# document

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created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:17
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"The protection of natural forests also protects biodiversity, natural habitats and their wildlife, continuing to the achievement of SDG 15. Loss of forest cover has led to significant reductions in the amount of water flowing in rivers in the dry seasons and reduced capacity for hydroelectricity generation, meaning that forest protection has important impacts on energy security and economic development. The benefits of mitigation in the forestry sector are realized over many years."


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"The protocol estimates the severity of climate impacts and informs engineering decisions on design and operations.30 Hydroelectricity currently constitutes about 35% of the installed generation capacity. This large share in the energy generation mix in the short to medium term requires a robust assessment of the potential impact of climate change on existing facilities as well as improved use of weather and climate information in developing and siting new ones."


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"The purpose is not to change or update the existing BAU scenario or the overall target of 30% emission reductions by 2030, but simply to inform emission reduction strategies in each sector.  Update of Emission Baseline Projection The original BAU or baseline emission projection was created to reflect only existing policies, regulations and financial commitments at the time and did not account for potential new policies or account for climate financing after it was published."


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created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:17
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"The purpose of this National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS) is to put in place robust measures needed to address most, if not all, of the challenges posed by climate variability and change. It is important for me that this Strategy has been developed through a very participatory process conducted countrywide."


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created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:17
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"The purpose of this National Policy on Climate Finance is to improve our ability to mobilise and effectively manage and track adequate and predictable climate change finance. This policy sets out a guiding framework to enhance our national financial\f  v systems and institutional capacity to effectively access, disburse, absorb, manage, monitor and report on climate finance in a transparent and accountable manner."


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"The quantity of emissions is controlled and the price is allowed to vary by the issuing of tradable emissions permits. These rights to emit can be traded in a commercial market under an emissions trading scheme.  Enabling Environment: Robust national policy and institutional frameworks to effectively plan, access, disburse, absorb and manage climate funds in a transparent and accountable manner.  Executing Entities: Organisations that execute eligible activities supported by the GCF under the oversight of accredited NIE."


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"The rainfall distribution, therefore, depicts very strong seasonality The ITCZ brings wet weather to the region resulting to most parts of Kenya having  two distinct wet periods(bimodal rainfall distribution): The \u2018Long Rains\u2019 (March to May) and the \u2018Short Rains\u2019 (October to December). The \u2018Long Rains\u2019 are abundant over most parts of the country and contribute significantly to the annual rainfall totals. The \u201cShort Rains\u201d are more abundant and reliable in the South-eastern lowlands and parts of the eastern highlands."


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created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:17
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"The rainfall pattern is unreliable in most parts of the country and droughts have become more frequent and severe. Therefore there is need for development and introduction of high yielding, drought tolerant, early maturing crop varieties, such as the drought tolerant sorghum, in order to enhance food security in the country. Drought tolerant sorghum varieties such Serena and Seredo, are produced as a result of plant breeding to enhance their resistance or tolerance to stresses that result from climate variability."


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"The range of increase varies from 2 to 11 per cent by the 2060s and 2 to 12 per cent by the end of the century. Figure 4 provides a visualisation of the rainfall trends.9 \ufffd  Source:\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdet\ufffd\ufffdffice\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdlimate:\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdser\ufffdations\ufffd\ufffdprojections\ufffdand\ufffdimpacts:\ufffd\ufffden\ufffda.\ufffdpage\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd Figure 4: GCM Visualisation of the projected rainfall for Kenya. Percentage change in average annual precipitation by 2100 from 1960-1990 baseline climate, averaged over 21 CMIP3 models. Source: UK Met Of\ufb01ce, 2011, Climate: Observations, projections and impacts: Kenya, page 49."


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"The range of predicted increase for 5-day events is between 2 to 19mm by the 2060s and 2mm to 24mm by the end of the century.  Disasters and extreme climatic events More than 70 per cent of natural disasters in Kenya result from extreme climatic events22 the most common being floods and droughts. Recent major droughts occurred in 1991\u20131992, Major floods occurred in 1997/98 and 2006. There are indications that these have intensified in recent episodes reflecting a changing climate."


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"The rate could be increased to 18% nationally by 2020 with aggressive investments and interventions. Examples of actions to promote improved cookstoves: \u2022 EnDev installed more that 1.45 million improved cookstoves and installed 57,000 solar products by June 2014. \u2022 Improved Cookstoves Programme (2015-2017) benefited 2,500 households through the provision of gasifier stoves. \u2022 ClimateCare distributed 7,267 improved charcoal cookstoves to flower farm employees and 3,862 ethanol stoves to residents of Kibera through a revolving loan facility."


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"The rate of decrease of cold days is highest in September to November (5.7%) and the rate of decrease of cold nights is highest from December to February (11.5%).  Observed Precipitation Trends  On an annual basis, rainfall in Kenya is governed primarily by the movement of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), a belt of low pressure that forms near the equator and migrates south through Kenya in October to December and returns, moving northwards in March, April and May."


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"The rate of unemployment varies across the country, with the highest in the north-eastern regions at about 23 per cent (2012) and the lowest in Nyanza and the western regions, estimated at 4.8 per cent and 5.2 per cent (2012), \f  Industry The industrial sector comprises the manufacturing, construction, mining and quarrying sub-sectors."


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"The rationale of each component, sub-components and proposed actions are outlined below. 3.3.1 Component 1: Institutional coordination Rationale This component supports the establishment of an inclusive institutional framework for improved agricultural sector CSA coordination and harmonization, and an enabling policy and institutional environment for the realization of the CSA objectives in general. The component is designed to strengthen inter-ministerial, national and county governments, private sector and CSOs, development partners and other non-state actor\u2019s coordination on CSA related issues."


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"The recent (2010-2011) Horn of Africa drought crisis demonstrated how vulnerable Kenya is to climate change but also presented an opportunity for the country to develop appropriate response strategies and activities required to making communities safer and resilient18 The adverse impacts are compounded by local environmental degradation, primarily caused by habitat loss and conversions, pollution, deforestation and overgrazing. Forest cover, for example, has reduced from 12 per cent in the 1960s to 6 per cent today21."


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"The recent adverse weather has seen a decline in fresh vegetable production in Laikipia, Kieni, Kibwezi, Machakos and Mtito Andei. This has subsequently affected export earnings from this sub-sector. The sector is likely to be further affected by increasing pressure from European markets and consumers seeking to reduce their fresh produce \u2018carbon footprints,\u2019 i.e. the amount of GHG emissions associated with the production and consumption of fresh produce. In addition, climate has profound effects on populations of crop pests (e.g."


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"The recent conversion of middle-level agricultural institutions into institutions of higher learning has led to lack of adequate hands-on CSA technical agricultural workforce. (iv) Research and Development Although there are a number of national and international institutions engaged in CSA research, the research activities are fragmented due to lack of coordination and some areas in the sector are not catered for e.g. emerging crops and livestock."


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"The recommendations given in this document should be translated into policies that would benefit our communities and trigger the process of active involvement in factoring climate information into all relevant activities. For climate change threats to be appreciated, the document has recommended massive awareness campaigns so that the public can be sensitised and mobilised to adapt to and mitigate against impacts of climate change."


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"The recurrent droughts and rising temperatures attributed to climate change continues to exert more pressure on fisheries resources due to reduction of water supply, and increased evaporation of water in lakes and rivers. The country therefore requires transformation of its agricultural systems to make them more productive, resilient and competitive in generating incomes under a changing climate. CSA provides an excellent opportunity for this transformation."


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"The recycling and reuse would substantially reduce the amount of disposed waste and the related GHG emissions. The NAMA would support the recycling of up to 600 tonnes of waste each day, thereby reducing GHG emissions by more than 800,000 tonnes of CO2e over the 15-year project period. If implemented successfully and scaled up to other cities, it has the potential to be a NDC mitigation option."


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"The reduction in tillage increases organic matter in the soil, thereby increasing the amount of carbon stored in the soil. The most pronounced type of conservation tillage is no-till, where lands are not ploughed at all and 100 percent of crop residues remain on the land. Given the competing uses for agricultural residues as animal fodder and fuel in Kenya\u2019s predominantly mixed farming systems, no-till practices may not be appropriate or feasible."


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"The related increases in food prices make food more inaccessible to WY&VG resulting to deterioration in their nutrition and health status. Besides, in the rural areas, WY&VG are highly dependent on climate-sensitive biomass such as wood, agricultural crops, wastes and forest resources for their energy and livelihoods. Strategic issue 11: Limited human resource capacity to undertake CSA Climate smart agriculture is an emerging issue in agriculture that has received limited attention."


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"The relevant Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) at the two levels of government are expected to support the implementation of various components of the Framework. They will be responsible for mainstreaming and upscaling CSA across their functions and processes including consideration in performance contracting. They will be expected to play a key role in provision of an enabling policy environment, provision and mobilization of resources and technical expertise for implementation of the KCSAIF."


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"The remaining chapters give details on evidence and impacts of climate change; strategic focus of the NCCRS including the linkages between the NCCRS and the Vision 2030; adaptation and mitigation interventions; communication, education and awareness programmes; vulnerability assessments; research, technology development and transfer; policy, legislation and institutional framework; as well as action plan, implementation framework and resource mobilisation plan, respectively."


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"The repeated pattern of droughts and floods has large impacts and high economic costs. Droughts cost an estimated 8 per cent of GDP every five years24. For instance the 1998 to 2000 drought was estimated at US$ 2.8 billion from the loss of crops and livestock, forest fires, damage to fisheries, reduced hydropower generation, reduced industrial production and reduced water supply.25 The impacts of such events are exacerbated by socio-economic\f  trends (see Box 1 for a description of flood damage)."


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"The report alluded to various environmental concerns including climate change and associated the change with increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Climate change was considered one of the undesirable consequences of man\u2019s unsustainable development practices. Concerned with this, two UN bodies; the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) jointly\f These observed and anticipated changes in weather patterns and climate extremes threaten agricultural production and food security which in turn undermines Africa\u2019s ability to grow and develop."


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"The report also reviews the main findings on the likely impact of climate change and the vulnerability of various economic sectors in the country to these impacts. Finally, possible adaptation measures are presented in the report. This national effort marks a significant milestone towards capacity building and institutional strengthening, as well as improving national climate information and understanding. However, we are aware and have identified in our Communication the constraints and gaps, and the related capacity building needs."


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"The report filled the gaps of the initial process and led to the country\u2019s prioritisation of its EST needs in mitigation and adaptation, development of the technology action plans (TAPs), project ideas which and also recommended enabling frameworks to address identified barriers to the diffusion of the prioritised technologies. The TAPs and the project ideas prepared will facilitate the identification of technology transfer projects and their links to financing sources."


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"The report indicates that \u201cthe number of landslides in Kenya is increasing as forested lands are converted to agriculture, resulting in looser soils and fewer trees to slow the flow of water down slopes.\u201d24 Restoring forests on degraded lands has the additional benefits of potentially increasing adaptive capacity in vulnerable areas such as mountain slopes, ASALs, and fragile ecosystems like natural forests and wetlands. Moreover, these actions help reduce erosion and sediment discharge in rivers and improve soil health."


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"The report is structured as follows: Section 2 covers the steps taken to integrate climate change into relevant social, economic and environmental policies and the relevant national, social, economic and environmental policies and activities geared towards the implementation of the Convention.  Section 3 briefly describes the activities related to technology transfer, including the country\u2019s technology needs assessments. It covers the priority needs on transfer of know-how and access to ESTs, including measures relating to enhancing the enabling environment for their development."


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"The reports from CCUs will be presented to the JAS-TWGs which will facilitate preparation of intergovernmental CSA reports for presentation to the JASSCOM. The JASSCOM will review and adopt the reports before forwarding them to the IGF for endorsement and for submissions as provided for in the Intergovernmental Relations Act and Kenya Climate Change Act 2016."


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"The resilience and adaptive capacity of poor communities must be strengthened to protect against projected climate change impacts and vulnerability arising from increased food insecurity and escalating public health threats. The sustainable development of Kenya therefore significantly depends on the design and implementation of mechanisms that trigger and enhance climate change resilience and adaptive capacity. 4.1.6 Devolved governments present an opportunity to diversify and implement appropriate climate change responses to build resilience, as each level of government performs distinct functions while pursuing cooperation where necessary."


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"The rest of the country could experience slightly decreased rainfall in isolated pockets (Figure 45 bottom right). This is in contrast to the GCM average results, which suggest wetter conditions during the \ufffd The northeast of the country is projected by the RCM to become significantly drier on an annual basis."


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"The result of this update is that, although the overall projection of BAU emissions in 2030 remains roughly the same, 143 MtCO2e, there are some significant sectoral changes. Table 9.1 overviews some of the sectoral changes to the BAU emissions projection based on changes in historical activity data for the year 2015 as well as the projection in 2030.  Table 9.1:  Changes to Emissions Projections based on New Historical Activity Data Sector  SNC BAU  Baseline  Revised  Baseline  % Change  SNC BAU  Baseline  Revised  Baseline  % Change  Energy!Demand!"


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"The results of the analysis are used to assess the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that the external factors pose on CSA and use it to inform the strategic interventions. The strategies are aimed to achieve the objectives of the CSA strategy; adapting and building resilience to climate change, mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions for enhanced, income, food and nutritional security. 1."


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"The results of the content analysis and interviews revealed that: \ufffd 0.36 per cent of the primary school curriculum addresses directly or indirectly issues related to climate change. \ufffd 0.53 per cent of the secondary school curriculum addresses directly or indirectly issues related to climate change. \ufffd 1.11 per cent of the primary teacher training curriculum addresses directly or indirectly issues related to climate change. \ufffd 0.66 per cent of the secondary teacher education curriculum addresses directly or indirectly issues related to climate change."


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"The results of these studies showed that global carbon dioxide concentrations were rising and linked the rise in concentration to an increase in global temperatures. Carbon dioxide had been known then to have a greenhouse or warming effect, which is the inherent ability to trap and retain infrared radiation. The 1960s and 1970s saw heightened concerns over the global environmental change. These became prominent in the 1980s with the release of the Brundtland Report (also commonly known as \u2018Our Common Future\u2019) (Brundtland, 1987)."


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"The revision of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) guidelines being undertaken by the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) could include assessment of anticipated climate change on infrastructure. A potential action is adjusting the construction of roads to enable the roads to be used to systematically harvest water and to ward off and mitigate floods."


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"The road-subsector is the main source of emissions, responsible for about 99 per cent of emissions from non-aviation transport.87 Rail systems improvements and development of an MRT in Nairobi are mitigation actions that will improve road safety and facilitate regional trade. The transport sector is also impacted by climate change, including heavy rains and sea level rise."


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"The roles it might perform could include organizing conferences and other events for project developers to pitch their ideas; creating a permanent \u2018match-making\u2019 platform where sellers can post projects for buyers to bid or transact; and providing (and coordinating the provision by others of) technical assistance for project developers to develop business plans for projects and to financial institutions to increase their knowledge and willingness to provide finance."


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"The scale of this intervention allows targeting of burning that negatively impacts the long-\fN D C  S E C T O R  A N A LY S I S  R E P O R T  2 0 1 7 Table 3.2."


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"The scarcity has serious implications for the key sectors of tourism, agriculture and industry, as well as Vision 2030\u2019s flagship projects which rely heavily on water availability."


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"The scenario assumes a moderate level of LRT infrastructure in place by 2018 (although even this assumption may be optimistic given the timeframes necessary to construct the required infrastructure). bioethanol The government is piloting an E10 blend in Kisumu and Nakuru, an initiative that will require significant increases in bioethanol supply (initial estimates put the shortfall at approximately 60% of demand)."


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"The scope of the action includes government operations at both the national and county levels. The action will pay particular attention to the identification, monitoring, consolidation, analysis and flow of relevant climate change  data from counties to central government."


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"The section will also include a description of technology and how know how is being applied by the specific SSC-CPA inter alia technology transfer to the Host Party(ies) for application in the SSC-\f  CPA. Nuru Lighting Programme  \ufffd  Top Third Ventures Stove Programme  \ufffd There is a specific mention of TT that: - The CME will ensure training and capacity building is conducted to transfer technology know-how to the end-user. The CME will work with each CPA Implementer to transfer this knowledge."


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"The sector also plays an important role in sequestering carbon in soil and trees on farms. Agricultural low carbon development options have the potential to abate in the order of 6 MtCO2e per year in 2030 (Figure 6.5). The most significant reduction can be achieved through agroforestry, which has an abatement potential of 4 MtCO2e per year in 2030."


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"The sector has inadequate regulatory framework to provide guidance and incentives for CSA implementation. The expected outcomes will be appropriate sector CSA policies, strategies and regulations that provides enabling environment for climate change response. Summary of Actions: \u2022 Sensitization of stakeholders. \u2022 Review and catalogue policies, strategies and regulations and identify need for revision. \u2022 Support revision and formulation of appropriate policies, strategies and regulations. \u2022 Lobbying for changes/adoption in the policies and regulations. \u2022 Facilitate roll-out of adopted policies, strategies and regulations."


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"The sector has seen significant enhancements to improve the movement of people and goods, including the building of the Nairobi-Thika superhighway; the modernising of the Mombasa-Nairobi highway; expanding the international airport in Nairobi, upgrading of the port of Mombasa; developing a port in Lamu; and upgrading the railway track between Mombasa and Nairobi.  The road transport, subsector has experienced significant growth, with the vehicle population (excluding motorcycles) having increased from 600,000 in 2000 to 2.2 million in 2013."


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"The sector is envisaged to ensure food security, provision of raw materials for agro-industries, creation of employment opportunities, generation of income and foreign exchange earnings. The sector is however the most vulnerable to impacts of climate change and extreme weather events. Enhanced temperatures and change in precipitation regimes have led to reduced suitability of agro- based enterprises; reduced productivity of crops, livestock and fisheries due to temperature and water stresses; and rising production costs."


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"The sector meetings enabled sector experts to examine the preliminary NDC sector analysis, identify gaps, and provide updated The NDC sector analysis was revised and expanded to incorporate comments and input received at the sector meetings, and include updated research and information provided by sectors."


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"The share of the waste sector in total GHG emissions is low and is expected to remain modest. Waste-related GHG emissions are expected to increase from 1.8 MtCO2e per year in 2010 to 3.7 MtCO2e in 2030.  Landfill gas methane with an abatement potential of 0.8 MtCO2e in 2030, is the main low carbon development opportunity (see Figure 64)."


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"The shift of freight from road to rail mitigation options is expected to shift approximately 30 percent of transit freight to rail transport by 2030, consistent with the Government\u2019s efforts to develop the standard gauge rail line. If Kenya\u2019s energy mix were to remain green, and the train system was electrified, the GHG emissions abatement could be increased."


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"The simplicity is due to its relief being easily separated into lowlands and uplands while termed diverse because of its varied landforms types which are divided into plains, escarpments, hills with low and high mountains and breaks.7 Figure 6 shows that from the coastline in the southeast, one comes to a narrow low-lying plain. The altitude then gradually changes to low plateaus, mainly of semi-arid nature that spread in the eastern and northern parts of the country and sparsely populated."


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"The situation\ftherefore necessitates the implementation of the following recommended actions to deal with the health impacts of climate change: \u2022\ufffd strengthening the public health systems which includes building hospitals and equipping them with medicine, equipment and well trained personnel, \u2022\ufffd improving access to clean water and sanitary facilities to limit outbreaks of water-borne diseases such as cholera, typhoid and diarrhoea, alongside strong public awareness programmes to promote better hygiene, \u2022\ufffd heightened surveillance of new outbreaks with subsequent rapid responses to control the epidemics."


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"The situation is exacerbated by the country\u2019s dependence on climate sensitive natural resources. Despite the country\u2019s negligible contribution to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (less than 0.1% in 2018), Kenya has put up ambitious policies and measures to pursue her low carbon climate  resilient development pathway to realise Vision 2030.  This updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) is in accordance with paragraph 22-35 of decision 1/CP.21 and Decision 4/CMA.1 and its annex."


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"The situation is further aggravated by poor infrastructure facilities, weak institutional mechanisms, and lack of financial resources. Therefore adaptation to climate change is the main priority of the country.  The chapter on Assessment of Vulnerabilities and Adaptation to Climate Change in Kenya, assesses past climate trends and the possible future climate scenarios in the country, and summarizes the risks and vulnerabilities associated with the trends. Adaptation actions are then proposed."


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"The six priority actions review in MITI 1 to MITI 6 cover about three-quarters of the total GHG emission reduction potential and their full deployment would almost halve GHG emission by 2030 compared to the projected baseline (business as usual scenario. The other 24 mitigation actions identified are in various stages of implementation and provide important GHG emission reduction benefits."


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"The six priority low carbon actions identified and described in detail in Chapter 6 (restoration of   degraded forests, reforestation, agroforestry, geothermal, improved and liquid propane gas (LPG) cook stoves, bus rapid transit with light rail corridors) represent about three- quarters of the mitigation potential identified in the low carbon assessment. The full deployment of these actions would almost halve GHG emissions by 2030 compared to the baseline scenario."


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"The six priority low carbon development options are summarised in Table 6.3 together with three enabling actions, which are needed to achieve the desired potential: updating of the GHG inventory, improving emissions data and mainstreaming of low carbon development in planning processes. Additional enabling actions include: an enabling policy, regulatory and institutional framework, capacity building, adequate financing, Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system (including an updated GHG inventory system) and technology development and transfer."


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"The slowdown in tourist arrivals in 2013 is attributed to the global economic slowdown, especially in Europe, and negative publicity related to security in the country. Vision 2030 seeks to position Kenya among the top 10 long-haul tourist destinations in the world by providing a high-end, unique and varied experience for visitors. Internal insecurity and climate change impacts could pose challenges to achieving this goal."


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"The small hydropower development is therefore seen as serving a critical part of the solution towards sustainable electricity supply, bridging the demand supply gap and meeting the electricity needs of the country."


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"The specific objectives of the KCSAS are to (i) enhance adaptive capacity and resilience of farmers, pastoralists and fisher-folk to the adverse impacts of climate change; (ii) develop mechanisms that minimize greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural production systems; (iii) create an enabling regulatory and institutional framework; and (iv) address cross-cutting issues that adversely impact CSA."


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"The specific role of transportation is recognised within SDG 11: \u201csustainable cities and communities\u201d, whereby by 2030, the goal is to \u201cprovide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all, improving road safety, notably by expanding public transport, with special attention to the needs of those in vulnerable situations, women, children, persons with disabilities and older persons.\u201d Other SDGs linked to mitigation actions in the transport sector are described in Table 7.3 below."


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"The standard gauge railway is expected to shorten travel time between Nairobi and Mombasa and improve road safety, while the shift of freight from road to rail will reduce GHG emissions. The planned MRT for Nairobi, a priority mitigation action in the NCCAP, will reduce congestion on roads and improve air quality. Mitigation actions such as improvement in the efficiency of vehicle fleet link with and build on the government\u2019s programme on motor vehicle inspection and standardisation."


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"The statistics are for an A1B (medium) emissions scenario unless otherwise stated:21 \ufffd There may be increases in average annual rainfall in Kenya by the 2060s."


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"The strategic issues under each of the above areas are examined with respect to how they impact on productivity, growth and development of the crops, livestock, fisheries and forestry subsectors. 2.4.1: Impacts of Climate Change on the Agriculture Sector Strategic Issue 1: Vulnerabilities due to changes in temperature regimes and precipitation patterns Crops sub-sector The changes in temperature regimes and precipitation patterns have led to the shifting of agro- ecological zones thereby changing the geographical suitability of crop enterprises as well as shifting the cropping seasons (such as planting dates and harvesting dates)."


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"The strategies to achieve this include but are not  \ufffd Promoting investment and expansion in key climate sensitive agro-processing industries; \ufffd Becoming a provider of basic manufactured goods for eastern and central Africa consequently expanding the country\u2019s export base; \ufffd Supporting local industries that use local raw materials, and adding value to imports that can then be re-exported. Climate change will need to be managed to achieve these goals."


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"The strategy and plans jointly provide a vision for low carbon and climate resilient development pathway, while a National Climate Change Framework Policy was adopted and Climate Change Act (2016) enacted to facilitate effective response to climate change. Kenya has operationalized these policies and plans through the implementation of climate change actions in various sectoral plans, programmes and projects such as afforestation and reforestation, geothermal and other clean energy development, energy efficiency, climate smart agriculture, and drought management,  amongst others."


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"The strategy is a first plan to put\f in place robust measures needed to address the challenges posed by climate variability and change in Kenya.  National Climate Change Action Plan, 2013-2017 \u2013 sets out a low carbon climate resilient development pathway and actions to operationalise the NCCRS."


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"The strategy sets out a detailed plan on how to \u201cadapt to climate change, build resilience of agricultural systems while minimizing emissions for enhanced food and nutritional security and improved livelihoods\u201d."


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"The strategy will be reviewed periodically to address the sector challenges and emerging issues. production and are threatened by different aspects of citizen behavior that require the interventions of both levels of governments by implementing  land consolidation, setting minimum land size for agricultural use and protection of government land."


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"The strength of this approach is that a fuller integration with national development planning and implementation is possible than through the climate risks-based approaches. In the Draft National Adaptation Plan (NAP), the climate risk-based approach of the ATAR and development needs and climate vulnerability have been combined to draw the strengths from each. For this reason, this report has heavily borrowed from the work already done in the Draft NAP."


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"The strength of this methodology is that it puts climate effects at the centre of the analysis and derives priorities to address the most important risks \u2013 often assessed in terms of expected economic losses where there is adequate information.  Recent UNFCCC decisions have recommended national adaptation planning be based on assessments of development needs and climate vulnerability. This approach recognises that adaptation actions need to address socio- economic development deficits as well as climate effects."


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"The students at secondary school need to be equipped with skills to support a future low carbon and climate resilient economy. Integrating climate change in secondary education was proposed to happen through the introduction of content that makes learners aware of the need to develop climate adaptation and mitigation capacities for their country.  Post-secondary vocational institutions: the country experiences lack of middle level technicians."


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"The sub-sector comprises industrial, food and horticultural crops. The main industrial crops in Kenya include tea, coffee, sugarcane, cotton, sunflower, pyrethrum, barley, tobacco, sisal, coconut and bixa, all of which contribute about 55% of agricultural exports. According to the Economic Survey Report of Kenya (KNBS, 2014), industrial crops contributed 17.9% of the AgGDP in 2012. The main food crops include cereals, pulses, roots and tubers, fruits and vegetables, all of which contribute about 32% of the AgGDP and 0.5% of exports earning."


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"The sub-sector contributes about 2% of AgGDP and 0.5% of national GDP.11 3 .2  C L I M AT E  C hA N gE  I N  T hE  A gRI C ULT URE  S E C TOR The agricultural sector in Kenya is highly exposed to climate change, as farming activities directly depend on climatic\fN D C  S E C T O R  A N A LY S I S  R E P O R T  2 0 1 7 Figure 3.1."


