated between 2010 and multiplied by the Southern Africa Power Pool\u2019s grid emission factor The additional non-grid connected renewable energy that will be used between 2010 and 2030 was multiplied by the 2006 IPCC Guidelines\u2019 emission factor for wood and used global warming potentials for CH4 and N2O from the IPCC\u2019s fourth assessment report over a 100-year time series. This contribution is estimated to emissions by 0.94 MtCO2e."


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"The health sector is a cross and is dependent on the climate resilience of the agriculture, water, and biodiversity and contribution of Swaziland\u2019s INDC is presented in Table 1 below: contribution is to develop a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) by 2020. This three primary objectives: Identify the level of climate risk given the economic, social and environmental constraints of the country. Reduce vulnerability to the impacts of climate change by building adaptive capacity and resilience."


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"The impact of COVID-19 on the economy is explicitly accounted for in the economic projections used to estimate emissions. Emission sources were grouped according to the IPCC source categories. Historical emissions of SLCP and air pollutants were\f analysed from 2010 to 2017.The GHG mitigation assessment conducted for Eswatini also quantified emissions of SLCPs and air pollutants, and their emission reduction potential."


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"The implementation of Swaziland\u2019s INDC is conditional upon appropriate support in the form of finance, technical assistance and capacity building."


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"The implementation of Swaziland\u2019s INDC is conditional upon appropriate support in the form of finance, technical assistance and capacity building. Depending on the level of support received, Swaziland will update its INDC accordingly. These mitigation actions have clear GHG reduction potential and could be converted to Swaziland intends to sell emission reductions units through international and regional carbon markets and/or carbon pricing mechanisms that may ent."


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"The mitigation actions will be implemented between Scope and coverage Sectors covered: sectors. Whilst additional actions specific to the energy, transport and industrial processes sector are also covered by Swaziland\u2019s INDC.  10 Swaziland Government Ministry of Natural Resources and Energy (2009): National Biofuel Swaziland\u2019s contribution is to introduce the commercial use of a 10%10 This is additional to the energy sector contribution discussed contribution will reduce the transport sector\u2019s GHG emissions, which accounted for 9% of the nation\u2019s inventory in 2010."


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"The possible actions that have been identified to achieve these artificial groundwater recha rainwater harvesting; sand dams; solar pumps borehole water pumping; water recycling and reuse; and wetland restoration Agriculture sector Swaziland\u2019s contribution is to: \uf001 Increase the contribution of agriculture to economic development food security and exports \uf001 Reduce poverty and improv natural resources, improved access to markets, and improved disaster and management systems."


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"The possible actions that have been identified to achieve these conservation tillage; crop diversification; greenhouse farming; hydroponics; livestock selective breeding; micro irrigation; organic farming; an Conditionality The extent to which Swaziland\u2019s adaptation contribution can be achieved is dependent on the level of support received assistance, technology transfer, Unconditional contribution Swaziland will Swaziland will participate in adaptation actions  contribution is to: up investments in restoring and maintaining ecological infrastructure, with a focus on the priority ecological assets."


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"The possible actions that have been identified to achieve these contributions conservation tillage; crop diversification; greenhouse farming; hydroponics; livestock selective breeding; micro irrigation; organic farming; and solar dryers. The extent to which Swaziland\u2019s adaptation contribution can be achieved is dependent on the level of support received \u2013 in the form of appropriate capacity building, technical technology transfer, skills training and finance. will focus human capital on adaptation as a response to climate change will participate in research, pilot projects and planning and implementation adaptation actions."


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"The reference indicator will be quantified on the basis of the total net emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the reference year of 2010 reported in the \u201cNational GHG Inventory\u201d (2010). For reference purposes, the level of emissions of greenhouse gases for the base year is registered in the \u201cThird National Communication from Eswatini to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change\u201d, submitted in April 2016."


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"The renewable energy that will be generated between 2010 and multiplied by the Southern Africa Power Pool\u2019s grid emission factor for 2010. grid connected renewable energy that will be used between 2010 2006 IPCC Guidelines\u2019 emission factor for wood O from the IPCC\u2019s fourth This contribution is estimated to reduce Determining the emissions associated with petrol combustion in 2010 and assuming that It is estimated that this could reduce emissions related emissions in 2010 using the 2006 IPCC warming potentials from Conversion to throughout the implementation phase."


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"The revised NDC of Eswatini represents a progression beyond the 2015 NDC by adopting several mitigation measures in the sectors of energy (including transport), waste, industrial processes, and product use (IPPU) and Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sectors. This provides a clear basis for the enhanced ambition of Eswatini to mitigate climate change impacts through the implementation of concrete actions that have been identified across key sectors."


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"These actions not only help to ecological infrastructure, As Jabulani Mabuza, Swaziland\u2019s Minister of Tourism and Swaziland may not have o the causes of climate change, but needs to start looking for options to \u2018climate"


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"These emissions are anticipated to exponentially increase as more vehicles are purchased. Currently the average growth rate of the number of , of all types, in Swaziland is 7% per year. Swaziland does not currently blend ethanol in petrol, though successful pilot projects have been undertaken. This commitment is also likely to have a positive influence on Swaziland\u2019s agricultural sector, particularly in the sugar industry. Bagasse and molasses are b industry and can be used as feedstock for the production of ethanol."


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"This Committee spearheaded the development of Swaziland\u2019s 2014 Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan and 2015 National Climate Change Policy. The goal of this Policy is a sustainable, climate resilient and inclusive low-carbon green growth e national development strategy. Swaziland is pleased to submit its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to the Convention."


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"This can be achieved through: \u2022 Restoring and managing degraded land for adaptation benefits and mitigation co-benefits \u2022 Developing an integrated early warning and timely response climate information management system to help farmers and value chain actors take informed decision and improve their adaptive capacity \u2022 Facilitating production of diverse foods, biofortification and fortification to meet the nutritional needs of the population \u2022 Improving alternative nutrition security with special focus on all vulnerable groups \u2022 Upscaling and replicating climate smart agriculture, (Crops, aqua-culture, fisheries, and livestock production) for improved food security and nutrition security and higher income \u2022 Managing alien/invasive species using the National Invasive Alien Plant Species Strategy to enhance productivity of rangeland, riparian areas and preservation of endemic species \u2022 Building the capacities and support communities towards a diversification of livelihoods to alleviate the economic burden on women and 4 Documents referred- Third National Communication 2016, Vulnerability Assessment Report (2016), State of the Environment Report (2020), National Development Plan (2019-22), Technology Needs Assessment (2016, 2017, The Kingdom of Eswatini - \u2022 Intensifying post-harvest preservation and processing of foods"


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"This country is taking towards the development of an effective climate change response, both in terms of reducing GHG emissions and adapting to the impacts of climate change. The le development, poverty Swaziland has contributed little to greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere. Estimates put e (including the Land Use Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) sector), meaning that Swaziland\u2019s emissions represent less than 0.002% of global emissions. Despite not emitting large quantities of GHGs, Swaziland is facing severe climate change impacts."


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"This economic, social and environmental Reduce vulnerability to the impacts of climate change by building adaptive capacity integrated water resource themes of early warning , improving emergency preparedness and energy efficiency and energy security, biodiversity conservation Facilitate the integration of climate change adaptation, in a coherent manner, into relevant new and existing policies, programmes and activities, in particular through nt sectors and at institutional and regulatory investments in adaptation for vulnerable\f  Coverage Actions Biodiversity and ecosystems sector Swaziland\u2019s co \uf001 Scale up investments in restoring and maintaining ecological infrastructure, with a focus on the \uf001 Establish effective long natural resource management programmes."