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"The sub-sector has the potential to provide adequate supplies of all animal products to meet domestic food and nutrition needs and generate surplus for export.\f established the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 1989 to provide broad and balanced information about climate change. The IPCC does this by reviewing and assessing the most recent scientific, technical and socioeconomic information produced worldwide and relevant to the understanding of climate change and translating this information into IPCC Assessment Reports."


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"The sub-sector which contributes about 0.5 % of the country\u2019s National GDP is categorized into capture and farmed (aquaculture) fisheries. The capture fisheries is mainly composed of freshwater (lakes, rivers and dams) and marine (Ocean). The fresh water species of most economic significance includes the Nile perch and tilapia, the marine water species includes the tuna, billfish, shrimp and saline/marine water-crabs, milk fish, oysters, sea weeds among other species."


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"The sub-sectors of importance in Kenya include mineral products, pulp and paper, food and beverage and consumption of HFCs. Other industrial processes sub-sectors such as chemical industry and metal production were determined to have no significant production activities leading to greenhouse gas emissions.  Direct greenhouse gas emissions of CO2 are a result of cement production, lime production and soda ash production. HFC emissions are related to the import of HFCs into Kenya through products and through bulk imports."


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"The substitution of camels for cattle does not result in reduced emissions (assuming one camel replaces one head of cattle) because the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) emission factors determine that camels have greater methane emissions through enteric fermentation than cattle."


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"The sugar industry also has the potential to produce ethanol from molasses, a waste product from sugar production. Ethanol was introduced in Kenya as a fuel blend for gasoline in 1983. However, due to management and pricing problems, its use was discontinued in 1993. The Government has in its plan to reintroduce power alcohol as a motor fuel in its long-term policy to enhance security of supply and redress the trade imbalance arising from petroleum imports."


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"The summarised investment costs for implementing the six low carbon options to 2030 are shown on Table 66. The details of these costs are provided in the NCCAP.  The methodology used for calculating these primary costs is detailed in the Low Carbon \u2013 Mitigation Annexes of the NCCAP. It is estimated that KSh839 \u2013 1,110 billion of these investment costs would have to be borne by the public sector, with the remaining costs covered by private sector and household investments."


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"The summary findings of the NCCAP include a low carbon, climate resilient development pathway; recommendations for an enabling policy and regulatory framework; adaptation analysis and priority actions; mitigation options; considerations for technology requirements; a national performance and benefit measurement (NPBM) system; recommendations for knowledge management and capacity development; and a climate change financial mechanism. The detailed recommendations are further elaborated in the document. The NCCAP is expected to inform national development and policy decisions in all sectors of the economy."


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"The support and goodwill from the Cabinet Secretary Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation, Cabinet Secretary Ministry of Environment and Forestry, State Departments for Crop Development, Livestock, Fisheries and Aquaculture and the Blue Economy, Agriculture Research and Irrigation were pivotal towards this accomplishment. The\ufffdpreparation\ufffdof\ufffdthe\ufffdframework\ufffdgreatly\ufffdbenefi\ufffdted\ufffdfrom\ufffdinsightful\ufffdcontributions\ufffdfrom\ufffda\ufffdwide\ufffdrange\ufffdof\ufffd institutions and individuals whose efforts I would like to recognize. I appreciate the multi-disciplinary team of experts drawn from state and non-state organizations who commenced the development of this framework in 2015."


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"The susceptibility of the agricultural sector to climate change is likely to compromise attainment of the sector\u2019s contribution to food and nutrition security, national economy and the global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Implementation Framework 2018-2027 (KCSAIF) has been developed to provide a guide to various innovative and transformative initiatives and best practices that will strive to address challenges brought about by climate change. It is envisioned to ensure increased agricultural productivity and sustainably build resilience of the national agricultural systems."


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"The sustainable development of Kenya therefore significantly depends on the design and implementation of mechanisms that trigger and enhance climate change resilience and adaptive capacity. Devolved governments present an opportunity to diversify and implement appropriate climate change responses to build resilience, as each level of government performs distinct functions while pursuing cooperation with the other level of government, where necessary."


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"The synthetic gases (HFCs) were entirely emitted from the industrial processes.  Assessment of Vulnerability and Adaptation  Although Kenya has little historical or current responsibility for global climate change, and emissions are insignificant relative to the global emissions, the country is highly vulnerable to its impacts.  Kenya, being a developing country with a majority of the population dependent on climate-sensitive sectors, has low adaptive capacity to withstand the adverse impacts of climate change."


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"The system is anchored in the National Performance and Bene\ufb01ts Measurement Framework under Adaptation M&E is an essential part of ensuring that the prospective bene\ufb01ts of adaptation interventions aimed at building adaptive capacities and enhancing resilience are being realised and lessons learnt assist in the improvement of the Government of Kenya sector plans and programmes. Therefore, any M&E system needs to have a feedback mechanism which will ensure the continued building of resilience and reduction of vulnerabilities to climate change in the longer term."


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"The system will serve as a one-stop online space where most of the climate change information and knowledge in Kenya will reside. It will involve linking databases of organizations such as universities, government departments, and international research organizations located in Kenya. Status In progress Lead Agency MENR Partner Agency Ministry climate change focal points Stakeholders Universities and colleges, the private sector, multilateral research institutions located in Nairobi, civil society organizations, and individual climate change researchers."


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"The table on the next page shows that significant additional financial resources need to be mobilised for the implementation of this Strategy with every effort made to reallocate the country\u2019s budgetary resources and raise additional revenue for this purpose. Nevertheless, most of the funding will be mobilised from developed countries either directly or indirectly through the multilateral financial institutions and the UN agencies. Timely establishment of the proposed Climate Change Finance Facility is therefore critical."


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"The target is increased investments in the road network; water and sanitation services; rail, sea and air transport; and energy supply services. The adverse impacts of climate change need to be identified and addressed when developing these world-class infrastructure facilities. One approach is to climate proof infrastructure, which refers to the integration of climate change risks and opportunities in the design, operation and management of infrastructure."


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"The task force will focus the law on: (i) coordinative and technical aspects of institutions; (ii) mainstreaming of climate change functions through vertical integration; and (iii) the facilitative role of legislation using dynamic climate strategies to detail specific actions in the short, medium and long term.  The technical taskforce should comprise members from sectoral ministries and agencies, private sector, academia, civil society and the general public."


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"The task team convened an induction workshop where key thematic areas, important resource documents and key stakeholders were identified and draft strategy outline developed. The team undertook literature review that informed the situational analysis and was used to determine the strategic issues and strategy direction. The initial and subsequent CSA drafts were developed in workshops and desktop working sessions. The process also engaged the Inter-Governmental Technical Working Group (ITWG) on Policy, Legislation and Standards under the Secretariat of the Council of Governors."


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"The technical mitigation reports of the NCCAP provide full details of a range of mitigation actions. The choice of actions has not been affected by the updated data; however, the mitigation potentials of the actions have been adjusted by applying updated data to the model. The identified big wins are expected to have a significant impact on sustainable socio- economic development, adaptation and mitigation in Kenya."


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"The technical potential of the improvement in passenger vehicle\fN D C  S E C T O R  A N A LY S I S  R E P O R T  2 0 1 7 Table 7.1. Summary of Additional Mitigation Options for the Transport Sector additional mitigation options preliminary estimates of emission reduction potential Road Passenger to Rail A shift from passenger private vehicle to rail would likely reduce emissions in the order of 80% or roughly a reduction of 288 gCO2e/passenger\u2022km shifted."


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"The technical team of the StARCK+ TA component provided support for drafting of the policy and tracking stakeholder input.   assistance  EPRF 2: Enact an overarching framework climate change law Title Enact an overarching framework climate change law Action Type Enabling Timeframe Short term/Quick win Sector All sectors, national relevance Action Summary Enact a standalone, overarching, framework Climate Change Law to provide the general legal framework for implementation of Kenya\u2019s National Climate Change Policy and related actions under the NCCAP Status Complete Lead Agency MENR Partner Agency Office of the President, key sectoral Ministries including MALF, MODP, MOTIHUD, MOEP, County Governments Stakeholders In addition to National and Country Government consultations, Members of Parliament, civil society, the private sector (including KAM and KEPSA as members of the task force) and the public at large were consulted."


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"The technical team of the StARCK+ TA component provided support for drafting of the policy and tracking stakeholder input.   assistance  EPRF 3:  Amend key sectoral laws consistent with priority actions identified in the NCCAP through a miscellaneous amendments bill Title Amend key sectoral laws consistent with priority actions identified under the NCCAP throughout a miscellaneous amendments bill Action Type Enabling Timeframe Short term/Quick win Sector All sectors, national relevance Action Summary Priority NCCAP actions will be given an enabling legal basis by amendment of key sectoral laws."


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"The technologies developed in the energy sector have been crucial for supporting adaptation to current and future impacts of climate change, from improving the accessibility of energy for rural households and businesses, to enhancing the energy security of the country through diversification away from hydropower."


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"The technologies developed in the energy sector have not only been crucial for mitigation but also supports adaptation, from improving the accessibility of energy for rural households and businesses, to enhancing the energy security of the country through diversification away from hydropower. On adaptation technologies, the 2005 TNA identified a number of opportunities for reducing the vulnerability of smallholder farmers and broadly recommended that to be successful, adaptation planning should not be undertaken as a separate exercise from other planning processes in Kenya."


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"The technologies identified in 2005 for the agriculture and water sectors included drought tolerant sorghum, drip irrigation, conservation tillage, bio-technology, tissue culture banana, early warning systems, hay production and soil and water conservation. Technologies for the development of renewable energy resources, such as geothermal, solar and wind power were also identified."


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"The technologies prioritised in the TNA (2005) should be considered in the implementation of the adaptation and mitigation actions proposed throughout this National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP). 10.3 Technologies within the Actions for Mitigation and Adaptation The recommendations on technology presented since the 2005 Technological Needs Assessment will be important for gaining momentum on implementing actions of the NCCAP. These will need to be considered in line with the wide-range of technologies identified in the NCCAP for low carbon climate resilient development."


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"The technology is efficient and cost-effective in that it enables electric power generation immediately after the drilling of the well is completed instead of having to wait until all the other planned wells are completed in order to put up a power generation station for all of them. Furthermore a well-head can be dismounted and transferred to a different well as the need arises."


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"The technology is used more in high potential agricultural areas than in urban areas and ASALs. The barriers to the use of this technology are high initial costs, lack of suitable roofs, and inadequate rainfall and settlement patterns in ASALs, among others. Actions required to enable this technology to be adopted and diffused include financial incentives, provision of affordable credit and creation awareness and information."


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"The term comes from the fact that carbon dioxide is the predominant greenhouse gas, and other gases are measured in units called \u201ccarbon-dioxide equivalents.\u201d Carbon sequestration: The process of removing carbon from the atmosphere and depositing it in a reservoir, such as the soil or trees. Climate change: Climate change refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g."


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"The term typically refers to land-use practices in which trees and other woody perennials are spatially or temporally integrated with crops and livestock on a given unit of land. It is distinct from forestry options, discussed in Chapter 5, because it targets lands that are currently in use for agriculture."


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"The term \u201cauthority\u201d is open in that where a cross-sectoral, multi-stakeholder capacity is required it might involve a single \u2018authority\u2019 or \u2018agency\u2019 or a multi-party structure with operational capacity that might be termed \u2018facility,\u2019 \u2018hub\u2019 or \u2018partnership.\u2019 It will also require consultative and governing structures (i.e. advisory committee, council, board, governing body) and funding will be vital to its success. A pilot fund54 is suggested for gearing up a broad effort, preparing sound project proposals and mobilising stakeholder engagement."


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"The three pillars are anchored on the foundations of macroeconomic stability which include infrastructural development, science, technology and innovation, land reforms, human resources development, security and public sector reforms. Vision 2030 is implemented in successive five year Medium-Term Plans (MTP), through a number of flagship projects. The first MTP covered the period 2008 \u2013 2012 and the second MTP covers the period 2013-2017."


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"The three primary tasks will be to accelerate and promote improvements to the structure of the renewable energy feed-in tariff as permissible under the draft Energy Policy and Bill 2012; to accelerate and promote the establishment of a standardised Power Purchase Agreement template for renewable energy as permissible under the draft Energy Policy and Bill 2012; and to implement the national energy efficiency policy, strategy and regulations as laid out in Sessional Paper No.4 of 2004, the Energy Act 2006 and the draft Energy Policy and Bill 2012."


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"The three priority mitigation actions in the forestry sector contribute to the attainment of SDG 15 that seeks to protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss. Forest resources provide important environmental and ecosystem services such as clean air, water and fuel, and contribute to economic development through ecotourism and other resources."


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"The time-scales are: \u2022\ufffd Short term: 1-2 years \u2022\ufffd Medium term: 3-5 years \u2022\ufffd Long term: >6 years\f| Kenya National Adaptation Plan 2015-2030 In the formulation of County Adaptation Plans, counties will be encouraged to identify their priority actions from the actions presented herein and customise them to suit their county context after conducting risk/vulnerability assessments."


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"The top- down CGE modelling also incorporated the bottom-up low carbon development options and emission forecasts described above. The resulting analysis provides a wider view of the possible scale and scope of reductions available. Figure 6.8 identifies the mitigation potential that is available at different carbon offsets prices ranging from between US$15 and US$50 per tonne."


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"The total estimated investment costs required to adapt to climate change impacts and to implement the low carbon development options presented in this plan is in the range of one trillion Kenyan Shillings or USD12.76 billion. The costs are summarised in Table 12.1 and are shown in more detail in Section 12.3."


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"The total funds contributing only to the technology transfer activities (the total project outlay from GEF to technology transfer projects) have shown an increasing trend, but the actual amount contributing to technology transfer activities is much smaller. Direct assessment of the exact and direct contribution of the GEF mechanisms to technology transfer activities in Kenya\u2019s portfolio was not possible because the necessary detailed information was not available for all the projects. But this would constitute important information to be revealed on the technology transfer aspect."


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"The total vehicle population (excluding motorcycles) is estimated to have doubled from 600,000 vehicles in 2000 to 1,200,000 vehicles in 2010. Public transport is relatively under- developed and is dominated by minibuses (matatus). The vast majority of freight transport, including transit freight headed to other countries, is served by trucks. At the same time, increasing urbanisation and the growth of major cities have put pressure on urban transport systems and infrastructure."


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"The tourism industry is heavily dependent on biodiversity conditions and quality, and climate change is expected to have profound impacts on biodiversity.  Forestry Forests are of high value in Kenya, having critical ecological, social, cultural, and economic functions. Over 75 per cent46 of Kenya s renewable surface water originates from the country\u2019s water towers and catchments. The critical water role of forests is important for the population\u2019s livelihoods, irrigated agriculture, and production of hydro-electric power."


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"The tourism sector contributes approximately 10 per cent to overall GDP, making it the third most important sector after agriculture and manufacturing and Kenya\u2019s third largest foreign exchange earner after tea and horticulture.80 \f  Figure 19: Tourism numbers  Source: Authors derivations of data from the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics  Figure shows tourist arrivals were approximately 1.5 million in 2013 a decrease from 1.7 million in 2012. The earnings declined from KSh. 96 billion in 2012 to KSh. 94 billion in 2013 (Figure 20)."


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"The tracking tool will be integrated into the MRV+ system once it is established. 12.1.4 knowledge management and capacity development The establishment of a climate change knowledge management system to serve as a one- stop electronic space where most climate change-related information and knowledge in Kenya will reside is a priority action. There is need to implement the national climate change capacity development and the public awareness strategy for all stakeholders."


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"The traditional open sun drying, has inherent limitations such as: \ufffd High crop losses due to inadequate drying \ufffd Fungal attacks \ufffd Insects, birds and rodents encroachment \ufffd Unexpected down pour of rain and other weathering effects. In such conditions, solar-energy crop dryers appear increasingly to be attractive. While the small scale farmers could still rely on the direct drying, the method is seen as not effective for large and medium scale farmers."


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"The transport sector accounted for approximately 8.0% of the total technical potential of emission reductions from all mitigation options in all sectors, whereas it is expected to account for 14% of total emissions in 2030. This suggests that transport will likely have a lower contribution to emission reductions than other sectors."


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"The transport sector was responsible for 10 per cent of Kenya\u2019s total GHG emissions in 2013, and the emissions are expected to triple by 2030, along with increases in local air pollutants. Water and rail transport are currently not advanced sub-sectors although both are growing in significance because of the construction of the standard gauge railway line and improvements to Kenyan ports including building a new Lamu port."


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"The two distinct rainfall seasons are separated by two dry periods that occur in mid-December to mid- March (hottest and driest period) and June to September (cool season) in most areas.  Some areas near large water bodies, receive rainfall throughout the year (mean monthly rainfall > 50mm for all the twelve months. In addition, some areas in western Kenya extending to parts of central Rift Valley exhibit a tri-modal rainfall distribution (Three peaks) with the third rainfall peak occurring in July/August period."


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"The two markets are: (i) the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) compliance market under the Kyoto Protocol and (ii) Voluntary Carbon Markets (VCM), which emerged to fulfil the demand from organisations and businesses that wish to offset their carbon emissions voluntarily. It should be noted that presently, most developing countries in Africa have not benefited from carbon markets because of their complexity, trading conditions, investments and general lack of capacity and knowledge in developing countries."


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"The underlying principles of the MRV+ system design are to build on existing institutions and skills wherever possible and to take into account the planned climate change governance structures. Existing M&E systems within the Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) and M&E related governance structures for the National Integrated Monitoring and Evaluation System (NIMES) proposed by the MPND have important roles to play in the MRV+ system."


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"The unreliability has made these farmers rely on either technologies that use fuel wood or diesel as is the case with the National Cereals and Produce Board (NCPB) of Kenya whose bulk of dryers use diesel or wood fuel. Over 45 stations of NCPB use diesel while 65 of the tea factories use wood fuel. The prioritised solar dryers have potential to replace the use of diesel and wood fuel mitigating climate change and enhancing conservation of forests within the country."


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"The updated analysis suggests that instead of requiring 43 MtCO2e of emission reductions in 2030 to meet the 30% emission reduction target, Kenya may only need 24 MtCO2e of emission reductions in all sectors from this updated baseline to meet the target (equivalent to 100 MtCO2e in 2030). One conclusion that could be reached when considering the updated analysis is that the original NDC baseline may have been too conservative and that emissions were not ever likely to grow to 143 MtCO2e in 2030."


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"The upper limit from this study is assumed to be feasible in 2025; however, by 2030 it is assumed that the current maximum MSW potential, that was observed for Nairobi only, will have doubled covering the whole of Kenya.36 Clean coal \u2013 The low-carbon scenario assumes that all coal installed in Kenya uses USC technology rather than supercritical technology."


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"The use of a Tier 2 methodology would require the development of country specific emission factors based on enhanced livestock characteristics. Data required to develop country specific emission factors includes average daily feed intake or alternatively weight, average weight gain per day, feeding conditions, milk production, fat content of milk, percentage of females that give birth, number of offspring and feed digestibility. It is recommended that this is pursued for dairy and non-dairy cattle livestock as this represents 67% of total enteric fermentation emissions."


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"The use of agricultural residues as a fertilizer enhancement also contributes to significant N2O emissions. Improving the estimates of livestock populations and determining country specific rates of nitrogen excretion from livestock will greatly improve the overall estimates. Country-specific Tier 2 level nitrogen excretion rates for different livestock categories describe the annual average nitrogen excretion for each livestock species in the country in kg N/animal/yr.  N excretion rates can be derived from N intake and N retention data."


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"The use of these IPCC Guidelines for all years fulfills the objective of the COP for the use of comparable methodologies. In accordance with the guidelines, CO2 emissions from international bunkers and burning of biomass are not included in the national totals, but are reported separately as memo Items in the inventory.  The calculation of emissions was assisted using UNFCCC\u2019s Non-Annex I National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Software (version 1.3.2)."


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"The value of agricultural output increased by KSh. 70,550 million per annum between 2008 and 2011 against a target of KSh. 80,000 million per year as set out in Kenya Vision 2030 and ASDS. The growth of the national economy is highly correlated to growth and development in agriculture, indicating the sector\u2019s importance for the stimulation of overall economic growth (Figure 1)."


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"The value of total merchandise exports was 45 per cent in 2013 while imports were 81.1 per cent in the same year.77 A high percentage of imports over exports has led to a widening of the country\u2019s trade balance. Most of the imports are capital goods or raw materials (e.g. petroleum products, motor vehicles, electric equipment, food, metals and plastics) for industrial production.  The exports consist mostly of agricultural products particularly tea, coffee and horticultural produce."


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"The vast majority of freight transport, including transit freight headed to other countries, is served by trucks. About 30 per cent of the cargo handled at the port of Mombasa is transit cargo destined for such countries as Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi. Railway transport of freight is expected to increase with the construction of a standard gauge railway line linking Mombassa to Malaba in Uganda; and development of a new transport corridor linking Lamu Port with South Sudan and Ethiopia."


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"The views expressed in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the FAO, the UNDP or other contributing partners.\f ii FOREWORD According to the Kenya\u2019s national development blue print, the Kenya Vison 2030, Kenya envisions being a middle-income country with citizens enjoying high quality of life and a sustained annual economic growth rate of at least 10% by year 2030. The agriculture sector is one of the key sectors to contribute to the projected annual national economic growth."


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"The views expressed in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the World Bank, the FAO or the UNDP.\f PREFACE Climate change has evolved from being simply an environmental problem to a major development challenge impacting all economic sectors. There is evidence from historical records that Kenya has experienced increased temperature over the last 50 years. The frequency of intense extreme weather events like droughts and floods has also increased."


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"The volume of fresh horticultural exports stood at 213.8 thousand tonnes in 2013. Livestock plays an important economic and socio-cultural role among many Kenyan communities. The major livestock resources include cattle, camel, poultry, sheep, goats, bees, emerging livestock and their products. The national census of 2009 showed that Kenya\u2019s animal resource base comprised of 17.5 million cattle, 27.7 million goats, 17 million sheep, 3 million camels, 31.8 million domestic birds, and 1.8 million donkeys (GoK, 2010a)."


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"The vulnerability and adaption section examines past climate tends and future climate scenarios, risks and vulnerabilities associated those trends, and proposes adaptation actions. The mitigation analysis builds on the low-carbon assessment that was undertaken during the NCCAP process, projecting emissions out to 2030 to form the business as usual reference case against which abatement potential is estimated for the six mitigation sectors. Updating of the GHG inventory is underway to support the development of the Third National Communication."


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"The water can be used directly for livestock, irrigation or for drinking after appropriate treatment. The main barriers to diffusion and adoption of this technology, which has been limited to date in Kenya, are economic and financial, including high initial costs and inadequate access to financial resources; technical (insufficient capacity among the local community); environmental, including evaporation, and policy and legal (inappropriate land tenure)."


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"The water sector needs to identify current and future vulnerabilities and develop strategies and plans to manage water sources, basins, water supply and waste water. Large-scale irrigation projects need to be planned appropriately as adaptation measures."


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"The watershed is a hydrologic unit that has been described and used as a physical-biological unit and a socio-economic-political unit for planning and managing of natural resources.\f CHAPTER ONE: KALRO- NARL Laboratories\f INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Information The\ufffdagriculture\ufffdsector,\ufffdcomprising\ufffdof\ufffdcrops,\ufffdlivestock,\ufffdfisheries,\ufffdagro-forestry\ufffdand\ufffdassociated\ufffdservices\ufffd plays a major role in Kenya\u2019s economy. The sector is the largest contributor to Kenya\u2019s Gross Domestic Product (GDP), directly contributing about 25% and another 27% indirectly via linkages to agro-based industries and the service sector, giving an overall 52% contribution to GDP (UNEP, 2015)."


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"The watershed is a hydrologic unit that has been described and used as a physical-biological unit and a socio-economic-political unit for planning and managing of natural resources. efforts to analyze and manage the causal factors of disasters, including through reduced exposure to hazards, lessened vulnerability of people and property, wise management of land and the environment and improved preparedness for adverse events."


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"The way to arrive at this law could be through: \u2022\ufffd strengthening existing EMCA provisions to adequately provide for climate change ad- aptation and mitigation measures agreed in the UNFCCC and its Kyoto Protocol, and/or \u2022\ufffd developing a new legislation on climate change, in which case, the National En- vironment Management Authority (NEMA) should take the lead as Section 124 of the EMCA 1999 obligates NEMA to initiate legislative proposals for the purpose of giving domestic effects to international agreements to which Kenya is a Party."


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"The work could also include a low-carbon assessment of current and new flagship projects. The mainstreaming process would include capacity building on the use of the tools developed in the low-carbon scenario assessment, and how to use the information generated by the tools to inform policies and programmes. The low-carbon scenario analysis should be viewed as an iterative process that is updated on a regular basis to take advantage of new and improved information. This was a recommendation of TWG4."


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"The work included updating the NCCAP and SNC mitigation analyses with available data and information, and assessing what is doable and achievable in regard to the NDC targets. The mitigation analysis first identified a range of possible emission reductions for each sector, setting out a low and high range of potential emission reductions."


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"The work would also include capacity building for making emission projections and assessing low-carbon development options to enable the updating of the SC4 low-carbon analysis over time; and capacity building for monitoring the impacts of policies and programmes. Rationale: SC4 used the best available data to generate historical emissions data up to 2010, which provides a substantive base for Kenya\u2019s GHG inventory. But this is not a substitute for reporting to the UNFCCC, which would require substantially more effort, quality assurance and sensitivity analysis."


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"The workshops should focus on familiarising a wide audience of stakeholders with inventory methodologies and tools, engaging them in the data collection process and providing them with hands-on experience with inventory data, methods and tools.  The ultimate objective should be such that appointed government staff can complete all aspects of inventory work with limited outside consultancy."


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"The workshops should focus on familiarizing a wide audience of stakeholders with inventory methodologies and tools, engaging them in the data collection process and providing them with hands-on experience with inventory data, methods and tools.  The ultimate objective should be such that appointed government staff can complete all aspects of inventory work with limited outside consultancy.  Different national and county government departments and organizations integral to information gathering for the different sectors (e.g."


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"The youth, as the bridge between the present and future generations, can be tapped to provide this human resource capacity. Support to technological innovation requires an architecture that provides incentives and capacity to institutions and actors that contribute the technology, including enforcement of intellectual property rights, financing and other facilitation.\f 6.1.4 Environmentally sustainable and locally appropriate technology development is a necessary element of achieving low carbon climate resilient development."


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"Their full deployment would almost halve GHG emissions by 2030 compared to the reference case scenario (cross-sectoral interactions not taken into account). Investment costs would vary, but significant reductions can be obtained at marginal costs of less than US$15 per tonne of carbon. Some of these options also deliver fuel savings, which may result in overall social cost savings relative to high emitting options."


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"Their speci\ufb01c roles are summarised below: \u2022\ufffd National Government Sectoral Agencies will integrate the NCCAP into sectoral strategies, action plans and other implementation projects; and designate a unit with adequate staff and \ufb01nancial resources to coordinate the mainstreaming of the NCCAP and other climate change statutory functions and mandates into sectoral strategies for implementation. The government sectoral agencies will report annually to the National Climate Change Council on the status and progress of all assigned climate change duties and functions."


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"Thematic areas and strategies \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd 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\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd 4.2 Thematic Area 1: Promote sustainable infrastructure \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd 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\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd Kenya Green Economy Strategy and Implementation Plan (GESIP) \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd 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\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd"


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updated_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:18
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"There are a number of civil society, academic and research institutions, private sector and individual researchers generating very useful climate change research work. Together they generate and consume climate change information and knowledge. However, lack of knowledge sharing seems to be a constraint. This prevents the sustained implementation and diffusion from the capacity-building initiatives within the country.  Institutional arrangement to formally mainstream of all the actors will bring immense benefit to the climate change agenda in Kenya."


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"There are a number of concrete, specific steps to be undertaken (suggested implementing agencies are in brackets): \u00a7\ufffd Design the KCF based on the detailed analysis within and accompanying the KCCAP (GoK and stakeholders); \u00a7\ufffd Establish a multi-departmental Task Force within the GoK to steer the process of establishing the  KCF (GoK); \u00a7\ufffd Convene a climate finance pledging conference (Task Force); \u00a7\ufffd Create a Trust Fund (GoK); \u00a7\ufffd Communicate and consult nationwide about the KCF, its mandate, and the target date for the launch of operations (Task Force); \u00a7\ufffd Appoint the Governing Board (Task Force and stakeholders); \u00a7\ufffd Draft terms of reference for the Fund Administrator (Governing Board with temporary assistance from Task Force); \u00a7\ufffd Establish a joint financing agreement with development partners; \u00a7\ufffd Recruit a KCF Administrator (Governing Board with temporary assistance from Task Force); \u00a7\ufffd Prepare an initial budget (Fund Administrator); \u00a7\ufffd Develop and approve key policies, guidelines, procedures and templates (Board with assistance from the KCF Administrator); \u00a7\ufffd Appoint the Operations Committee (Governing Board and Fund Administrator); and approve the initial budget (Governing Board and Operations Committee)."


id: 3a0b1fe518566276e87de105dc933ef1
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:18
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"There are also broad implications for the forestry sector that are detailed in one of the six sub-sectors of the agriculture sector.27 The Kenya Forestry Master Plan 1995-2020 provides for an overarching framework for forestry development in the country for the 25 year period up to 2020 and was the blue print for reforms in the sector, including the Forest Act of 2005 and Forest Policy of 2007."


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created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:18
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"There are also difficulties in accessing financing from both banks \u2013 whose risk averseness and limited understanding of low carbon opportunities means that interest rates and collateral requirements are high and loan tenures are short \u2013 and from equity funds that are scarce in the country. These challenges are compounded by a limited technical capacity among Kenyan firms, especially smaller ones, which means that they may experience difficulties in developing feasibility studies, understanding and developing financing models or managing and accounting for finances."


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"There are also natural processes such as biomass growth and decay that occur on a continuous basis. The probability of transitioning a parcel of land from one state (a particular land-use classification) to another is defined in the model based on available data on land-use change, management activities and disturbances. Projections of land-use changes and biomass removals (e.g."


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"There are also sanitary and phytosanitary legislations under DVS, Fisheries and KEPHIS that have a bearing on CSA."


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"There are currently, no institutions based in Kenya that monitor the country\u2019s GHG emissions. Therefore, in addition to vulnerability assess- ments, periodic monitoring and assessment of Executive Summary\f\u2018together we can tackle climate change\u2019 National Climate Change Response Strategy the status of key natural eco-systems will be required to help design appropriate response measures that can check against their degra- dation and help preserve them for the sake of current and future generations."


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"There are five distinct classes:48 indigenous closed canopy forests, indigenous mangroves, open woodlands, public plantation forests and private plantation forests.  \f  Figure 10: Forest classes\u2019 area trend, Kenya, 1990 \u2013 2010  Source: Global Forest Resource Assessment Country Report FAO, page 9 cited in the NCCAP Mitigation Chapter forestry analysis  Figure 10 shows the area of each of the forestland classes in total land area from 1990 to 2010. Forestry cover comprises mainly open woodlands, encompassing approximately 59 per cent of the country\u2019s forest area."


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"There are gaps in arrangements for understanding and incorporating local input in climate predictions.  There is need to continue to develop climate models that are specific for Kenya and the region in order to represent the country\u2019s and region\u2019s climate."


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"There is a strong need for institutional capacity building and training of government staff to do the necessary data collection and analysis required to reduce inventory uncertainties and improve the quality of activity data and emission factors used to generate the inventory.\f  The sub-sections below summarize specific gaps, needs and recommendations associated with activity data collection, capacity building and development of an integrated and sustainable Greenhouse Gas Inventory System."


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"There is a strong need for institutional capacity building and training of government staff to do the necessary data collection and analysis required to reduce inventory uncertainties and improve the quality of activity data and emission factors used to generate the inventory.  Specific gaps, needs and recommendations associated with activity data collection, capacity building and development of an integrated and sustainable Greenhouse Gas Inventory System have been discussed in detail in the Kenya National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report 2010."


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"There is a universal agreement that climate change will affect the poorest members of society and the poorest societies more than the more economically advanced. This is simply due to the fact that economically advanced countries have the ability to adapt to climate change by their sheer wealth. The debate around adaptation covers what should be done, how much will it cost, who should pay for it and how such payments should be distributed, managed and accounted for."


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"There is also evidence that mango, banana, sugarcane and pineapple show increasing suitability for all future climate scenarios (Luedeling, 2011). However, many suitability scenarios enhanced by higher temperatures also seem constrained by water shortage. Livestock sub-sector Over time, heat stress increases livestock vulnerability to diseases, reduces fertility and milk production. Temperature and precipitation contributes to increase in prevalence of parasites and diseases that affect livestock. Diminished precipitation levels and enhanced temperatures have also led to decrease in forage across most of Kenya."


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"There is also no traceability mechanism for produce and products from farm to folk. Value addition will ensure longer shelf life, reduced transaction costs and higher incomes. Summary of Actions: \u2022 Identify and promote existing value addition technologies. \u2022 Incentivize the private sector to invest in agricultural value addition. \u2022\ufffd Map\ufffdcounty\ufffdspecific\ufffdvalue\ufffdchains\ufffdfor\ufffdvarious\ufffdproduce\ufffdand\ufffdproduct\u2019s\ufffdcomparative\ufffdadvantage.\ufffd \u2022 Promote value addition of counties priority value chains. \u2022 Link producers with input suppliers, output markets and service providers along the value chains. \u2022 Promote establishment of structured trading systems at county levels."


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"There is also significant geographical variation, with the Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASALs) typically receiving less than 250mm compared with up to 2,000 mm in the high mountain regions (Figures 39 A and B).  As is evident from Figure 39 A, Kenya\u2019s rainfall also varies over longer time periods.124 Annual variation in rainfall is influenced by the relationship between the ITCZ and the surface temperatures of the Indian Ocean."


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"There is considerable GCM disagreement over the extent of mean annual rainfall change. Projections range from a 5% decrease to a 17% increase by the 2030s. Almost all the GCM simulations show wetter conditions in October to December. The RegCM3 regional model predicts that increased rainfall in northern Kenya could be restricted to areas west of the Rift Valley.  Rainfall seasonality is considered likely to remain the same."


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"There is considerable competition for development funds. A robust MRV+ process provides reassurance to funders that their money is being well spent. Funding for the MRV+ system and for the various supporting organisations should be put in place as soon as possible. The amount required for the basic building blocks should be based on the estimates provided in the action fact sheets. Note that the capacity building elements are incorporated within the actions and are not broken down separately."


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"There is considerable disagreement between GCMs over the extent of mean annual rainfall change, ranging between no changes to a 26% increase by 2050s. The RegCM3 regional model indicates there may be greater rainfall in the west of the country (A2 emissions scenario, 2090s). Rainfall events in the short and long rainy seasons are considered likely to become more extreme (A2 emissions scenario, 2090s)."


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"There is considerable uncertainty in the historic rate of deforestation. 2010 FAO data indicates that the historic deforestation rate between 1990 and 2010 was approximately 12,000 hectares per year.18 The most recent FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment in 2015 indicates that the deforestation rate of Natural Forests was approximately 26,000 ha per year over the same 20-year period, but that the total area of Natural Forest has actually increased between 2000 and 2010."


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"There is evidence of a thinning of species and biomass abundance owing to the effects of temperature increase on the nesting and feeding grounds. In some cases, catches of non- resident species have been reported, with a compounded risk of alien invasive species. The species of fish that can be farmed in certain areas, such as cold-water aquaculture that has been practiced over the past decade, is increasingly becoming unsustainable."


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"There is likely to be an increase in annual mean rainfall in East Africa, but it is unclear how rainfall in the Sahel, Guinean Coast and the Southern Sahara will evolve.\f During the Hague conference, it was recognized that food security and climate change have emerged as possibly the two most significant global challenges over the coming decades, and therefore described CSA as an approach to developing the technical, policy and investment conditions to achieve sustainable agricultural development for food security under climate change."


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"There is limited capacity in personnel with specialized training to handle such emerging issues as adaptation and mitigation of climate change. Consequently, there is inadequate CSA services provided by extension service providers. In addition, CSA has received very limited attention in training institutions. There has been some effort towards mainstreaming CSA in formal training institutions at certificate, diploma, graduate and postgraduate levels but it has not been possible to enforce quality standards in the training."


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"There is need for an efficient, focused and dynamic implementation framework and a robust monitoring and evaluation framework. This objective will ensure that such measures are in place. 3.4 Linkage between the NCCRS, Vision 2030 and Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Kenya\u2019s NCCRS is not only important for combating climate change, but its implementation timeframe also coincides with that of another of the country\u2019s important strategies \u2013 the Vision 2030."


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"There is need for legislation and enforcement on minimum emissions from vehicles, plant and machinery. This will ensure reduced greenhouse gas emissions. 4.2.4 Ministry responsible for industrialization and enterprise development The national and county governments through the ministries responsible for industrialization and enterprise development will need to develop and support implementation of policies and strategies that will encourage investment in processing and value addition of agricultural produce."


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"There is therefore an opportunity to train technicians with these skills to support the widespread adoption of adaptation and mitigation practices needed to support the NCCAP. At university level, climate change should be infused into the various professions. Civil engineers, for example, need to learn how to design and develop structures that can withstand climate shocks."


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"There is therefore need for collaboration to enable harmonization of implementation of the above laws to harness synergy in addressing matters related to CSA. 2.1.3.4 Gaps in policies, legislations, strategies and institutional framework Most of the existing policies, strategies and legislations are not aligned to the Constitution and do not provide for coordination of CSA related issues, for a coherent and effective response to the local, national and global challenges and opportunities on climate change as it affects   agriculture."


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"There should be a reporting line up to Cabinet Affairs via the National Climate Change Commission, so that the system and its performance is highly visible, and to help harness sufficient political will to ensure the system is set up and implemented to the required timelines. The MRV+ system needs to endure changes in government structures and be able to preserve key functions and institutional memory even when key technical and management staff move on."


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"There were no known projections of this growth in Kenya and the analysis employed knowledge of historic growth to inform these assumptions. With is an  abatement potential of 0.8 MtCO2e in 2030, it is the main low carbon development oppoturnity (see figure 64). Methane capture can go hand in hand with proper management of solid waste, thereby improving groundwater quality, local air quality and safety by avoiding dangerous methane gas build \u2013ups, as well as hygienic conditions."


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"Therefore Kenya recognises education, training, and public awareness on climate change as essential component of its action on climate change. Education  The Government has, since independence in 1963, developed a number of education policies for provision of quality, targeted and complete education. Various commissions have been appointed by successive governments to address emerging issues that have needed to be integrated into the education system."


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"Therefore for most of these technologies, an informed private sector infrastructure with a whole network of players including importers, distributors, assemblers, technicians and marketing agents is required, none of whom will invest if they don\u2019t understand the technology and the potential demand. This makes information and awareness campaigns a key measure. Therefore outreach programmes and including through successful demonstration projects are considered necessary to raise awareness of the benefits."


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"Therefore the rangelands are unsuitable for production of crops that are not drought tolerant. The rangelands are characterised by a number of habitat structures ranging from open grasslands to closed woody and/or bushy vegetation with varying amounts and composition of grass cover and species. The impacts of climate change on Kenya\u2019s rangelands include: \u2022\ufffd Change in pasture productivity as has been observed in the North Eastern Province (NEP) where extremely strong winds and flash floods erode and wash away grass seeds."


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"Therefore the sector needs a sound and enabling Strategy that simultaneously addresses climate change adaptation and mitigation, rural development, food security and environmental management. The development of the Climate Smart Agriculture Strategy was initiated by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries (MALF) and coordinated by the Climate Change Unit. Committee meetings were held to prepare the strategy development roadmap with detailed terms of reference (ToR), work plan, resource requirements and a concept note."


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"Therefore, a number of indicators have been proposed: Indicators of synergy or trade-offs \u2022\ufffd Percentage\ufffdimported\ufffdfuel\ufffdfor\ufffdeach\ufffdMW\ufffdof\ufffdenergy\ufffdproduced\ufffdfrom\ufffdrenewable\ufffd sources \u2022\ufffd No.\ufffd of\ufffd power\ufffd cuts\ufffd in\ufffd areas\ufffd targeted\ufffd for\ufffd climate\ufffd resilient\ufffd investment\ufffd in\ufffd the\ufffd electricity grid \u2022\ufffd Water\ufffdstorage\ufffdin\ufffdareas\ufffdtargeted\ufffdfor\ufffdenforcement\ufffdof\ufffdthe\ufffdGrassfires\ufffdAct \u2022\ufffd Air\ufffdpollution\ufffdin\ufffdurban\ufffdareas\ufffdfollowing\ufffdmeasures\ufffdto\ufffdimprove\ufffdvehicle\ufffdemissions \u2022\ufffd Incidences\ufffdof\ufffdrespiratory\ufffddisease\ufffdin\ufffdhouseholds\ufffdusing\ufffdkerosene\ufffdlamps \u2022\ufffd Incidences\ufffdof\ufffdrespiratory\ufffddisease\ufffdin\ufffdhouseholds\ufffdusing\ufffdrenewable\ufffdlamps \u2022\ufffd Cases\ufffdof\ufffdwater-borne\ufffddiseases\ufffdfollowing\ufffdflood\ufffdevents\ufffdor\ufffdstorm\ufffdsurges \u2022\ufffd No.\ufffdof\ufffdwater\ufffdtrucks\ufffddelivering\ufffdwater\ufffdto\ufffddownstream\ufffdareas\ufffdduring\ufffdperiods\ufffdof\ufffd drought following investment in forests\fKenya s \u2022\ufffd Tonnes\ufffdof\ufffdsoil\ufffdcarbon\ufffdper\ufffdhectare\ufffdin\ufffdagricultural\ufffdland\ufffdtargeted\ufffdfor\ufffdconservation\ufffd tillage practice \u2022\ufffd Cereal\ufffdcrops\ufffdindex \u2022\ufffd Hectares\ufffdof\ufffdbiofuel\ufffdgrown \u2022\ufffd Additional\ufffdun-recycled\ufffdwater\ufffddemand\ufffdfrom\ufffd\ufffdgeothermal\ufffdpower\ufffdgeneration \u2022\ufffd Cost\ufffdof\ufffdroad\ufffdfreight\ufffdper\ufffdkm\ufffd \u2022\ufffd Average\ufffdcost\ufffdof\ufffdpublic\ufffdtransport\ufffdper\ufffdjourney."


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"Therefore, comprehensive institutional reform is required to achieve the following objectives: high-level oversight and policy guidance, climate change mainstreaming across government; enforcement and compliance capability; county level government involvement; a stakeholder advisory forum; and, the provision of highly specialised technical and scientific analysis."


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"Therefore, for Kenya to benefit from these markets, intense capacity building particularly at the community level will be required. The National Climate Change Response Strategy In response to the challenges and opportunities posed by climate change, Kenya has developed this National Climate Change Response Strategy. The vision of the Strategy is for a prosperous and climate change resilient Kenya.  The mission is to strengthen and focus nationwide actions towards climate change adaptation and GHG emission mitigation."


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"Therefore, it is important to put in place a targeted capacity-building framework, and build the capacity of local communities to help them adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change. Further, the actions being recommended in the Strategy will require people with adequate necessary skills to implement."


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"Therefore, it was proposed that the subject be infused into the various professions taught at universities in the country.  Training and Public Awareness  Level of Awareness and Understanding of Climate Change Issues The level of awareness of climate change issues and impact is low countrywide.271  The lack of clear, simple and relevant climate change information is one of the major hurdles affecting the country\u2019s response to climate change."


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"Therefore, the country needs to be innovative with water conservation and harvesting technologies that assure safe water access to the Kenyan population for industrial, agricultural and domestic use.\f 2.2 Agricultural Production Kenya\u2019s agriculture system has evolved through socio-political dynamics and reforms some of which have had negative impacts. The introduction of Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) in the 1980s which liberalized the input and output markets is one such example."


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"Therefore, there is interest to increase diffusion and to promote cooperation agreements with internationally recognised centres of excellence to enable exchange of information (particularly standardisation, lessons learned, measurements and support) and promoting project execution in the country.209 The TNA process identified a large potential (about 7,000,000 households) for its diffusion in the country.210 It also recognised an additional potential to provide electricity to the already grid connected households in both the urban and rural areas as a measure to ensure continuous power supply in view of frequent power outages.211 The country\u2019s target for SHS\f  technology is to reach three million households by 2020 and including rural based institutions such as schools, hospitals, dispensaries, prisons and Government offices."


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"These JAS-TWGs will be expected to deliberate on CSA issues in the areas of responsibility of each working group. They will also prepare and submit CSA reports and resolutions to the Joint Agriculture Sector Steering Committee. COORDINATION AND IMPLEMENTATION MECHANISM This Framework will be implemented within the Joint Consultation and Cooperation Mechanism for the Agricultural Sector (JCCMAS) which is in line with Intergovernmental Relations Act 2012 (Figure 9)."


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"These achievements provide a solid basis from which to further strengthen climate-related policies, legislation and institutions and thereby establish an enabling framework for NCCAP implementation. Importantly, these actions further provide synergies and opportunities within the emerging UNFCCC framework, particularly regarding Reducing Emissions from\fKenya s Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+), the development of Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) and the securing of climate finance."


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"These actions can contribute to SDG target 13.1 to strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries). Additionally, the conservation of water-catchment ecosystems (rivers, lakes and wetlands) can safeguard this key source of water for production (agriculture) and domestic use. Plantation forests can help to prevent environmental disasters and represent a useful source of income."


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"These actions can thus support the realisation of SDG target 15.3, and by improving livelihoods can also contribute to SDG Target 2.4, and SDG 1 to end poverty Rehabilitation of Degraded Forests also provides many natural benefits, including stabilizing and maintaining the soil, biodiversity and climate of the forest - contributing to the achievement of SDG 15. Some of the water absorbed by trees is released through transpiration, which restores moisture to the atmosphere and helps maintain the water cycle."


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"These actions include promotion and bulking of drought tolerant traditional high value crops, water harvesting for crop production, index-based weather crop insurance, conservation agriculture, agroforestry, and integrated soil fertility management. j) Kenya National Adaptation Plan (NAP) 2015-2030 Its main objective is to consolidate the country\u2019s vision on adaptation. This is supported by macro- level adaptation actions that relate with the economic sectors and county-level vulnerabilities in order to enhance long term resilience and adaptive capacity."


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"These actions reduce the impact of droughts and floods on crop yields and livelihoods, and more irrigation-based agriculture reduces the reliance of crop production on rainfall. Waste management has important low carbon climate resilient impacts. Improved waste management systems are being planned for several cities, and with proper design can contribute to mitigation. Methane produced in landfills can be captured and used for\fKenya s electricity generation, with an abatement potential of 1.1 MtCO2e for methane capture and 0.5 MtCO2e from electricity generation from landfill gas."


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"These actions should be complemented with additional strategic fuel storage facilities particularly in those regions not served by the pipeline and rail networks. Lastly, while improved cookstoves deliver several sustainable development benefits, greater attention could focus on the technology\u2019s sustainability and resilience in the face of a changing climate."


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"These activities will lead to enhanced effective climate information services at the county level and ecosystem and community based adaptation integrated into CIDPs, ultimately leading to climate resilient county development. The political pillar focuses on devolution and mainstreaming of climate change adaptation into county planning. The output of this activity is expected to be enhanced climate change adaptation that leads to climate resilient development at the county level."


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"These amendments will ideally occur simultaneously through a Statute (Miscellaneous) Amendments Bill, or in the alternative through separate legislative amendments, occurring over a period of time, to reform sectoral laws. Status In progress Lead Agency MENR Partner Agency MOEP, MOTIHUD, MALF, MODP, National Drought Management Authority (NDMA), KFS, National Treasury Stakeholders Private sector and civil society status An initial review of required regulations and guidelines to implement the Climate Change Act has been undertaken."


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"These and many other potential impacts require not only continued investment and focus on climate sensitive health issues, but also full integration of climate change into Kenya\u2019s many existing health programmes and policies. More action and support is required to achieve Kenya\u2019s develop- ment goals and protect vulnerable populations. Examples of ongoing projects/initiatives Piloting Climate Change Adaptation to Protect Human Health in Kenya Project. Gaps Capacity building, \ufb01nancing, technology."


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"These are further exacerbated by lack of clear plans and targets on technologies. Appropriate enabling framework through a wide array of policies, from certainty on target technologies to various financial incentives such as reducing import tariffs are necessary. Leverage of private sector finance is also necessary.  There is also a widespread lack of local technically trained staff to install, operate and maintain technologies including awareness and access to information on benefits of prioritised technologies."


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"These are important as they determine Kenya\u2019s ability to mitigate and adapt to climate change while developing sustainably. The chapter starts by providing an overview of Kenya\u2019s government structure and includes brief descriptions of the country\u2019s geographic and climatic characteristics. This is followed up with the current status, prospects and plans for the different environmental, economic and social sectors within the country."


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"These are presented in detail in Chapter 5, Table 5.1 and summarised here in Table 12.2. The total estimated cost for the next five years is KSh 638 billion (USD7.5 billion)."


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"These are strategic for improvement of agricultural production, reduction of poverty and environmental degradation. 4.2.7 Ministry responsible for water and irrigation The ministry is responsible for formulation of policies, strategies and programmes for sustainable development and management of water resources. Water catchment areas are the main sources of rivers in the country. The rivers provide water for irrigated crops, livestock and fisheries."


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"These are used to provide severe weather warnings especially for aviation \ufffd About fourteen agro-meteorological stations manned by KMD and 5 (at Ruiru, Kisii, Koru, Marienain Meru, Kitale and Mwela in Bungoma) manned by coffee research \ufffd Three river gauges one is vandalised257 \ufffd Two buoys one in Lake Victoria and other The observations made are relayed to the National Meteorological Centre immediately by use of telephones, fax, radio telephone and teleprinters from four Data Collection Centres of Garissa, Kisumu, Mombasa and Jomo Kenyatta  Figure 68) in the country."


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"These areas will support structured engagement of the communities in carbon trading for enhanced income generation and poverty reduction. In addition, this will support biodiversity conservation aspirations of our national development policies.\fFurther, several case studies are used throughout the report and especially in Chapter 4 to demonstrate successful applications of the interventions being recommended. 4. Communication, education and awareness programmes The level of understanding of climate change and its impacts is very low countrywide."


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"These barriers can impact the speed of fund disbursement from development partners to the Treasury and implementing agencies (e.g. line ministries and NGOs), and consequently the effectiveness of climate-relevant project implementation. The scope for improving absorptive capacity of climate change finance in Kenya provides further justification for the creation of a Climate Fund that can manage and disburse funds more quickly and efficiently. Scaling-up access to international carbon markets Future carbon market conditions are likely to be difficult, both for Kenya and in general."


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"These barriers include gaps in policy and legislation, weak institutional capacity, poor management of natural resources, limited private sector involvement, lack of capital and financing, and inadequate access to adaptation and mitigation technology. The Action Plan recommends actions to improve the enabling environment in five areas \u2013 finance, regulatory and policy framework, knowledge management and capacity development, technology and measuring results \u2013 which are summarized in Table 4.1 and elaborated in the respective chapters of the Action Plan."


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"These can not only cut traffic injuries, but also air pollution and associated respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.27 Over the past four decades Kenya has lost forest cover due to a combination of factors which include clearing forests for settlements and agriculture, illegal logging for commercial purposes, and encroachment into forest reserves. Climate change and variability are likely to increase the pressures that forests are already facing, as tree mortality increases with reduced rainfall, and incidences of pest, diseases and forest fires rise."


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"These changes have the potential of altering the physico- chemical properties of the fish habitats. Consequently, fish feeding, migration and breeding behavior will be directly affected while indirectly the changes will affect growth, mortality and reproduction (Brander, 2010). The distribution patterns of many fish species will probably change as warmer- water species and colder-water species are both expected to move pole wards (Beare et al., 2004)."


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"These changes unless effectively mitigated, will likely result to erosion of the productive assets and the weakening of coping strategies and resilience of rain-fed farming systems, especially in the arid and semi-arid lands. This will lead to more climate related vulnerabilities thereby predisposing farming communities to food insecurity and more poverty. In response to this scenario, the Government has been exploring innovative and transformative measures to assist stakeholders across the agricultural value chains to manage the effects of current and projected change of climate patterns."


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"These changes will potentially disrupt natural pest control and consequently increase the costs of doing so. Moreover, income losses from three horticultural crops grown along the Kenyan Coast \u2013 mangoes, cashew nuts and coconuts \u2013 are projected to reach US$ 472.8 million for one metre of sea level rise (GoK, 2002)."


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"These could include the adoption of tree species that are adapted to varied weather conditions and tolerant to emerging pests and diseases (e.g. drought tolerant trees for dry regions that also frequently experience suppressed rains), irrigation and other appropriate technologies. Similarly, efforts to limit the use of fire in rangeland and cropland management could be hampered by high temperatures, with many wildfires reportedly started by unknown factors during hot and dry conditions."


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"These direct effects will in turn alter fish habitats and change the distribution and composition of species, which will have a profound impact on marine ecosystems and fisheries.  In recent times, the fisheries sector has experienced the detrimental consequences of climate variability, specifically droughts. The 2008-2011 drought impacted Kenya\u2019s fisheries sector in a variety of complex and interrelated ways."


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"These distributed clean energy solutions result in increased adaptive capacity for households due to the opportunities to diversify livelihoods, reduce pressure on Kenya\u2019s forests due to the decreased demand for fuelwood in addition to having a mitigation potential of 9.4 MtCO2e per year in 2030. 12.2.3 Improved water resources management Improved water resources management (including increased water retention and storage) will contribute to the Vision 2030 goal of improved access to water, which views effective water management as a prerequisite to achieving development goals and the country\u2019s transformation to a middle-income status."


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"These droughts decimate livestock populations and crop harvests, while excessive rainfall results in increased incidences of diseases such as Rift Valley Fever (RVF). RVF outbreaks in the past have worsened food insecurity among pastoralists already suffering from severe drought and floods (USAID, 2007). These changing temperature and rainfall patterns have profound impacts on Kenya\u2019s socio-economic sectors, most of which are climate-sensitive. These sectors include Agriculture, Livestock, Water, Health, Forestry, Energy and Fisheries."


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"These earnings are likely to increase if the under-exploited areas such as Aquaculture and the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) are tapped. The sub-sector directly employs at least 300,000 people working as fishers and fish farmers. It also provides livelihoods for over 4 million Kenyans involved mainly in fish processing, fish trade and input support.  Kenya\u2019s fishing communities rely on fish as a rich source of protein. The country\u2019s per capita consumption stood at 4.5 kg/person/year in 2014."


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"These fluxes are\f  estimated using a state and transition model that parameterizes and defines changes in land- use, land-use management and disturbances like wildfire to estimate annual fluxes over a twenty year historic period between 1990 and 2010. The inventory considers all forests in Kenya as managed forest where forest management is defined as the process of planning and implementing practices for stewardship and use of the forest aimed at fulfilling relevant ecological, economic and social functions of the forest."


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"These forests are categorised as Montane, Western rainforest, Bamboo, Afro-montane undifferentiated forest, Coastal and Dryland forests. The montane forest and the coastal forest regions are the most forested with 18% and 10% forest cover, respectively.6 Kenya is classified as a low forest cover country."


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"These groups are particularly vulnerable to a variable and changing climate and often have least access to and control of resources, (such as capital, credit, and land), live in areas exposed to a variable/changing climate (such as arid lands and urban poor areas) and are less able to cope with climate shocks and stresses. Climate-driven reductions in food accessibility are likely to lead to increased malnutrition with often irreversible consequences for young children."


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"These impacts and others portend an increasingly worsening and worrying situation in the future if national efforts are not enhanced to make agriculture climate smart. Past and current efforts by government have focused on policies and strategies to address climate change challenges."


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"These impacts are already manifesting in Kenya with shifts in rainfall patterns and extreme weather events expected to have far reaching consequences. 1.2.2 Cognizant of this, the Government has, through the UNFCCC process committed to protect the climate system for the benefit of the present and future generations. Kenya ratified the UNFCCC in 1994 and the Kyoto Protocol in 2005."


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"These impacts causes acute and chronic threats to agro-based livelihoods and leads to encroachment into fragile ecosystems. Climate change leads to land degradation and decrease in agricultural productivity; increased incidences of pests and diseases affecting crops, livestock, fish and trees; as well as the destruction of physical and social infrastructure. This leads to reduced yields and loss of income in the agriculture sector; food shortage and malnutrition; reduced quality of produce and earnings as well as increased postharvest losses."


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"These impacts have been exacerbated by climate change and have led to decline in soil health and water quality by altering the chemical, physical and biological properties through erosion, leaching, sedimentation and accelerated breakdown of organic matter. This eventually determines crop nutrient and water use efficiency, affecting the costs of production and hence productivity. Soil chemical properties such as pH, organic matter content, cation exchange capacity and cation ratios determine soil fertility."


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"These include accelerating negotiations with the European Union regarding a bilateral deal in relation to EU Emissions Trading Scheme eligibility for credits from Kenyan projects registered after 2012, and furthering discussions with Japan about its bilateral offset credit scheme among others. There are also specific actions that can be undertaken with regards to designing and implementing a carbon trading platform: \u00a7\ufffd Enhance the capacity of the DNA."


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"These include energy efficiency, water resource management, solar technologies, etc. 7.2.6 Establishment and Capacity Enhancement of Local Technological Innovation Centres Kenya should establish and fund local technological centres that can be used to develop, advance and disseminate local technologies. Such centres can be used for educational purposes (e.g. train local communities on early warning systems), and to promote sustainable agricultural practices, enhance the growth of indigenous small and medium enterprises (SMEs)."


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"These include investing in actions that deliver development, mitigation and adaptation benefits; and enabling actions to improve the conditions for success. Investing in actions that deliver sustainable development, climate resilient and low carbon benefits Success in achieving low carbon climate resilient development will require a series of discrete priority actions and related investments across government, society and industry."


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"These include land, sea, and upper air observations and other national observing networks that provide time critical data and products. Its objectives include: \ufffd Modernise the national observational network by increasing the number of automatic weather stations, installation of two upper-air stations, increasing the number of hydro-meteorological stations, establishing a seismic network in the country and installation of two urban climatology pollution monitoring stations. \ufffd Significantly improve the availability of national and regional observational data and products. \ufffd Improve the regional instruments calibration centre."


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"These include mitigation, adaptation, finance, technology development and transfer, governance as well as the role of land-use and land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) in climate change mitigation especially in developing countries. 2. Assessment of evidence and impacts of climate change in Kenya The Kenya Meteorological Department (KMD) has provided data of temperature and rainfall changes in Kenya over the last fifty years. From the early 1960s, Kenya has generally experienced increasing temperatures over vast areas."


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"These include provisions for the establishment of air quality standards together with emissions requirements (Part VIII), environmental impact assessment requirements (Part VI), environmental restoration orders and environmental conservation orders (Part IX)."


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"These include the establishment of: \uf0b7 A high level National Climate Change Council chaired by the President. The Council shall provide an overarching national climate change coordination mechanism and, among other roles, ensure the mainstreaming of climate change functions by the National and County governments, and approve and oversee the implementation of the NCCAP."


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"These include the use of fossil fuel and inefficient engines; long fishing hours, transportation, and storage and processing of fish. In addition, upstream land degradation leads to siltation of water bodies and displacement of fish habitat. Fishing on depleted fish stocks requires more fuel per kilogram of landed fish than fishing on abundant fish stocks, because low fish abundance forces fishers to search longer and use of heavier gear to catch the fish. Further, in aquaculture, the establishment of fish ponds leads to land degradation."


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"These include the: \u2022 Low Emission Climate Resilience Development project funded by the United States Agency for International Development and managed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)\u2013 measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) of NDC implementation; \u2022 UNDP NDC programme \u2013 Strengthening MRV systems and financial assessments for NDC implementation; \u2022 Energy research Centre of the Netherlands \u2013 benefits approach to NDCs; \u2022 Initiative for Climate Action Transparency \u2013 domestic MRV in the energy sector; \u2022 Climate and Development Knowledge Network - Mitigation Action Plans and Scenarios process and NDC quick start guide; \u2022 Capacity Building Initiative for Transparency \u2013 transparency in the agriculture, forestry and land-use sector; \u2022 Global NDC Implementation Partners \u2013 NDC enabling environment focused on the water sector; \u2022 Agence Fran\u00e7aise de D\u00e9veloppement \u2013 support to MOEP for GHG emission measurement and monitoring in the energy sector; and \u2022 Government of Germany \u2013 support to the transport sector for GHG emissions monitoring and measuring."


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"These include:  Hydropower Kenya\u2019s total installed large hydropower capacity is 743 megawatts, majority of which is the less disbursed large hydropower (>15 megawatts plants). Small hydro (>15 megawatts plants) potential is estimated at megawatts, of which less than 30 megawatts have been exploited and only 15 megawatts supply the Although a mature technology in the country, large hydropower is very sensitive to climate variability."


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"These include: \u00b7\ufffd Existing MDAs: CPUs and PMUs and/or Climate Change Units in MDAs covering all the sectors necessary for the GHG inventory and those relevant for adaptation. \u00b7\ufffd Proposed CC and M&E Governance structures: NCCS; National GHG Inventory Coordination Unit; County Monitoring and Evaluation Committees (COMECs); Ministerial M&E Committees (MMECs) Indicative timeframe Launch timeframe: (9 months); Duration of the Action: 3 year implementation phase followed by a 2 year hand-over phase."


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"These include: \u00b7\ufffd Existing MDAs: NCCS; MED; Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS); Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS); representatives from the T21 modelling team; CPPMUs, and Climate Change Units in MDAs covering all the sectors necessary for the GHG inventory and for adaptation; also other NSAs and CSOs with relevant expertise. \u00b7\ufffd Proposed Climate Change and M&E Governance structures: NCCC; NCCS; National GHG Inventory Coordination Unit; County Monitoring and Evaluation Committees (COMECs); Ministerial M&E Committees (MMECs); and National Monitoring & Evaluation Steering Committee (NMESC)."


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"These include: \u2022\ufffd Existing Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs): National Climate Change Secretariat in the Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources; Monitoring and Evaluations Directorate of the Ministry of Planning, National Development and Vision 2030; Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS); Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS); representatives from the T21 modelling team; Central Planning and Projects Monitoring Units (CPPMUs) and/or Climate Change Units in MDAs covering all the sectors necessary for the GHG inventory and those relevant for adaptation."


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"These included: \u00b7\ufffd Subcomponent 1: Long-term National Low Carbon Climate Resilient Development Pathway \u00b7\ufffd Subcomponent 2: Enabling Policy and Regulatory Framework \u00b7\ufffd Subcomponent 3: Adaptation Analysis and Prioritisation \u00b7\ufffd Subcomponent 4: Mitigation and Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action \u00b7\ufffd Subcomponent 6: National Performance and Benefit Measurement \u00b7\ufffd Subcomponent 7: Knowledge Management and Capacity Development \u00b7\ufffd Subcomponent 8: Finance\fX Kenya s Many individuals participated in a large number of consultations including at the county level."


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"These increases in yield equate to between 200-700 kg/ha.153 In a  further study,154 maize yield in the mixed rain- fed temperate / tropical highland were projected to increase by 33.3% by 2030s and 46.5% by the 2050s."


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"These indicators were to be re\ufb01ned after the \ufb01nalisation of the priority adaptation actions in this NAP. In developing the NAP performance indicators, the following issues were taken into account: \u2022\ufffd Assisting the Kenyan Government to demonstrate progress towards adaptation objectives and priority actions as outlined in this NAP, which in turn will assist it to access international \ufb01nance for adaptation."


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"These indicators will guide the collection of data and information on adaptation outcomes, which will be aggregated at the national level. These indicators are derived from an adaptation theory of change that is based on the macro-level adaptation actions and the adaptation vision. Adaptation data will feed into the national Monitoring, Reporting and Veri\ufb01cation plus (MRV+) system \u2013 a framework for adaptation and mitigation reporting recommended in the NCCAP."


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"These industries use a wide variety of equipment and appliances typical to the product or service, and mitigation options exist for each subsector, but upfront costs are often a barrier to adoption. Results from energy audits undertaken in different commercial and industrial facilities in Kenya indicate potential for measures like the use of more efficient pumps and motors."


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"These institutions should be holding forums where the best science and engineering in- novators are awarded, with the corporate sector playing a sponsorship role, and \u2022\ufffd establishing linkages between the private sector (production centres) and local re- search and academic institutions to devel- op and commercialise local technologies and innovations. 7.2.7 Technology Transfer within a Future Agreement Framework It appears that a consensus is emerging on several elements of a future deal on a technology framework."


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"These interventions are based on the principles, challenges and opportunities set out in the earlier sections of this Policy.  LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK Policy Statement: The Government will establish a clear and flexible legal and regulatory framework for climate finance that is responsive to developments in Kenya, including delivering on the climate finance elements of the Climate Change Act, 2016, and climate finance elements required under the international climate change regime."


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"These interventions can support the transition of people from victims of and contributors to climate change, to positive agents working against climate change. 7.1.4 While public awareness normally takes the form of informal education, the formal education mechanisms are equally instrumental. Basic education is, as a constitutional rule, free and compulsory to every child in Kenya. The mainstreaming of relevant climate change knowledge into the basic education curriculum would provide knowledge and awareness to millions of Kenyan children."


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"These interventions include the establishment of a national climate finance platform (a Climate Change Fund) that can support the mobilization, coordination and tracking of climate finance in Kenya including both domestic and international resources. This will improve transparency and accountability. The policy encourages building capacity to develop bankable projects and effectively manage and implement those projects. Improved fiduciary standards and management, and application of environmental and social safeguards will encourage participation in climate finance investments and benefits sharing."


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"These interventions must however, take into consideration the importance of integrated water resources development and management, which has as its core the following principles: \u2022\ufffd water is a finite resource: essential to life, human development and ecological functions."


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"These key points inform the need for an appropriate climate change legal framework in Kenya: \u2022\ufffd law provides legitimacy for actions (programmes and activities) to address the problem(s) whose resolution may otherwise be unacceptable, \u2022\ufffd law sets goals that a society desires to accomplish in light of a recognised problem, \u2022\ufffd law is the only acceptable tool in regulating human behaviour and conduct, and \u2022\ufffd law has official sanctions and can ensure compliance."


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"These livestock systems are very climate sensitive, being vulnerable to the impacts of changing and irregular rainfall patterns and droughts. Greater drought frequency in the ASALs increases livestock morbidity and mortality because of reduced availability of forage, increased disease incidences and a breakdown of marketing infrastructure. In the fisheries sector, temperature changes in the aquatic environment affect the breeding and feeding behaviour of fish, and have a significant effect on the species composition."


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"These losses are based on the Updated Least Cost Power Development Plan (ULCPDP) and reported in Table 57. Note that the analysis does not look at or assume reserves. Basically the capacity factor used accounts for any reserves that are required. For example, MSD has a capacity factor of only 28%, which indicates that it is primarily used for peak loading."


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"These manifestations of climate change constitute a serious threat to Kenya\u2019s natural, built economic and physical systems, on which the country\u2019s sustainable development and future prosperity depends. 1.1.3 Climate change is defined by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) as \u2018a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.\u2019 Current data demonstrates that the climate in Kenya and globally is changing at an unprecedented rate and that unparalleled levels of human induced greenhouse gas (GHG), especially carbon dioxide, emissions are causing an increase in global temperatures that creates changes in the earth\u2019s weather."


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"These measures will increase rain-water infiltration, reduce run-off during floods, reduce soil erosion, and help trap sediments including dead plant matter, \u2022\ufffd promoting Conservation Agriculture (CA), whose aim is to achieve sustainable and profitable agriculture and ultimately improve farmers\u2019 livelihoods through the application of the three CA principles: minimal soil disturbance, permanent soil cover and crop rotations, 4.0 Adaptation and Mitigation Interventions 4.1 Adaptation Interventions Adaptation to global warming covers all actions aimed at coping with climatic changes that cannot be avoided and at reducing their negative effects."


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"These members ensured the final document was of high quality and that the development of the strategy was finalized on time. Prof. Micheni, Japhet Ntiba, CBS."


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"These mitigation actions also help to achieve the objective of the Green Economy Strategy and Implementation Plan (GESIP) 2016-2030 to increase national energy efficiency as part of its resource efficiency guiding principle.12  Many actions to improve energy efficiency also increase resource-use efficiency (SDG 9) and help achieve the sustainable management and efficiency use of natural resources, which contribute to the achievement of SDG 9 and 12, respectively. Actions to improve energy efficiency have the potential to lead to significant cost savings for companies."


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"These objectives are expounded upon below:- \u2022\ufffd Enhance understanding of the global climate change regime  In order to fully comprehend and appreciate the complex nature of the climate change problem, it is imperative to understand not only the local climate change challenges, but also the global context of the problem, which includes climate change negotiation processes, challenges and outcomes. This objective will be achieved by providing a brief and concise description of the global context of climate change."


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"These opportunities combine climate resilience benefits and their significant mitigation potential represents over two-thirds of the mitigation potential identified in the low carbon assessment (Chapter 6). 12.2.1 Geothermal power generation Geothermal power is clean, renewable, reliable and a large-scale domestic resource with up to 10,000 MW potential in Kenya. Geothermal development is one of the goals of Vision 2030, which calls for increased electricity generation to support Kenya\u2019s development ambitions."


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"These patterns are largely driven by regional variability in future precipitation and geographic exposure to extreme events, particularly drought frequency."


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"These pillars cut across the other main MTP sectors. Examples of ongoing projects/initiatives Kenya Integrated climate risk management project; Partners for resilience- Climate Proof Disaster Risk Resilience Programme; Adaptation at scale in semi-arid regions project. Gaps Financing, capacity, technology. Main actions This sector hopes to deliver the following results through the six pillars: \u2022\ufffd Eliminate the conditions that perpetuate vulnerability. \u2022\ufffd Enhance the productive potential of the region. \u2022\ufffd Strengthen the institutional capacity for effective risk management."


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"These priority investments will generally alter current practices or technology choices and ideally result in a range of benefits that improve livelihoods and environmental quality\fKenya s while contributing to economic performance. Priority areas for action demonstrate an integrated approach to climate change \u2013 that is, developing sustainably in a low carbon manner while building climate resilience."


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"These projections are based on certain assumptions and have high uncertainties, but are needed to inform responses and address current and future climate-related impacts. Recognising that the risks posed by climate change are legitimate but highly unpredictable, the Government of Kenya published its National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS) in 2010 to investigate vulnerability in the country and potential future responses."


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"These recommendations are covered by the actions listed in Section 4 and are addressed in more detail in the SC6 action fact sheets."


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"These recommendations will be supported by a well-defined implementation, monitoring and evaluation framework. Some specific adaptation actions include: \u2022\ufffd producing and promoting of drought- tolerant, diseases and pest resistant as well as early maturing crop varieties, \u2022\ufffd promoting orphan crops, e.g."


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"These reports are important to demonstrate that adaptation efforts and emission pathways are on the right track or that additional efforts are necessary. 9.4.2 Currently, Kenya has weak mechanisms for collecting information on climate change, with relevant indicators unconsolidated and scattered throughout different agencies and departments. This fragmented framework makes it difficult for the public and other key\f stakeholders to track progress, share results and access information."


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"These rights are mechanisms for addressing vulnerability arising from gender inequity, but also for supporting the youth and persons with special needs to reinforce intra- and inter-generational equity. 9.3.2 Given gender disparities in social and economic roles, women and men experience the effects of climate change differently. Women suffer more because of vulnerability arising from the gender division of labour and allocation of power at the household, work and other levels."


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"These rights, which include the human right to water, food and health, require climate finance investments because they intersect with adaptation and mitigation needs. Chapter 12, Article 201 includes provisions and principles pertaining to public finance management, which in turn guide the management of climate finance. These provisions include: openness and accountability; effective public participation in financial matters; prudent and responsible use of public resources; equity amongst generations in sharing the burdens and benefits of resource use; and responsible financial management with clear fiscal reporting."


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"These risks can be compounded by sudden precipitation increases, due to increased sewage run off into drinking water sources. \u2022 The disposal of wastes in unsanitary landfill without containment technology such as the Dandora dumpsite leads to surface and groundwater pollution, and negative impacts on health of adjacent populations."


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"These steps would enable flows of domestic and development partner climate change finance throughout the Government of Kenya and the monitoring and reporting of those flows. This is important in the context of the financial flows to and from the National Climate Fund. At present, the absence of prioritisation and a code inhibits the targeting and monitoring of climate change-related expenditures which is important both for effective government spending as well as for reporting to development partners and the UNFCCC."


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"These structures and guidelines will help to ensure that finance flows and transactions are clear and transparent, that progress is being made toward the USD 100 billion goal, and that finance is being effectively directed to countries in need. To that end, Article 13 of the Paris Agreement establishes a Transparency Framework designed to provide clarity on support provided and received by individual parties."


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"These systems will assist in understanding and prediction of climate-related changes, and identification of optimal and cost effective remedial measures. Despite considerable effort, further research inputs are required to determine how climate change will impact various economic sectors, ecosystems and vulnerable groups. Empirical evidence is required to support policy, legislative, technological and other interventions. 6.1.2 Various stakeholders play distinct yet complementary roles in research and technology advancement."


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"These systems, which are likely to use wind turbines, solar panels or small hydro systems, can help to provide electricity to the 70 per cent of Kenyans who have no access to power.44 Climate resilient actions in the infrastructure sector include improved use of weather and climate information in infrastructure development, and research to identify designs and materials that enhance the resilience of infrastructure."


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"These trends are also depicted in the time series of the \u2018Long Rains\u2019 (MAM) season that contributes a significant an increase in the diurnal temperature range is evident over these areas because the days have become much hotter while the nights and early morning temperatures have either not changed or marginally reduced compared to the early 1960s."


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"These trends are also depicted in the time series of the \u2018Long Rains\u2019 season which contributes a significant amount of rainfall to annual totals over most parts of the country. However, the changes (reductions) are not very significant. Most of the standard seasons also depict the same type of patterns in the highest daily rainfall values observed. Thus far, there is an indication of relatively more intense rainfall occurring more frequently."


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"These trends are depicted in Figure 2 below. 2.1.2 Rainfall Patterns Daily and monthly rainfall records are used to determine trends that have characterised rainfall in Kenya since the early 1960s. The time series of annual and seasonal rainfall for the standard seasons of December-January- February (DJF), March-April-May (MAM), June- July-August (JJA) and September-October- November (SON) indicate that: \u2022\ufffd Neutral to slightly decreasing trends are manifested in the annual rainfall series over most areas."


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"These trends are depicted in the following Figure 3. 2.2 Impacts of Climate Change on Kenya What do these changing rainfall patterns and temperature increases locally, regionally and globally portend for Kenya? Climate change is already happening and at an alarming rate. Highlighted in this section are some of the observed and potential impacts of climate change across Kenya."


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"These two levels of government while distinct are interdependent and expected to function consultatively in a cooperative manner to discharge their respective and concurrent mandates. The national government is mandated to make policy on climate change. Various functions assigned to county governments are integral to fulfilment of actions required to address climate change. In certain instances, there maybe concurrent performance of climate change related functions by the two levels of government."


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"These uncertainties include the lack of precision of activity data to incomplete knowledge of the processes that cause emissions or removals of greenhouse gases. The 2000 Good Practice Guidance recognizes that the uncertainty of estimates cannot be completely eliminated and that the main objective should be to produce accurate estimates, i.e., estimates that are neither underestimated nor overestimated,\f  while at the same time, whenever possible seeking to improve estimate precision."


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"These valuable towers are under continuous threat from human encroachment which has contributed to the drying up of some of the rivers and streams.57 \f  In 1992, Kenya was categorised as a water scarce country with per capita available water resources of 647 m3 per person, below the internationally acceptable threshold of 1000 m3. This was reduced to 586 m3 in 2010 (Table 4) limited availability is further aggravated by rapid population increase and climate variability."


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"These weather events result in increased soil erosion, deforestation, loss of soil fertility and reduced productivity. The increasing frequency and magnitude of extreme weather events has contributed to a decline in the annual growth rate in agricultural \u201cvalue added\u201d (Government of Kenya, 2014)95. \f  Figure 22:  Agricultural growth index and major extreme events in Kenya 1980 \u2013 2012  Source: World Bank, 2014  ENERGY PROFILE  Energy is a critical component for the Kenyan economy and its population\u2019s standard of living."


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"These will form the basis for a portfolio of projects and programmes to facilitate the transfer of, and access to, climate technologies and know-how in the country. Specifically, the 2013 TNA report applied a multi-stakeholder process and a linear additive Multiple Criteria Analysis Framework to further prioritise technology needs for climate change mitigation within the energy and waste management sectors. The complete results of the TNAs process can be found\f   _page?TNR_cre."


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"Thesis, University of Nairobi, 1994. See also: King\u2019uyu, S. M., L. A. Ogallo and E. K. Anyamba 2000: Recent trends of surface minimum and maximum temperatures over Eastern Africa. Climate. Vol. 13 No. 16, 2876- 2885, 15 August 2001. 15 Kilavi, M.K. 2008. Analysing the temporal characteristics of extreme temperature events over ASALs and the coastal regions of Kenya as an indicator of climate change. 16 King\u2019uyu, S. M. 2002: Urbanisation and the climate of Nairobi.   African Meteorological Society. Vol. 5 No.1, 2002."


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"They are against taking up mitigation targets because of their limited technological and financial capabilities as well as in recognition of the need for developed countries to take on their \u2018historical responsibility\u2019 for climate change. The other significantly contentious issue under the UNFCCC and specifically under the Kyoto Protocol is the issue of adaptation to climate change, particularly how to address it within an international climate change treaty."


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"They are expected to play similar roles in the implementation the NAP. \u2022\ufffd Public: The public will play a role in the planning, implementation and monitoring of adaptation interventions in order to enhance their adaptive capacity and resilience to climate shocks.\f14 | Kenya National Adaptation Plan 2015-2030\fEnhanced climate resilience towards the attainment of Vision 2030 and beyond | 15 Chapter 3: Climate Hazard and Vulnerability Analysis Kenya faces a number of risks from climate variability and change."


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"They are in the following areas:  The sub-sections below summarise specific gaps, needs and recommendations, which have been discussed in detail in the Kenya National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report:  \ufffd Activity data collection gaps \ufffd Capacity building \ufffd Sustainable greenhouse gas inventory systems  The following key components of a sustainable GHG Inventory System, as identified by IPCC and UNFCCC guidelines, have been discussed in detail in the report:  \ufffd Institutional arrangements \ufffd Methods and data documentation \ufffd QA/QC procedures \ufffd Archiving \ufffd Key category analysis \ufffd Inventory improvement planning  A major point to note is that the system must be tailored to account for national circumstances and constraints of Kenya."


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"They are listed in the box below: Top-down county-level institutional adaptive capacity indicators \u2022\ufffd Percentage of county roads that have been made \u201cclimate resilient\u201d or that are not considered to be vulnerable \u2022\ufffd Percentage of new hydroelectric projects in the county that have been designed to cope with climate change risk \u2022\ufffd Percentage of population by gender in areas subject to flooding and/ or drought in the county who have access to KMD information on rainfall forecasts \u2022\ufffd Percentage of people by gender in the county permanently displaced from their homes as a result of flood, drought or sea-level rise \u2022\ufffd Percentage of poor farmers and fishermen in the county with access to credit facilities or grants \u2022\ufffd Percentage of total livestock numbers killed by drought in the county \u2022\ufffd Percentage of area of natural terrestrial ecosystems in the county that have been disturbed or damaged \u2022\ufffd Percentage water demand that is supplied in the county \u2022\ufffd Percentage of poor people by gender in drought prone areas in the county with access to reliable and safe water supplies \u2022\ufffd Number"


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"They buffer the coastline against the impacts of waves and the full force of storms and cyclones. With all its benefits, the Kenyan coastline is extremely vulnerable to sea level rise. The most vulnerable aspects of the coastline are developments in low-lying areas which consist of agriculture, infrastructure and both tourist facilities and hotspots."


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"They can change the trend of modal shifts to private vehicles towards public transportation, thereby bringing about a range of development benefits. If designed well, a BRT system can deliver metro-quality service at a significantly lower capital cost. An improved mass transit system can also improve local air quality, improve road safety, increase Nairobi\u2019s attractiveness in terms of ease of doing business and quality of living. In addition, an affordable high-quality mass rapid transit has the potential to help improve social equality and reduce poverty."


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"They gathered voluntarily to tackle inter alia the looming issue of climatic change with its effects transcending all borders and the risk of disaster increasing into the future."


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"They have been involved in climate change adaptation and mitigation activities in Kenya, and the UNFCCC acknowledges the role of civil society in Paragraph 1(i) Article 4 in the areas of education, training and public awareness related to climate change. The Convention further encourages Parties to support the widest participation of civil society in the climate change process with an emphasis on the above areas."


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"They include: operational, supply chain and raw materials risk, water and energy supply priorities, \ufb01nancial and market risks, agriculture, food security and rural development, ecosystem threats, poor infrastructure, unreliable weather information and public health. In addition, technical interpretation of climate change issues and in particular, climate change adaptation is not clear to the sector. There is need to develop a business case for private sector investment in adaptation."


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"They include: \ufffd Geothermal power generation \ufffd Restoration of forests on degraded lands and reforestation of degraded forests \ufffd Climate smart agriculture and agroforestry \ufffd Improved cookstoves \ufffd Mass rapid transit system in Nairobi, including bus rapid transit with light rail transit corridors  All these \u2018big win\u2019 opportunities combine climate resilience and mitigation benefits and capture over two-thirds of the mitigation potential identified in the NCCAP low carbon assessment. More specific mitigation actions proposed for each national planning sector are presented in this report."


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"They include: \ufffd Restoration of forests on degraded lands and reforestation of degraded forests \ufffd Geothermal power generation \ufffd Climate smart agriculture and agroforestry \ufffd Improved cookstoves \ufffd Mass rapid transit system in Nairobi, including bus rapid transit with light rail transit corridors  These \u2018big win\u2019 opportunities capture over two- thirds of the mitigation potential out to 2030."


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"They play an essential role in helping tackle climate change by providing essential information about a country\u2019s carbon emissions.  SLEEK is Kenya\u2019s Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system for the land-sector. It will combine weather data, biological growth models (capturing carbon emissions and sequestration from trees, crops and soils), and land cover maps to estimate the changes in Kenya\u2019s land-sector emissions over time. It will also develop scenarios and models to assess changes in carbon emissions in response to land use changes."


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"They show a generally increasing trend in the proportion of heavy rainfall events;20 \ufffd Trends for one day rainfall maxima and five day rainfall maxima also show inconsistent trends; \ufffd Periodic droughts occur in Kenya relatively frequently. Moderate drought events have been recorded on average every three to four years and major droughts affect the country every ten years on average. Prolonged droughts have become more common since 2000.  Precipitation projections GCM data indicates that the following trends may be seen for rainfall in Kenya."


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"They slow water dispersion and enhance infiltration and percolation of rainwater, which recharge soil and underground water storage. This is crucial in supplying clean water for drinking, agriculture and other uses. Forests protect soils from wind and water erosion, avalanches and landslides."


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"They will also report progress on the implementation of the actions annually to the Climate Change Secretariat whose functions of review and coordination are outlined in Chapter 2. Learning from implementation of climate change adaptation activities in the country will need to be collected and submitted to policy makers to in\ufb02uence future adaptation implementation and decision making. It is proposed that lessons learnt be captured from implementing stakeholders across the country through the proposed knowledge management system as outlined in Chapter 9 of the NCCAP."


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"They will be expected to report annually to the National Climate Change Council on the status and progress of climate change adaptation and resilience in the ASALs. \u2022\ufffd Private sector: The council may, in consultation with the Cabinet Secretary (Climate Change Affairs) and relevant State Departments, impose climate change obligations on private entities, including entities constituted under the Public Bene\ufb01ts Organizations Act, 2013. The private sector has been impacted by climate variability and has suffered negative impacts of droughts and \ufb02ood risks."


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"They will play an important role in setting standards; codes and guidelines; and ensure compliance by stakeholders to CSA statutes and practices. 4.2.10 The private sector The private sector includes producers, farmers, processors, marketers and all other actors in the crops, livestock, fisheries and forestry value chains. Majority of these actors contribute to greenhouse gas emissions which impact on climate change. Climate change has negatively affected productivity and sustainability of the value chains."


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"Third synthesis report on technology needs identified by Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). (2005). Kenya\u2019s Climate Change Technology Needs and Needs Assessment Report under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). (2002). Kenya\u2019s First National Communications Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Wilkins, G., (2002) Technology Transfer for Renewable Energy: Overcoming Barriers in Developing Countries. Royal Institute of International Affairs, London."


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"This Action Plan also provides for the establishment of an enabling climate change policy and law, governance structure, funding mechanism and investment framework, capacity development and management framework and national measurement reporting and verification (MRV+) system to support effective implementation of the adaptation and mitigation actions. It is important to integrate climate change into Kenya\u2019s development planning process. The first step towards this was the mainstreaming of climate change in the Medium Term Plan 2013-17."


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"This Action Plan is seen as the first step in an iterative process to move forward with actions to achieve low carbon climate resilient socio economic development for the country and it is expected that the NCCAP will be revised and updated every five years to provide input to the medium term planning process."


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"This Communication represents the commitment of the Government of Kenya and its people to address global warming and climate change. At the heart of this Communication is our conviction that all countries must do their part to achieve steep reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and thereby strive to avoid the dangerous, and perhaps catastrophic, impacts associated with climate change."


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"This Communication was supported by the Global Environment Fund (GEF) through the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The funds received allowed the improvement of the emissions inventory, and supported the Consultant\u2019s work in the preparation of the reports, and the stakeholder reviews and validation of the work that was necessary to deliver a good quality SNC."


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"This Framework therefore, outlines the envisaged actions towards the implementation of the KCSAS 2017-2026. 1.1.1 Alignment with Relevant National Policies The Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Implementation Framework (KCSAIF) is aligned to the Constitution of Kenya 2010 (GoK, 2010a), Kenya Vision 2030 (GoK, 2007), Agricultural Sector Development Strategy 2010-2020 (GoK, 2010b), Climate Change Policy Framework 2015, National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS) (GoK, 2010c), National Climate Change Action Plan 2013-2017 (NCCAP) (GoK, 2013a), Kenya National Adaptation Plan 2015-2030 (GoK, 2016a) and the Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Strategy 2017-2026 (GoK, 2017a)."


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"This Framework will be implemented within the Joint Consultation and Cooperation Mechanism for the Agricultural Sector (JCCMAS) which is in line with Intergovernmental Relations Act 2012. This will involve\ufffdthe\ufffdthree\ufffdlayers\ufffdmechanism\ufffdof\ufffdoperations,\ufffdviz;\ufffd(a)\ufffdIntergovernmental\ufffdForum\ufffdon\ufffdAgriculture\ufffd(IGF)\ufffd which is the highest level of JCCMAS. The IGF is rooted in Intergovernmental Relations Act, where it empowers\ufffdthe\ufffdIntergovernmental\ufffdRelations\ufffdSecretariat\ufffdto\ufffdestablish\ufffdsectoral\ufffdworking\ufffdgroups\ufffdor\ufffdcommittees;\ufffd (b) The Joint Agriculture Sector Steering Committee (JASSCOM) comprises high-level executives of the two levels of governments."


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"This Fund was established under Article 12.8 of the Kyoto Protocol and Decision 10 of COP 7 (Decision 10/ CP.7) to \u2018finance concrete adaptation projects and programmes in developing country Parties that are Parties to the Kyoto Protocol, as well as activities identified in paragraph 8 of decision 5/CP.7.\u2019 Such activities include water resources management, land management, agriculture, health, infrastructure development, fragile ecosystems including mountainous ecosystems and integrated coastal zone management."


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"This Integrated MRV system is linked with the already existing monitoring and reporting systems including the National Integrated Monitoring System (NIMES) and County Integrated Monitoring System (CIMES). Under the Integrated MRV system, Counties and various sectors are to downscale and contextualise the indicators into their county and sector planning documents. To implement the MRV system, the M&E frameworks  developed for sectors and counties will track progress of climate action and results."


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"This Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Implementation Framework 2018- 2027 (KCSAIF), hereinafter referred to as \u201cthe Framework\u201d, has been developed to set guidelines for implementing Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) approaches, strategies, practices and technologies in Kenya."


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"This Ministry in consultation with all relevant actors will need to develop a coherent stand-alone Climate Change Policy building on the NCCAP process that will frame and articulate Kenya\u2019s response to climate change. Climate Change Policy The Climate Change Policy will provide guidance on the realisation of sustainable development through implementation of critical climate resilient and low carbon development actions, as well as stipulate governance frameworks, financial structures and implementation arrangements."


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"This NAP envisages that adaptation actions that are not yet \ufb01nanced by government will attract \ufb01nancing from development partners and private sector through the development of a pipeline of adaptation investment grade projects and programmes. The costs per sector in this NAP have been estimated with \ufb01gures from the National Treasury, the NCCAP, the MTEF\u2019s, EDE Common Programme Framework and costs that were calculated in the \ufb01nalisation of this document after the launch of the NCCAP."


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"This NDC analysis identifies priority mitigation options and key mitigation technologies for the six sectors; a next step is to formulate implementation plans to achieve adaptation results and mitigation potential. In regard to mitigation, the NCCAP\u2019s five-year plan should detail priority actions, including baseline emissions, expected emission reductions, implementation indicators to track progress, and indicators to track co-benefits."


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"This NDC analysis indicates that the energy sector (excluding transport and industry) accounted for 7.1% of total emissions in 2015, and this is projected to rise to 29.7% of total emissions in 2030. In regard to adaptation, temperature rise and an increasing number and severity of extreme weather events \u2013 such as heavy rains resulting in floods \u2013 have the potential to damage energy infrastructure. Climate change impacts can have consequences for the design, construction, location and operations of power infrastructure."


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"This NDC analysis indicates that the transportation sector directly accounted for about 13% of total GHG emissions in 2015. Transport emissions are increasing at a faster rate than other sectors \u2013 and are projected to rise to 17% of total national emissions in 2030."


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"This National Adaptation Plan (NAP) marks yet another landmark in efforts to address the country\u2019s vulnerability and resilience to climate change. The NAP was developed through a cooperative and consultative process that included stakeholders from the Government, the private sector, and the civil society; with the support of international development agencies. All of these partners continue to support the implementation of the NAP through the design, \ufb01nancing and implementation of priority actions."


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"This Policy has been informed extensively by the NCCAP process and outputs. 1.3.4 A broad range of strategies and programmes have been pursued by various governmental and non-governmental entities to address the effects of climate change in Kenya. However, these initiatives have taken place without a coherent policy framework and therefore appear reactive and uncoordinated."


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"This Policy seeks to strengthen Kenya\u2019s national and county systems and build an enabling environment that will help scale-up climate finance and direct public and private funding toward pro-poor low carbon climate resilient development (green economy).\f 3. SCOPE FOR CLIMATE FINANCE POLICY IN KENYA AND TARGET SECTORS Mobilising adequate and predictable financial resources is vital to achieve Kenya\u2019s low carbon climate resilient goals, including the goals articulated in the Climate Change Act, 2016."


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"This Policy was developed to facilitate a coordinated, coherent and effective response to the local, national and global challenges and opportunities presented by climate change. An overarching mainstreaming approach has been adopted to ensure the integration of climate change considerations into development planning, budgeting and implementation in all sectors and at all levels of government. This Policy therefore aims to enhance adaptive capacity and build resilience to climate variability and change, while promoting a low carbon development pathway."


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"This Policy will provide the overall direction and approach of climate change response and maybe translated into law through new draft framework Climate Change Law. At present Kenya lacks a climate change policy and as a result climate change response is fragmented across and various arms of Government. A clear and coherent articulation of Kenya\u2019s climate change response policy is required that draws on the NCCRS and provides the direction that will ensure the NCCAP can be successfully implemented across all levels of Government."


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"This Policy\u2019s focus is on the interlinkages between sustainable national development and climate change. Climate change adversely impacts key sectors that are important to the economy and society: Environment, Water and Forestry; Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries; Trade; Extractive industries; Energy; Physical Infrastructure; Tourism; and Health. This Policy therefore elaborates intervention measures that can help to achieve the goal of low carbon climate resilient development. Why a Framework Climate Change Policy?"


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"This SST pattern is conducive to enhanced rainfall over the country.17 1.3 Climate Change and Socio-Economic Development Kenya has a land area of 580,728km2, out of which approximately 85 per cent is classified as ASAL. According to the 2009 census8, the country had a total population of 39 million people, with 67.7 per cent of the population living in rural areas and 32.3 per cent in urban centres."


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"This Strategy should be based on the outcomes of research presented in section 7.1.7 and will be accomplished by further: - assessing the current wildlife conservation policies and activities for their relevance to climate change adaptation - assessing the current adaptive capacity of the surrounding communities - assessing and reviewing the current development plans and activities to integrate climate change into the management of game reserves - undertaking community training and awareness raising through targeted demonstrations and group discussions - implementing training and research programmes at diploma and degree levels to train in wildlife and rangelands management - assessing adaptation issues and problems identified during project implementation, \u2022\ufffd monitoring, management and remedia- tion of degraded rangelands, which entails training and deployment of extra person- nel to assist in protection and manage- ment of rangelands."


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"This action will provide the data to the CCRDR that is required by the MRV+ system to produce the required deliverables (data analysis and reports). Lead Agency to take this Action forward This action should be taken forward by KNBS in close collaboration with the proposed NCCS. KNBS is proposed as the coordinator of the MRV+ data and QA/QC working group and is one option for managing the CCRDR.  NCCS is the overall manager of the MRV+ system and an option for managing the CCRDR."


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"This action will provide the underlying indicators and baselines required by the proposed MRV+. Lead Agency to take this Action forward This action should be taken by MED, as MED are the coordinators of the Indicators and Baseline Working Group. Stakeholder support required to take the action forward Relevant stakeholders from the MED and the KNBS.  KNBS should be involved because they will lead the data and QA/QC working group."


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"This action would complement that of other actors and development partners in this area. Areas of relevance Public Administration \u2013 Finance Adaptation r Mitigation \u221a  Development r Current status Regulatory reforms are currently proposed in the draft Energy Bill 2004, being promoted by the Ministry of Energy and Ministry of Finance."


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"This analysis drew on the figures in the mitigation section of Kenya\u2019s Second National Communication (SNC), which largely replicated the low carbon analysis of the 2013- 2017 NCCAP, with some updated information.6 The adaptation discussion elaborated on actions identified in Kenya\u2019s National Adaptation Plan, 2015-2030 (NAP)7 and in the NCCAP. Preliminary NDC sector reports were developed in April 2016."


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"This approach is important because public awareness is central to the subsidiarity principle, which requires an active role of the people in governance, at the lowest possible level of public administration, when it is optimal to do so. Climate change interventions, such as those relating to building resilience or enhancing adaptive capacity are closely related to how people understand the impacts of climate change."


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"This assessment is required to examine expected contributions to emission reductions from each sector, explore options to meet the NDC target, and examine new information that could impact the meeting of the targets. The sectors identified are based on emission source categories of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)."


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"This assessment \u2013 which includes a bottom-up assessment of mitigation opportunities and a top-down economy-wide energy, emissions and economic model \u2013 provides the evidence base for prioritising low-carbon development opportunities and, ultimately, developing investment proposals to attract international climate finance through Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) and Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation plus the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks (REDD+)."


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"This assumes a low road passenger vehicle occupancy (2 persons). Air Passenger to Rail A shift from passenger air travel to rail on domestic short haul would likely reduce emissions in the order of 60% or roughly a reduction of 104 gCO2e/passenger\u2022km shifted. Electric Motorcycles A shift from petrol motorcycles (100cc) to electric motorcycles of a similar power would likely reduce emissions in the order of 60% or roughly a reduction of 56 gCO2e/passenger\u2022km shifted based on the emission intensity of the grid in 2015."


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"This avails an opportunity to enhance financing for CSA activities from both domestic and international sources. Strategic Issue 10: Limited capacity of Women, Youth and Vulnerable Groups (WY&VG) to participate in CSA activities These groups have limited education and limited access to land and other natural resources. In addition, women spend most of their time addressing domestic responsibilities and livelihood challenges leaving less time to attend to capacity building initiatives for acquisition of extra skills on climate smart agriculture."


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"This begins with when climate change was first widely recognised as a global problem in the 1980s where it was mentioned in the Brundtland Report published in 1987 and proceeds through to the formation of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 1989. This was then followed by the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro, which concluded with agreements establishing the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)."


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"This body would be legally and functionally separate and independent from the Designated National Authority within National Environment Management Authority, which would allow it to lobby for regulatory reform."


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"This builds on the premise that all our socio- economic sectors are vulnerable to climate change impacts, although the manifestation of these impacts may vary from one sector to the other. The NAP was prepared through an extensive consultation process. The consultations cut across stakeholders from within the Government, and non-state-actors like civil society, academia and the private sector; at both national and county levels."


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"This calls for a focused awareness campaign that simplifies the science and impacts of climate change in a language that is more understandable to the public, particularly those dwelling in rural areas. This will help improve national preparedness for the impacts of climate change. Forums for engagement and information dissemination to the on current and future climate change risks will need to be established."


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"This calls for a focused awareness campaign that simplifies the science and impacts of climate change in a language that is understandable by all segments of the society. This will help improve national preparedness for the potential impacts of climate change. To this end, forums for engagement and information dissemination to the public on current and future climate change risks, and a concerted, focused and comprehensive approach to managing such risks will be established."


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"This calls for collaborative and joint action with all stakeholders (private sector, civil society, NGOs, etc) in tackling the impacts of climate change."


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"This can affect the permanence of carbon stocks that can be susceptible to issues of land-tenure security. adaptation and climate resilience impacts Restoration of forests on degraded lands and rehabilitation of degraded forests essentially involves growing trees. Climate change-related effects such as drought, high temperatures and emerging pests and diseases could lead to extreme die off of newly planted tree seedlings, and therefore impact on the success of programmes to restore forests on degraded lands as well as rehabilitation of degraded forests."


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"This can be done by building the capacity of relevant institutions to enable them undertake research & development (R&D) in climate change related fields as well as through technology transfer from the industrialised countries to Kenya."


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"This can be done either through single Statute (Miscellaneous) Amendments Bill or through a raft of separate amendments of the relevant sectoral laws. 3. Establish a high-level National Climate Change Council (NCCC), in the Office of the President, with the role of primary coordination, policy direction, oversight and guidance across all levels of government. The Council should ensure mainstreaming of climate change by national government agencies and departments."


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"This can be, for instance, through improving access to finance or ameliorating some of the negative social and redistributive impacts that might otherwise be experienced from, for instance, higher electricity prices. It is also broadly recognised that the characteristics of an important component of climate change activities and programmes \u2013 such as some adaptation activity and capacity building \u2013 will require public resources in the form of concessional or grant finance. There are three main options for the delivery of the public resources."


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"This can enhance their capacity to adapt to climate challenges such as drought- induced crop failures. 4 .3  M I T I gAT I ON  I N  T hE  E N E RgY  S E C TOR The baseline GHG emissions projection for energy supply, and residential and commercial energy demand is summarised in Figure 4.1 below. Energy supply emissions are emissions that are generated from the production of electricity and from domestic sources of primary fossil fuel energy."


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"This categorization is different from Kenya\u2019s NCCAP analysis where the industrial process sector only included emissions associated with industrial processes, and industry combustion emissions were captured in the energy sector. These emissions have been re-categorized so that all industry emissions could be considered within one analysis, rahter than across two sectors."


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"This causes floods particularly in lakeshore and coastal counties leading to loss of life and crops, displacement of households, and destruction of homes. been in the absence of climate change. By contrast, a number of today\u2019s poorest developing countries are likely to be negatively affected (IPCC, 2001). In these countries, the next 50 to100 years will see widespread declines in the extent and potential productivity of cropland (Fischer et al., 2007) particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and southern Europe (Parry et al., 1999)."


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"This chapter and the associated reports detail key findings and actions necessary to ensure that an enabling policy, legislative and institutional framework to facilitate optimal NCCAP implementation is in place. 8.2 Key Findings Legal Preparedness Assessment Report As an initial starting point for analysis, a thorough and extensive assessment of Kenya\u2019s existing policies, laws and institutional framework related to climate change response was conducted culminating in the Legal Preparedness Assessment Report (LPAR) and several Legal Working Papers."


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"This chapter is based on an analysis report which assessed how climate change knowledge is managed in Kenya and what improvements are required to ensure that Kenya achieves the required levels of climate change-related knowledge management, capacity development, education, public awareness and communication. The outcome of the analysis is a proposed Climate Change Knowledge Management System for Kenya. 9.2 Findings of the Analysis Knowledge management Even though climate change is an emerging issue,  significant climate change knowledge is currently generated by Kenyan institutions and individuals."


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"This chapter presents Kenya\u2019s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and removals by sinks for the year 2000, as well as additional years between 1995 and 2010 in accordance with the recommendation of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The greenhouse gas Inventory was conducted on an individual sector basis for the Energy; Industrial Processes; Solvent and Product Use; Agriculture; Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF); and Waste Sectors."


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"This complex undertaking forms a foundation for attainment of low carbon climate resilient development, and sets the basis for climate change mainstreaming. It therefore requires the government to undertake various core interventions, including the enactment of overarching climate change legislation to provide the framework for coordinated implementation of climate change responses and action plans."


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"This comprises efforts to implement energy efficiency regulation and incentives of the Sessional Paper No.4 of 2004 and the Energy Act of 2006 that had not been put into practice; the on-going drafting of the draft Energy Bill 2012 which will reform the renewable energy feed-in tariff and power purchase agreement, amongst other regulatory reforms; and the creation of a one- stop shop for renewable energy permits and licenses."


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"This context requires clarity in the overall regulatory framework. 9.1.3 The effective implementation of climate change responses requires a review of the overall legislative and institutional arrangements that govern climate change actions. Laws and policies have to be reviewed and designed to accord with powers and functions of a devolved system of government; and uphold distinctiveness, mutual cooperation and consultation across the national and county governments."


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"This could eventually lead to widespread structural instability and therefore affecting transportation of goods to and from the harbours. The destruction of infrastructure including roads and bridges during storms is increasingly becoming a common phenomenon during the ENSO events and cause untold economic loss to the country. For instance, the damage caused by the eight-month 1997/1998 El-Ni\u00f1o rains to the country\u2019s transport and telecommunication infrastructure was estimated at one billion US Dollars (Ngecu and Mathu, 1999)."


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"This could include replication of sustainable tourism initiatives, and guidelines on resource efficiency and greening the sector. d) Infrastructure (Energy and Transport) Physical infrastructure, particularly for energy and transport, is an important and necessary enabler of socio-economic development. An improved, expanded, effective and reliable\fKenya s national infrastructure \u2013 to lower the cost of doing business and increase competitiveness \u2013 is crucial for development."


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"This could include, inter alia: research to identify appropriate agroforestry practices; technological development; extension services and training of extension workers; capacity building and education for farmers; pilot projects; research to determine potential in more marginal lands; and measuring, monitoring and reporting. Rationale:  Agroforestry is a combination of agricultural and forestry techniques that aims to build more robust, productive, resilient and diverse agro-ecological systems."


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"This could reduce Kenya\u2019s foreign exchange earnings in the long term, given that a commodity like tea is the country\u2019s principal export product. The ripple effect of this scenario to Kenya\u2019s economy is frightening considering the importance foreign exchange plays in international trade and investment. Drought leads to reduced forage availability, degradation of the environment and an increase in destitution. The 2006 to 2009 droughts are testament to the devastation that climate change could cause to the livestock sector. 15  Mbugua, D.K."


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"This decrease has resulted from unplanned excision of land for settlement and unsustainable harvesting of trees without replanting. The destruction of forestland has contributed to increased rates of flooding as the concentration time is reduced on bare ground leading to landslides and siltation of rivers. Currently, efforts in forestry development in the country focuses on increasing forest/tree cover through natural forest conservation, plantation forestry, dryland forestry, commercial forestry, farm forestry, school greening programs and urban forestry to achieve the desired minimum 10% tree cover."


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"This decrease in emissions is considered separately from the target and the implementation of mitigation options because it represents the current condition. Figure 4.3 illustrates a low (minimum) target of emission reductions of 7.5 MtCO2e for the Energy Supply and Residential and Commercial Energy Demand Sector, equivalent to a 21% reduction in 2030 baseline energy emissions.\fN D C  S E C T O R  A N A LY S I S  R E P O R T  2 0 1 7 Table 4.1."


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"This development pathway can help to improve competitiveness through a focus on the sustainable use of resources, improved productivity, and decreased vulnerability to variations in climate. Challenges will have to be addressed in implementing low carbon climate resilient interventions; but many of these can be addressed through a systematic focus to identify and remove barriers. These efforts can be supported through international climate mechanisms and other international support."


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"This disproportion in cost is because people residing in the highland areas historically have low immunity to the disease unlike in malaria-endemic regions. Already there are signs that malaria is spreading to highland areas such as Kericho and Nairobi. This has been attributed to climate change in the form of warmer temperatures and variation in the rainfall pattern. Conditions such as warmer temperatures and rainfall variances are suitable for the survival of the malaria parasites and the mosquitoes that transmit them (Yanda et. al."


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"This document presents Kenya\u2019s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) in response to decisions adopted at the 19th and 20th sessions of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC); that invite Parties to communicate to the Secretariat their INDCs, towards achieving the objective of the UNFCCC as set out in Article 2 of the Convention. Kenya\u2019s INDC builds on the participatory multi-stakeholder and cross-sectoral consultative processes during the development of NCCRS and NCCAP at national and county levels."


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"This efficiency improvement is consistent with an increase in rail fuel efficiency of 1.1% per year in the United States between 1990  In order to look at low-carbon options that differentiate between personal passenger, bus and freight vehicles it is necessary to divide the total consumption of on-road transportation fuels indicated in Table 98 into these end-uses. This is challenging because there is limited information on the fuel usage by end-use in Kenya."


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"This entails promoting public private partnerships in CSA research and technologies / innovations development; establishing mechanisms for prioritization of CSA research needs; establishment and maintenance of CSA information and knowledge generation systems; promoting integration of scientific and indigenous CSA knowledge and technology; and putting in place mechanisms for identifying, incubating and commercialization of innovations. Strategic Issue 13: Inadequate data and information on CSA Strategic Goal: Functional and accessible data and information management system on CSA."


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"This evidence is also provided in the State of the Environment Reports published by the National Environment Management Authority. 2.1.3 Rainfall patterns indicate increased irregularity and variability with neutral to slightly decreasing trends in annual rainfall over most areas. Decreasing rainfall trends have been observed in the total annual rainfall and during the long rainfall season (March \u2013 May) in recent years. This season contributes the higher proportion of the total rainfall for most parts of the country."


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"This falls within the broader concept of eco- efficiency, which is widely accepted to be the \u2018efficiency with which ecological resources or goods are used to meet human needs\u2019 (OECD, 1998 in Mickwitz et. al., 2006). With energy efficiency proposed as a route to promote sustainable development, the following energy efficiency programmes and projects should be implemented: \u2022\ufffd mandatory energy audits by large commercial and industrial consumers should be enforced in line with the Government of Kenya Energy Policy (Sessional Paper No."


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"This fragmented framework makes it difficult for the public and other key stakeholders to track progress, share results and access information. The role of the public in the MRV process, especially stakeholders in target groups, should therefore be identified, including their role in tracking outcomes and measuring benefits. 9.4.3 In response to this challenge, an integrated, holistic and adequately resourced monitoring, reporting and benefit measurement system is needed to respond to this challenge."


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"This gives way to large areas of low lying semi-arid land that stretch north and west, before rising sharply to the temperate highland plateau, one of Africa\u2019s most fertile regions. The plateau is bisected by the East Africa Rift Valley, which separates Lake Victoria in the west and the mountainous regions of the central and northern highlands that include the nation\u2019s highest peak of Mount Kenya (at 5,200 m)."


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"This had implications for women and children due to the additional burden of sustaining household food, water and human security. School attendance rates decreased, child labour increased and conflicts over resources were observed to intensify.  Tourism  With its close connections to the environment and climate itself, tourism is considered to be a highly climate-sensitive industry.187 A wide range of climate-induced environmental changes will have profound effects on tourism at the local and regional destination level."


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"This had implications for women and children due to the additional burden of sustaining household food, water and human security\u201d. School attendance rates decreased, child labour increased and conflicts over resources were observed to intensify.\fKenya s \u00a7\ufffd The influx of civil strife and drought-driven refugees to northern Kenya is another consequence of drought which creates challenges to the ASAL economy and natural resource base. According to UNHCR, Kenya is currently (2012) hosting 650,000 refugees located in three camps."


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"This has already been observed, but will intensify in the future if efforts are not raised to stop global warming. For instance, due to droughts, the country\u2019s famine cycles have reduced from 20 years (1964- 1984), to 12 years (1984-1996), to two years (2004-2006) and to yearly (2007/2008/2009), necessitating the Government\u2019s distribution of 528,341.77 metric tonnes (MT) of assorted foodstuffs worth Ksh. 20 billion over the last five years alone to feed a population between 3.5 million and 4.5 million people annually."


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"This has been achieved by providing weather forecasters lessons that teach them how to improve their forecasts by making better use of satellite data. The initial lessons were developed by a team of meteorology instructors from the WMO s Regional Training Centres, IMTR in Nairobi, Kenya and EAMAC in Niger. The first phase of the project was funded by several organisations, notably European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) and GIZ (Germany). Since then, EUMETSAT has been the sole funder ASMET."


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"This has informed the NDC update process, and represents a high level of fairness and ambition in light of Kenya\u2019s national circumstances. Kenya regards its nationally determined contribution to represent its fair share of the efforts to achieve the global long-term goal of the Paris Agreement.  (\u00a9)  How the Party has addressed Article +,paragraph 3, of | Kenya s updated NDC represents a progression beyond _ its  Page 12 of 19 Uwe, ."


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"This has led to erosion of productive assets and weakening their resilience, hence predisposing poor households to food insecurity and high poverty levels. The\ufffd agricultural\ufffd sector\ufffd productivity\ufffd is\ufffd directly\ufffd influenced\ufffd by\ufffd emerging\ufffd and\ufffd projected\ufffd climate\ufffd change\ufffd patterns that include increased variability of seasonal rainfall and increased frequency and intensity of extreme\ufffdweather\ufffdand\ufffdclimate\ufffdevents\ufffdsuch\ufffdas\ufffddroughts\ufffdand\ufffdfloods.\ufffdThese\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdhave\ufffddevastating\ufffdimpacts\ufffdon\ufffd the national economy and the livelihoods of the people."


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"This has resulted in reduced production per unit area, increased post-harvest losses and production costs for crops. The changes have also contributed to an increase in the incidences of pests and diseases in crops, as well as emergence of new ones. Crop simulation models show that, in general, temperature rise caused by climate change is the main driver of crop yield decreases (Luedeling, 2011). All simulated crops respond negatively to higher temperatures."


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"This has serious implications for the livelihoods of those living downstream and the rest of the country, which depend on products from these ecosystems. Changes in temperature usually leads to changes in vegetation while some species may become extinct. For example, some tree species such as Melia volkensii, Terminalia spinosa, Delonix elata, and Hyphaene coriacea in the North Eastern region, and Psychotria species in the Taita Hills of coast region may either dwindle in abundance or become extinct."


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"This has serious implications for the livelihoods of those living downstream and the rest of the country, which depend on products from these ecosystems. There is strong evidence partly linking ENSO events with systematic changes in plankton abundance and aquatic/marine plant as well as animal composition over recent decades in many regions worldwide. The ENSO events with phases of warm water reduce plankton production, and cause fish stocks to decline."


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"This important task can signal potential weaknesses in design, identify implementation challenges and facilitate policy adjustments. In this context, it is crucial to prioritize rigorous and continuous Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) of this Policy. 10.2.2 In order to track the implementation of this Policy, it will be essential to record and measure progress and changes, as well as the overall performance of climate change actions."


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"This in turn should lead to the development of technological capacity in various climate change fields, \u2022\ufffd Involvement of local administration and community leaders: Educating and training development workers, local authorities, community leaders on climate change results in committed mutual understanding and concerted action against climate change, and \u2022\ufffd Developing and disseminating climate change literature in local languages for the benefit of marginalised populations and the general public, thereby encouraging their involvement in adaptation and mitigations programmes."


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"This includes improving the knowledge and understanding of carbon biomass stocks in Kenya. Kenya\u2019s forests are still experiencing major losses of woodland and dryland forests19 and an overall deficit in wood products that is exacerbated by slow restocking of Kenya\u2019s public forest plantations that may mean that net baseline emissions are increasing rather than decreasing overtime as illustrated in Figure 5.1."


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"This includes lands that do not strictly meet the definition of forest because they have fallen below a threshold of tree cover or biomass density. These degraded forests are characterized by significantly diminished tree cover and inhibited natural regeneration. Assuming that 20% of net increase in forest cover would be achieved through rehabilitation, 240,000 hectares would need to be replanted over a period of fifteen years, or approximately 16,000 hectares per year between 2015 and 2030."


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"This includes national forest resource mapping and SLEEK, an MRV system to estimate land-based emissions in Kenya. A geographic information services lab has been established to enable mapping and tracking of land cover change. NEMA has a list of information sources accessed to develop the SNC. developement partners Support for SLEEK was provided by the Clinton Climate Initiative and the Government of Australia."


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"This includes the establishment of standards of quality, specifications and calibrations, as well as testing of various things to ensure compliance with the rules. The standards mechanism is important for providing standardised solutions required in pursuit of sustainable development through low carbon climate resilient development.  Taxation laws \u2013 provide a basis through which the government can raise revenues, as well as provide incentives and disincentives to industry and commerce."


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"This includes, but is not limited to, vulnerable groups such as women, children, the elderly and persons with disabilities.  1.3.4 Policies and Laws Informing this Policy Various laws and policies make reference to climate change and the need to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and increase climate resilience, and will therefore inform and affect the implementation of this Policy."


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"This includes, but is not limited to, vulnerable groups such as women, children, the elderly and persons with disability. (viii) Avoiding maladaptation: the climate change response will be conducted in such a way so as to avoid maladaptation, defined by the UNFCCC as any changes in natural or human systems that inadvertently increase vulnerability to climatic stimuli."


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"This increase is mirrored in petroleum uptake with the country\u2019s energy consumption in 2010 standing at 3.77 million Tons of Oil Equivalent,, up from 2.9 million Tons Of Oil Equivalent in 2004. Some of the factors that explain this variation in consumption include increases in Gross Domestic Product (GDP),electricity demand, population growth, urban population, and motorisation and air transport. Energy production and utilisation has a close connection with climate change."


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"This information could feed into the National Communications (NCs) as is the requirement under the UNFCCC, but would more importantly be useful in identifying \u2018high-emissions\u2019 sectors and areas where significant GHG reductions can be realised. 6.3 Capacity Building Capacity building for climate change refers to the development or strengthening of personal skills, expertise, relevant institutions and organisations to reduce GHG emissions and/ or to reduce vulnerability to climate-related impacts."


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"This information is based on the contributions of stakeholders during the national and regional NCCRS workshops as well as on literature review. 2.2.1 Impacts on Natural Systems Kenya has a landmass of about 582,350 km2 with only 17% of arable land while 83% consists of arid and semi-arid land (ASAL). There are indications that the ASAL is increasing. Kenya\u2019s natural resources, particularly its rich flora and fauna are among the country\u2019s most valuable natural assets."


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"This information is provided to communities who live in close proximity of the rivers for early warning and The weather and climate information is provided to the user communities in a number of ways including the following: \ufffd Print and electronic mass media where the information is made available to the media and in case of special bulletins which must be issued in full, KMD buys space in the media. \ufffd Information provided to the local communities through provincial directors of meteorology."


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"This information is provided to the communities in the proximity of the oceans, ships and fishermen.260 \ufffd Hydrological information include state of the river flows of major rivers especially the potential for flooding of rivers such as River Nzoia."


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"This information will be provided to the modelling team, who will be able to use the maps to estimate how Kenya\u2019s carbon emissions have changes as a result of changes in land cover.  \ufffd Crop Selection App: SLEEK will provide weather data & crop data to help farmers make better decisions about how to use their land.  \ufffd Forest App: This app can use SLEEK weather, land-use and forest data to help identify sites where reforestation is most likely to be successful."


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"This integrated approach is, cumulatively, an important step to minimise or eliminate instances of regulatory incoherence where no coordination or linkage exists between sectoral climate change mandates. 9.1.6 The effective discharge of Kenya\u2019s international climate change obligations significantly depends on the existence of an effective regulatory framework. This also bears upon the country\u2019s participation in international negotiations because an effective regulatory framework provides a context to prepare for negotiations and develop strategic national positions on key issues. Policy Statements  The Government will: 1."


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"This intended contribution targets a high proportion of its mitigation potential, dependent on the level of support available. This will involve implementing the priority mitigation and adaptation actions in the NCCAP to achieve a low carbon climate resilient development in line with Vision 2030. This is the first time that Kenya has stated an intended contribution to global mitigation efforts."


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"This involves assessing the implications of any planned climate change action on women and men, including legislation, policies or programmes, in any area and at all levels to achieve gender equality.\f 9.3.5 The youth represent a crossover between the present and future generations, and therefore play a critical role in socio-economic development, including addressing climate change."


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"This is a major drawback because both morning and afternoon ascents are required for effective weather and climate forecasts.251 \ufffd Aviation Weather Observing Systems at Jomo Kenyatta International, Wilson, Mombasa, Kisumu, and Eldoret airports. These systems are able to detect and monitor hazards associated with extreme weather events.252 \ufffd 1 ozone Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) station on Mt."


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"This is a relatively ambitious assumption being 50 percent higher than the current estimated maximum potential; however, it is assumed that agricultural output will have grown to cover this by 2030. It is also assumed that 25 percent of installed capacity is small scale and 75 percent large (as per the \u201cindustrial\u201d scenario of the GTZ study)."


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"This is a source of great concern for the tourism industry, which needs to undertake urgent interventions including: \u2022\ufffd developing a National Wildlife Adaptation Strategy,28 a suite of well assessed climate change adaptation strategies by the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) and stakeholders including the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), the tourism industry, etc."


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"This is aimed at building resilience of agricultural value chain players through use of adaptive\f23 technologies and enhanced market linkages. The component will also promote commercialization, food safety and quality control standards along the value chains. The specific sub-components are: Sub-component 2.1: Access to and use of adaptive technologies. Sub-component 2.3: Value addition and products development. Sub-component 2.4: Competitiveness and markets access for climate smart products enhanced."


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"This is almost a 40% drop in electricity generation in 2030, and because this demand was largely met\fUpdate of Emission Baseline Projections  Table 9.2:  Changes to Emissions Projections based on New Historical Activity Data and Emission Projection Drivers Sector  SNC BAU  Baseline  Revised  Baseline  %  Change  SNC BAU  Baseline  Revised  Baseline  %  Change  Energy!Demand! Transportation! Electricity! Generation! Industrial!Processes! Agriculture! Waste! LULUCF! TOTAL   with coal-fired electricity generation, there is a dramatic drop in overall emissions between the projections."


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"This is an indication of the high priority the Ministry has accorded to climate change and its associated impacts. It is my hope that the document will be found useful in delivering the country out of the vicious cycle of poverty exacerbated by the changing climate and its associated severe impacts on livelihoods and economic development. The preparation and publication of this Strategy have taken efforts of various entities and I would like to acknowledge their efforts."


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"This is another\f  typical example and an unfortunate position for the country as satellite observed or generated data goes a long way in assisting Kenya meet its climatic and weather related goals and needs.267 A crucial satellite product Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI is of major input in environmental and weather monitoring on vegetation in the country. It is used by both environmentalists as well as meteorologists to monitor drought. In Kenya as in most African countries, most livelihoods are highly dependent on agriculture."


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"This is based on surface and underground water including water harvesting and storage. It identifies that approximately 12% of the potential has been equipped with irrigation infrastructure, presenting an opportunity to increase productivity to meet the rising demand for food and other agro-products. However, it proposes formulation of irrigation development programmes and financing to build infrastructure and a well-equipped human resource capacity for sustainable operations and management."


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"This is because current climate science tells us that much more (in terms of mitigation) still needs to be done if we are to escape the worst effects of climate change; hence the compelling need to involve both developed and developing countries in mitigation, albeit at different levels of responsibility. Significantly, the Accord has adopted the widely accepted scientific view that global temperature increase by 2100 should not exceed 2oC, which is considered the safe upper limit."


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"This is because of larger contributions by other sectors, notably land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF), energy and agriculture; as well as the fact that Kenya produces insignificant amounts of industrial gases such as perfluorocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons that have a high global warming potential (5,000 to 10,000 times the global warming potential of CO2). While absolute emissions are the percentage of national emissions is expected to remain at about 7%."


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"This is because the level of carbon stored by a particular crop can differ significantly based on the management of that crop. For example, double cropping maize with a second crop will produce a significantly different response compared with planting maize alone.  \ufffd Soil Carbon: This team is assessing the level of carbon stored in Kenya\u2019s soils and using models to track this change over time.  The Soil Carbon Element Working Group is responsible for assessing the level of carbon stored in Kenya\u2019s soils."


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"This is captured in the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC, the scientific advisory arm of the UNFCCC,  which states that \u2018warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level.\u2019 1.2 CLIMATE CHANGE AND AGRICULTURE 1.2.1 Global issues on Climate Change and Agriculture There is wide scientific consensus that global climate is changing in part as a result of human activities (IPCC, 2001) and that the social and economic costs of slowing it down and responding to its impacts will be large (OECD, 2001)."


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"This is critical for tracking the progress in achieving its commitment to international agreements and obligations. 2.4.3 Policy Legal and Institutional Framework Strategic Issue 7: Weak policies, legislations, enforcement, and overlap of mandates among institutions involved in regulation There exists several policies and legislations that guide CSA related issues. However they have the following challenges; inadequate content on climate smart agriculture; poor enforcement of CSA related laws and; overlap of mandates among institutions implementing CSA issues."


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"This is done, for instance, through the Medium Term Expenditure Framework for budget making, and converting policies and plans linked to climate change into expenditure and action. Mainstreaming is a process that encourages cooperation across government departments in planning for a longer-term period; rather than fragmented, short-term and reactive budgeting. County governments are, for instance, required by law to prepare and implement County Integrated Development Plans, through which climate change actions can be mainstreamed."


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"This is due to land clearing, excavation/soil disturbance and inadequate restoration. The exposure of the soils and reduction of vegetation cover further contributes to carbon emissions. Forestry Clearing of trees to open up land for agricultural activities leads to land degradation if sustainable measures are not put in place. Trees are carbon sinks and their elimination leads to reduction of greenhouse gas absorption from the atmosphere. Promotion of agroforestry in croplands have huge potential for forest carbon stock enhancement because of the high additionality."


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"This is equivalent to a 4% reduction in 2030 baseline agriculture emissions. This is the lowest proportional contribution of any sector and primarily due to a lack of proven mitigation options and considerable barriers to changing practices in the agricultural sector. Additionally, despite the size and prevalence of the sector, data required to calculate GHG emissions is lacking and considerable uncertainty remains in the calculation of these emissions (compared to energy, transport and industrial sectors) and the impact of mitigation options."


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"This is equivalent to a 51% reduction in 2030 baseline LULUCF emissions. The target is so high because of the unique position of the LULUCF sector to create net sinks of carbon when, for example, new forests are planted. It is possible for emission reductions to exceed baseline emissions as identified by the maximum technical potential of 40.2 MtCO2e."


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"This is equivalent to an average annual increase of 0.1% (Table 1). Table 1: Analysis of forest cover change between 1990 and 2015 Year Forest area Percent forest cover Annual change (\u2018000 ha) Annual change (%) Source: KFS (2013) Deforestation and forest degradation is particularly prominent in arid and semi-arid areas where the increasing agricultural activities are claiming virgin forested landscapes."


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"This is in accordance with paragraph 22-35 of decision 1/CP.21 and Decision 4/CMA.1 and its annex. In addition, the process was structured to support enhancement of mitigation, adaptation and transparent communication, together with the alignment of the NDC with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The enhancements have not only targeted mitigation ambitions of the NDC, but also the strengthening of NDC\u2019s implementation. The adaptation component of this NDC draws from the National Adaptation Plan (NAP)."


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"This is in contrast to the GCM average results, which suggest wetter conditions during the \u2018short rains\u2019. The northeast of the country is projected by the RCM to become significantly drier on an annual basis. This is in contrast to the GCM projections that suggest that the north of the country may become wetter, but is in line with observed rainfall trends since 1960."


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"This is in contrast to the GCM projections that suggest that the north of the country may become wetter, but is in line with observed rainfall trends since 1960.137  Figure 45: RCM (RegCM3) rainfall projection results for 2071-2100 (A2-RF; 20km resolution).  Source: GOK: National Adaptation Technical Analysis Report (ATAR)\f  Summary of Future Climate Change in Kenya  Based on climate model output, Kenya may see a general trend towards warmer, wetter conditions in the coming decades."


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"This is in line with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, as adopted on 25th September 2015. v. Good Governance: This Strategy will promote good governance that comprises Accountability (sound fiscal choices, made in a transparent manner, that give priority to productive social sectors such as agriculture); Transparency (decision-making, particularly in budget, regulatory and procurement processes that is critical to the effectiveness of resource use and the reduction of corruption and waste); The rule of law (a fair, predictable and stable legal framework to enable actors assess economic opportunities and act on them without fear of arbitrary interference and expropriation); and Participation (a consultation process that enables all stakeholders to participate in the formulation of development strategies and in the design and implementation of programmes and projects)."


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"This is largely due to variations in the \u2018short rains\u2019 that fall from October to December, although this is subject to considerable uncertainty.  Based on climate model output, Kenya may see a general trend towards warmer, wetter conditions in the coming decades.  It is projected that mean annual temperature may increase by between 0.8 and 1.5\u00b0C by the frequency of hot days is projected to increase by 19-45 per cent, and the frequency of hot nights by 45-75 per cent by the 2060s."


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"This is linked to SDG 3 and SDG 11. Improvement of local air and safety (fewer emissions of sulphur oxide, nitrogen oxide and particulates) through burning less coal for electricity generation and reduction of landfill gas released into the air. This is linked to SDG 3 and SDG 11. Reduced risk of dangerous methane gas concentrations in landfills and reduced exposure of residential areas to odour. Small increase in local employment."


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"This is mainly attributed to high initial installation costs, lack of awareness of the potential social and economic benefits and a lack of adherence to system standards by suppliers resulting in low quality products in the market.207,208 The lack of quality standards, for example, has led to reduced performance and lower lifetime making it not a preferred choice with end users."


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"This is mainly due to an associated general decline with time of rainfall in the main rainfall season of March-May (the \u2018Long Rains\u2019) over most areas. \u2022\ufffd There is a general positive trend (increase) in rainfall events of September to February period suggesting a tendency for the \u2018Short Rains\u2019 (October-December) season to be extending into what is normally hot and dry period of January and February over most areas."


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"This is meant to enhance development, make investments resilient to climate change and extreme weather events while reducing greenhouse gas emissions, where possible. In Kenya, data from the Kenya Meteorological Department (KMD) indicates changes in temperature and rainfall over the last 50 years. From the early 1960s, Kenya has generally experienced increasing temperatures over vast areas."


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"This is not considered a low-carbon option because existing cement plants are either using the maximum allowable level of Pozzolana in the blended cement or are at advanced stages of implementing such blending projects because they are financially very attractive. New cement plants are designed for maximum Pozzolana blending."


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"This is not the same for adaptation. Adaptation is more closely aligned to development baselines and is operationally spread across many actors on all levels and linked to global climate policy through more channels than just the UNFCCC. Guidelines for mainstreaming adaptation were initially developed by the UNDP in the Adaptation Policy Framework and more recently by OECD and several NGOs (see weADAPT.org for an inventory and comparison of adaptation guidelines). It is worth noting that these guidelines, however insightful, are simply voluntary."


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"This is particularly relevant in the ASALs, where limited rainfall received is usually very intense and often seasonal.226 The technologies are considered to have the potential to contribute greatly to the volume of freshwater available for human use in the country. A report by UNEP227 showed that rainwater harvesting in the country has the potential to supply the water needs of between six and 10 million people."


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"This is quite an ambitious assumption and would likely require that any new cement manufacturing capacity becoming operational up to 2030 would deploy best-available technologies and operate according to best practices. To mitigate emissions beyond this figure would demand a fuel switch to renewable biomass or waste to heat the kiln, which is not considered in this mitigation option."


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"This is seen as an opportunity to train secondary leavers with skills to support the widespread adoption of adaptation and mitigation practices needed to support the NCCAP. For example, whereas it is desirable for the country to promote diffusion and adoption of solar heat systems, supportive networks for installation and maintenance of solar power systems are not well established nationally. This is a strong leverage to support integrating of climate change into the curricular."


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"This is similar as well to the addition of one 200 Megawatt (MW) coal plant operating at a 70% capacity factor. 3. Third, even a small change in long term GDP growth, which is one of the main drivers of emissions can have a significant impact on the projection. A reduction in annual GDP growth of 0.5% per year from 2015 to 2030 results in a difference of more than 3.5 MtCO2e."


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"This is usually very expensive and requires large subsidies. The Government also usually leases thermal generation units during drought episodes. In addition to being a major contributor to GHG emissions, these thermal power Units are also quite costly. To counter these and other potential threats to the energy sector Kenya needs to, and should implement measures described in the following sections. 4.2.2.1 Accelerate the development of geothermal energy The exploitation of abundant geothermal resources is the best option for Kenya."


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"This law clarifies that an invention is only patentable if it is new, involves an inventive step, is industrially applicable, or is a new use to technology. The statute also sets out what is to be excluded from patent protection.  The Standards Act (Cap 496) \u2013 establishes the institutional and legal mechanisms for quality specifications and standards for goods that are manufactured, and/or sold\f in Kenya."


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"This law defines the content of land tenure rights and creates a land registry. It also sets out the mechanism of land searches, through which people can verify the ownership details of any land.  Physical planning and development control \u2013 are integral parts of land administration, and regulate the nature of socio-economic activities that can be undertaken in various parts of the country. The Physical Planning Act (Cap 286) provides for the development of physical plans for urban and rural areas."


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"This law provides rules for the structuring and undertaking of international negotiations with respect to multilateral and bilateral treaties. It requires that a relevant State department responsible for specific negotiations analyses whether prescribed considerations are fulfilled, and obtains advance approval from the Cabinet before joining negotiations. The treaties law further provides a two-step process of approval, first by Cabinet, and a second and final approval by both houses of Parliament."


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"This law sets out the government\u2019s role in sustainable land use and forest management with mechanisms that lay the foundation for reforestation, afforestation and REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries) programmes in support\f of climate change goals."


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"This leads to the elimination of the use of kerosene for lighting. Solar thermal water heating \u2013 Relatively modest adoption rates are assumed for solar thermal water heating because of the high upfront investment cost and smaller reach, with end- users being limited to the urban population. The penetration of solar thermal water heating systems is assumed to increase by five percent a year, reaching 20 percent in 2030."


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"This makes it very necessary to keep track of the behaviour of vegetation which is to a large extent the indicator of foliage performance. The monitoring is achieved through monitoring of NDVI and its anomalies (Figure 68 & Figure 69 respectively) over a reasonable period and season."


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"This makes our country highly vulnerable to climate change, and threatens our Vision 2030 goal of creating a globally competitive and prosperous nation with a high quality of life. Addressing climate change requires that we transform our economy by integrating climate change into development policies and actions across multiple sectors. This will lower greenhouse gas emissions, reduce our vulnerability to climate shocks and deliver poverty reduction gains because taking action to adapt to and mitigate climate change is in our national interest."


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"This market is driven by the private sector for corporate social responsibility reasons.  Vulnerability: The degree to which a system is susceptible to, or unable to cope with, adverse effects of climate change, including climate variability and extremes. Vulnerability is a function of the character, magnitude and rate of climate variation to which a system is exposed."


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"This may be attributed Figure 1: Temperature trend for Nairobi from 1960 to 2005 \u2013 increase in both Tmin and Tmax, but decrease in diurnal range of temperature (Data and figure from the KMD) Figure 2: Temperature trend for Mombasa from 1960 to 2005 \u2013 increase in Tmax, decrease or no change in Tmin, and an increase in the diurnal temperature range (Data and figure from the KMD)\famount of rainfall to the annual totals over most parts of the country."


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"This may be due to increased stratification of the upper water column, changes in ocean circulation altering phytoplankton assemblages and increased freshwater run-off from land with consequent nutrient enrichment (eutrophication).  Forestry and wildlife  Anticipated impacts of climate change on biodiversity include shift of ecosystem boundaries, change in natural habitats and sharp increases in extinction rates for some species."


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"This may be explained by the fact that average car size, and proportion of trucks and SUV vehicles increased over the last decade. We assume that fuel efficiency will improve at an increased rate going forward. New fuel efficiency is based on a fleet turnover rate of 4% (average lifetime of vehicle 25 years) and an average improvement in fuel economy of new vehicles compared to on-road vehicles determined from fuel economy data for Japanese vehicles."


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"This means Kenya will have certainty of the availability of sustainable financial resources\f over a defined time horizon, and a clearly defined role for public finances to promote and catalyse investment to support the transition.  Equitable benefits sharing: To facilitate full participation in climate finance investments and benefits sharing by and among all stakeholders, including the marginalised, disadvantaged and vulnerable groups.  Environmental and social protection: To provide a mechanism that enhances environmental and social safeguards and benefits from climate finance, and addresses negative climate impacts."


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"This mitigation assessment, available in detail in the Mitigation Analysis Reports, concludes that transitioning to a low-carbon development pathway would ensure that the country\u2019s contribution to global emissions remains low and, importantly, deliver other benefits: \u2022\ufffd Sustainable development \u2013 The ideal low carbon development opportunities deliver multiple benefits, helping to address pressures related to a growing population, increasing resource use and other constraints on development."


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"This new plan will not only improve Kenya\u2019s energy security but also reduce dependency on hydropower and imported fuels."


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"This new plan, despite potentially increasing GHG emissions from coal, aims to improve energy security and reduce the recent trend of oil thermal comprising the largest portion of new capacity. Health: Kenya has made progress in health care especially in tackling communicable diseases such as HIV-AIDs, tuberculosis and malaria, and improving access to maternal health services. About 52 per cent of the country\u2019s population has access to basic health services within 5 km."


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"This objective will be achieved by analysing local/national meteorological data from the Kenya Meteorological Department (KMD) and information gathered during the national and regional NCCRS workshops as well as desk-review of publications (books, journal articles and reports) on national and local climate change issues."


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"This objective will be achieved by identifying key ecosystems for which such assessments should be carried out.  In order to address the shortage of climate change specialists in the areas of science, policy, adaptation, mitigation and carbon markets, it is imperative that a comprehensive national capacity building framework in strategic climate change areas be developed. This objective will be achieved by identifying sectoral capacity needs and will be complemented by successful models applied internationally."


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"This office shall coordinate the functions and activities of various Programme divisions to ensure that all of them work towards achieving the overall aim of reducing the country\u2019s GHG emissions, and will take responsibility for administrative matters of the programmes in collaboration with the Programmes divisions."


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"This pathway can also help the Government achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and other internationally agreed development goals without compromising the environment and the natural resource base. Achieving long-term sustainable economic growth up to and beyond Vision 2030 in the face of climate change is a primary concern. Kenya is already extremely susceptible to climate- related events and such events pose a serious threat to the socio-economic development of the country."


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"This policy is Kenya\u2019s initial step towards a coordinated effort to identify, attract and use climate finance to further climate change and national sustainable development goals.  HENRY ROTICH CABINET SECRETARY THE NATIONAL TREASURY\f  vi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY  This policy document is organised into six chapters, with the first chapter providing the Policy overview, context and goal. The second chapter provides a situational analysis of climate finance, and chapter three identifies the scope for climate finance in Kenya."


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"This policy was developed through extensive stakeholder consultations and most policy recommendations are reflected in the Constitution of Kenya, 2010. h) National Climate Change Response Strategy (2010) The strategy proposes adaptation and mitigation strategies to cushion climate sensitive sectors like agriculture (GoK, 2010c)."


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"This positive trend is thought to be due to the season extending into January and February in recent years, possibly as a result of more frequent El Ni\u00f1o events, occasionally coupled with relatively warmer sea surface temperatures over the western Indian Ocean (along the coast of East Africa) and relatively cooler than average sea surface temperatures (SSTs) to the east of the Indian Ocean."


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"This principle will guide the Strategy in institutionalizing an overall enabling environment for implementation of CSA and mainstreaming climate change issues in agriculture. vi. Environmental Management: a) The Polluter Pays Principle, b) The User Pays Principle, c) The Precautionary Principle, d) The Principle of Effectiveness and Efficiency, e) The Principle of Responsibility, f) The Principle of total value, g) The Principle of Participation, and h) The Principle of Proportionality which is based on the concept of balance."


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"This principle will guide the Strategy in institutionalizing measures that will ensure balance between increasing food supply and maintenance of environmental integrity. Kenya\u2019s agricultural sector is highly vulnerable to extreme weather events and climate variability and change. Climate change has led to declining crop production due to variation in rainfall onset dates, amounts, distribution and cessation. It has also caused loss of livelihood arising from loss of livestock, particularly in ASAL areas due to depletion of natural vegetation and pasture."


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"This probably explains why cases of the disease have risen steadily in areas that were predominantly cold but are now experiencing temperature rise like in lower Eastern Province22. 22  Information from the proceedings of the NCCRS Eastern Province regional workshop in Embu Population displacement and migration from climate disaster-prone areas (e.g. drought prone northern Kenya and sea-level rise in the coastal region) are expected to increase."


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"This programme of work could include, inter alia: dryland forest restoration activities; awareness raising, consultation and demonstration; capacity building for communities and the Kenya Forest Service (KFS), development, testing and application of compensation and benefits-sharing mechanisms; measuring, monitoring and reporting; and research. Rationale: REDD+ is potentially an important mechanism to help Kenya meet its forest-related goals, including the goal of 10 per cent forest cover stated in the constitution. Actions to restore forests on degraded lands could potentially be funded as REDD+ activities."


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"This progress has been facilitated by enabling actions in the areas of climate finance, knowledge management, legislation and policy, and performance measurement. A key accomplishment was the enactment of the Climate Change Act in May 2016. The law provides a regulatory framework for an enhanced response to climate change, and promotes a mainstreaming approve to enhance action toward a low carbon climate resilient development pathway."


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"This reflects the dedication invested by the people of Kenya in the process of making our country more climate-resilient and means the Action Plan responds to the most pressing climate change issues affecting our country. Reaching this significant milestone in Kenya\u2019s response to climate change would not have been possible without the generous support provided by UK aid through the Department for International Development (DFID) of the UK Government."


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"This represents an annual average growth rate in capacity of 11% versus 14% in the Updated Least Cost Power Development Plan. The growth rate assumed in the low-carbon scenario reference case is still considerably larger than historic growth in the economy and the sector. Table 53 identifies the total installed capacities of various generation technologies."


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"This represents good progress as many of these actions will take several years to implement. Seven actions have not progressed. Six of these actions are under the National Performance and Benefit Measurement subcomponent, suggesting that the actions may have been too ambitious or required foundational actions. The proposed MRV+ system requires a staff of 90 for effective implementation, which may not have been realistic given the level of human and financial resources, and the number of areas requiring action."


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"This resonates well with Kenya\u2019s approach of mainstreaming climate adaptation in national and county (sub-national) development planning. Kenya has been in the forefront of advocating for climate change. It is in this respect that it launched a National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS) in 2010 and a National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP 2013-2017) in 2013. The action plan has been acclaimed internationally as being very progressive and comprehensive."


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"This review of NCCAP implementation assists in tracking progress toward long-term goals, and provides insights and learning for the updating of the NCCAP, which is required by the Act."


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"This right cannot be fully provided for unless action is taken to address environmental pollution, which can be supported through a low carbon climate resilient development pathway. \u2022\ufffd Attracting international climate finance, technology and capacity building \u2013 The evidence base provided through this Action Plan can help development partners ensure that their investments align with Government of Kenya climate change priorities and that these investments are nested within Vision 2030 and Kenya\u2019s national planning processes."


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"This scientific process must be undertaken for each of the key Kenyan species and models must be developed to be able to simulate the process.  The team also must assess the carbon in the dead wood and litter that is shed by the main Kenyan species.  Having understood the amount of carbon typically stored in Kenyan species, the team will be responsible for understanding the different ways that Kenyan forests are managed."


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"This section discusses the potential impacts of climate change on these economic sectors. 2.2.2.1 Agriculture and Food Security Climate change affects the four components of food security - food availability, food accessibility, food utilization and food system stability - in various direct and indirect ways. As a result of climate change, there will be increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events like droughts and floods, which will lead to losses of productive assets, personal possessions and even life."


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"This section outlines the current status of knowledge management in Kenya, especially in relation to the generation and gathering, organisation, storage and dissemination of knowledge on climate change. Agencies involved in climate change knowledge creation in Kenya include government, research and academic institutions, more than 300 civil society organisations (CSOs) and private sector companies."


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"This shift would support the timely delivery of the required information and more efficient use of available resources by Parties. Experience in Kenya has demonstrated that because the development of greenhouse gas inventories has been conducted on an ad-hoc basis with the use of consultants there has been a \u201cmemory loss\u201d between the preparation of the INC and the SNC and insufficient capacity developed within internal structures."


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"This shift would support the timely delivery of the required information and more efficient use of available resources by Parties. Experience in Kenya has demonstrated that because the development of greenhouse gas inventories has been conducted on an ad-hoc basis with the use of consultants, there has been a \u201cmemory loss\u201d between the preparation of the INC and the SNC and insufficient capacity developed within internal structures."


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"This should be done in a manner that is complementary and respects the philosophy that specific sectoral functions should be undertaken by the most suitable sector or level of government. 2.4.4 Devolution is central to inclusive governance mechanisms, including public participation through awareness, consultation and access to information. Climate change governance should internalise progressive approaches, such as mainstreaming gender equity and accounting for the role of youth and persons with special needs."


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"This should involve proper use of weather forecasts and pre-disposing environmental factors to identify areas of high risk in terms of disease and epidemics outbreaks, \u2022\ufffd scaling up of programmes such as the \u2018Roll Back Malaria\u2019 in response to the expected increases in incidences of malaria outbreaks, \u2022\ufffd setting up vaccination and immunisation programmes against diseases whose occurrences will be exacerbated by climate change and climate variability, \u2022\ufffd creating \u2018green spaces\u2019 in urban centres, i.e."


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"This situation is characterised by declining birth and mortality rates, although the birth rate is higher than the mortality rate leading to an increasing \u2018youth bulge\u2019.32 Youth comprise about 36 per cent of the national population but worryingly 61 per cent of them remain unemployed.33 The reasons are mainly attributed to a lack of vocational or professional skills demanded by the job market (about 92 per cent fall in this The unemployment challenge is further compounded by a low transition to and low completion rates in secondary education."


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"This source was estimated to account for 24% of overall emissions. Including enteric fermentation CH4 emissions and N2O emissions from soils, these three emissions sources accounted for 60% of all emissions. In total sixteen IPCC source categories listed in Table 44 comprised 95% of greenhouse gas emissions.  The table lists these key IPCC source categories from highest to lowest."


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"This standard will be adopted by knowledge partners to enable the integration of the knowledge they generate into the system.  It is also recommended that the implementation is based on a phased approach. The system will serve as a one-stop online space where most of the climate change information and knowledge in Kenya reside. The system will also have cross linkages with similar systems outside Kenya to capture experiences and lessons learned from other regions."


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"This strategy consisting of waste prevention, reduction, recycling, re-use and sanitary landfilling is the recommended approach of the Solid Waste Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA) for which Kenya is seeking climate finance.20 Table 8.3 includes the development and adaptation benefits assessment undertaken for Kenya\u2019s NCCAP mitigation analysis, which has been updated and aligned with the SDGs. development impacts Poorly managed municipal solid waste is associated with an array of health challenges, which have been the subject of several research initiatives."


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"This sub- component aims at establishing mechanisms to coordinate CSA research and extension, and to promote collaboration and networking among public and private research institutions. The direct impact of the sub-component\ufffdwill\ufffdbe\ufffdefficient\ufffdresearch\ufffdand\ufffdextension\ufffdservices. Summary of Actions: \u2022 Develop an institutional framework for farmer-extension-research and public private partnership engagement to set the research agenda from the grassroots level. \u2022 Establish a platform through which researchers will have regular contacts with stakeholders and other users at the national, county and farm levels."


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"This support includes: \u2022 Capacity strengthening for the NDA in the areas of stakeholder engagement, outreach, and project and programme identification; \u2022 Institutional capacity building for national Accredited Entities and Executing Entities; \u2022 Preparation of country programmes and project pipelines for Green Climate Fund support."


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"This system will help to ensure that the benefits of interventions aimed at building adaptive capacities and enhancing resilience are being realised. A feedback mechanism will ensure that learning is used to improve the adaptation planning in GoK sector plans and programmes.  The Adaptation section of this SNC includes tables setting out adaptation priorities  identified through the NCCAP process. The draft NAP is expected to be completed in 2015 and will include more details on the identified priorities."


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"This technical potential provided a basis for determining the overall 30% target for Kenya, but each sector had widely differentiated potential as well as costs. The mitigation options identified in the NCCAP work almost exclusively achieve emission reductions within a single sector. These mitigation options are sectoral in nature and would need to be supported and implemented by agencies and ministries responsible for the given sector."


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"This technical potential provided a basis for determining the overall 30% target for Kenya, but each sector had widely differentiated potential as well as costs. With this in mind, the energy supply and residential and commercial energy demand sector emission reduction target must be less than the technical potential of individual mitigation options identified while also contributing to the overall 30% emission reduction target. Figure 4.3 identifies a reasonable low and high range for a 2030 target for emission reductions in the energy sector."


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"This technical potential provided a basis for determining the overall 30% target for Kenya, but each sector had widely differentiated potential as well as costs. With this view in mind, the transport sector emission reduction target must be less than the technical potential of individual mitigation options identified while also contributing to the overall 30% emission reduction target. Figure 7.2 identifies a reasonable low and high range for a 2030 target for emission reductions in the transport sector."


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"This test of benefit to Kenya is based on analysis of how the investment plans satisfy prescribed conditions, including: creation of employment for Kenyans; acquisition of new skills or technology for Kenyans; transfer of technology; utilisation of raw materials, supplies and services; adoption of value addition; and contribution to government revenues.  Treaty Making and Ratification Act (No. 45 of 2012) \u2013 is relevant because a significant part of climate change law is international and climate finance sources can be external to Kenya."


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"This therefore calls for a focused and functional climate change governance system \u2013 guided by appropriate policies and legislation arrangements \u2013 that will among other things, facilitate the implementation of this Strategy. 8.3.1 Proposed Climate Change Governance Structure In determining an appropriate institution, there ought to be careful consideration of: \u2022\ufffd the Government\u2019s obligations towards meeting GHG emissions reductions as well as adaptation and other mitigation measures \u2013 Article 4 and 12 of UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol, \u2022\ufffd what the relevant national laws (in this case EMCA 1999) says about such an institution, \u2022\ufffd institutions that already conduct climate change activities and what they do, and \u2022\ufffd plausible effective options."


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"This trend begins to reverse with the decrease from 7.9 per cent to 5.9 per cent experienced between 1990 and 2000 and represents good progress towards the Constitution\u2019s target of 10 per cent forest cover. Forests play a vital role, serving as source of wood products and an important wildlife habitat. Forests also provide important ecosystem services such as reducing soil erosion, climate regulation, natural pest control, preserving water availability and quality, food, wood fuel, fodder, pasture and medicines."


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"This trend could potentially \u2018technologically lock in\u201940 Kenya towards a high emissions path (see figure 4) and negate the opportunities it 40 \u2018Technological lock-in\u2019 refers to the concept that once led down a certain technological path, an entity (country, region, organisation, etc) may find that the process of reverting to another, principally, a cleaner path, may prove quite difficult either due to prohibitive costs or the learning process that accompanies such transitions Figure 4: GHG Emissions trend in Kenya."


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"This trend is likely to jeopardise the livelihoods of local people who depend on the mangroves particularly for fisheries, wood products and coastal protection. Increase in atmospheric temperature and further sea level rise will only accelerate these trends. 2.2.1.4  Water Resources With its natural endowment of renewable freshwater of only 21 billion cubic meters (BCM) which amounts to 647 cubic meters (m3) per capita per annum under normal circumstances, Kenya is classified as a water-scarce14 country."


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"This type of integrated nutrient management allows farmers to efficiently use nitrogen fertilizer and reduce input costs. Kenya has 9,500,000 hectares of rain-fed agricultural cropland.20 Research undertaken for the NCCAP analysis determined that reliable data on the prevalence of different land management practices was not available; and it was therefore assumed that at least 25 percent of these lands employ full tillage. The literature reports that a 20% adoption rate is a reasonable scenario for the promotion of sustainable agricultural practices."


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"This typically requires the gross energy intake of the animal (MJ/animal/day), the percent crude protein in the diet, milk production for dairy cattle and weight gain per day. In addition, improving estimates of overall quantities of nitrogen fertilizers and agricultural residues applied as a fertilizer to fields would reduce overall uncertainty.  \ufffd Enteric Fermentation. Tier 1 emission factors are used in the analysis and the adoption of a Tier 2 methodology emission factors would significantly improve the quality of the estimates."


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"This understanding, at the local level, is required to improve predictive capability and to plan appropriate adaptive responses.  As already explained under the section on Research and Systematic Observations, Kenya is active in monitoring and sharing earth observation data. What is not exactly clear at the local level is interpretation of the data to identify critical thresholds and how it should be communicated, for action, to the various stakeholders.  There is also uncertainty about the regional effects of large-scale global climate change."


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"This vehicle will help to ensure that climate finance in Kenya is mobilised and disbursed according to the adaptation and mitigation priorities and the criteria identified in the Kenya Climate Change Action Plan and allow the creation of a centralized body of expertise on climate finance within the country."


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"This view was supported by stakeholders and experts through an extensive consultation and validation process, which also confirmed that the low carbon analysis is: \u2022\ufffd A first step in a longer-term effort to identify feasible low carbon development opportunities; \u2022\ufffd Based on aggregated data from disparate sources, and as such represents new analysis previously unavailable for Kenya; \u2022\ufffd A common base for those seeking to understand how to transition Kenya to a low carbon development pathway; \u2022\ufffd A major catalyst that has started a conversation on how to think about low carbon development in the various sectors."


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"This was af\ufb01rmed by the 15th African Ministerial Conference on the Environment (AMCEN) that, in the build-up to the Paris Agreement of December 2015, called for \u201ca global goal for adaptation which takes into account adaptation needs and associated costs, including support for developing countries, while recognizing the need to increase adaptation investments in developing nations\u201d and \u201can ambitious global mitigation action in the long-run, combined with large-scale, rapidly increasing and predictable funding for adaptation.\u201d1 AMCEN recommended that investment in building resilience must continue to be a top funding priority, including as an integral part of national development planning."


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"This was aggravated by the destruction of water catchment areas leading to dry water levels and siltation in the dams.100 Droughts and declines in rainfall have led to lower reservoir levels reducing hydropower production.101  Geothermal power is increasingly becoming a key player and may take over from hydropower as the leading source of electricity in the country."


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"This was manifest in 2009 when livestock mortality rates reached 80% in southern Kenya due to drought and enhanced temperatures (Ericksen et al., 2012). Fisheries sub-sector Global warming has led to loss of cold-water fish farming areas. There is strong evidence partly linking El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events with systematic changes in plankton abundance and aquatic/marine plant as well as animal composition over recent decades in many regions worldwide."


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"This will allow the team to use the forest models to estimate carbon flows across Kenya\u2019s forests.  \ufffd Land Use Change and Management: This team is responsible for understanding the drivers of change in Kenya\u2019s land sector, which will help explain change in the future.  This team will examine the key drivers of change in Kenya\u2019s land-sector. They will look at the factors that typically lead to changes from one use to another."


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"This will be achieved  through a Statute (Miscellaneous) Amendments Bill or through a number of separate legislative amendments following consultation with the various ministries and agencies to bring sectoral legislation in harmony with the framework law.\fKenya s Institutional reform The Action Plan recommends a wide range of economy wide actions to be undertaken by the government, private sector and civil society organisations."


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"This will be achieved by ensuring commitment and engagement of all stakeholders while taking into account the vulnerable nature of Kenya\u2019s natural resources and society."


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"This will be achieved through the adoption of a mainstreaming approach that ensures integration of climate change considerations into the development planning, budgeting, and implementation processes. 1.3.6 This Policy is therefore designed to provide a framework to guide the development and implementation of specific, detailed and costed climate change interventions through regular and periodic Climate Change Action Plans."


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"This will be done on quarterly basis and the JAS-TWG monitoring, evaluation and communication will coordinate data analysis and consolidation of reports. The KCSAIF envisages that evaluation will be done at various levels as follows: (i) Baseline surveys to collect baseline data on vulnerability levels and low-carbon development path way in the implementation of CSA actions. This survey will provide information base against which CSA activities will be monitored and assessed for effectiveness during implementation and after the activities."


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"This will be done through a series of steps using a process of review and adjustment. To achieve mainstreaming at the national and devolved county planning arena, obstacles to mainstreaming climate change into the national development planning system will be identified as will the levers for promoting mainstreaming.\fKenya s The cycle of the iterative actions envisaged for the design and implementation of the NCCAP is set out in Figure 3.1. The Figure shows the inter-relationship between evaluation, prioritisation, planning and implementation."


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"This will be done through research conducted on different aspects of climate change adaptation and resilience, including improving the understanding of climate change attribution in Kenya and providing information on the appropriate mix of adaptation actions in order to avoid maladaptation.\fEnhanced climate resilience towards the attainment of Vision 2030 and beyond | 13 \u2022\ufffd Public Bene\ufb01t Organisations19: These include non-governmental organisations, civil society organisations and faith-based organisations, amongst others."


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"This will enable them benefit from REDD+ activities which require community involvement in forests management, \u2022\ufffd improving timber yields by planting mixtures of species, maintaining several age classes, reducing tree density, and pruning trees at strategic intervals, \u2022\ufffd reducing the chances of pests and disease attacks by retaining a mixture of species and ages in mixed forests because mono- dominant stands are at most risk of disease and pest attacks, and \u2022\ufffd reducing the frequency of fire outbreaks by maintaining lower tree densities to reduce fuel loads and competition, increasing investments in fire control services and personnel, and collecting as well as using dry biomass that accumulate on the ground."


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"This will ensure effective implementation of programmes for improved agricultural production and productivity; build resilience; and mitigate GHG emissions. 2.4.4 Cross-cutting Issues Strategic Issue 9: Inadequate financing of CSA activities Climate change financing to the agriculture sector from the exchequer has not been forthcoming in the amounts needed in the past and financing gaps are projected in the future. This has been due to other pressing government priorities."


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"This will ensure that all mobilised climate finance achieves gains in securing climate resilience, building adaptive capacity and implementing low carbon development. 9.2.6 The government recognizes the urgency of strengthening transparency and accountability and will therefore take necessary steps to prevent corrupt practices in climate finance resource allocations for low carbon climate resilience actions. 9.2.7 The diversity in sources of climate finance introduces difficulties in monitoring and evaluating the implementation and impact of climate change interventions."


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"This will ensure that funds are disbursed according to mitigation and adaptation priorities identified in NCCAP. Status In progress Lead Agency National Treasury Partner Agency MENR Stakeholders Members of the National Climate Change Council, including the Office of the President, ministries responsible for planning and energy, chairperson of the Council of Governors and representatives from the private sector, civil society, marginalized groups and academia. The Task Force includes representation from relevant government ministries, the Council of Governors (CoG), KEPSA and KAM."


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"This will entail development of inclusive and responsive agricultural value chains and establishment of Social Protection and Safety net programmes to cushion WY&VG to impacts of climate change."


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"This will entail improving efficiency in the use of resources; direct action to conserve, protect and enhance natural resources; and enhance resilience of people, communities and ecosystems, especially to climate change and market volatility."


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"This will facilitate high speed train transport and is expected to shift a significant passenger and freight transport from road to rail.  Introducing large-scale bus rapid transit (potentially complemented with some light rail transit) has significant associated benefits in terms of reduced traffic congestion, improved local air quality and improved road safety. These options are in line with the priorities of the Government of Kenya, which has started to secure funding for these actions."


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"This will help safeguard against misinformation and sensitize stakeholders on their potential roles in the implementation the NCCAP. 12.2 The Opportunities or \u2018Big Wins\u2019 This section summarises some of the big win opportunities which if implemented, will make a significant impact on adaptation, mitigation and sustainable development."


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"This will help to strengthen the capacity for cross-sectoral planning, enhance communication within and between ministries with different mandates. The expected impacts will be effective coordination among national sector\ufffdministries,\ufffdcounty\ufffdgovernments,\ufffddevelopment\ufffdpartners\ufffdand\ufffdother\ufffdactors\ufffdleading\ufffdto\ufffdefficiency\ufffdand\ufffd increased return on investments. Summary of Actions: \u2022 Develop and implement an inter-ministerial communications strategy with respect to inter- ministerial coordination on matters relating to climate smart agriculture. \u2022 Introduce a biannual joint planning and review session between inter-ministerial team and the county\ufffdgovernment\ufffdexecutive\ufffdand\ufffdchief\ufffdofficers\ufffdresponsible\ufffdfor\ufffdagriculture."


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"This will in addition contribute to the implementation of the Kenya Constitution 2010 that guarantees every Kenyan the right to a clean and healthy\fKenya s environment under the Bill of Rights. Some of the actions in the Action Plan contribute to development, climate resilience and transitioning to a low carbon economy while other actions focus on development and climate resilience. In Kenya, low carbon actions should be considered as priority actions only if they also have climate resilience or significant sustainable development benefits."


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"This will in turn support the government\u2019s employment and wealth creation initiatives.  Equitable access to finance: To facilitate access to appropriate resources for transformational change through large-scale investment and support to small- and medium-scale enterprises. The finance strategy will focus on enhancing the role of key financiers involved in both large- and small-scale financing, including commercial and development banks as well as civil society and microfinance institutions."


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"This will include strengthening financial institutions, providing loan facilities to support farmers\u2019 investments, savings and risk management for CSA activities; ensuring availability of credit to farmers at concessionary interest rates and appropriate insurance schemes to protect farmers from impacts associated with climate change. IMPLEMENTATION, MONITORING AND EVALUATION Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) is a tool for assessing the success of result based management."


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"This will involve assessing past and projected climate change evidence and impacts in the country and identifying sectors as well as regions that are most vulnerable, and therefore in high need of remedial interventions. 6.2 Climate change impacts and GHG emissions monitoring Climatic and Ecosystem Trends There is limited information regarding the status of key natural ecosystems such as major water catchment areas, lakes and major rivers."


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"This will involve implementing the priority mitigation and adaptation actions in the NCCAP to achieve a low carbon climate resilient development in line with Vision 2030, and committing some domestic resources for that purpose."


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"This will prove a significant challenge, even without finding additional land for biomass feedstock. \u2022 A good biomass resource is available in the form of agricultural residues, which is largely untapped (except for a small amount of bagasse from sugar manufacturers). \u2022 Woody biomass or commercial biomass, if produced in large quantities for electricity, could compete for land with food."


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"This will readily help identify consumption patterns where significant energy savings can be made, \u2022\ufffd reviewing the tax policy on importation of motor vehicle with a view to incorporating measures that will encourage importation of environmental-friendly and low-fuel consuming motor vehicles such as hybrid designed models, \u2022\ufffd providing subsidies and other tax incentives to promote and sustain wider adoption of energy-efficient fluorescent light bulbs and other energy saving electrical gadgets used by households,35 and \u2022\ufffd reviewing the country\u2019s building codes with a view to incorporating measures that will encourage \u2018climate-proofing\u2019 and the construction of energy-efficient buildings, e.g."


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"This will require implementation of climate change adaptation strategies including: \u2022\ufffd strengthening disaster preparedness by increasing the number of well equipped (equipment, medication and personnel) health facilities, constructing dams and dykes in flood prone areas, plus improving knowledge and skills in disaster 28  The USA and other countries have developed similar Strategies."


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"This will require urban planners and real-estate industry players to accordingly implement proper and adequate housing structures, waste disposal as well as piped water infrastructure, \u2022\ufffd establishing insurance schemes to make reparations in regions affected by climatic disasters, \u2022\ufffd diversifying economic activities to improve resilience to rural communities dependent on climate-sensitive sectors such as agriculture and livestock rearing, \u2022\ufffd encouraging the formation of resident associations that can respond to emergencies, and involving them in key decision making, and \u2022\ufffd expanding the Consolidated Social Development Fund and Women Enterprise Fund to address the following social and gender-based response strategies: - disburse self-help grants for boosting existing enterprises or establishment of new income generating activities by poor rural and urban women and men, e.g."


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"This will then inform the measures that need to be taken in order to minimise the negative impacts of climate change, and exploit the beneficial ones. Vulnerability Assessment, Impact Monitoring and Capacity Building\f\u2018together we can tackle climate change\u2019 National Climate Change Response Strategy Kenya\u2019s GHG emissions in 2007 were 11.43 mega tonnes (Mt)46. The overall objective of the UNFCCC is to stabilise GHG concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system."


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"This will then inform the measures that need to be taken in order to minimise the negative impacts of climate change, and exploit the beneficial ones. Vulnerability assessments can address these needs and should therefore be carried out."


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"This work has already been advanced by the Kenya Forest Service and, and a report on the National Forest Inventory is being prepared. Included in report will be the new categories for land representation. In addition, careful monitoring through the examination of regular and consistent geo- spatial data should be conducted to improve estimates of forest land-use changes. It is essential that data be collected to link land- use changes from the available GIS data to above ground biomass stocks, biomass growth and biomass removals."


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"This work is a sub-component of NPBM 1 Status No action Lead Agency MENR Partner Agency NEMA, KFS, MALF, MOEP, MALF, KARI, MODP, KARI, DRSRS, WRMA, KMD Stakeholders Universities, civil society, private sector status No action has been taken to develop an on-line geo-spatial data sharing system or repository for data sets and reports. Related work has been undertaken to establish a national forest Inventory and national land classification system to estimate removals and emissions from the LULUCF sector."


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"This would aid a return to some normal range of function even when faced with adverse impacts of climate change. Adaptive capacity is key to improving socio-economic characteristics of communities, households and industry as it includes adjustments in behaviour, resources and technologies, and is a necessary condition for design and implementation of effective adaptation strategies. There is mutual reliance in that the national adaptive capacity depends on the resilience of its systems."


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"This would have an enormous impact on the tea industry which directly and indirectly employs three million Kenyans or about 8% of the population. In general, annual highest rainfall events indicate that the 24 hour intense rainfall amounts observed in the recent years are relatively lower than those in the early 1960s; essentially, these values have been reducing (negative trend) with time."


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"This would lead to an average cost for reductions to crop and rangeland burning of USD 21.00 per tonne of CO2e abated per year. Additional information is available in the fact sheets in the NCCAP low-carbon analysis in the agriculture sector, accessible at:"


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"This would not only help in mitigating significant carbon from the atmosphere but also help Kenya in meeting its development goals.  Technology Transfer under the GEF Mechanism  The GEF as an operating entity of the financial mechanism of the UNFCCC has become the largest public sector funding source to support the transfer of ESTs to developing countries. The climate change focal area strategy programming has evolved over the years through the different replenishment cycles."


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"This would reduce the costs of undertaking carbon market activity in Kenya and also increase awareness of the possibilities of such actions. A number of the reforms may also assist voluntary carbon market activity even though the DNA has no explicit responsibility for such activity."


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"This would result in an improvement in emissions intensity performance of approximately 10-12%. While this is not an extraordinary improvement, if 5,000 MW of additional clean\fN D C  S E C T O R  A N A LY S I S  R E P O R T  2 0 1 7 Table 4.3."


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"This\ufffddocument\ufffdhas\ufffdbeen\ufffdfi\ufffdnalized,\ufffdprinted\ufffdand\ufffdlaunched\ufffdthanks\ufffdto\ufffdthe\ufffdsupport\ufffdof\ufffdthe\ufffdInternational\ufffdClimate\ufffd Initiative (IKI) of the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB) through the Integrating Agriculture in National Adaptation Plans (NAP-Ag) programme coordinated by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). This support is immeasurably appreciated. Finally, I am grateful to members of the task team comprised of Dr. Lucy Ng\u2019ang\u2019a, Robin Mbae, Zipora Otieno, Veronica Ndetu, Benjamin Kibor, Davies Makilla, Rose Akombo, Vincent Ogwang and Michael Okumu\ufffdfor\ufffdtheir\ufffdenthusiastic\ufffdtechnical\ufffdsupport\ufffdculminating\ufffdin\ufffdthe\ufffdfi\ufffdnalization\ufffdof\ufffdthis\ufffddocument."


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"Thomas N. P. Mugo Livestock & Fisheries \u2013 Tana River 7. Allan G. Vidonyi Agriculture \u2013 Lamu 8. Macharia W. B. Agriculture \u2013 Lamu 9. Jackson Afundi KMD \u2013 Lamu 10. DrCharles  Mutange Veterinary \u2013 Lamu 11. Abdinoor I. Musa DALF \u2013 Water 12. Kamwenji Simon DCFO \u2013 WAJIR 13. Rose Wambui NEMA \u2013 WAJIR 14. Nyandoro Josiah DCO NEMA - Mandera 15. Benard Ogutu County Director of Agriculture - Mandera 16. Mohamed Aden County Director - Fisheries 17. Rose Akombo MENR \u2013 KFS 18."


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"Those that could be accomplished at low cost, but have high impacts were identified as representing the highest priorities for short- term action. The 2005 TNA further recommended that successful rural development and successful adaptation to climate change need to be implemented through an integrated ecosystems approach to agriculture and natural resource management. In the process, it was thought that environmental services projects such as the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) offered opportunities to gain experience with these integrated types of projects."


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"Those that have focused on building resilience of ASAL communities to drought  include: i) Kenya Livestock Development Programme (KLDP), 1968\u20131982; ii) Emergency Drought Recovery Project, 1991\u20131996; iii) Arid Lands Resources Management Project (ALRMP), 1996\u20132010; iv) ASAL-based Livestock and Rural Livestock Support Programme (ALLPRO), 2004\u20132010; v) Kenya Drylands Livestock Development Programme 2010\u20132013; vi) Kenya Rural Development Programme (KRDP); vii) The DFID-supported Hunger Safety Net Programme; viii) Education for Nomads; and ix) Capacity Kenya."


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"Though Kenya is a minor emitter of greenhouse gases (GHG), the country is negatively impacted by climate change in nearly all its economic sectors, such as agriculture, tourism, transport, industry and forestry.  As a developing country that is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, Kenya believes that meeting the climate change challenge lies in sustainable development initiatives that promote strong, clean and climate-resilient economic growth."


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"Three key options have been identified: a more efficient DNA; an export promotion agency model where public resources are used to increase the supply of Kenyan credits and promote their sale in overseas markets; and a brokerage model where a new body is created which looks to bring together buyers and sellers of credits and works on a commission basis. Analysis suggests that either or both of the first two are likely to be the most appropriate for Kenya."


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"Through PPP mechanisms, the private sector will engage\ufffdwith\ufffdboth\ufffdlevels\ufffdof\ufffdgovernment\ufffdto\ufffdimplement\ufffdspecific\ufffdaspects\ufffdof\ufffdinterest/specialization\ufffdin\ufffdKCSAIF.\ufffd The Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) will play an important role in advocacy, capacity building and support implementation of CSA interventions. The research institutions and academia will be key in technology development, validation and evaluation, capacity building and strategic input support. The\ufffddevelopment\ufffdpartners\ufffdare\ufffdsignificant\ufffdplayers\ufffdin\ufffdpromoting\ufffdCSA\ufffdand\ufffdto\ufffda\ufffdlarger\ufffdextent\ufffdlow\ufffdcarbon\ufffd resilient\ufffdagriculture.\ufffd\ufffdThey\ufffdwill\ufffdbe\ufffdexpected\ufffdto\ufffdsupport\ufffdfinancing\ufffdand\ufffdresource\ufffdmobilization,\ufffdtechnical\ufffd expertise and capacity building."


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"Through clearly defined institutional arrangements, it will be easy to assess the existing capacity gaps and how to address them.  A sustainable GHG inventory system is best served by a strong lead institution that has a sound and capable expert team to develop inventories without extensive support from\f  external consultants.  Methods and Data Documentation  Documenting the choice of methodologies and the activity data and emission factors used to prepare estimates of greenhouse gas emissions and removals is critical to the transparency of the inventory."


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"Through the implementation of these plans, Kenya plans to  reduce vulnerability to climate change and improve the country\u2019s ability to take advantage of the opportunities offered by climate change. Among other things, the NCCAP identifies priority mitigation and adaptation measures and provides with information on how to integrate these options in national development plans. In addition, the NCCAP explores financial instruments and sources available, such as public and private sector funding, multilateral initiatives, carbon markets and other sources of funding."


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"Through the implementation of this Action Plan, Kenya will be in a much better position to develop in the face of climate change and the uncertainty it presents for the attainment of sustainable development goals. It is my believe that this Action Plan will lead to collective action and innovation across all stakeholder groups for a prosperous and more climate resilient Kenya. Mwai Kibaki President\fKenya s VII Foreword The Rt. Hon."


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"Through the project, various training activities have been undertaken at the two WMO regional training centres. The training at IMTR Nairobi and EAMAC focuses on Anglophone and Francophone African countries, respectively. During the initial phase, four instructors from EAMAC and IMTR attended a nine-month fellowship program on the instructional design and lesson production process producing its first lesson: Integrating Satellite Imagery of the ITCZ into Analyses."


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"Throughout the process, clear communication was a major consideration in order to facilitate stakeholder ownership and effective  implementation.  Following the guidance provided in \u2018Enhancing NDCs: A Guide to Strengthening National Climate Plans By 2020\u201d, a clear and inclusive process for NDC enhancement was established. The process entailed the review of relevant national plans, policies and legislation in order to ensure alignment and coherence with the NDC."


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"Thus devolved extension services need to be strengthened, harmonized, standardized, prioritized and streamlined to meet its objectives in service delivery to the farmers. 2.4.3.2  Agro-weather advisory services The Kenya Meteorological Department (KMD) provides downscaled weather forecasts which it uses together with other relevant organizations and institutions to develop agro-weather related advisories. These advisories are meant to increase the adaptive capacity of agriculture value chain actors by improving access to information on weather and climate patterns."


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"Thus far the Task Force has identified green energy projects which it considers highly desirable and implementable in the short to medium term. These identified projects are estimated to provide an additional installed capacity of 2,790 MW between 2010 and 2014. Evidently, more needs to be done to meet the peak demand, which is expected to reach 10,000 MW by 2030."


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"Thus to ensure existing institutional capacity is built upon, a Permanent Secretariat for the NCCC, to be established within the Presidency and Cabinet Affairs Office  for coordination purposes, could emerge from the current Climate Change Coordination Unit within the Office of the Prime Minister."


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"Timeframe: September-December 2012.\fKenya s Action 1: DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF A ROBUST AND UP-TO-DATE CLIMATE CHANGE KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Action Reference Action summary: The key requirement for strategic decision making is good knowledge and information and, with this objective, use of ICT can significantly contribute to easing of collection, storage, access, collation and dissemination of climate change knowledge and information."


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"Timeframe: September-December 2012.\fKenya s Action 5:   ESTABLISH A  CLIMATE CHANGE SECRETARIAT WITHIN THE MINISTRY RESPONSIBLE FOR CLIMATE CHANGE AFFAIRS Action Reference Action summary To establish the primary national government technical mechanism for climate change response, a Secretariat of Climate Change within the sectoral ministry responsible for climate change affairs, at present the Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources, may be created that builds on existing structures and reform proposals."


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"To achieve the above, Kenya intends to implement various priority actions, to attain the Triple Adaptation Dividend namely; avoided losses, economic benefits, social and environmental benefits. Some of these  interventions may result in mitigation co-benefits. \fREPUBLIC OF KENYA  MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTRY  The total cost of adaptation actions up to 2030 is estimated at USD 43,927 Million."


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"To achieve this, KMD is working with many partners such as government departments, NGOs and Community Based Organisations (CBOs) operating in the local communities, addressing challenges that affect them such as a food security and poverty reduction. RANET has two components namely, Community FM radio stations and Satellite download centres/ information centres. Kenya has four community FM radio stations and more than 22 RANET information centres."


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"To address cross-cutting issues that adversely impact or enhance CSA. Guiding Principles This Strategy is in accordance with the fundamental and operational principles across agricultural, environmental and financial boundaries and innovative institutional arrangements. The implementation of this Strategy will be guided by the following principles: i. Multi-dimensional, considering short, medium and long term: This strategy will, at every stage, take into account global to local implications, as well as short, medium and long term time scales. ii."


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"To aid the wind energy plans the Ministry of Energy and Petroleum has developed a Wind Atlas and installed more than 60 Wind Masts and Data Loggers in various counties across the country to collect site specific data with a view to open up electricity generation from wind. The wind energy is one of the fastest growing sources and its technological advances are rapidly reaching the global market. For example Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT) has been popular Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) are gaining popularity."


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"To attain this climate change mainstreaming, the government will\f develop a framework and tools to integrate climate change responses into national and county planning processes, including economic planning, development policies, performance contracting, and the budget making process. Enabling Regulatory Framework Kenya requires appropriately designed legislative, policy and institutional frameworks that provide a regulatory architecture comprising the vital components of climate change governance. It is imperative to ensure compliance with the constitutional framework of public administration, especially the devolved system of government."


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"To complete this task, the team must extrapolate from Kenya\u2019s weather stations using new software that is being implemented in Kenya for the first time, which will allow Kenya to generate comprehensive maps.  The Climate team will also develop scenarios and trends based on IPCC projections. This will improve Kenya\u2019s capacity to plan for the impacts of a changing climate.  A key part of the group\u2019s work is to digitize over 1.8 million paper climate records that are currently stored in paper format."


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"To develop a sustainable system for achieving a coordinated, coherent and cooperative governance of climate resilience and low carbon growth in the agricultural sector. 2. To mainstream CSA to support the transformation of Kenya\u2019s agricultural sector into an innovative, commercially oriented, competitive and modern industry that contributes to poverty reduction and improved food security in Kenya. 3. To reduce vulnerability of agriculture systems by cushioning them against the impacts of climate change and reduce GHG emissions where possible. 4."


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"To do this, it will bring together a wide range of data sources and scientific information \u2013 climate data, models of Kenya\u2019s plants and crops, information about the carbon content of our soils and maps of land use.  The system will also play a key role in providing information to help Kenya respond to a range of other development challenges. This includes guiding Kenya\u2019s reforestation effort, helping reduce emissions from agriculture, and helping Kenya benefit from carbon markets."


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"To do this, the team is working with experts to develop and apply cutting-edge tools that will be able to track changes in Kenya\u2019s emissions from year to year by combining the data-sets in a way that simulates natural processes using Kenyan specific data.  \ufffd Land Cover Change: This team is responsible for using remote sensing imagery to develop maps that will show the changes in land-cover over time."


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"To enhance productivity and income, producers need to be organized into viable groups that can sustainably satisfy the needs of various commodity industries and consumers. 4.2.5 Ministry responsible for land Activities on land heavily impact water sources and the agricultural environment. In Kenya, land is classified as private, communal or public."


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"To ensure coherence, the Act designates the CCD as the Secretariat for the NCCC with the responsibility of coordinating the technical aspects of the implementation of climate change functions. Such functions, include: providing analytical support and technical assistance on climate change and coordinating the implementation of and reporting on the NCCAPs as well as capacity building support at the two levels of  government \u2014 National and County Governments."


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"To ensure existing institutional capacity is built upon, the existing National Climate Change Secretariat (NCCS) under the Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources should be strengthened to reflect the proposed functions, together with financial and technical capacity. 8.4 Summary of Actions (See Annex 4 for detailed Actions) Table 8.1 Priority actions related to Enabling Policy, Legal & Institutional Framework Number Action (figures in KSh) Estimated  Cost KSh for 5 years Consult on and adopt the draft Climate Change Policy currently being developed."


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"To ensure that the NCCAP is P. Ss y ae Pp  implemented across all sectors, the Act provides that it shall be approved by the NCCC. Consequently, the implementation of the country\u2019s NDC is to be done through the current and successive NCCAPs.  1.3.3. Institutional Framework  The Act establishes the Climate Change Directorate (CCD) as the lead government agency responsible for coordinating climate change plans and actions and related measurement, monitoring, and reporting."


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"To ensure that the forests can continue to provide important environmental and ecosystem services, and contribute to economic development, rural livelihoods, water availability and climate- resilience benefits, technologies may be required to enhance capacity for sustainable natural resource management in the face of increasing climate uncertainty.  Technology will also pave the way for forest-based income-generating activities, which can support adaptation to climate change for those engaged in livelihoods that are particularly sensitive to climate impacts."


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"To facilitate the realisation of this objective, Annex-1 Parties to the Convention are required to monitor and report yearly on their GHG emissions to the UNFCCC Secretariat through National Inventory Reports (NIRs). Developing countries including Kenya could and should also develop and implement a GHG Monitoring and Reporting Programme to assess, quantify and report on sectoral GHG emissions."


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"To further promote green energy, in 2008, the Government developed a renewable energy feed-in tariff (REFIT) policy with the aim of attracting investments in this sector. Kenya\u2019s strategies for facilitating the green energy development programme should include: \u2022\ufffd resource assessment encompassing updating the country\u2019s renewable energy resources maps. Some of this information is currently available, but needs to be updated in view of emerging technologies that can allow for a greater depth of information to be captured."


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"To help facilitate renewable energy development, in June 2009 the Kenyan Government established the National Task Force on Accelerated Development of Green Energy with a mandate to accelerate development of green energy through mobilisation of technical and financial resources. The Task Force aims at realising an additional 2,000 MW by 2012, which is enough to meet the expected growth in demand, achieve a reserve margin of at least 30% of firm capacity, and sustain normal electricity supply even during very severe droughts."


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"To improve climate knowledge and information management and capacity, Kenya is in the process of establishing\f  the Climate Change Resource Centre at Kenya Meteorological Services (KMS). In addition, the country has set up, and is in the process of equipping, the National Climate Diagnostic Laboratory at KMS.  Indigenisation of technology is a must for ensuring, low carbon technology penetration, owing to the high costs of the technology."


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"To maintain balance between economic development on the one hand and environmental protection on the other. It cannot be disputed that no development is possible without some adverse effects on ecology. Therefore, it is essential to adjust the interest of the people as well as the necessity to maintain the environment. Moreover, comparative hardships have to be balanced and benefits to a larger section of the people have to be maintained."


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"To obtain copies of this publication, please contact: The Principal Secretary Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Email: psof\ufb01ce@environment.go.ke Website: www.environment.go.ke\fEnhanced climate resilience towards the attainment of Vision 2030 and beyond | III Foreword Prof Judi Wakhungu, Cabinet Secretary, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Climate change has adverse impacts on our country\u2019s economic development and threatens the realisation of our Vision 2030 goals of creating a competitive and prosperous nation with a high quality of life."


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"To obtain copies of this publication, please contact: The Principal Secretary State Department of Environment Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources psoffice@environment.go.ke / www.environment.go.ke C O N T E N T S Abbreviations . iv 1: Introduction & Methodology . 1 1.2 NDC Sector Analysis Methodology . 1 1.3 Next Steps . 3 2: Intended Contributions by Sector . 5 2.1 The Paris Agreement . 5 2.2 Kenya\u2019s Mitigation NDC 5 2.3 Kenya\u2019s Adaptation NDC 6 3.1 Agriculture Sector in Kenya . 9 3.2 Climate Change in the Agriculture Sector 9 3.3 Mitigation in the Agriculture Sector . 11 3.4 Adaptation in the Agriculture Sector . 19 4.1 The Energy Sector in Kenya . 25 4.2 Climate Change in the Energy Sector 27 4.3 Mitigation in the Energy Sector . 27 4.4 Adaptation in the Energy Sector . 35 Annex 4.1 Assumptions Underlying the Mitigation Options in the Energy Sector . 39 Annex 4.2 Mitigation Options in the Energy Sector Not Considered in the Analysis 40 5: Forestry Sector . 45 5.1 The Forestry Sector in Kenya 45 5.2 Climate"


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"To preserve environmental integrity, any mitigation outcome sold would not count towards the selling party\u2019s NDC.  The Agreement also creates a new mechanism to contribute to the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and support sustainable development. This mechanism allows the sale of emission reductions internationally to other countries that can use the reductions to achieve their NDC. This offers the opportunity for countries such as Kenya to secure finance from a purchasing country for mitigation actions implemented within domestic borders."


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"To provide a legal framework for climate change, the Climate Change Act was enacted in 2016. The Act provides for a regulatory framework for enhanced response to climate change and mechanism and measures to achieve low carbon climate development. The Act establishes governance structures for climate change management in the country with the National Climate Change Council being responsible for oversight and coordination. The NCCC is chaired by His Excellency, the President of the Republic of Kenya."


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"To realise this ambitious agenda, SLEEK is bringing together scientists and policy makers from across the government, strengthening their capacity to share knowledge and work across academic boundaries. The program is being delivered by the Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources and is supported by the Government of Australia through the Clinton Foundation.  What\u2019s MRV? Measurement, Reporting and Verification systems are used by countries to track their carbon emissions and report changes to the United National Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)."


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"To reduce the trade balance and diversify its export base the GoK is actively seeking to enlarge export market by integrating external trade as part of foreign policy.  The trade sector depends on services and products offered by other sectors such as energy, agriculture and transport. The sector is vulnerable to climate change, subject to changes in rainfall reliability and extreme weather events such as drought, floods. Climate change impacts affect yields, production costs, prices, and, in macroeconomic terms, Kenya\u2019s trade balance."


id: 853c39adf98295a07e8272f558828fb9
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:19
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"To reduce traffic congestion in Nairobi, the government has developed plans to introduce a Mass Rapid Transport (MRTS) system that includes both a Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system complemented by commuter rail,  An estimated 47 per cent of Nairobi residents and the majority of rural residents rely on transport by foot."


id: 91f5bcaf191f63e07ff206185e95c449
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:19
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"To respond to these challenges, the government formulated the National Agricultural Extension Policy (NAEP) in 2001 and subsequently the National Agricultural Sector Extension Policy (NASEP) in 2012 to guide improvements in delivery of extension services. The policies have been implemented through programmes such as the National Agricultural and Livestock Extension Program 2000-2005 (NALEP) and the Agricultural Sector Development Support Programme (ASDSP). NALEP recognized the need to diversify, decentralize and strengthen the provision of extension services to increase their sustainability and relevance to farmers."


id: c9cf0e4de328a77503c2428a0bbc8a94
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:19
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"To serve as the Secretariat to the NCCC National Government Sectoral Agencies (MDAs) mainstreaming at national level MAINSTREAMING OF CLIMATE CHANGE Council of Governors NEMA Monitor & enforce compliance Parliament Enabling legislation County Governments County Government Sectorial Agencies mainstreaming at county level Figure 5: Climate change institutional coordination structures in the Climate Change Act (2016) Source: Author, derived from description in the Climate Change Act (2016). 2.4 Proposed Coordination Institutional Arrangements The institutional structures set out in the Climate Change Act 2016, and described below, provide a framework for coordination of adaptation (Figure 5). a."


id: 9e737863f0ba9bbcf733fc7147a28143
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:19
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"To start the process, ICPAC produced a seasonal forecast downscaled for local use by the KMD, then climate scientists and Nganyi forecasters met to develop a consensus forecast for the region. With the help of local government officials and development agencies, the harmonised forecast was then converted into advisories in local languages concerning community health and agriculture\f  for that season. Building trust between scientists and rainmakers was the delicate part of the process."


id: 2c01b04a1cb2586f7713e3ca2151f761
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:19
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"To strengthen communication systems on CSA extension and agro-weather issues 3.3 Framework Implementation Components The objectives of the Framework are to be realized through implementation of actions designed around the following four components: 1. Institutional coordination. 2. Agricultural productivity and integration of value chain approach. 3. Building resilience and appropriate mitigation actions. 4. Communication systems on CSA extension and agro-weather issues."


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created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:19
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"To sustain extensive production systems, livestock farmers and pastoralists burn grassland to enhance growth of lush pastures. The pastoral communities take pride in overstocking for social security without regard to pasture management aspects, a practice that leads to overgrazing and land degradation. Other sources of emissions include land preparation and fertilizer use during pasture establishment, processing of inputs, poor manure management, processing of produce and transportation."


id: 1b77dbc39d0f5a36606f6baccf4f04a9
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:19
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"To this end the Ministry of Agriculture has established a climate change unit to monitor and take actions against the effects of climate change, and is in the process of developing a policy on mainstreaming climate change within the sector, with climate change adaptation pilot projects being implemented in various parts of the country."


id: cc83d43c8802dd549fc40cf3c94783b3
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"To this end, the Strategy has identified some of the channels through which technology development, absorption and diffusion can be achieved, which include: \u2022\ufffd through the Kyoto Protocol\u2019s CDM or its future successor, \u2022\ufffd through the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), \u2022\ufffd accelerating South-South partnerships, \u2022\ufffd accelerating North-South transfers through Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) including taking advantage of \u2018patent-free\u2019 technologies, \u2022\ufffd establishment and capacity enhancement of local technological innovation centres which will help strengthen institutional technology generation and transfer through learning-by-doing approach, and \u2022\ufffd including climate change research and development in all budgets of Ministries with substantial allocations to institutions of higher learning to strengthen research capacities.\f7."


id: 675a0c9f0410f1784eaf8d2e9a8dbe82
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"To try to achieve this target, the COP requested Parties, that wished to be associated with the Accord, to submit their mitigation targets (for Annex 1 Parties) and NAMA programmes (for developing countries) to the UNFCCC secretariat for inclusion into the Accord. Most major emitters, including China and India among developing countries have complied with this request, signalling a possibility that the Accord will likely be transformed into a legally binding document."


id: 8a82270699c51affe3a5fcd1b079f8c1
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:19
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"To use a biogas digester, a household needs at least two head of cattle herded in a way that allows manure collection. Most cattle in Kenya are free ranging, which reduces the potential for a national biogas program. Biogas can be a feasible option in certain regions. Dairy farming is a large industry in Kieni in Nyeri County, where many farmers have adopted biogas generation, with significant benefits reported including substitution for firewood."


id: 32916feee79aa1eba7ef326ce335b08e
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:19
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"Too often evaluation is relegated to the last activity of such a cycle and therefore the previous steps of prioritisation, planning and implementation are done irrespective of how the effectiveness of these steps will be assessed. Leaving the establishment of an evaluative framework to the end of the first iteration, as so often happens, means that plans for a journey are made without knowing where the destination really is and how those travelling will know when they arrive."


id: bbeb6acd520fcc1394ed24066719024a
created_at: 2023-10-04 15:13:19
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"Total CO2e emissions for the year 2010 are estimated to be 48.4 megatons (Mt) without the contribution from LULUCF.  This is an increase from 1995 of 13.5 Mt or 38%. With the LULUCF sector, total CO2e emissions rise to 69.5 Mt in 2010, an increase from 1995 of 25 Mt or 56%.  Emission growth is primarily driven by increased demand for fossil fuels in the energy sector and by increased emissions in the LULUCF sector."


